BOĞAZİÇİ UNIVERSITY

Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute

Department of Earthquake Engineering

SINGLE- AND MULTI-MODE

PUSHOVER ANALYSES
(included in TBSC – 2017, Chapter 5)

Prof.Dr. Mehmet Nuray Aydınoğlu

EQE 686 – 2017 Fall
THE SIMPLEST PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
of a SDOF system
fS
m

Bending moment Curvature

ug(t) k (1/m)

Fs1
c k Fc

Fs2 N

Fs3 M
2
 Analysis based on Plastic Hinge Hypothesis
fS m

Lp

Eğilme Momenti Eğrilik İdealize Eğrilik Plastik

ug(t) M(t) k (1/m) k (1/m) Mafsal

uy up
fS
u  uy  up

θp κyH 2
H = + uy 
3
up  θp H

3
fc Material Models
Confined Concrete
fcc
Unconfined
fco Sargısız
Concrete
beton

εco= 0.002 0.005 εcc εcu εc

fs
fsu
fsy

εsy εsh εsu εs 4

 Reinforced Concrete Section
Moment – Curvature Relationship

Betonarme Kesit Moment - Eğrilik İlişkisi

70
60
Momenti (kNm)

50
40
30
20
10
0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Eğrilik (1/m)

5
 Idealised Moment – Curvature Relationship of
Reinforced Concrete Section

My
Moment (kNm)

EI

ky
Curvature (1/m)

6
 fS
PUSHOVER CURVE

fy = My / H

k m u (t ) + c u (t ) + f S (u ,u ) =  m u g (t )

ut(t)
u u(t)
uy
m
a CAPACITY DIAGRAM k,c

ay = fy / m
ug(t)

ω2
d (t ) + 2   d (t ) + a (d ,d ) =  u g (t )

d=u
dy = u y 7
 SDOF SYSTEMS – NONLINEAR RESPONSE
m u (t ) + c u (t ) + fS (u ,u ) =  m u g (t ) u (t ) + 2   u (t ) + a S (u ,u ) =  u g (t )
fs as ut(t)
fy ay u(t)
m

uy u uy u

ug(t)
Piecewise linear exact method:
Aydınoğlu, M.N. and Fahjan, Y.M. (2003): “A Unified Formulation of the Piecewise Exact Method
for Inelastic Seismic Demand Analysis Including the P-Delta Effect”, Structural Dynamics and
Earthquake Engineering, 32: 871-890. u g (t )
u g ( t i+ 1 )
Piecewise linear representation of ground acceleration:

u g (t ) = u g (ti ) + ( u g /  t ) τ
t = ti
where u g
τ=0
 u g = u g ( ti1 )  u g ( ti ) t t = ti+1 t
τ τ = Δt
 t = ti1  ti τ = t  ti
u g (ti ) Δt 8
u (τ ) + 2 ξ ω u (τ ) +  e j ω 2 u (τ ) =  u G ( t i )  (  u g /  t ) τ
f S (ti )
u G (ti ) = u g (ti ) +   ej ω 2 u ( t i )
m

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
18
19
20
CR
21
 DETERMINATION OF DISPLACEMENT DEMAND
USING ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM

In the case of
T1 > TB

a & Sa
Sdi = CR Sde
ω 2B = (2  / T B ) 2

CR = 1
Sae

Sae Sae
Sde = =
2 (2/T ) 2
ω2

d (p ) = S d i = S d e d & Sd

Equal Displacement Rule

22
 In the case of
T1 < T B

S di = C R S de
a & Sa
1 + ( R y  1) TB / T
CR =  1
Sae Ry

S ae
Ry =
ay
ay

ω2
S d e d (p ) = S d i d & Sd

23
 T < TB T > TB

Ts
  1  (R y  1)   Ry
T
Ts
1  (Ry  1)
μ
CR   T CR  1
Ry Ry

8
7
6
5
CC1

4
R

3
2
1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
T (sn)

Ry=3 Ry=4 Ry=5

24
 uy up umax  d (p)  S di
κyH 2
up  umax  u y  umax 
3
= + θp up θp
H θp  κp 
H Lp
κt  κy  κp
ug

εc
Fs1 M κp
c κ Fc
My
Fs2
N

εs Fs3 M κy κt κ
25
Performance criteria for ductile response: εs ≤ εs,lim εc ≤ εc,lim

Section Unconfined Concrete Confined Concrete

Damage
Limit
Concrete strain Steel strain Concrete strain Steel strain

MN 0.0035 0.010 0.0035 0.010

GV 0.0035 0.040 0.0135 0.040

GÇ 0.004 0.060 0.018 0.060

Qmax= fy

Performance criterion for brittle response: Qmax ≤ Qlim

26
 NON-ADAPTIVE SINGLE-MODE
PUSHOVER ANALYSIS

Δfj,1 Δuj,1

Vx1
f j,1  m j  j,1  x1 a1
 N 
Vx1    m j  j,1  x1  a1
 j=1 
uN,1 Vx1  M x1 a1
u j,1   j,1  x1 d1
Pushover curve
27
 Conversion of Pushover Curve to Modal Capacity Diagram

Vx1
 Vx1(i)  u xN1
(i)
Pushover Curve  a1(i) =  d1(i) =
M x1  xN1  x1

 d1(i)  211 d1(i)   a1(i)   u xg(i)

uxN1

a1
a1
Modal
Modal sözde ivme

capacity diagram
Backbone curve
d1
d 1(p ) = S d i1
d1
Modal yerdeğiştirme

Modal hysteresis loop

28
 DETERMINATION OF DISPLACEMENT DEMAND
USING ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM

In the case of
T1 > TB

a & Sa
Sdi = CR Sde
ω 2B = (2  / T B ) 2

CR = 1
Sae

Sae Sae
Sde = =
2 (2/T ) 2
ω2

d (p ) = S d i = S d e d & Sd

Equal Displacement Rule

29
 In the case of
T1 < T B

S di = C R S de
a & Sa
1 + ( R y  1) TB / T
CR =  1
Sae Ry

S ae
Ry =
ay
ay

ω2
S d e d (p ) = S d i d & Sd

30
 T < TB T > TB

Ts
  1  (R y  1)   Ry
T
Ts
1  (Ry  1)
μ
CR   T CR  1
Ry Ry

8
7
6
5
CC1

4
R

3
2
1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
T (sn)

Ry=3 Ry=4 Ry=5

31
Determination of displacement, deformation and internal force demands
in structural system

a1 Vx1

d1 uxN1
(p)
d 1(p ) = S d i,1 u xN1

Modal hysteresis loop Pushover loop

Back conversion:

u x(pN) 1 =  x N 1  x 1 d 1(p ) All displacement, deformation and internal

force demands are readily calculated.

32
 Determination of deformation demands at section level

θp : plastic rotation demand Lp : plastic hinge length

Φp : plastic curvature demand Φp = θp / Lp
Φt : total curvature demand Φt = Φy + Φp
εc
Fs1 M Φp
c Φ Fc
My
Fs2
N
εs Fs3 M Φy Φt Φ

33
 Performance criteria for ductile εs ≤ εs,lim εc ≤ εc,lim
behaviour mode:

Section Unconfined Concrete Confined Concrete

Damage
Limit
Concrete strain Steel strain Concrete strain Steel strain

MN 0.0035 0.010 0.0035 0.010

GV 0.0035 0.040 0.0135 0.040

GÇ 0.004 0.060 0.018 0.060

Qmax= fy

Performance criterion for brittle Qmax ≤ Qlim

behaviour mode:

34
 ADAPTIVE SINGLE-MODE
PUSHOVER ANALYSIS

f    M   
1
(i) (i)
1
(i)
x1 a1(i)
a1(i)  (ω(i)
1
) 2
 d (i)
1

Δfj,1 Δuj,1
u     
(i)
1
(i)
1
(i)
x1 d 1(i)

  : First mode shape at (i)’th step in between the

(i)
1
formation of two consecutive plastic hinges
(adapted at every step)
d 1 : Modal displacement increment of first mode
(i)

at (i)’th step in between the formation of two

consecutive plastic hinges
a1 : Modal pseudo-acceleration increment of first
(i)

mode at (i)’th step in between the formation of

two consecutive plastic hinges

35
u     
(i)
1
(i)
1
(i)
x1 d 1(i) Unknown at each (i)’th increment d 1(i)

u   u  d
(i)
1 1
(i)
1
(i)
u     
1
(i) (i)
1
(i)
x1

Generic response quantity (displacement, internal force or deformation)

r (i)  r (i 1)  r (i)

r (i)  r (i) d 1(i) r (i)  r (i 1)  r (i) d 1(i)

which can be written in terms of yield surface

M j(i) = M j(i 1) + M j(i)  d1(i)
coordinates of the (j)’th plastic hinge:
N j(i) = N j(i 1) + N j(i)  d1(i)
Determination of modal displacement increment:
Nj
1   jk M j(i 1)   jk N j(i 1)  jk M j +  jk N j = 1
(  d 1(i) ) jk =
 jk M j(i) +  jk N j(i) k’th segment
N j(i)
Minimum positive value defines the new (j)’th M j(i)
plastic hinge and k’th segment of yield surface Mj
(i)
corresponding to Δd1

Generic response quantity at the end of (i)’th step: r (i)  r (i 1)  r (i) d 1(i) 36
 Cumulative modal displacement and modal pseudo-acceleration at the end of (i)’th step:

d1(i) = d1(i1) + Δd1(i) Δa1(i) = (ω1(i) )2Δd1(i) a1(i) = a1(i1) + Δa1(i)

Seismic demand:

d 1(p ) = S d i1  d 1(p ) = S d i1  d 1(p  1 )

Generic seimic demand quantity at the last (p)’th step:

r (p ) = r (p 1 ) +  r (p ) = r (p 1 ) + r (p )
 d 1( p )
Location of Developed Plastic Hinges
15

4 STORY
BUILDING FRAME
10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
37
 Modal Capacity Diagrams
0.25 Modal Capacity Diagrams & Modal Displacement Demand Estimation

Spectral pseudo acc. & modal acc. (m/sec2)

1

0.2
Modal pseudo acceleration (m/sec 2)

0.8

0.15
0.6

0.1 0.4

0.2
0.05

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 Spectral disp. & modal disp. (m)
Modal displacement (m)

Lateral Displacement Profile Storey Drift Ratio Profile

4 4

3.5 3.5

3 3

2.5 2.5
Storey levels
Storey levels

2 2

1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
38
Displacement (m) Drift ratio (%)
 Storey Shear Profile Storey Overturning Moment Profile
4 4

3.5 3.5

3 3

2.5 2.5
Storey levels

Storey levels
2 2

1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Storey shear force (kN) Storey overturning moment(kNm)

Plastic rotations at left ends of beams Plastic rotations at right ends of beams
4 4

3.5 3.5

3 3
Storey levels
Storey levels

2.5 2.5

2 2

1.5 1.5

1 1
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0 0.005 0.01 0.015
Plastic rotation(rad) Plastic rotation(rad)
39
 MULTI-MODE ADAPTIVE PUSHOVER ANAYSIS
INCREMENTAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS – IRSA
Aydınoğlu 2003, 2004

40
 an Linear response
PIECEWISE LINEAR MODAL RELATIONSHIPS
at (i)’th pushover step in between two consecutive plastic hinges n=4
n=3

n’th mode displacement increments: n=2

   
Δ un(i) = Φ(i)
n Γ (i)
xn Δd (i)
n
n=1
Free vibration at (i)’th step:

(  K    KG  ) Φ(i)
(i) (i)
n  
= (ω(i) 2
n )  M  Φ (i)
n   dn

MODAL CAPACITY DIAGRAMS

n’th mode static equivalent seismic load increments:

 (i)
ΔfSn  = ( K 
(i)
  KG 
(i)

) Δun(i)   
=  M  Φ(i)
n Γ(i) (i)
xn Δan
a n Nonlinear response

Modal displacement and pseudo-acceleration increments:

n=4
Δdn(i) = dn(i)  dn(i1) Slope of modal capacity diagram
n=3

at (i)’th step: (ωn )

(i) 2 n=2

Δan(i) = (ω(i)
n ) 2
Δd (i)
n n=1

Incremental modal equation of motion: dn

Backbone curves of modal hysteresis

Δd n + 2n n Δdn + Δan =  Δuxg loops at first quadrant
40
 Modal hysteresis loops ve modal capacity diagrams

an
an
n=3
n=3
n=2
n=2

n=1
n=1

dn dn

Nonlinear response
Linear response
(hypothetical)

41
 MODAL SCALING
An assumption on relative values of modal displacement increments
at every pushover step
(i) (1)
Modal scaling according to “Equal Displacement Rule” Sdin = Sden (i = 1,2,3,....)

(Cumulative) (1)
d n(i) = F (i) Sden (Incremental) d n(i) = F (i) Sden
(1)

F (i) = F (i1)  F (i)  1

Modal capacity diagrams and

Modal Scaling according to
“Equal Displacement Rule”

o Last
step
o

Imtermediate
oo o step
o First yield

o o

42
 PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
BY INCREMENTAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS (IRSA) METHOD

Determination of new plastic hinge and incremental scale factor by performing

multi-mode linear response spectrum analysis
at each piecewise linear pushover step

n’th mode modal displacement

Δ u  =   Γ
(i)
n
(i)
n
(i)
xn Δ d n(i) ; Δ d n(i) = Δ F (i) S d(1e n)

Δ u  = u   F u  = Φ  Γ
increment and modal scaling (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i)
n n ; n n xn S d(1e n)
SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

n’th mode generic response quantity increment

Δ rn(i) = rn(i)  F (i)
LINEAR RESPONSE

(displacement, deformation or internal force)

Combined generic response quantity increment Δ r (i) = r (i)  F (i)

Mode combination by Complete Ns Ns

  ( rm  m n rn )
(i) (i) (i) (i)
Quadratic Combination (CQC) Rule r =
m =1 n=1

r (i) = r (i  1 ) +  r (i) = r (i  1 ) + r (i)  F

Generic response quantity at the (i)
end of (i)’th step
43
 Generic response quantity at the
end of (i)’th step
r (i) = r (i  1 ) +  r (i) = r (i  1 ) + r (i)  F (i)

which can be written in terms of yield surface

M j(i) = M j(i 1) + M j(i)  F (i)
coordinates of the (j)’th plastic hinge::
N j(i) = N j(i 1) + N j(i)  F (i)
Determination of modal scale factor: Nj
1   jk M j(i 1)   jk N j(i 1)  jk M j +  jk N j = 1
(  F ) jk =
(i)
 jk M j(i) +  jk N j(i) k’ıncı segment
N j(i)
Minimum positive value defines the new (j)’th M j(i)
plastic hinge and k’th segment of yield surface Mj
corresponding to ΔF (i)

Incremental and cumulative modal displacements and modal pseudo-accelaerations

at the end of (i)’th step:

d n(i) = F (i) Sden

(1)
; d n(i) = d n(i1) + Δd n(i)
Δan(i) = (ω(i)
n ) 2
Δd (i)
n ; an(i) = an(i1) + Δan(i)

Generic response quantity at the

end of (i)’th step r (i) = r (i  1 ) +  r (i) = r (i  1 ) + r (i)  F (i)
44
Determination of seismic demand:

Above described operations are repeated until cumulative modal displacement of any
mode exceeds the spektral displacement of the same mode. When such (p)’th increment
is reached, modal displacement is made equal to elastic spectral displacement:

 d n(p ) = S d(pe n)  d n(p  1 ) or F (p )

= 1  F (p 1 )

Seismic demand for generic response quantity at the last (p)’th step:

r (p ) = r (p 1 ) +  r (p ) = r (p 1 ) + r (p )  F (p )

45
 20 STORY BUILDING
Location of Developed Plastic Hinges
70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
46
 Modal Capacity Diagrams
Modal pseudo acceleration (m/sec2)

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Modal displacement (m)

47
 Modal Capacity Diagrams & Modal Displacement Demand Estimation
Spectral pseudo acc. & Modal acc. (m/sec2)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Spectral disp. & Modal disp.(m)

48
 Lateral Displacement Profile
20

18

16

14

12
Storey levels

10

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Displacement (m)

49
 Storey Drift Ratio Profile
20

18

16

14

12
Storey levels

10

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
Drift ratio (%)

50
 Storey Shear Profile
20

18

16

14

12
Storey levels

10

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Storey shear force (kN)

51
 Storey Overturning Moment Profile
20

18

16

14

12
Storey levels

10

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Storey overturning moment(kNm) 4
x 10

52
 Plastic rotations at left ends of beams
20

18

16

14

12
Storey levels

10

0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015
Plastic rotation(rad)

53
 Plastic rotations at right ends of beams
20

18

16

14

12
Storey levels

10

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
Plastic rotation(rad)

54
 Multi-mode pushover curve in traditional coordinates
1200

1000

800
Base Shear (kN)

600

400

200

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Top displacament(m)

55
9 STORY STEEL BUILDING
(SAC BUILDING)

56
 plastic hinge map
50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5
East North West South
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

57
 MODAL CAPACITY DIAGRAMS
1.4

1.2
modal pseudo-acceleration (g)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
modal displacement (m)

58
MODAL CAPACITY DIAGRAMS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF EQUAL DISPLACEMENT RULE
1.4

1.2
modal & spectral pseudo-acceleration (g)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
modal & spectral displacement (m)

59
 9

5
floors

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
floor dispacements (m)

60
 9

5
floors

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
inter-story drift ratios (%)

61
 9

5
floors

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
inter-story relative torsion -3
x 10

62
 9

5
floors

0
4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000
story shears (kN)

63
 9

5
floors

0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
story torques (kNm) 4
x 10

64
 9

5
floors

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
story overturning moments (kNm) 5
x 10

65
 9

5
floors

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018
central span - left-hand side plastic hinge rotation

66
 9

5
floors

0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
central span - right-hand side plastic hinge rotation

67
 PUSH-OVER CURVE
14000

12000

10000
base shear (kN)

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
roof displacement (m)

68
 4
x 10 TURN-ABOUT CURVE
12

10

8
base torque (kNm)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
roof torsion -3
x 10

69
 MODE CONTRIBUTIONS
0.4 MODE 1 TRANSVERSE RESPONSE
OF BRIDGE
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.05
MODE 2
0.03

0.01

-0.01 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1.6
DEVELOPMENT OF MODAL
-0.03 1.4 CAPACITY DIAGRAMS

Modal & Spectral Acceleration

0.07 MODE 3 1.2
0.04
1.0
0.01

-0.02 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0.8

-0.05
0.6
-0.08
0.005 0.4
MODE 4
0.003
0.2
0.001
0.0
-0.001 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

-0.003 Modal & Spectral Displacement

70
-0.005
 TRANSVERSE RESPONSE
OF BRIDGE

COMBINED DECK
DISPLACEMENTS
1.6
0.5

1.4 DEVELOPMENT OF MODAL

0.4 CAPACITY DIAGRAMS
0.3 1.2

0.2 1.0

0.1 0.8

0
0.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

Modal & Spectral Displacement

71
TEŞEKKÜRLER ............THANKS

KOLAY GELSİN ..........TAKE CARE