Gelest Additives

*1028_Hydrophobicity_Cvr.
2011_Layout 1 3/20/11 9:42 PM Page 1
Cover
background photo:
Fluoroalkylsilane treated
multi-color red granite is both
hydrophobic and
oleophobic.
The Stenocara beetle,

an African desert species,
harvests water that adsorbs on
superhydrophilic bumps on its back,
then transfers droplets into
superhydrophobic channels
that lead to its mouth.
Gelest Inc.
11 East Steel Road
Morrisville, PA 19067
Phone (215) 547-1015
Fax: (215) 547-2484
www.gelest.com
*1028_Hydrophobicity_Cvr. 2011_Layout 1 3/20/11 9:43 PM Page 2
Gelest, Inc.

Gelest, Inc.
Additional Product Information on Silanes & Silicones
Telephone: General 215-547-1015
Order Entry 888-734-8344 For Material Science:
Technical Service: 215-547-1016 Hydrophobicity, H5
OC 2 OC 2H 5 Micro-Particle
Silane Coupling Si
FAX: 215-547-2484 Hydrophilicity Agents NC
CH 2
H2
CH 2 OC 2H 5
Surface Modification Enabling Your Technology
and Silane Silane coupling

H2
The surface properties of M i c ro - Pa r t i c l e
Internet: www.gelest.com Silane Coupling Agents
Connecting Across Boundaries
micro-particles can be
S u r fa c e
Modification
Surface agents enhance P CH2CH
2Si(OC H
e-mail: sales@gelest.com Modification adhesion, increase

2 5)3
)3 Enhance Adhesion
altered to match the
HOCH 2
CH 2
NCH 2
CH 2CH 2
Si(OEt
requirements of various
Correspondence: 11 East Steel Rd.
Increase Mechanical Properties
Propertie
Organosilanes are mechanical prop- HOCH 2

CH 2 Improve Dispersion
applications. Surface
OC2H5 Provide Crosslinking
used extensively erties of compos- C2H5O

OC2H5
treatment services pro-

Innovating Particle
Morrisville, PA 19067 ites, improve

SiCH2CH Si OC
OC2H5
2
OC2H5
2H5
Immobilize Catalysts
Bind Biomaterials
Functionalization
© 2009 Gelest, Inc.
for modification of Version 2.0:

vided on a custom basis Gelest provides chemistries and deposition
technologies for micro-particle
dispersion of pig- N
New Coupling Agents
for Metal Substrates !
at Gelest are described.

modifications that dramatically enhance:
For further information consult our web site at: www.gelest.com surface properties.
ments and fillers CH 3O
Si
OCH 3
CH 3 New Coupling Agents for Vapor Phase
Deposition !
New Coupling Agents
for Proteins !
This brochure reviews

• Color
• Polarity
• Adhesion
• Dispersion
• Rheological Behavior
• Photo, Chemical, Thermal Stability
• Moisture & Corrosion Resistance
• Mechanical & Electrical Properties
This 80-page
and immobilize catalysts and biomaterials. deposition technologies and silane chemistries
In Europe: For research quantities in Europe: brochure describes silane
This 48 page brochure describes chem- provided by Gelest that allow end-users to modify their
surface modification with an emphasis on istry, techniques, applications and physical
For commercial and micro-particles to achieve optimum surface properties
Gelest Inc. making surfaces hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties of silane coupling agents. for composite, separation, dispersion and other
bulk quantities contact: Stroofstrasse 27 Geb.2901 applications.
65933 Frankfurt am Main,
Gelest Ltd.
Germany Silicone Fluids- Reactive Silicon
46 Pickering Street Stable, Inert Silicones - Compounds:
Tel: +49-(0)-69-3800-2150
Maidstone Media Forging New
REACTIVE SILICONES:
FORGING NEW POLYMER LINKS
Silanes and
Fax: +49-(0)-69-3800-2300 Design and Polymer Links
MATERIALS FOR:
Silicones
Kent ME15 9RR Adhesives
Binders
Ceramic Coatings S CILICON: OMPOUNDS
e-mail: info@gelestde.com Engineering prop- The 48 page

Dielectric Coatings
Encapsulants
Detailed chemical S & S ILANES ILICONES
United Kingdom
Gels
Membranes
Optical Coatings
Internet: www.gelestde.com erties for conven- brochure properties and Gel est
Photolithography
Polymer Synthesis
Sealants
Tel: +44(0)-1622-741115 tional silicone describes reactive reference articles SILICON CHEMICALS FOR:
• SURFACE MODIFICATION
Fax: +44(0)-8701-308421 Exclusive for the United Kingdom fluids as well as silicones that can New!
Expanded Silicone
Macromers
for over 1600 • ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
• OPTICAL COATINGS
• POLYMER SYNTHESIS
e-mail: europe@gelest.com and Ireland: thermal, fluorosil- be formulated into compounds. The • SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS
• CATALYSIS
• COMPOSITES
• NANOFABRICATION
icone, hydrophilic coatings, mem- 590 page catalog

Enabling your technology
Fluorochem Ltd. and low tempera- branes, cured of silane and sili-
ture grades are presented in a 24 page rubbers and adhesives for mechanical, cone chemistry includes scholarly reviews
Unit 14 Graphite Way selection guide. The brochure provides optical, electronic and ceramic applica- as well as detailed information on various
Rossington Park, Hadfield, data on thermal, rheological, electrical, tions. Information on reactions and cures applications.
Derbyshire, SK13 1QH, United Kingdom mechanical and optical properties for of silicones as well as physical properties
silicones. Silicone fluids are available shortens product development time for
Tel: +44-(0)-1457-860111 in viscosities ranging from 0.65 to chemists and engineers.
Fax: +44-(0)-1457-858912 2,500,000 cSt.
internet: www.fluorochem.net
In Japan: In South-East Asia: For Synthesis:

For commercial and For commercial and
Silicon-Based Silicon-Based Silicon-Based
research quantities contact: research quantities contact: Blocking Reducing Agents Cross-Coupling
Agents These silicon- Reagents
AZmax Co. Ltd. Tokyo Office Gulf Chemical These silicon based reagents A variety of
Matsuda Yaesudori, Bldg F8 39 Jalan Pemimpin reagents are are employed organosilanes
1-10-7 Hatchoubori, Chuo-Ku Tai Lee Industrial Building #04-03 used for func- in the reduction have been shown
tional group of various organic to enter into
Tokyo 104-0032 Singapore 577182 protection, syn- and inorganic cross-coupling Pd
Tel: 81-3-5543-1630 Tel: 65-6358-3185 thesis and systems. The 24 protocols. This
Fax: 81-3-5543-0312 Fax: 65-6353-2542 derivatization. page brochure 36 page brochure Reagents For:
Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation, Introduction of Aryl, Vinyl and Ethynyl Groups
The 28 page presents informa- with 105 refer-

e-mail: sales@azmax.co.jp e-mail: support@gulfchem.com.sg tion complete with literature references for
brochure presents detailed application ences reviews selected
on-line catalog: www.azmax.co.jp information on silylation reagents for a variety of reductions using organosilanes. approaches and some of the key aspects of
pharmaceutical synthesis and analysis. the organosilane approach to cross-coupling
Front Cover Photos: Water rolls off a duck’s back. Lotus leaves exhibit superhydrophobicity. Biological systems Detailed descriptions are presented on chemistry. An emphasis is placed on the
are dependent on water, but at the same time must control the interaction. In a sense, all living organisms exhibit selectivity for reactions, resistance to more practical reactions.
behaviors that can be described as both hydrophobic and hydrophilic. chemical transformations and selective
deblocking conditions. Over 300 refer-
ences are provided.
Sales of all products listed are subject to the published terms and conditions of Gelest, Inc.
*1028_Hydrophobicity 2011_Silane Coupling Agents-2003 2/23/11 7:49 PM Page 1
Gelest, Inc.
Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity
and Silane Surface Modification
by Barry Arkles
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Silanes and Surface Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Water, Hydrophobicity and Hydrophilicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Wettability and Contact Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Critical Surface Tension and Adhesion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
How does a Silane Modify a Surface? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Selecting a Silane for Surface Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Hydrophobic Surface Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Superhydrophobicity and Oleophobicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Hydrophilic Surface Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Range of Water Interaction with Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Reacting with the Substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Special Topics:
Dipodal Silanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Linker Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Embedded/Tipped Polarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Partition, Orientation and Self-Assembly in Bonded Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Modification of Metal Substrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Difficult Substrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Applying a Silane Surface Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Biomimetic Silane Surface Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Alkylphosphonic Acid Surface Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Hydrophobic Silane Selection Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Silane Properties:
Hydrophobic Silanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Hydrophobic Silanes - Dipodal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Hydrophobic Silanes - Polymeric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Hydrophilic Silanes - Polar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Hydrophilic Silanes - Hydrogen Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Hydrophilic Silanes - Hydroxylic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Hydrophilic Silanes - Ionic / Charge Inducible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Hydrophilic Silanes - Polymeric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Hydrophilic Silanes - Epoxy / Masked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Silyl Hydrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
UV Active and Fluorescent Silanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and Silane Surface Modification
Barry Arkles ©2011 Gelest, Inc.
(215) 547-1015 FAX: (215) 547-2484 www.gelest.com

1
Gelest, Inc.
Silanes and Surface Modification

Silanes are silicon chemicals that possess a hydrolytically sensitive center that can react with
inorganic substrates such as glass to form stable covalent bonds and possess an organic
substitution that alters the physical interactions of treated substrates.
OCH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2— Si— OCH2CH3
OCH2CH3
organic substitution allows permanent property modification
hydrolyzable alkoxy (alcohol) groups
Property modifications include: Applications include:

Hydrophobicity Architectural Coatings
Adhesion Water-Repellents
Release Anti-stiction Coatings for MEMs
Dielectric Mineral Surface Treatments
Absorption Fillers for Composites
Orientation Pigment Dispersants
Hydrophilicity Dielectric Coatings
Charge Conduction Anti-fog Coatings
Release Coatings
Optical (LCD) Coatings
Bonded Phases
Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs)
Crosslinkers for Silicones
Nanoparticle Synthesis
Anti-Corrosion Coatings
In contrast with silanes utilized as coupling agents in adhesive applications, silanes used to
modify the surface energy or wettability of substrates under normal conditions do not impart
chemical reactivity to the substrate. They are often referred to as non-functional silanes.
The main classes of silanes utilized to effect surface energy modification without imparting
reactivity are:
Hydrophobic Silanes Hydrophilic Silanes

Methyl Polar
Linear Alkyl Hydroxylic
Branched Alkyl Ionic
Fluorinated Alkyl Charge inducible /charge switchable
Aryl Embedded Hydrophilicity
Dipodal Masked

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Gelest, Inc.
Water, Hydrophobicity and Hydrophilicity Hydrogen

Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic are frequently used descriptors of surfaces. Oxygen
A surface is hydrophobic if it tends not to adsorb water or be wetted by
water. A surface is hydrophilic if it tends to adsorb water or be wetted
water
by water. More particularly, the terms describe the interaction of the
boundary layer of a solid phase with liquid or vapor water. Silanes can be
used to modify the interaction of boundary layers of solids with water with
a high degree of control, effecting variable degrees of hydrophobicity or
hydrophilicity.
Since the interaction of water with surfaces is frequently used to define
surface properties, a brief review of its structure and properties can be help-
ful. Although the structure of water is a subject of early discussion in the
study of physical sciences, it is interesting to note that the structure of
liquid water is still not solved and, even so, most technologists lose appre-
ciation of what is known about its structure and properties.
The quantum calculation of the structure of an isolated H2O molecule molecule of water showing dipole
has evolved to the currently accepted model which demonstrates a strong
dipole, but no lone electron pairs associated with sp3 hybridized orbitals of
oxygen. This model of isolated H2O conforms most closely to the vapor
state and extrapolation often leads to the conclusion that water is a collec-
tion of individual molecules which associate with each other primarily
through dipole interactions. The polar nature of water, with its partial pos-
itive and partial negative dipole, explains why bulk water readily dissolves
many ionic species and interacts with ionic surfaces. The difference
between isolated vapor phase water and bulk liquid water is much more
extreme than can be accounted for by a model relying only on dipole inter-
actions. The properties of bulk liquid water are strongly influenced by
hydrogen bond interactions. In the liquid state, despite 80% of the elec- 2 molecules showing hydrogen bond
trons being concerned with bonding, the three atoms of a water molecule
do not stay together as discrete molecules. The hydrogen atoms are con-
stantly exchanging between water molecules in a protonation-deprotona-
tion process. Both acids and bases catalyze hydrogen exchange and, even
when at its slowest rate of exchange (at pH 7), the average residence time
of a hydrogen atom is only about a millisecond. In the liquid state, water
molecules are bound to each other by an average of three hydrogen bonds.
Hydrogen bonds arise when a hydrogen that is covalently bound to an oxy-
gen in one molecule of water nears another oxygen from another water
molecule. The electrophilic oxygen atom “pulls” the hydrogen closer to
itself. The end result is that the hydrogen is now shared (unequally)
between the oxygen to which it is covalently bound and the electrophilic
oxygen to which it is attracted (O-H...O). Each hydrogen bond has an
average energy of 20 kJ/mol. This is much less than an O-H covalent bond,
which is 460 kJ/mol. Even though an individual hydrogen bond is rela-
tively weak, the large number of hydrogen bonds that exist in water which ice - molecules of water with 4 hydrogen bonds
pull the molecules together have a significant role in giving water its spe-
cial bulk properties. In ice, water molecules are highly organized with four
hydrogen bonds. Liquid water is thought to be a combination of domains
of molecules with 3-4 hydrogen bonds separated by domains with 2-3
hydrogen bonds, subject to constant turnover - the flickering cluster model.
This brief description of water is provided in order to give the
insight that whenever a solid surface interacts with bulk water it is inter-
acting with a soft matter structure, not simply a collection of individual
molecules. Surface interactions with water must compete with a variety
of internal interactions of liquid phase water: van der Waals forces, liquid water - flickering cluster model
dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding and proton exchange. regions of molecules with 3-4 hydrogen bonds
separated by regions with 2-3 hydrogen bonds
(not shown: out of plane hydrogen bonds)
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Gelest, Inc.
Wettability and Contact Angle Contact Angle Defines Wettability

A surface is said to be wetted if a liquid spreads over the
surface evenly without the formation of droplets. When the
liquid is water and it spreads over the surface without the
formation of droplets, the surface is said to be hydrophilic.
In terms of energetics, this implies that the forces associated
with the interaction of water with the surface are greater
than the cohesive forces associated with bulk liquid water.
Water droplets form on hydrophobic surfaces, implying that
the cohesive forces associated with bulk water are greater than Contact Angle of Water on
the forces associated with the interaction of water with the Smooth Surfaces
surface. Practically, hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity are ⍜
relative terms. A simple quantitative method for defining heptadecafluorodecyltrimethoxysilane* 115°
the relative degree of interaction of a liquid with a solid (heptafluoroisopropoxy)propyl-
trichlorosilane* 109-111°
surface is the contact angle of a liquid droplet on a solid
poly(tetrafluoroethylene) 108-112°
substrate. If the contact angle of water is less than 30°, the poly(propylene) 108°
surface is designated hydrophilic since the forces of interac- octadecyldimethylchlorosilane* 110°
tion between water and the surface nearly equal the cohe- octadecyltrichlorosilane* 102-109°
sive forces of bulk water and water does not cleanly drain tris(trimethylsiloxy)-
silylethyldimethylchlorosilane 104°
from the surface. If water spreads over a surface and the octyldimethylchlorosilane* 104°
contact angle at the spreading front edge of the water is less dimethyldichlorosilane* 95-105°
than 10°, the surface is often designated as superhy- butyldimethylchlorosilane* 100°
drophilic (provided that the surface is not absorbing the trimethylchlorosilane* 90-100°
water, dissolving in the water or reacting with the water). poly(ethylene) 88-103°
poly(styrene) 94°
On a hydrophobic surface, water forms distinct droplets.
poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) 90°
As the hydrophobicity increases, the contact angle of the human skin 75-90°
droplets with the surface increases. Surfaces with contact diamond 87°
angles greater than 90° are designated as hydrophobic. The graphite 86°
theoretical maximum contact angle for water on a smooth silicon (etched) 86-88°
surface is 120°. Micro-textured or micro-patterned surfaces talc 50-55°
chitosan 80-81°
with hydrophobic asperities can exhibit apparent contact
steel 70-75°
angles exceeding 150° and are associated with superhy-
methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane 70°
drophobicity and the “lotus effect”. gold, typical (see gold, clean) 66°
Ordinary Surface- triethoxysilylpropoxy(triethylenoxy)-
“typical wetting” dodecanoate* 61-2°
intestinal mucosa 50-60°
glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane* 49°
kaolin 42-46°
platinum 40°
Hydrophobic- Hydrophilic- silicon nitride 28-30°
“poor wetting” “good wetting”
silver iodide 17°
methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl-
trimethoxysilane* 15.5°
soda-lime glass <15°
gold, clean <10°
*Note: Contact angles for silanes refer to smooth treated
surfaces.
PLEASE INQUIRE ABOUT BULK QUANTITIES

4
Gelest, Inc.
Critical Surface Tension and Adhesion

Critical surface tensions
While the contact angle of water on a substrate is a good
indicator of the relative hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of a
␥c
mN/m
substrate, it is not a good indicator for the wettability of the
substrate by other liquids. The contact angle is given by heneicosafluorododecyltrichlorosilane 6-7
Young’s equation: heptadecafluorodecyltrichlorosilane 12.0
␥sv – ␥sl = ␥lv • cos⍜e poly(tetrafluoroethylene) 18.5
where ␥sl = interfacial surface tension, ␥lv = surface tension octadecyltrichlorosilane 20-24
of liquid. methyltrimethoxysilane 22.5
nonafluorohexyltrimethoxysilane 23.0
Critical surface tension is associated with the wettability or
vinyltriethoxysilane 25
release properties of a solid. It serves as a better predictor of
paraffin wax 25.5
the behavior of a solid with a range of liquids.
ethyltrimethoxysilane 27.0
Liquids with a surface tension below the critical surface propyltrimethoxysilane 28.5
tension (␥c) of a substrate will wet the surface, i.e., show a glass, soda-lime (wet) 30.0
contact angle of 0 (cos⍜e = 1). The critical surface tension is poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) 31.0
unique for any solid and is determined by plotting the cosine poly(propylene) 31.0
of the contact angles of liquids of different surface tensions poly(propylene oxide) 32
and extrapolating to 1. polyethylene 33.0
trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane 33.5
Hydrophilic behavior is generally observed by surfaces 3-(2-aminoethyl)-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane 33.5
with critical surface tensions greater than 45 dynes/cm. As poly(styrene) 34
the critical surface tension increases, the expected decrease p-tolyltrimethoxysilane 34
in contact angle is accompanied with stronger adsorptive cyanoethyltrimethoxysilane 34
behavior and with increased exotherms. aminopropyltriethoxysilane 35
acetoxypropyltrimethoxylsilane 37.5
Hydrophobic behavior is generally observed by surfaces
polymethylmethacrylate 39
with critical surface tensions less than 35 dynes/cm. At first,
polyvinylchloride 39
the decrease in critical surface tension is associated with
phenyltrimethoxysilane 40.0
oleophilic behavior, i.e. the wetting of the surfaces by hydro-
chloropropyltrimethoxysilane 40.5
carbon oils. As the critical surface tensions decrease below
mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane 41
20 dynes/cm, the surfaces resist wetting by hydrocarbon oils
glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane 42.5
and are considered oleophobic as well as hydrophobic.
poly(ethyleneterephthalate) 43
In the reinforcement of thermosets and thermoplastics poly(ethylene oxide) 43-45
with glass fibers, one approach for optimizing reinforcement copper (dry) 44
is to match the critical surface tension of the silylated glass aluminum (dry) 45
surface to the surface tension of the polymer in its melt or iron (dry) 46
uncured condition. This has been most helpful in resins with nylon 6/6 45-6
no obvious functionality such as polyethylene and poly- glass, soda-lime (dry) 47
styrene. Silane treatment has allowed control of thixotropic silica, fused 78
activity of silica and clays in paint and coating applications. titanium dioxide (anatase) 91
Immobilization of cellular organelles, including mitochondria, ferric oxide 107
chloroplasts, and microsomes, has been effected by treating tin oxide 111
silica with alkylsilanes of C 8 or greater substitution. Note: Critical surface tensions for silanes refer to smooth treated
surfaces.

5
Gelest, Inc.
How does a Silane Modify a Surface? Hydrolytic Deposition of Silanes

Most of the widely used organosilanes have one organic
substituent and three hydrolyzable substituents. In the vast
majority of surface treatment applications, the alkoxy groups of
the trialkoxysilanes are hydrolyzed to form silanol-containing
species. Reaction of these silanes involves four steps. Initially,
hydrolysis of the three labile groups occurs. Condensation to
oligomers follows. The oligomers then hydrogen bond with
OH groups of the substrate. Finally, during drying or curing, a
covalent linkage is formed with the substrate with concomitant
loss of water. Although described sequentially, these reactions
can occur simultaneously after the initial hydrolysis step. At
the interface, there is usually only one bond from each silicon
of the organosilane to the substrate surface. The two remaining
silanol groups are present either in condensed or free form.
The R group remains available for covalent reaction or physi-
cal interaction with other phases.
Silanes can modify surfaces under anhydrous conditions
consistent with monolayer and vapor phase deposition require-
ments. Extended reaction times (4-12 hours) at elevated tem-
peratures (50°-120°C) are typical. Of the alkoxysilanes, only
methoxysilanes are effective without catalysis. The most effec-
tive silanes for vapor phase deposition are cyclic azasilanes.
Hydrolysis Considerations
Water for hydrolysis may come from several sources.
It may be added, it may be present on the substrate surface,
or it may come from the atmosphere. The degree of polymer-
ization of the silanes is determined by the amount of water
available and the organic substituent. If the silane is added to
water and has low solubility, a high degree of polymerization is
favored. Multiple organic substitution, particularly if phenyl or
B. Arkles, CHEMTECH, 7, 766, 1977
tertiary butyl groups are involved, favors formation of stable
monomeric silanols.
Anhydrous Deposition of Silanes
The thickness of a polysiloxane layer is also determined by
the concentration of the siloxane solution. Although a monolay- R
er is generally desired, multilayer adsorption results from solu- H3C Si CH3
tions customarily used. It has been calculated that deposition OCH 3
from a 0.25% silane solution onto glass could result in three to
eight molecular layers. These multilayers could be either inter- +
connected through a loose network structure, or intermixed, OH
or both, and are, in fact, formed by most deposition techniques.
The orientation of functional groups is generally horizontal,
but not necessarily planar, on the surface of the substrate. Δ - CH3OH
The formation of covalent bonds to the surface proceeds
with a certain amount of reversibility. As water is removed, R
generally by heating to 120°C for 30 to 90 minutes or evacuation H3C Si CH3
for 2 to 6 hours, bonds may form, break, and reform to relieve
O
internal stress.

6
Gelest, Inc.
OH
H
Selecting A Silane for Surface Modification - H
O
Inorganic Substrate Perspective
O
O H
Factors influencing silane surface modification selection include: H H O
HO
OH
Concentration of surface hydroxyl groups
Type of surface hydroxyl groups
Hydrolytic Stability of the bond formed
Physical dimensions of the substrate or substrate features
Surface modification is maximized when silanes react with the

substrate surface and present the maximum number of accessible
sites with appropriate surface energies. An additional considera-
tion is the physical and chemical properties of the interphase
region. The interphase can promote or detract from total system
properties depending on its physical properties such as modulus or Water droplets on a (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahy-
drodecyl)trimethoxysilane-treated silicon wafer
chemical properties such as water/hydroxyl content. exhibit high contact angles, indicative of the low
Hydroxyl-containing substrates vary widely in concentration surface energy. Surfaces are both hydrophobic and
resist wetting by hydrocarbon oils. (water droplets
and type of hydroxyl groups present. Freshly fused substrates contain dye for photographic purposes).
stored under neutral conditions have a minimum number of
hydroxyls. Hydrolytically derived oxides aged in moist air have Silane Effectiveness on Inorganics
significant amounts of physically adsorbed water which can
SUBSTRATES
interfere with coupling. Hydrogen bonded vicinal silanols react Silica
EXCELLENT Quartz
more readily with silane coupling agents, while isolated or free
Glass
hydroxyls react reluctantly. Aluminum (AlO(OH))
Silanes with three alkoxy groups are the usual starting point Alumino-silicates (e.g. clays)
Silicon
for substrate modification. These materials tend to deposit as poly-
Copper
meric films, effecting total coverage and maximizing the introduc- GOOD Tin (SnO)
tion of organic functionality. They are the primary materials uti- Talc
Inorganic Oxides (e.g. Fe2O3, TiO2, Cr2O3)
lized in composites, adhesives, sealants, and coatings. Limitations Steel, Iron
intrinsic in the utilization of a polylayer deposition are significant Asbestos
Nickel
for nano-particles or nano-composites where the interphase dimen-
Zinc
sions generated by polylayer deposition may approach those of the Lead
substrate. Residual (non-condensed) hydroxyl groups from SLIGHT Marble, Chalk (CaCO3)
Gypsum (CaSO4)
alkoxysilanes can also interfere in activity. Monoalkoxy-silanes Barytes (BaSO4)
provide a frequently used alternative for nano-featured substrates POOR
Graphite
Carbon Black
since deposition is limited to a monolayer.
If the hydrolytic stability of the oxane bond between the silane
and the substrate is poor or the application is in an aggressive Estimates for Silane Loading on Siliceous Fillers
aqueous environment, dipodal silanes often exhibit substantial per- Average Particle Size Amount of Silane
(minimum of monolayer coverage)
formance improvements. These materials form tighter networks <1 micron 1.5%
1-10 microns 1.0%
and may offer up to 105x greater hydrolysis resistance making 10-20 microns 0.75%
them particularly appropriate for primer applications. >100 microns 0.1% or less

7
*1028_Hydrophobicity 2011_Silane Coupling Agents-2003 2/24/11 11:19 AM Page 8
Gelest, Inc.

Hydrophobic Silane Surface Treatments
Factors which contribute to the ability of an organosilane to generate
a hydrophobic surface are its organic substitution, the extent of surface
coverage, residual unreacted groups (both from the silane and the surface)
and the distribution of the silane on the surface.
Aliphatic hydrocarbon substituents or fluorinated hydrocarbon sub-
stituents are the hydrophobic entities which enable silanes to induce sur-
face hydrophobicity. Beyond the simple attribute that in order to generate
a hydrophobic surface the organic substitution of the silane must be non-
polar, more subtle distinctions can be made. The hydrophobic effect of
the organic substitution can be related to the free energy of transfer of
hydrocarbon molecules from an aqueous phase to a homogeneous hydro-
carbon phase. For non-polar entities, van der Waals interactions are pre- complete coverage
dominant factors in interactions with water and such interactions compete
with hydrogen bonding in ordering of water molecules. Van der Waals
interactions for solid surfaces are primarily related to the instantaneous
polarizability of the solid which is proportional to the dielectric constant
or permittivity at the primary UV absorption frequency and the refractive
index of the solid. Entities which present sterically closed structures that
minimize van der Waals contact are more hydrophobic than open struc-
tures that allow van der Waals contact. Thus, in comparison to polyethylene,
both polypropylene and polytetrafluoroethylene are more hydrophobic.
Similarly methyl-substituted alkylsilanes and fluorinated alkylsilanes pro-
vide better hydrophobic surface treatments than linear alkyl silanes.
Surfaces to be rendered hydrophobic usually are polar with a distrib- incomplete hydroxyl reaction
ution of hydrogen bonding sites. A successful hydrophobic coating must
eliminate or mitigate hydrogen bonding and shield polar surfaces from
interaction with water by creating a non-polar interphase. Hydroxyl
groups are the most common sites for hydrogen bonding. The hydrogens
of hydroxyl groups can be eliminated by oxane bond formation with an
organosilane. The effectiveness of a silane in reacting with hydroxyls
impacts hydrophobic behavior not only by eliminating the hydroxyls as
water adsorbing sites, but also by providing anchor points for the non-
polar organic substitution of the silane which shields the polar substrates
from further interaction with water.
Strategies for silane surface treatment depend on the population of
hydroxyl groups and their accessibility for bonding. A simple conceptual few bonding opportunities
case is the reaction of organosilanes to form a monolayer. If all hydroxyl = (CH3)3Si = trimethylsilyl
groups are capped by the silanes and the surface is effectively shielded, a
hydrophobic surface is achieved. Practically, not all of the hydroxyl Hypothetical
groups may react leaving residual sites for hydrogen bonding. Further, Trimethylsilylated
there may not be enough anchor points on the surface to allow the organ- Surfaces
ic substituents to effectively shield the substrate. Thus the substrate reac-
Pyrogenic silica has 4.4-
tive groups of the silane, the conditions of deposition, the ability of the 4.6 OH/nm2. Typically
silane to form monomeric or polymeric layers and the nature of the organ- less than 50% are reacted.
ic substitution all play a role in rendering a surface hydrophobic. The Other substrates have fewer
minimum requirements for hydrophobicity with the economic restrictions opportunities for reaction.
for various applications further complicate selection.

8
Gelest, Inc.

Superhydrophobicity and Oleophobicity
Hydrophobicity is frequently associated with
Hydrophobicity vs Water Permeability
oleophilicity, the affinity of a substance for oils, since non-
Although silane and silicone derived coatings are in
polar organic substitution is often hydrocarbon in nature
general the most hydrophobic, they maintain a high
and shares structural similarities with many oils. The degree of permeability to water vapor. This allows
hydrophobic and oleophilic effect can be differentiated and coatings to breathe and reduce deterioration at the
controlled. At critical surface tensions of 20-30 mN/m, sur- coating interface associated with entrapped water.
Since ions are not transported through non-polar
faces are wetted by hydrocarbon oils and are water repellent.
silane and silicone coatings, they offer protection to
At critical surface tensions below 20, hydrocarbon oils no composite structures ranging from pigmented coat-
longer spread and the surfaces are both hydrophobic and ings to rebar reinforced concrete.
oleophobic. The most oleophobic silane surface treatments
have fluorinated long-chain alkyl silanes and methylated
medium chain alkyl silanes.
Superhydrophobic
Superhydrophobic surfaces are those surfaces that pre- Surface:
sent apparent contact angles that exceed the theoretical limit
for smooth surfaces, i.e. >120°. The most common examples Cassie State
of superhydrophobicity are associated with surfaces that are
rough on a sub-micron scale and contact angle measurements
are composites of solid surface asperities and air; denoted as
the Cassie state. Perfectly hydrophobic surfaces (contact
angles of 180°) have been prepared by hydrolytic deposition
of methylchlorosilanes as microfibrillar structures. Perfect Hydrophobicity-180°
1) CH3SiCl3 2)
toluene
trace H20 ethanol extraction
toluene-swollen crosslinked covalently

attached methylsilicone
The methylsilicone
phase separates in
ethanol to form a
covalently attached
fibrillar network.
Automotive side windows are treated with fluoroalkylsilanes to provide Fiber diameter is
self-cleaning properties. Water beads remove soil as they are blown ~20 nm. Ellipsometry
over the glass substrate during acceleration. indicates a film thick-
SEM image ness of ~20 nm.
T. McCarthy, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 9052.

9
Gelest, Inc.
Hydrophilic Silane Surface Treatments

The vast majority of surfaces are hydrophilic. Water Anti-fog coatings
is omnipresent in the environment, yet the precise nature applied to one side
of interaction of water with specific surfaces is largely of a visor can be
unknown. Water adsorption may be uniform or in isolat- prepared from
ed patches. It may be driven by a number of different combinations of
physical and chemical processes. The adsorption of water polyalkylene oxide
by a surface may be assisted or retarded by other adsor- functional silanes
bents present in the environment. The purpose of apply- and film-forming
ing a hydrophilic surface treatment is to control both the hydrophilic
nature and extent of interaction of water with a surface. silanes.
The controlled interaction of water with substrates
can offer various degrees of hydrophilicity ranging from
physi-sorption to chemi-sorption and centers for ion-
interaction. The utility of hydrophilic surfaces varies Heats of Immersion in Water, mJ/m2
widely. Anti-fog coatings exploit high surface energies titanium dioxide 225-250
to flatten water droplets rather than allowing them to talc 220-260
form light-scattering droplets. In biological systems aminopropyltriethoxysilane* 230-270
hydrophilic surfaces can reduce nonspecific bonding of silicon dioxide 210-225
proteins. Hydrophilic coatings with hydrogen bonding glass 200-205
vinyltris(methoxyethoxy)silane* 110-190
sites allow formation of tightly adherent layers of water mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane* 80-170
with high lubricity in biological systems and the ability graphite 32-35
to resist oil adsorption in anti-graffiti coatings. They polytetrafluoroethylene 24-25
can also be used to disperse particles in aqueous coat-
ings and oil-in-water emulsions. Hydrophilic coatings *Data for silane treated surfaces in this table is primarily
from B. Marciniec et al, Colloid & Polymer Science, 261,
with ionic sites form antistatic coatings, dye receptive 1435, 1983 recalculated for surface area.
surfaces and can generate conductive or electrophoretic
pathways. Thick films can behave as polymeric elec-
Water Interaction with PEGylated Silanes
trolytes in battery and ion conduction applications. The most common strategy for non-hydroxylic polar modifica-
In general, surfaces become more hydrophilic in the tion of organic molecules is the incorporation of poleyethylene
series: non-polar < polar, no hydrogen-bonding < polar, oxide units (PEG). The interaction of water with one, two and
hydrogen-bonding < hydroxylic < ionic. The number of three PEG units incorporated into a silane is depicted.
sites and the structure and density of the interphase area
also have significant influence on hydrophilicity.
Much of the discussion of hydrophobicity centers
around high contact angles and their measurement. As
a corollary, low or 0° contact angles of water are asso-
ciated with hydrophilicity, but practically the collection
of consistent data is more difficult. Discriminating
between surfaces with a 0° contact angle is impossible.
The use of heat of immersion is a method that generates
more consistent data for solid surfaces, provided the
surface does not react with, dissolve or absorb the test-
ed liquid. Another important consideraton is whether 1 water molecule 1 water molecule 1.5 water molecules
per EG unit
the water adsorbed is “free” or “bound.” Free water is (single bridge bonded, (double bridge bonded, (per molecule
water that is readily desorbed under conditions of less ≈ 20 kJ/mole) ≈ 34 kJ/mole) 34 kJ/mole)
than 100% relative humidity. If water remains bound to a substrate under conditions of less than 100%
relative humidity, the surface is considered hygroscopic. Another description of hygroscopic water
is a boundary layer of water adsorbed on a surface less than 200nm thick that cannot be removed
without heating. A measure of the relative hygroscopic nature of surfaces is given by the water
activity, the ratio of the fugacity, or escaping tendency, of water from a surface compared to the fugacity
of pure water.
The hydrophilicity of a surface as measured or determined by contact angle is subject to inter-
ference by loosely bound oils and other contaminants. Heats of immersion and water activity
measurements are less subject to this interference. Measurements of silane-modified surfaces
demonstrate true modification of the intrinsic surface properties of substrates. If the immobilized
hydrophilic layer is in fact a thin hydrogel film, then swelling ratios at equilibrium water absorbtion
can provide useful comparative data.

10
Gelest, Inc.
Hydrophilic Silane Surface Treatments (continued)

Controlling hydrophilic interaction with silane surface treatments is accomplished
by the selection of a silane with the appropriate hydrophilic substitution. The classes of substi-
tution are:
Aortic stents are coated
• Polar, Non-Hydrogen Bonding to promote hydrophilicity,
• Polar, Hydrogen-Bonding coupling to polymers and
• Hydroxylic drug delivery systems.
• Ionic-Charged
The selection of the class of hydrophilic subsitution is dependent on the application. If it is
sufficient for water to spread evenly over a surface to form a thin film that washes away and dries
off quickly without leaving 'drying spots', then a polar aprotic silane is preferred. If a coating is
desired that reduces non-specific binding of proteins or other biofoulants, then a polar hydrogen-
bonding material such as a polyether functional silane is preferred. A very different application
for polar non-hydroxylic materials is thin film proton conduction electrolytes. Lubricious
coatings are usually hydroxylic since they require a restrained adsorbed phase of water.
Antistatic coatings are usually charged or charge-inducible as are ion-conductive coatings used
in the construction of thin-film batteries. A combination of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity
may be a requirement in coatings which are used as primers or in selective adsorption applica-
tions such as chromatography. Formulation limitations may require that hydrophilicity is latent
and becomes unmasked after application.
Factors affecting the intrinsic hydrolytic stability of silane treated surfaces are magnified
when the water is drawn directly into the interface. Even pure silicon dioxide is
ultimately soluble in water (at a level of 2-6ppm), but the kinetics, low concentration for satura-
tion and phase separation, make this a negligible consideration in most applications. The equi-
librium constant for the rupture of a Si-O-Si bond by water to two Si-OH bonds is estimated at
10 -3. Since at minimum 3 Si-O-Si bonds must be simultaneously broken under equilibrium con-
ditions to dissociate an organosilane from a surface, in hydrophobic environments the long-term
stability is a minor consideration. Depending on the conditions of exposure to water of a
hydrophilic coating, the long-term stability can be an important consideration. Selection of a
dipodal, polypodal or other network forming silane as the basis for inducing hydrophilicity or as
a component in the hydrophilic surface treatment is often obligatory.
Range of Water Interaction with Surfaces

interaction description surface measurement -
example parameter
low superhydrophobic contact angle
oleophobic fluorocarbon
lipophobic
oleophilic water-sliding angle
lipophilic hydrocarbon critical surface tension
hydrophobic
moderate polar polymer heat of immersion
hydrophilic oxide surface
hygroscopic polyhydroxylic water activity
strong hydrogel film equilibrium water absorption
swell

11
Gelest, Inc.
Reacting with the Substrate

Leaving Groups Bond Dissociation Energies
The reaction of an organofunctional silane with a surface bear-
ing hydroxyl group results in a substitution reaction at silicon and Bond Dissociation Energy
the formation of the silylated surface where the silicon is cova- (kcal/mole)
lently attached to the surface via an oxygen linkage. This con- Me3Si-NMe2 98
nection may be formed directly or in the presence of water
Me3Si-N(SiMe3)2 109
through a reactive silanol intermediate. In general the reactivity of
hydroxylated surfaces with organo-functional silanes decreases in Me3Si-Cl 117
the order: Si-NR2 > Si-Cl > Si-NH-Si > Si-O2CCH3 > Si-OCH3 Me3Si-OMe 123
> Si-OCH2CH3. An analysis of the relevant bond energies indi- Me3Si-OEt 122
cates that the formation of the Si-O-surface bond is the driving Me3Si-OSiMe3 136
force for the reaction under dry and aprotic conditions. Secondary
factors contributing to the reactivity of organofunctional silanes
with a surface are the volatility of the byproducts, the ability of the
byproduct to hydrogen bond with the hydroxyls on the surface, the
ability of the byproduct to catalyze further reactions, e.g. HCl or Common Leaving Groups
acetic acid, and the steric bulk of the groups on the silicon atom. Type Advantage Disadvantage
Although they are not the most reactive organosilanes,
dimethylamine reactive, toxic
the methoxy and ethoxysilanes are the most widely used volatile byproduct
organofunctional silanes for surface modification. The reasons for
this include the fact that they are easily handled and the alcohol hydrogen chloride reactive, corrosive
byproducts are non-corrosive and volatile. The methoxysilanes volatile byproduct
are capable of reacting with substrates under dry, aprotic condi-
silazane (NH3) volatile limited availability
tions, while the less reactive ethoxysilanes require catalysis for
suitable reactivity. The low toxicity of ethanol as a byproduct of methoxy moderate reactivity, moderate toxicity
the reaction favors the ethoxysilanes in many commercial appli- neutral byproduct
cations. The vast majority of organofunctional silane surface treat-
ments are performed under conditions in which water is a part of ethoxy low toxicity lower reactivity
the reaction medium, either directly added or contributed by
adsorbed water on the substrate or by atmospheric moisture.
Surface Area of Common Substrates
Silane Requirements for Surface Coverage
Hydrolytic Deposition – creating a minimum uniform coverage Type m2/g
The majority of surface modifications are affected by the hydrolytic E-Glass 0.10-0.12
deposition of trialkoxysilanes. Specific Wetting Surface (SWS) is a Silica, ground 1-2
value determined empirically for the amount of silane required to obtain Silica, diatomaceous 1-3.5
minimum uniform multilayer coverage on a substrate. Calcium silicate 2.6
Clay, kaolin 7
Talc 7
amount of silane (g) = amount of substrate (g) x surface area of filler (m2/g)
Silica, fumed 150-250
specific wetting surface
Specific Wetting Surface (SWS) numbers are found throughout this brochure.
Monolayer Deposition
Monolayer deposition is a widely used term, but the definition of a monolayer is usually contextual. The
simplest definition is that there is an attachment of a surface treatment molecule to every surface atom. However,
coverage of this type is probably never the case. In general, monolayer coverage refers to the reaction of the sur-
face treatment molecule with available hydroxyl groups on the surface, but this is also almost never achieved. For
example, hydrated fumed silica has 4.4-4.6 –OH/nm2. A high surface fumed silica has a surface area of 3.25 x 1020
nm2/gram and thus 1.5 x 1021 hydroxyls. If this is divided by Avogadro’s number, 6.02 x 1023, 2.4 x10-3 moles of
silane are required to provide coverage on 1 gram of fumed silica. Monolayer bonding of a silane with a molecu-
lar weight of 200 would deposit 0.5 g silane per gram of silica. In fact, most monolayer depositions of silanes
result in about 10% of the calculated requirement, i.e. 0.5g silane per gram of fumed silica.
12
Gelest, Inc.
Special Topics
Dipodal Silanes
Dipodal silanes are silanes employed in surface modifi-
cation that possess two silicon atoms capable of bonding to
surfaces through oxane bonds. Functional dipodal silanes
and combinations of non-functional dipodal silanes with
functional silanes have significant impact on substrate
bonding, hydrolytic stability and mechanical strength of Multilayer printed circuit boards use dipodal
many composites systems. They possess enabling activity silanes to maintain the integrity of the bond
in many coatings, particularly primer systems and aqueous between metal and resins by reducing
interfacial water adsorption.
immersion applications. The effect is thought to be a result
of both the increased crosslink density of the interphase and
a consequence of the fact that the resistance to hydrolysis of
dipodal materials (with the ability to form six bonds to a
substrate) is estimated at close to 100,000 times greater
than conventional coupling agents (with the ability to form
only three bonds to a substrate).
Dipodal vs Conventional Silanes

in acidic aqueous environments
Hydrophobic Dipodal Silanes
Chemical resistance test in 6N HCl
(C2H5O)3Si CH2CH2 Si(OC2H5)3
120.0
SIB1817.0
100.0
(C2H5O)3Si CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 Si(OC2H5)3
Water contact angle
80.0 SIB1824.0
(CH3O)3Si CH2CH2 Si(OCH 3)3

60.0 CH2CH2 Si(OCH 3)3 Si(OCH 3)3
SIB1831.0 SIB1829.0
40.0 SIB1824.0
SIO6715.0
20.0 SIB1829.0
SID4632.0 Hydrophilic Dipodal Silanes
0.0
0hr
24hr
72hr
168hr
336hr
504hr
840hr
1176hr
1680hr
2352hr
3024hr
3696hr
4368hr
5040hr
5712hr
6752hr
8064hr
8736hr
9408hr
10080hr
10752hr
11592hr
H H H
N N CH2CH2 N
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
Glass surfaces treated with: bridged dipodal silane SIB1824.0 1,8-bis CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
(triethoxysilyl)octane; conventional silane SIO6715.0 n-octyltriethoxysilane; (CH3O)3Si Si(OCH 3)3 (CH3O)3Si Si(OCH 3)3
pendant dipodal silane SIB1829.0 1,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)decane; SIB1834.0
SIB1833.0
conventional silane, SID4632.0 n-decyltriethoxysilane.
(CH3O)3SiCH2CH2CH2 O
S S O
(C2H5O)3Si NCH 2CH2OH C O(CH2CH2O)CHC
CH n
H H N 2 2 N H
C C CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2 CH2
Hydrophobic coatings applied to antennas H CH2 CH2 CH2
inhibit the formation of adsorbed water Si(OC H )
2 OH53 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
NCH 2CH 2
layers which become dielectric layers that (CH3O)3SiCH2CH2CH2
(C2H5O)3Si
(C2H5O)3Si Si(OC2HSi(OC
5)3
2H 5)3
absorb signals and cause high losses.

If the water is in beads, the energy will be SB1820..0
SIB1142.0 SIB1824.6
SIB1824.82
slightly diffracted because the water droplets
have dimensions much less than a wave-
length at these frequencies.

13
Gelest, Inc.

Linker Length
An important factor in controlling the effec-
tiveness and properties of a coupled system is the
linker between the organic functionality and the
silicon atom. The linker length imposes a number
of physical property and reactivity limitations.
The desirability of maintaining the reactive cen-
ters close to the substrate is most important in sensor
applications, in heterogeneous catalysis, in fluor-
escent materials and in composite systems where
the interfacing components are closely matched in Effect of linker length on the separation of
modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion. aromatic hydrocarbons
On the other hand, inorganic surfaces can impose
enormous steric constraints on the accessibility of
organic functional groups in close proximity. If
the linker length is long the functional group has
greater mobility and can extend further from the
inorganic substrate. This has important conse-
quences if the functional group is expected to
react with a single component in a multi-compo-
nent organic or aqueous phase as found in homoge-
neous and phase transfer catalysis, biological
diagnostics or liquid chromatography. Extended
linker length is also important in oriented applica-
tions such as self-assembled monolayers (SAMs).
The typical linker length is three carbon atoms, a
consequence of the fact that the propyl group is both
synthetically accessible and has good thermal
stability. T. Den et al, in “Silanes, Surfaces, Interfaces” D. Leyden ed., 1986 p403.
Silanes with short linker length Silanes with extended linker length
OCH 3
CH3 Cl
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 Si OCH 3
H3C Si O Si Cl SIT8572.6 OCH 3
CH3 Cl SIH5925.0
Cl
OCH 2CH3
N C CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 Si Cl
N C CH2CH2 Si OCH 2CH3 SIC2445.0 Cl
OCH 2CH3 SIC2456.3
OC2H5 Cl
SIH6175.0 CH2CH2CH2CH2 Si Cl
HO CH2 Si OC2H5
Cl
OC2H5 SIP6724.9
O OCH 3 Cl
CH3COCH 2Si OCH 3 CH3OCH 2CH2O CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2 Si Cl
SIA0055.0
OCH 3 Cl
SIM6491.5

14
Gelest, Inc.

Combining Polarity and Non-Polarity in Silane Contact Angles of Water and Hexadecane
Surface Treatments on Silane Layers with Tipped and Embedded Polar Groups
It may be desirable for a surface treatment to possess both Silane Contact angle (degrees)
polar groups and non-polar groups. The polarity may either
embedded below a hydrocarbon tail (i.e. proximal to the surface) Hydrophobic control Water Hexadecane
or tipped at the end of the hydrocarbon (i.e. proximal to the Dodecyltriethoxysilane (SID4632.0) 100 21
contacting phase). Hydrophilic tipped silanes
Tipped (Methoxytriethyleneoxy)-
trimethoxysilylundecanoate (SIM6493.7) 74 7
Methoxyethoxyundecyltrichlorosilane
(SIM6491.5) 73 5
Embedded
Hydrophilic embedded silanes
Triethoxysilylpropoxy(triethyleneoxy)-
octadecanoate 68 28
Triethoxysilylpropoxy(triethyleneoxy)-
Silane surface treatments with either tipped or embedded dodecanoate (SIT8186.3) 62 6
Triethoxysilylpropoxy(hexaethyleneoxy)-
polarity provide an avenue to overcome traditional limitations octadecanoate 42 28
imposed by surface energetics. They allow formation of surfaces Triethoxysilylpropoxy(hexaethyleneoxy)-
that respond to solvent, electrical potential and thermal transi- dodecanoate 35 3
tions by dramatically varying wettability. Silane treated sub- Hydrophilic control
strates associated with a variety of multiphasic applications, Methoxy(polyethyleneoxy)6-9-
including particle dispersion, reversed-phase HPLC and diagnos- propyltrimethoxysilane (SIM6492.7) 16 17
tic assays can also take advantage of surfaces which combine B. Arkles et al in “Silanes & Other Coupling Agents Vol 5, K. Mittal Ed. p.51
polarity with non-polarity. VSP (Brill) 2009.
Comparative contact angle data of various silanes with polar
substitution having degrees of hydrogen bonding and in which Silane Surface Treated Particles – Effect on Rheology
the polar groups are either embedded or are tipped along with 45 wgt% TiO2 in Mineral Oil
hydrophobic and hydrophilic controls demonstrate interesting 60000.0
trends. Tipped polar silanes show higher contact angles with 51500.0
water than the embedded polar silanes, regardless of opportuni- 50000.0
Viscosity (cps)
ties for hydrogen-bonding. The number of PEG units has rela- 41500.0
40000.0
tively small impact on contact angle of the tipped silanes 33625.0
although an increase in number of PEG units does correlate to 30000.0
decreased water contact angle. PEG units embedded in silanes
have a stronger effect on contact angle than PEG units in the 20000.0
tipped analogs. Hexadecane contact angle seems to be con- 10000.0
trolled by the number of carbon atoms in the carbon chain, 1850.0
although a step-change increase in contact angle is observed 0.0
with C18-PEG silanes. C12PEG3Si C8Si C12Si C18Si
Polarity is generally associated with hydrophilicity. Non- (SIT8163.3) (SIO6715.0) (SID4632.0)) (SIO6645.0))
polarity is generally associated with hydrophobicity. In the case Dispersion viscosity of different silane treated titanium dioxide pigment at 65%
loading in mineral oil. DodecanoylPEG3silane (SIT8186.3) with embedded
of surface treatments, it may be that the term hydrophobic polarity provides lower viscosity than octyl-, dodecyl- and octadecylsilanes.
(“water-hating” or “water fearing”) suggests a too simplistic
explanation. It appears not so much that hydrocarbons hate 65 wgt% red iron oxide in Ethylhexylpalmitate
water, but that water hates hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons appear 600000.0
.0
indifferent to water. In the case of alkylsilanes tipped with polar

00
00
groups, water molecular interaction proceeds until interaction 500000.0

46
Viscosity (cps)
with the hydrocarbon. In the cases of alkylsilanes in which polar 400000.0

groups are embedded near the surface, the hydrocarbon poses
only a small barrier to the access of water to the polar groups. 300000.0
.0
000
.0
.0
000
193
500
.0
Particle Dispersion Utilizing Silanes with

000
.0
200000.0
155
50
147
136
52
Embedded Polarity
10
0
100000.0
25.
The incorporation of polar functionality into hydrocarbon

261
substituted silanes can have dramatic effects on the dispersion 0.0

of particles. Depending on the media, the appropriate mixed
C1 IT81
Un
(S
PE IM6
SI
(S
(S
(S
C1 4632
C1 645
C8 15
(S
IO
2P 63
A0
ID
IO
tre
G6 49
2S .0
8S .0
67
Si .0)
6
EG .3
61
ate
-9 2.7
polarity surface treatment can improve dispersion, reduce

i )
i )
0.0
C3 )
3S )
d
Si
i
viscosity or increase loading.

Dispersion viscosity of different silane treated iron oxide pigments at 65%
loading in 2-ethylhexylpalmitate. DodecanoylPEG3silane (SIT8186.3) with
embedded polarity provides lower viscosity than alkyl, polyethyleneoxide,
and aminopropyl substituted silanes.
15
Gelest, Inc.
Partition, Orientation and Normal Phase HPLC of Carboxylic Acids with a

C23-Silane Bonded Phase
Self-Assembly in Bonded Phases
Chromatography
Octadecyl, cyanopropyl and branched tricocyl silanes
provide bonded phases for liquid chromatography.
Reverse-phase thin-layer chromatography can be accom-
plished by treating plates with dodecyltrichlorosilane.
Liquid Crystal Displays

The interphase can also impose orientation of the bulk
phase. In liquid crystal displays, clarity and permanence H3C Si CH3
Cl
of image are enhanced if the display can be oriented paral-
lel or perpendicular to the substrate. The use of surfaces
treated with octadecyl(3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl) ammoni-
um chloride (perpendicular) or methylaminopropyl-
trimethoxysilane (parallel) has eliminated micromachining
operations. The oriented crystalline domains often
observed in reinforced nylons have also been attributed to
Orientation effects of silanes for passive LCDs
orientation effects of the silane in the interphase.
OCTADECYLDIMETHYL(3-TRIMETHOXYSILYLPROPYL)AMMONIUM
CHLORIDE (SIO6620.0)
Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs)
A Self-Assembled Monolayer (SAM) is a one mole-
cule thick layer of material that bonds to a surface in an
ordered way as a result of physical or chemical forces dur-
ing deposition. Silanes can form SAMs by solution or
vapor phase deposition processes. Most commonly,
chlorosilanes or alkoxysilanes are used and once deposi-
tion occurs a chemical (oxane) bond forms with the sur-
face rendering a permanent modification of the substrate.
Applications for SAMs include micro-contact printing,
N-METHYLAMINOPROPYLTRIMETHOXYSILANE (SIM6500.0)
soft lithography, dip-pen nanolithography, anti-stiction
coatings and orientation layers involved in nanofabrication
of MEMs, fluidic microassemblies, semiconductor sensors
and memory devices.
Common long chain alkyl silanes used in the forma-
tion of SAMs are simple hydrocarbon, fluoroalkyl and
end-group substituted silanes. Silanes with one
hydrolyzable group maintain interphase structure after
deposition by forming a single oxane bond with the sub- F. Kahn., Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 386, 1973
strate. Silanes with three hydrolyzable groups form
siloxane (silsesquioxane) polymers after Micro-Contact Printing Using SAMs
deposition, bonding both with each other as
spin casting of sol-gel precursor
well as the substrate. For non-oxide metal and soft bake
substrates, silyl hydrides may be used, react- PDMS
ing with the substrate by a dehydrogenative “inked” with solution

of C18-Silane in hexane
amorphous oxide
coupling. Substrate Substrate
The perpendicular orientation of silanes
microcontact printing of C18-Silane
with C10 or greater length can be utilized in polishing and crystallization
micro-contact printing and other soft lithog- SAMs of C18-Silane crystallization oxide
raphy methods. Here the silane may effect a Substrate (2-3nm)
Substrate
simple differential adsorption, or if function-
alized have a direct sensor effect.

16
Gelest, Inc.
Modification of
Metal Substrates
The optimum performance of silanes is associated
with siliceous substrates. While the use of silanes has
been extended to metal substrates, both the effective-
ness and strategies for bonding to these less-reactive
substrates vary. Four approaches of bonding to metals
have been used with differing degrees of success. In
all cases, selecting a dipodal or polymeric silane is
preferable to a conventional trialkoxy silane. Octysilane adsorbed on gold figure courtesy of
M. Banaszak-Holl
Metals that form hydrolytically stable surface
oxides, e.g. aluminum, tin, titanium. These oxidized Metals that form stable hydrides, e.g. titanium,
surfaces tend to have sufficient hydroxyl functionality zirconium, nickel. In a significant departure from tra-
to allow coupling under the same conditions applied to ditional silane coupling agent chemistry, the ability of
the siliceous substrates discussed earlier. certain metals to form so-called amorphous alloys with
hydrogen is exploited in an analogous chemistry in
Metals that form hydrolytically or mechanically which hydride functional silanes adsorb and then coor-
unstable surface oxides, e.g. iron, copper, zinc. dinate with the surface of the metal. Most silanes of
These oxidized surfaces tend to dissolve in water lead- this class possess only simple hydrocarbon substitution
ing to progressive corrosion of the substrate or form a such as octylsilane. However they do offer organic
passivating oxide layer without mechanical strength. compatibility and serve to markedly change wet-out
The successful strategies for coupling to these sub- of the substrate. Both hydride functional silanes and
strates typically involve two or more silanes. One treated metal substrates will liberate hydrogen in the
silane is a chelating agent such as a diamine, presence of base or with certain precious metals such
polyamine or polycarboxylic acid. A second silane is as platinum and associated precautions must be taken.
selected which has a reactivity with the organic com- (see p77.) H
ponent and reacts with the first silane by co-condensa- H2C CH(CH 2)8CH2Si H
tion. If a functional dipodal or polymeric silane is not SIU9048.0 H
selected, 10-20% of a non-functional dipodal silane
typically improves bond strength. Coupling Agents for Metals*
Metals that do not readily form oxides, e.g. Metal Class Screening Candidates
nickel, gold and other precious metals. Bonding to
these substrates requires coordinative bonding, typical- Copper Amine SSP-060 SIT8398.0
ly a phosphine, sulfur (mercapto), or amine functional
silane. A second silane is selected which has a reac- Gold Sulfur SIT7908.0 SIP6926.2
tivity with the organic component. If a functional Phosphorus SID4558.0 SIB1091.0
dipodal or polymeric silane is not selected, 10-20%
of a non-functional dipodal silane typically improves Iron Amine SIB1834.0 WSA-7011
bond strength. Sulfur SIB1824.6 SIM6476.0
Tin Amine SIB1835.5
OCH 3 Titanium Epoxy SIG5840.0 SIE6668.0

Hydride SIU9048.0
CH2CH2SCH 2CH2CH2Si OCH 3
N
OCH 3 Zinc Amine SSP-060 SIT8398.0
SIP6926.2 Carboxylate SIT8402.0 SIT8192.6
*These coupling agents are almost always used in conjunction
with a second silane with organic reactivity or a dipodal silane.

17
Gelest, Inc.

- +
OH O Na
Difficult Substrates - +
Silane coupling agents are generally recommended for applica- O Ca
tions in which an inorganic surface has hydroxyl groups and the Substrates with low concentrations of non-hydrogen bonded
hydroxyl groups can be converted to stable oxane bonds by reac- hydroxyl groups, high concentrations of calcium, alkali metals
or phosphates pose challenges for silane coupling agents.
tion with the silane. Substrates such as calcium carbonate, copper
and ferrous alloys, and high phosphate and sodium glasses are not Removing Surface Impurities
recommended substrates for silane coupling agents. In cases Eliminating non-bonding metal ions such as sodium,
where a more appropriate technology is not available a number of potassium and calcium from the surface of sub-
strategies have been devised which exploit the organic functionali- strates can be critical for stable bonds. Substrate
selection can be essential. Colloidal silicas derived
ty, film-forming and crosslinking properties of silane coupling from tetraethoxysilane or ammonia sols perform far
agents as the primary mechanism for substrate bonding in place of better than those derived from sodium sols. Bulk
glass tends to concentrate impurities on the surface
bonding through the silicon atom. These approaches frequently during fabrication. Although sodium concentrations
involve two or more coupling agents. derived from bulk analysis may seem acceptable, the
surface concentration is frequently orders of magni-
Calcium carbonate fillers and marble substrates do not form tude higher. Surface impurities may be reduced by
stable bonds with silane coupling agents. Applications of mixed immersion in 5% hydrochloric acid for 4 hours, fol-
lowed by a deionized water rinse, and then immer-
silane systems containing a dipodal silane or tetraethoxysilane in sion in deionized water overnight followed by drying.
combination with an organofunctional silane frequently increases Oxides with high isoelectric points can adsorb car-
adhesion. The adhesive mechanism is thought to be due to the low bon dioxide, forming carbonates. These can usually
be removed by a high temperature vacuum bake.
molecular weight and low surface energy of the silanes which
allows them initially to spread to thin films and penetrate porous
structures followed by the crosslinking which results in the forma- Increasing Hydroxyl Concentration
tion of a silica-rich encapsulating network. The silica-rich encap- Hydroxyl functionalization of bulk silica and glass may
be increased by immersion in a 1:1 mixture of 50%
sulating network is then susceptible to coupling chemistry compa- aqueous sulfuric acid : 30% hydrogen peroxide for 30
rable to siliceous substrates. Marble and calciferous substrates can minutes followed by rinses in D.I. water and methanol
and then air drying. Alternately, if sodium ion contamina-
also benefit from the inclusion of anhydride-functional silanes tion is not critical, boiling with 5% aqueous sodium per-
which, under reaction conditions, form dicarboxylates that can oxodisulfate followed by acetone rinse is recommended1.
form salts with calcium ions. 1. K. Shirai et al, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 53, 204, 2000.
Metals and many metal oxides can strongly adsorb silanes if a

chelating functionality such as diamine or dicarboxylate is present. Catalyzing Reactions in Water-Free Environments
A second organofunctional silane with reactivity appropriate to the Hydroxyl groups without hydrogen bonding react slowly
with methoxy silanes at room temperature. Ethoxy silanes
organic component must be present. Precious metals such as gold are essentially unreactive. The methods for enhancing
and rhodium form weak coordination bonds with phosphine and reactivity include transesterification catalysts and agents
mercaptan functional silanes. which increase the acidity of hydroxyl groups on the sub-
strate by hydrogen bonding. Transesterification catalysts
High phosphate and sodium content glasses are frequently the include tin compounds such as dibutyldiacetoxytin and
most frustrating substrates. The primary inorganic constituent is titanates such as titanium isopropoxide. Incorporation of
transesterification catalysts at 2-3 weight % of the silane
silica and would be expected to react readily with silane coupling effectively promotes reaction and deposition in many
agents. However alkali metals and phosphates not only do not instances. Alternatively, amines can be premixed with sol-
vents at 0.01-0.5 weight % based on substrate prior or
form hydrolytically stable bonds with silicon, but, even worse, cat- concurrent to silane addition. Volatile primary amines such
alyze the rupture and redistribution of silicon-oxygen bonds. The as butylamine can be used, but are not as effective as ter-
tiary amines such as benzyldimethylamine or diamines
first step in coupling with these substrates is the removal of ions such as ethylenediamine. The more effective amines,
from the surface by extraction with deionized water. Hydrophobic however, are more difficult to remove after reaction1.
dipodal or multipodal silanes are usually used in combination with 1. S. Kanan et al, Langmuir, 18, 6623, 2002.
organofunctional silanes. In some cases polymeric silanes with Hydroxylation by Water Plasma & Steam Oxidation
multiple sites for interaction with the substrate are used. Some of Various metals and metal oxides including silicon and
these, such as the polyethylenimine functional silanes can couple silicon dioxide can achieve high surface concentrations
to high sodium glasses in an aqueous environment. of hydroxyl groups after exposure to H2O/O2 in high
energy environments including steam at 1050° and
water plasma1.
1. N. Alcanter et al, in “Fundamental & Applied Aspects of Chemically
Modified Surfaces” ed. J. Blitz et al, 1999, Roy. Soc. Chem., p212.

18
Gelest, Inc.
Applying Silanes
Deposition from aqueous alcohol solutions is the most facile method for Fig. 1 Reactor for slurry
preparing silylated surfaces. A 95% ethanol-5% water solution is adjusted to treatment of powders.
pH 4.5-5.5 with acetic acid. Silane is added with stirring to yield a 2% final Separate filtration and
concentration. Five minutes should be allowed for hydrolysis and silanol for- drying steps are required.
mation. Large objects, e.g. glass plates, are dipped into the solution, agitated
gently, and removed after 1-2 minutes. They are rinsed free of excess materials by dipping briefly in
ethanol. Particles, e.g. fillers and supports, are silylated by stirring them in solution for 2-3 minutes
and then decanting the solution. The particles are usually rinsed twice briefly with ethanol. Cure of
the silane layer is for 5-10 mins at 110°C or 24 hours at room temperature (<60% relative humidity).
Deposition from aqueous solution is employed for most commercial fiberglass systems. The
alkoxysilane is dissolved at 0.5-2.0% concentration in water. For less soluble silanes, 0.1% of a non-
ionic surfactant is added prior to the silane and an emulsion rather than a solution is prepared. The
solution is adjusted to pH 5.5 with acetic acid. The solution is either sprayed onto the substrate or
employed as a dip bath. Cure is at 110-120°C for 20-30 minutes.
Stability of aqueous silane solutions varies from 2-12 hours for the simple alkyl silanes.
Poor solubility parameters limit the use of long chain alkyl and aromatic silanes by this method.
Distilled water is not necessary, but water containing fluoride ions must be avoided.
Bulk deposition onto powders, e.g. filler treatment, is usually

accomplished by a spray-on method. It assumes that the total Fig. 2 Vacuum tumble
amount of silane necessary is known and that sufficient adsorbed dryers can be used for
moisture is present on the filler to cause hydrolysis of the silane. slurry treatment of
The silane is prepared as a 25% solution in alcohol. The powder is powders.
placed in a high intensity solid mixer, e.g. twin cone mixer with
intensifier. The methods are most effective. If the filler is dried in trays, care must be taken to
avoid wicking or skinning of the top layer of treated material by adjusting heat and air flow.
Integral blend methods are used in composite formulations. In this method the silane is
used as a simple additive. Composites can be prepared by the addition of alkoxysilanes to
dry-blends of polymer and filler prior to compounding. Generally 0.2 to 1.0 weight percent of
silane (of the total mix) is dispersed by spraying the silane in an alcohol carrier onto a pre-
blend. The addition of the silane to non-dispersed filler is not desirable in this technique since
it can lead to agglomeration. The mix is dry-blended briefly and then melt compounded.
Vacuum devolatization of byproducts of silane reaction during melt compounding is neces-
sary to achieve optimum properties. Properties are sometimes enhanced by adding 0.5-1.0%
of tetrabutyl titanate or benzyldimethylamine to the silane prior to dispersal.
Anhydrous liquid phase deposition of chlorosilanes, methoxysilanes, aminosilanes and

cyclic azasilanes is preferred for small particles and nano-featured substrates. Toluene, tetrahy-
drofuran or hydrocarbon solutions are prepared containing 5% silane. The mixture is refluxed
for 12-24 hours with the substrate to be treated. It is washed with the solvent. The solvent is
then removed by air or explosion-proof oven drying. No further cure is necessary. This reac-
tion involves a direct nucleophilic displacement of the silane chlorines by the surface silanol.
If monolayer deposition is desired, substrates should be predried at 150°C for 4 hours. Bulk
deposition results if adsorbed water is present on the substrate. This method is cumbersome
for large scale preparations and rigorous controls must be established to ensure reproducible
results. More reproducible coverage is obtained with monochlorosilanes.
Chlorosilanes can also be deposited from alcohol solution. Anhydrous alcohols, particularly
ethanol or isopropanol are preferred. The chlorosilane is added to the alcohol to yield a 2-5%
solution. The chlorosilane reacts with the alcohol producing an alkoxysilane and HCl. Progress
Fig. 3 Twin-cone blenders with
of the reaction is observed by halt of HCl evolution. Mild warming of the solution (30-40°C)
intensive mixing bars are used
promotes completion of the reaction. Part of the HCl reacts with the alcohol to produce small
quantities of alkyl halide and water. The water causes formation of silanols from alkoxysilanes. for bulk deposition of silanes
The silanols condense on the substrate. Treated substrates are cured for 5-10 mins. at 110°C or onto powders.
allowed to stand 24 hours at room temperature.
19
Gelest, Inc.

Figure 4.
Applying Silanes Apparatus for vapor
phase silylation.
Vapor Phase Deposition

Silanes can be applied to substrates under dry aprotic conditions
by chemical vapor deposition methods. These methods favor mono-
layer deposition. Although under proper conditions almost all silanes
can be applied to substrates in the vapor phase, those with vapor pres-
sures >5 torr at 100°C have achieved the greatest number of commer-
cial applications. In closed chamber designs, substrates are supported
above or adjacent to a silane reservoir and the reservoir is heated to
sufficient temperature to achieve 5mm vapor pressure. Alternatively,
vacuum can be applied until silane evaporation is observed. In still
another variation the silane can be prepared as a solution in toluene,
and the toluene brought to reflux allowing sufficient silane to enter
the vapor phase through partial pressure contribution. In general,
substrate temperature should be maintained above 50° and below
120° to promote reaction. Cyclic azasilanes deposit the quickest- Figure 5.
usually less than 5 minutes. Amine functional silanes usually deposit Spin-coater
rapidly (within 30 minutes) without a catalyst. The reaction of other for deposition
silanes requires extended reaction times, usually 4-24 hours. The on wafers.
reaction can be promoted by addition of catalytic amounts of amines.
Spin-On
Spin-On applications can be made under hydrolytic conditions
which favor maximum functionalization and polylayer deposition or
dry conditions which favor monolayer deposition. For hydrolytic
deposition 2-5% solutions are prepared (see deposition from aqueous
alcohol). Spin speed is low, typically 500 rpm. Following spin-depo-
sition a hold period of 3-15 minutes is required before rinse solvent. Figure 6.
Dry deposition employs solvent solutions such as methoxypropanol Spray
application
or ethyleneglycol monoacetate (EGMA). Aprotic systems utilize of silanes
toluene or THF. Silane solutions are applied at low speed under a on large
nitrogen purge. If strict monolayer deposition is preferred, the sub- structures.
strate should be heated to 50°. In some protocols, limited polylayer
formation is induced by spinning under an atmospheric ambient with
55% relative humidity.
Spray application
Formulations for spray applications vary widely depending on
end-use. They involve alcohol solutions and continuously hydrolyzed
aqueous solutions employed in architectural and masonry applica- Figure 7.
tions. The continuous hydrolysis is effected by feeding mixtures of Spray &
silane containing an acid catalyst such as acetic acid into a water contact roller
stream by means of a venturi (aspirator). Stable aqueous solutions application of
(see water-borne silanes), mixtures of silanes with limited stability silanes on
fiberglass.
(4-8 hours) and emulsions are utilized in textile and fiberglass appli-
cations. Complex mixtures with polyvinyl acetates or polyesters
enter into the latter applications as sizing formulations.

20
Gelest, Inc.
Biomimetic Silane Surface Treatments

In addition to the direct metabolic and structural roles played by many biomolecules, they can also be
involved in control of in vivo hydrophilic-lipophilic balance and specific adsorptive interactions with other
biomolecules. Biomimetic silanes offer an opportunity to modify surfaces to impart a desired level of
hydrophilicity and control biomolecule adsorption.
SIA0126.0 SIA0120.2 SIA0123.0

acetylhydroxyprolyl acetylglycinamide acetylglycyl
CH3 OCH2 CH3
OCH2 CH2 CH2 Si OCH2 CH3
H3 C OCH2 CH3
CH3 (CHCH2 CH2 CH2 )3 O CH3
CH3 CH3
SIT8012.0 tocophoryl
Alkylphosphonic Acids
Alkylphosphonic acids are utilized as hydrophobic coatings for a variety of non-siliceous, native
oxide surfaces of metals such as iron, steel, tin, aluminum and copper. Alkylphosphonic acids can
react under ambient conditions to form adherent, alkane chain ordered films. They have advantages
over alkylsilanes when a metal-oxide substrate does not form a hydrolytically stable silicon-oxygen-
metal bond. Alkylphosphonic acids are generally deposited from dilute solutions (0.25-0.50 wgt %)
in moderately polar solvents such as toluene, tetrahydrofuran and ethanol. The deposition results in
self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) in which it is generally considered that two direct bonds are
formed with the surface through oxygen-metal linkages and the third remaining oxygen is coordinated
to the surface.
OMPH062
octadecylphosphonic acid
OMPH058
dodecylphosphonic acid
P
O O O
Metal Oxide Substrate OMPH061

octylphosphonic acid
For further information on alkylphosphonic acids, see Gelest Metal-Organics Catalog.

21
Gelest, Inc.
Hydrophobic Silane Selection Guide

Hydrophobic silanes employed in surface moodification form the following major categories:
Methyl-Silanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Linear Alkyl-Silanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Branched Alkyl-Silanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Aromatic-Silanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Fluorinated Alkyl-Silanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Dialkyl-Silanes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Methyl-Silanes very hydrophobic, hydrolysates stable to 425°C, acceptable performance to 600°C reported, volatile
3 Hydrolyzable Groups
Hydrolyzable Groups Product Code Product Name
chloro SIM6520.0 methyltrichlorosilane
methoxy SIM6560.0 methyltrimethoxysilane
ethoxy SIM6555.0 methyltriethoxysilane
propoxy SIM6579.0 methyltri-n-propoxysilane
methoxyalkoxy SIM6585.0 methyltris(methoxyethoxy)silane
acetoxy SIM6519.0 methyltriacetoxysilane
dimethylamine SIT8712.0 tris(dimethylamino)methylsilane
other amine SIT8710.0 tris(cyclohexylamino)methylsilane
silazane (NH)
oxime SIM6590.0 methyltris(methylethylketoximino)silane
Methyl-SiloxanylSilanes
3 or more Hydrolyzable Groups
2 silicon atom compounds
chloro SIT8572.6 trimethylsiloxytrichlorosilane
ethoxy SIT7095.0 tetraethoxy-1,3-dimethyldisiloxane
acetoxy
3 silicon atom compounds
chloro
methoxy
ethoxy
chloro
oligomeric polysiloxanes
chloro
methoxy
ethoxy
amine/silazane
silanol
selected specialties
SID4236.0 dimethyltetramethoxydisiloxane

22
Gelest, Inc.
Fumed silica treated with

hexamethyldisilazane
floats on water.
2 Hydrolyzable Groups 1 Hydrolyzable Group

Product Code Product Name Product Code Product Name
SID4120.0 dimethyldichlorosilane SIT8510.0 trimethylchlorosilane
SID4123.0 dimethyldimethoxysilane SIT8566.0 trimethylmethoxysilane
SID4121.0 dimethyldiethoxysilane SIT8515.0 trimethylethoxysilane
SIT8568.0 trimethyl-n-propoxysilane
SIM6492.8 methoxypropoxytrimethylsilane
SID4076.0 dimethyldiacetoxysilane SIA0110.0 acetoxytrimethylsilane
SIB1072.0 bis(dimethylamino)dimethylsilane SID3605.0 dimethylaminotrimethylsilane
SIB1068.0 bis(diethylamino)dimethylsilane SID3398.0 diethylaminotrimethylsilane
SIH6102.0 hexamethylcyclotrisilazane SIH6110.0 hexamethyldisilazane

SID3372.0 dichlorotetramethyldisiloxane
SIT7534.0 tetramethyldiethoxydisiloxane
SIP6717.0 pentamethylacetoxydisiloxane
SID3360.0 dichlorohexamethyltrisiloxane
SIB1843.0 bis(trimethylsiloxy)methylmethoxysilane
SID3394.0 1,5-diethoxyhexamethyltrisiloxane
SIB1837.0 bis(trimethylsiloxy)dichlorosilane
Space Shuttle tiles
are treated with
DMS-K05 chlorine terminated polydimethylsiloxane dimethylethoxysilane to
DMS-XM11 methoxy terminated polydimethylsiloxane reduce water absorption.
DMS-XE11 ethoxy terminated polydimethylsiloxane
DMS-N05 dimethylamine terminated polydimethylsiloxane
DMS-S12 silanol terminated polydimethylsiloxane
SID4125.0 dimethylethoxysilane
SIT8719.5 [tris(trimethylsiloxy)silylethyl]dimethylchlorosilane

23
Gelest, Inc.

Linear Alkyl-Silanes
C2 hydrophobic, treatment for microporous mineral powders used as fillers for plastics
chloro SIE4901.0 ethyltrichlorosilane
methoxy SIE4901.4 ethyltrimethoxysilane
ethoxy SIE4901.2 ethyltriethoxysilane
acetoxy SIE4899.0 ethyltriacetoxysilane
C3 hydrophobic, treatment for microporous mineral powders used as fillers for plastics
chloro SIP6915.0 propyltrichlorosilane
methoxy SIP6918.0 propyltrimethoxysilane
ethoxy SIP6917.0 propyltriethoxysilane
amine/silazane
C4 moderate hydrophobicity, penetrates microporous structures, minimal organic compatibility
chloro SIB1982.0 n-butyltrichlorosilane
methoxy SIB1988.0 n-butyltrimethoxysilane
ethoxy SIB1986.0 n-butyltriethoxysilane
amine/silazane
C5 moderate hydrophobicity with minimal organic compatibility
chloro SIP6720.0 pentyltrichlorosilane
ethoxy SIP6720.2 pentyltriethoxysilane
C6 moderate hydrophobicity with moderate organic compatibility
chloro SIH6167.0 hexyltrichlorosilane
methoxy SIH6168.5 hexyltrimethoxysilane
ethoxy SIH6167.5 hexyltriethoxysilane
C7 moderate hydrophobicity with moderate organic compatibility
chloro SIH5846.0 heptyltrichlorosilane
C8 hydrophobic with moderate organic compatibility - generally most economical
chloro SIO6713.0 octyltrichlorosilane
methoxy SIO6715.5 octyltrimethoxysilane
ethoxy SIO6715.0 octyltriethoxysilane
amine
silazane (NH)
C10 hydrophobic, concentrates on surface of microporous structures
chloro SID2663.0 decyltrichlorosilane
ethoxy SID2665.0 decyltriethoxysilane
C11 hydrophobic, concentrates on surface of microporous structures, forms SAMs
chloro SIU9050.0 undecyltrichlorosilane
chloro SID4630.0 dodecyltrichlorosilane
ethoxy SID4632.0 dodecyltriethoxysilane
chloro SIT7093.0 tetradecyltrichlorosilane
C16 forms hydrophobic and oleophilic coatings, liquid a room temperature, forms SAMs
chloro SIH5920.0 hexadecyltrichlorosilane
methoxy SIH5925.0 hexadecyltrimethoxysilane
ethoxy SIH5922.0 hexadecyltriethoxysilane
C18 forms hydrophobic and oleophilic coatings allowing full miscibility with parafinic materials, forms SAMs
chloro SIO6640.0 octadecyltrichlorosilane
methoxy SIO6645.0 octadecyltrimethoxysilane
ethoxy SIO6642.0 octadecyltriethoxysilane
amine
proprietary SIS6952.0/PPI-GC18 Siliclad®/Glassclad® 18
C20 forms hydrophobic and oleophilic coatings, solid at room temperature
chloro SIE4661.0 eicosyltrichlorosilane
C20-24 forms hydrophobic and oleophilic coatings, solid at room temperature
chloro SID4621.0 docosyltrichlorosilane blend
ethoxy SID4622.09 docosyltriethoxysilane blend
C26-C34 forms hydrophobic and oleophilic coatings, solid at room temperature
chloro SIT8048.0 triacontyltrichlorosilane blend
24
Gelest, Inc.

SIE4896.0 ethylmethyldichlorosilane SIE4892.0 ethyldimethylchlorosilane
SIP6912.0 propylmethyldichlorosilane SIP6910.0 propyldimethylchlorosilane

SIP6914.0 propylmethyldimethoxysilane SIP6911.0 propyldimethylmethoxysilane
SID4591.0 dipropyltetramethyldisilazane
SIB1934.0 n-butyldimethylchlorosilane
Long chain alkylsilanes are

SIB1937.0 n-butyldimethyl(dimethylamino)silane processing additives for
crosslinked polyethylene
(XLPE) used in wire
and cable.
SIH6165.6 hexylmethyldichlorosilane
SIH5845.0 heptylmethyldichlorosilane
SIO6712.0 octylmethyldichlorosilane SIO6711.0 octyldimethylchlorosilane

SIO6711.1 octyldimethylmethoxysilane
SIO6712.2 octylmethyldiethoxysilane
SIO6711.3 octyldimethyl(dimethylamino)silane
SID4404.0 dioctyltetramethyldisilazane
SID2662.0 decylmethyldichlorosilane SID2660.0 decyldimethylchlorosilane

Surface conductivity of
glass substrates is reduced
by application of hydropho-
bic coatings. Surface
arc-tracking is eliminated
SID4628.0 dodecylmethyldichlorosilane SID4627.0 dodecyldimethylchlorosilane on fluorescent light
SID4629.0 dodecylmethyldiethoxysilane bulbs.
Control
Glasscla
d ® 18
SIO6625.0 octadecylmethyldichlorosilane SIO6615.0 octadecyldimethylchlorosilane

SIO6629.0 octadecylmethyldimethoxysilane SIO6618.0 octadecyldimethylmethoxysilane
SIO6627.0 octadecylmethyldiethoxysilane
SIO6617.0 octadecyldimethyl(dimethylamino)silane
SID4620.0 docosylmethyldichlorosilane blend
SIT8045.0 triacontyldimethylchlorosilane blend
25
Gelest, Inc.

Branched and Cyclic Alkyl-Silanes
C3
chloro
C4
chloro SII6453.0 isobutyltrichlorosilane
methoxy SII6453.7 isobutyltrimethoxysilane
ethoxy SII6453.5 isobutyltriethoxysilane
chloro SIB1985.0 t-butyltrichlorosilane
C5
chloro SIC2555.0 cyclopentyltrichlorosilane
methoxy SIC2557.0 cyclopentyltrimethoxysilane
C6
chloro SID4069.0 (3,3-dimethylbutyl)trichlorosilane
chloro SIT7906.6 thexyltrichlorosilane
chloro SIC2480.0 cyclohexyltrichlorosilane
methoxy SIC2482.0 cyclohexyltrimethoxysilane
C7 norbornene
chloro SIB0997.0 bicycloheptyltrichlorosilane
chloro SIC2470.0 (cyclohexylmethyl)trichlorosilane
C8
chloro SII6457.0 isooctyltrichlorosilane
methoxy SII6458.0 isooctyltrimethoxysilane
ethoxy SII6453.5 isooctyltriethoxysilane
chloro SIC2490.0 cyclooctyltrichlorosilane
C 10
C 12
SIA0325.0 adamantylethyltrichlorosilane
C 16
SIT8162.4 7-(trichlorosilylmethyl)pentadecane
C 18 silahydrocarbon
chloro SID4401.5 (di-n-octylmethylsilyl)ethyltrichlorosilane
C 24
chloro
C 28
chloro SIT8162.0 13-(trichlorosilylmethyl)heptacosane

26
Gelest, Inc.
2 Hydrolyzable Groups 1 Hydrolyzable Group Isobutyltriethoxysilane

Product Code Product Name Product Code Product Name solutions in ethanol
are applied by spray
to protect architecture.
SII6463.0 isopropylmethyldichlorosilane SII6462.0 isopropyldimethylchlorosilane
SII6452.5 isobutyldimethylchlorosilane
SII6452.8 isobutylmethyldimethoxysilane
SIB1972.2 t-butylmethyldichlorosilane SIB1935.0 t-butyldimethylchlorosilane
SID4065.0 (3,3-dimethylbutyl)dimethylchlorosilane
SIT7906.0 thexyldimethylchlorosilane
SIC2468.0 cyclohexylmethyldichlorosilane SIC2465.0 cyclohexyldimethylchlorosilane
SIC2469.0 cyclohexylmethyldimethoxysilane
SIB0994.0 bicycloheptyldimethylchlorosilane
SII6456.6 isooctyldimethylchlorosilane
SID4074.0 (dimethylchlorosilyl)methylpinane
SID4401.0 (di-n-octylmethylsilyl)ethyldimethylchlorosilane
SIC2266.5 11-(chlorodimethylsilylmethyl)tricosane
SIC2266.0 13-(chlorodimethylsilylmethyl)heptacosane

27
Gelest, Inc.

Phenyl- and Phenylalkyl-Silanes
spacer atoms = 0 Moderate hydrophobicity, hydrolysates stable to 325° C; UV, radiation resistant
chloro SIP6810.0 phenyltrichlorosilane
methoxy SIP6822.0 phenyltrimethoxysilane
ethoxy SIP6821.0 phenyltriethoxysilane
acetoxy SIP6790.0 phenyltriacetoxysilane
oxime/amine SIP6826.5 phenyltris(methylethylketoximino)silane
spacer atoms = 1
chloro SIB0970.0 benzyltrichlorosilane
ethoxy SIB0971.0 benzyltriethoxysilane
chloro SIP6813.0 1-phenyl-1-trichlorosilylbutane
spacer atoms = 2 More hydrophobic, acid resistant than phenyl
chloro SIP6722.0 phenethyltrichlorosilane
methoxy SIP6722.6 phenethyltrimethoxysilane
amine/silazane
spacer atoms = 3
chloro SIP6744.6 (3-phenylpropyl)trichlorosilane
spacer atoms = 4
chloro SIP6724.9 4-phenylbutyltrichlorosilane
chloro SIP6723.3 phenoxypropyltrichlorosilane
spacer atoms > 4
chloro SIP6736.4 phenoxyundecyltrichlorosilane
chloro SIP6723.4 phenylhexyltrichlorosilane
Substituted Phenyl- and Phenylalkyl-Silanes
spacer atoms = 0 More hydrophobic than phenyl, peroxide crosslinkable

chloro SIT8040.0 p-tolyltrichlorosilane
methoxy SIT8042.0 p-tolyltrimethoxysilane
spacer atoms = 2 Greater compatibility with styrenics, acrylics
methyl/chloro
ethyl/methoxy SIE4897.5 ethylphenethyltrimethoxysilane
t-butyl/chloro SIB1973.0 p-(t-butyl)phenethyltrichlorosilane
spacer atoms = 3
chloro SIM6492.5 3-(p-methoxyphenyl)propyltrichlorosilane
Napthyl-Silanes Form high refractive index coatings
methoxy SIN6597.0 1-napthyltrimethoxysilane

chloro SIN6596.0 (1-napthylmethyl)trichlorosilane
Specialty Aromatic- Silanes

spacer atoms = 0
chloro
spacer atoms = 4
chloro

28
Gelest, Inc.

SIP6738.0 phenylmethyldichlorosilane SIP6728.0 phenyldimethylchlorosilane

SIP6740.0 phenylmethyldimethoxysilane
SIP6739.0 phenylmethyldiethoxysilane SIP6728.4 phenyldimethylethoxysilane
SIP6736.8 phenylmethylbis(dimethylamino)silane
SIP6738.5 1-phenyl-1-methyldichlorosilylbutane SIB0962.0 benzyldimethylchlorosilane
SIP6721.5 phenethylmethyldichlorosilane SP6721.0 phenethyldimethylchlorosilane
SIM6512.5 (2-methyl-2-phenethyl) methydlichlorosilane SIP6721.2 phenethyldimethyl(dimethylamino)silane
SIP6744.0 (3-phenylpropyl)methyldichlorosilane SIP6743.0 (3-phenylpropyl)dimethylchlorosilane
SIP6724.8 4-phenylbutylmethyldichlorosilane SIP6724.7 4-phenylbutyldimethylchlorosilane

SIP6723.25 phenoxypropylmethyldichlorosilane SIP6723.2 phenoxypropyldimethylchlorosilane
SIP6736.3 (6-phenylhexyl)dimethylchlorosilane
SIT8035.0 p-tolylmethydichlorosilane SIT8030.0 p-tolyldimethylchlorosilane
SIM6511.0 (p-methylphenethyl)methyldichlorosilane
SIB1972.5 p-(t-butyl)phenethyldimethylchlorosilane
SIM6492.4 3-(p-methoxyphenyl)propylmethyldichlorosilane
SIP6723.0 m-phenoxyphenyldimethylchlorosilane
SIN6598.0 p-nonylphenoxypropyldimethylchlorosilane

29
Gelest, Inc.

Fluorinated Alkyl-Silanes - linear
C3 Moderately polar hydrophobic coating
chloro SIT8371.0 (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)trichlorosilane
methoxy SIT8372.0 (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)trimethoxysilane
amine/silazane
C6 Hydrophobic films
chloro SIN6597.6 nonafluorohexyltrichlorosilane
methoxy SIN6597.7 nonafluorohexyltrimethoxysilane
ethoxy SIN6597.65 nonafluorohexyltriethoxysilane
amino/silazane SIN6597.4 nonafluorohexyltris(dimethylamino)silane
C8 Hydrophobic, oleophobic films
chloro SIT8174.0 (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)trichlorosilane
methoxy SIT8176.0 (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)trimethoxysilane
ethoxy SIT8175.0 (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)triethoxysilane
C10 Forms oleophobic films with extremely low surface energy
chloro SIH5841.0 (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl)trichlorosilane
methoxy SIH5841.5 (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl)trimethoxysilane
ethoxy SIH5841.2 (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl)triethoxysilane
C12
chloro SIH5840.25 heneicocyl-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyltrichlorosilane
Fluorinated Alkyl-Silanes - branched

1 x 3 fluorinated carbons chloro SIH5842.0 heptafluoroisopropoxytrichlorosilane
methoxy SIH5842.2 heptafluoroisopropoxytrimethoxysilane
2 x 4 fluorinated carbons chloro SIB1706.0 bis(nonafluorohexyldimethylsiloxy)methyl-
silylethyldimethylchlorosilane
2 x 6 fluorinated carbons chloro SIT8176.3 tridecafluoro-2-(tridecafluorohexyl)decyltrichlorosilane
DiAlkyl Silanes
Highest Carbon # Next Carbon # Hydrolyzable Groups Product Code Product Name
C2 C2
chloro SID3402.0 diethyldichlorosilane
ethoxy SID3404.0 diethyldiethoxysilane
C3 C3
chloro SID3537.0 diisopropyldichlorosilane
methoxy SID3538,0 diisopropyldimethoxysilane
C4 C4
chloro SID3203.0 di-n-butyldichlorosilane
methoxy SID3214.0 di-n-butyldimethoxysilane
methoxy SID3530.0 diisobutyldimethoxysilane
ethoxy SID3528.0 diisobutyldiethoxysilane
C4 C3
methoxy SII6452.6 isobutylisopropyldimethoxysilane
C5 C5
chloro SID3390.0 dicyclopentyldichlorosilane
methoxy SID3391.0 dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane
C6 C6
chloro SID3510.0 di-n-hexyldichlorosilane
chloro SID3382.0 dicyclohexyldichlorosilane
C8 C8
chloro SID4400.0 di-n-octyldichlorosilane
methoxy SID4400.4 di-n-octyldimethoxysilane
30
Gelest, Inc.

SIT8369.0 (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)methyldichlorosilane SIT8364.0 (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)dimethylchlorosilane

SIT8370.0 (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)methyldimethoxysilane
SIB1828.4 bis(trifluoropropyl)tetramethyldisilazane
SIN6597.5 nonafluorohexylmethyldichlorosilane SIN6597.3 nonafluorohexyldimethylchlorosilane
SIN6597.4
SIT8172.0 (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)methyldichlorosilane SIT8170.0 (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)dimethylchlorosilane
SH5840.6 (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl)methyldichlorosilane SIH5840.4 (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl)dimethylchlorosilane
Pigments treated with hydrophobic silanes resist agglomeration in highly polar

vehicle and film-forming compositions such as those used in nail polish.
31
Gelest, Inc.
Hydrophobic Silane Properties

Conventional Surface Bonding
name MW bp/mm (mp) D420 nD20
-$
.*23.,$( .#3'-$')

$"$)#)$$ !B7I>FE?DJTT!
#*-?
07FEHFH;IIKH;
YCC
#3,*'3.$- )-$.$0$.3DEH;79J?EDM?J>M7J;HKD:;HD;KJH7B9ED:?J?EDI
56 .- #($-2 = = A=
-$
().3' .#3'.,$#'*,*-$')
#B-? EDJ7?DI7FFHEN?C7J;BO?IEC;H !B7I>FE?DJTT!
!EHCII?B?978ED:;:F>7I;I<EHH;L;HI;F>7I;9>HEC7JE=H7F>O
37D=
--7D:"?BF?D
,&7+52/6

#3,*'3.$- )-$.$0$.3H;79JIH7F?:BOM?J>CE?IJKH;
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 = =
-$
)43'$( .#3'#'*,*-$')
#B-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 = =
-$
)43'.,$#'*,*-$')
#B-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
?FEB;CEC;DJ .*2$$.3EH7BH7J
'
C= A=
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 = =
-$

)43'.,$ .#*23-$')
#*-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
#3,*'3.$- )-$.$0$.3H;79JIIBEMBOM?J>CE?IJKH; M7J;H
56 .- #($-2 = =
-$
$3'*# +.3'$( .#3'#'*,*-$')
#B-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 #($-2 = =
-$
$3'*# +.3'.,$#'*,*-$')
#B-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 = =
-$
$-$ .#3'($)*$( .#3'-$')
#)-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
-?BOB7J;I:?7C?D;IJE9O9B?9:?7C?DEI?B7D;I
-9>M7HJP
;J7B ;12/6

-;;7BIE-$
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 =
-$

$-$( .#3'($)*$( .#3'-$')
#)-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
EKFB;II?B7DEBJ;HC?D7J;:I?BEN7D;I
-;;7BIE-$
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 = =
-$

5$-)*)!'/*,*# 23'$( .#3'-$'*23( .#3'6
-$'3' .#3'$( .#3'#'*,*-$')

#B!*-?
!EHCII;B<9B;7D?D=IKH<79;I
#($-2 =

32
Gelest, Inc.

-$

$-.,$!'/*,*+,*+3'. .,( .#3'
$-$'4)
!B7I>FE?DJTT!
#!)-?
!BKEH?D7J;:8BE9A?D=7=;DJ
HYDROPHOBIC
56 .- #($-2 =
-$
$-.,$( .#3'-$'*23$#'*,*-$')
" ($)$"# (
#B*-? 07FEHFH;IIKH;
TCC
-J;H?97BBO>?D:;H;:FHEJ;9J?D==HEKF<EH:?EBI
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 #($-2 =
-$

$-.,$( .#3'-$'*23( .#3'( .#*23-$')
$ ()!$$)$"# (
#*-?
#3,*'3.$- )-$.$0$.3DEI?=D?<?97DJH;79J?EDM?J>7GK;EKIIOIJ;CI
56 #($-2 =
-$
)
*$-.,$( .#3'-$'3' .($

# !B7I>FE?DJTT!
#)*-? .*2$$.3EH7BH7J
'
C= A=
0;HI7J?B;8BE9A?D=7=;DJ
!!0EB
F0EB
F0EB
F0EB
F
56 .- #($-2 = = A=
-$
$-.,$( .#3'-$'3'.,$!'/*,* .($

#$ !B7I>FE?DJTT!
#!)*-?
-?BOB7J?EDH;7=;DJ<EHFH;F7H?D=:;H?L7J?L;IE<7C?DE79?:I
-J7BB?D=
;J7B38-2/63892B<"/<866

M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 = = A=

-$
/.3' ( .#3'+ ).-$'*2)3' .#3'
.,$ .#*23-$') EDJ7?DI?IEC;HI
#*-?
+>7I;9EBB7FI;H;I?IJ7DJ8ED:;:F>7I;
#($-2 =
-$
D/.3'$( .#3'#'*,*-$')
#B-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
!EHCI8ED:;:F>7I;I<EH#+'
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 = =
-$
J/.3'$( .#3'#'*,*-$')
#B-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!

KJE?=D?J?EDJ;CF;H7JKH;Y
07FEHFH;IIKH;
TCC
-?BOB7J?EDH;7=;DJ:;H?L7J?L;IH;I?IJ7DJJE"H?=D7H:I
7BAOBB?J>?KC9ECFEKD:I
;J9
BE9A?D=7=;DJM?:;BOKI;:?DFHEIJ7=B7D:?DIODJ>;I?I
!!0EB
F
F0EB
F0EB
F0EB
F0EB
F0EB
F0EB
F0EB
F
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 = = A=
-$
D/.3'$( .#3'$( .#3'($)*-$')
#)-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
#?=>BOH;79J?L;H;7=;DJ<EH8ED:;:F>7I;IM?J>EKJ79?:?98OFHE:K9J
56 .- #($-2 = =
-$
J/.3'$-*+,*+3'$( .#*23-$')
#*-?
56 #($-2 =

33
Gelest, Inc.

-$
D/.3'( .#3'$#'*,*-$')
#B-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 =
-$
J/.3'( .#3'$#'*,*-$')
#B-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 =
-$
FJ/.3'+# ) .#3'$( .#3'#'*,*-$')
#B-? EDJ7?DIQC;J7?IEC;H
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 #($-2 =
-$
FJ/.3'+# ) .#3'.,$#'*,*-$')
#B-? (?N;:
?IEC;HI !B7I>FE?DJTT!
!EH8ED:;:F>7I;#+'
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 #($-2 =
-$
/.3'+*'3$( .#3'-$'*2)3' .#3'
.,$ .#*23-$')
J;9>
(;-?*=HEKFI
9EDJ7?DI?IEC;HI

#($-2 =
-$
D/.3'.,$#'*,*-$')
#B-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
07FEHFH;IIKH;
TCC
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 = =
-$
J/.3'.,$#'*,*-$')
#B-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
!EHCII?B7D;JH?EB
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 = =
-$
D/.3'.,$ .#*23-$')
#*-?
56 #($-2 =
-$
D/.3'.,$( .#*23-$')
#*-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
56 .- #($-2 = =
-$
J/.3'.,$( .#*23-$')
#*-?
56 #($-2 =
-$

#'*,*$( .#3'-$'3'( .#3'# +.
*-)

#B-?
!EHCI>O:HEF>E8?98ED:;:F>7I;I
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 =

34
Gelest, Inc.

-$

#'*,*$( .#3'-$'3'( .#3'.,$*-)
#B-? J;9>
9EDJ7?DIQ?IEC;HI
!EHCII;B<7II;C8B;:EB;EF>?B?9CEDEB7O;HI
CFBEO;:7I8ED:;:F>7I;?D#+'
HYDROPHOBIC
-;;7BIE-$
#($-2 =
-$
3'*# 23'$( .#3'#'*,*-$')
#B-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
-?B7D;8BE9A?D=7=;DJM?J>=EE:H;I?IJ7D9;JE"H?=D7H:H;7=;DJI
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 #($-2 = =
-$

3'*# 23'( .#3'$#'*,*-$')
#B-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 = A=
-$
3'*# 23'( .#3'$( .#*23-$')

#*-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
07FEHFH;IIKH;
TCC .*2$$.3EH7BH7J
'
C= A=
EDEH<EHFEBOEB;<?DFEBOC;H?P7J?ED
56 .- #($-2 = = A=
-$
3'*# 23'( .#3'.,$#'*,*-$')
#B-?
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 =
-$
3'*# 23'.,$#'*,*-$')
#B-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
$DJ;HC;:?7J;<EHC;BJFHE9;II78B;I?BI;IGK?EN7D;I?BEN7D;I
CFBEO;:?DIEB?:F>7I;;NJH79J?ED9EBKCDI
'?9>J;D>7D
%;J7B+-;8685/->5/<

.?FF?DI
+=>;/

M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 = =
-$
3'*# 23'.,$( .#*23-$')
#*-?
56 #($-2 = =
-$
3'**.3'.,$#'*,*-$')

#B-?
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 #($-2 = =
-$
3'*+ ).3'.,$#'*,*-$')
#B-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 = =
-$

3'*+ ).3'.,$( .#*23-$')
#*-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
56 #($-2 = =
-$
D 3'$( .#3'#'*,*-$')
#B-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 = =
-$
D 3'( .#3'$#'*,*-$')
#B-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 =

35
Gelest, Inc.
-$
D 3'.,$#'*,*-$')
#B-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 = =
-$
D 3'.,$ .#*23-$')
#*-?
56 #($-2 = =
-$
$D/.3'$#'*,*-$')
#B-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 = =
-$
$D/.3'$( .#*23-$')
#*-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
56 .- #($-2 =
-$

$D/.3'. .,( .#3'$-$'4)
#)-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
56 #($-2 = =
-$

$#'*,*# 2( .#3'.,$-$'*2)
J;9>
#B*-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
#L7FA97B CEB;
07FEHFH;IIKH;
TCC
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 = =
-$
$#'*,*+# )3'.,$#'*,*-$')

#B-? $IEC;H?9C?NJKH; !B7I>FE?DJTT!
07FEHFH;IIKH;
TCC
(EDEC;H<EH>?=>H;<H79J?L;?D:;NH;I?DI
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 =
-$

$#'*,*. .,( .#3'$-$'*2)

#B*-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
07FEHFH;IIKH;
TCC
?EBFHEJ;9J?EDH;7=;DJ
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 .- #($-2 = = A=
-$
$3'*# 23'$#'*,*-$')
#B-? !B7I>FE?DJTT!
M7J;H
FHEJ?9IEBL;DJI
56 #($-2 =
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Gelest, Inc.

.%

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67 /. $)%.3 > > B>

62
Gelest, Inc.
Polymeric Hydrophobic Silanes

Polymeric Surface Bonding
POLYMERIC HYDROPHOBIC
/,7%43$'+(.(
CH2 CH2
..,
CH CH
/-%!/$+34.%(4()+ %"%! ,+(4
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Reactive Polydimethylsiloxane Oligomers

Chlorine Terminated PolyDimethylsiloxanes CAS: [67923-13-1] TSCA
Molecular Specific
Code Viscosity Weight Gravity Price/100g Price/1kg
DMS-K05 3-6 425-600 1.00 $55.00 $358.00
DMS-K13 20-50 2000-4000 0.99 $120.00
DMS-K26 500-800 15,000-20,000 0.99 $94.00
Dimethylamino Terminated PolyDimethylsiloxanes CAS: [67762-92-9] TSCA

Molecular Specific
Code Viscosity Weight Gravity Price/100g
DMS-N05 3-8 450-600 0.93 $160.00
Ethoxy Terminated PolyDimethylsiloxanes CAS: [70851-25-1] TSCA

Molecular Specific
DMS-XE11 5-10 800-900 0.94 $32.00 $210.00
Methoxy Terminated PolyDimethylsiloxanes CAS: [68951-97-3] TSCA

Molecular Specific
DMS-XM11 5-12 900-1000 0.94 $29.00 $188.00
Silanol Terminated PolyDimethylsiloxanes CAS: [70131-67-8] TSCA

Molecular Specific Refractive
Code Viscosity Weight % (OH) (OH) - Eq/kg Gravity Index Price/100g Price/3kg Price/16kg
DMS-S12 16-32 400-700 4.5-7.5 2.3-3.5 0.95 1.401 $19.00 $124.00 $496.00
DMS-S14 35-45 700-1500 3.0-4.0 1.7-2.3 0.96 1.402 $18.00 $117.00 $460.00
DMS-S15 45-85 2000-3500 0.9-1.2 0.53-0.70 0.96 1.402 $18.00 $117.00 $460.00
63
Gelest, Inc.
Hydrophilic Silane Properties

Polar - Non-hydrogen Bonding

.%

%.6)!/$4( %)!/$+34.%(4(,-+,4(7

,+(4,-+,4(!*!+3% ! "C8J?GF@EKSS"
$P;IFG?@C@:;@GF;8CJ@C8E< 1@J:FJ@KP

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67 /. $)%.3 >
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64
Gelest, Inc.

.%
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POLAR HYDROPHILIC
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65
Gelest, Inc.

Polar - Hydrogen Bonding

.%
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67 $)%.3 >
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66
Gelest, Inc.
HYDROGEN BONDING HYDROPHILIC

.%

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67
Gelest, Inc.

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68
Gelest, Inc.
HYDROGEN BONDING HYDROPHILIC

.%

*
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N
+
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H2 C H2 Functional Molecular Weight % Specific
2
CH
−
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δ O
CH
2 Code Group Mole % Weight in solution Gravity Viscosity pH Price/100g 3kg
Si
CH
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2 n
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Si H
2
O WSAV-6511** Aminopropyl, vinyl 60-65 250-500 25-28 1.11 3-10 10-11 $35.00 $480.00
H2
*CAS [29159-37-3] **[207308-27-8]

75
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76
Gelest, Inc.
Silyl Hydrides
Silyl Hydrides are a distinct class of silanes that behave and react very differently than conventional
silane coupling agents. Their application is limited to deposition on metals (see discussion on p. 17).
They liberate hydrogen on reaction and should be handled a with appropriate caution.
.%

+ !4(.%(*!
$.@
"FIDJ.)JFE>FC;8E;K@K8E@LDJLI=8:<J
$4 -+(4/%.!*.%/%1%/4EFI<8:K@FEN@K?N8K<ILE;<IE<LKI8C:FE;@K@FEJ
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$.@ FEK8@EJ@JFD<IJ "C8J?GF@EKSS"
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$)%.3 >
MethylHydrosiloxane homopolymers are used as water-proofing agents, reducing agents and as components in some
foamed silicone systems.
polyMethylHydrosiloxanes, Trimethylsiloxy terminated Tg: -119° V.T.C: 0.50 CAS: [63148-57-2] TSCA
Molecular Mole % Equivalent Specific Refractive
COMMERCIAL
Code Viscosity Weight (MeHSiO) Weight Gravity Index Price/100g Price/3 kg

HMS-991 15-25 1400-1800 100 67 0.98 1.395 $14.00 $96.00
HMS-992 25-35 1800-2100 100 65 0.99 1.396 $19.00 $134.00
HMS-993 35-45 2100-2400 100 64 0.99 1.396 $24.00 $168.00

77
Gelest, Inc.
UV Active and Fluorescent Silanes

(C2H5O)3SiCH2CH2CH2O
name MW bp/mm (mp) nD20
CH3O
SIB1824.8
O
BIS(4-TRIETHOXYSILYLPROPYL-3-METHOXY- 777.07
10-3 M in THF
PHENYL)-1,6-HEPTANE-3,5-DIONE tech-90
O
C39H60O12Si2
UV: 220, 232(max), 354(broad)
CH3O
metal chelating chromophore
HMIS: 2-1-1-X 500mg/$180.00
(C2H5O)3SiCH2CH2CH2O
SID4352.0
NH(CH 2)3Si(OC2H5)3 3-(2,4-DINITROPHENYLAMINO)PROPYL- 387.46 (27-30°)mp 1.5665 10-5 M in THF
TRIETHOXYSILANE, 95% N-[3-(TRIETHOXYSILYL)PROPYL]-2,4-DINITROPHENYLAMINE
O2N C15H25N3O7Si viscous liquid or solid flashpoint: >110°C (230°F)
UV: 222, 258, 350(max), 410
forms χ2 non-linear optical sol-gel materials by corona poling1,2.
1. E. Toussaere et al, Non-Linear Optics, 2, 37, 1992
NO 2 2. B. Lebeau et al, J. Mater. Chem., 4, 1855, 1994
[71783-41-0] HMIS: 2-1-0-X 25g/$54.00 100g/$176.00
HO O SIH6198.0
2-HYDROXY-4-(3-METHYLDIETHOXYSILYL- 388.54
CH 3 PROPOXY)DIPHENYLKETONE, 95% viscosity, 25°: 100-125 cSt.
(C2H 5O) 2SiCH 2CH 2CH 2O
C21H28O5Si monomer for UV opaque fluids
HMIS: 2-1-1-X 25g/$86.00
SIH6200.0
2-HYDROXY-4-(3-TRIETHOXYSILYLPROPOXY)- 418.56 1.54525 10-5 M in THF
HO O
DIPHENYLKETONE, 95% viscosity, 25°: 125-150 cSt.
C22H30O6Si density: 1.12 UV: 230, 248, 296(max), 336
strong UV blocking agent for optically clear coatings, abosrbs from 210-420nm
(C2H 5O) 3SiCH 2CH 2CH 2O UV blocking agent1.
B. Anthony, US Pat. 4,495,360, 1985
[79876-59-8] TSCA HMIS: 2-1-1-X 25g/$60.00 100g/$195.00
SIM6502.0
10-4 M in THF
O-4-METHYLCOUMARINYL-N-[3-(TRIETHOXY- 423.54 (88-90°)mp
CH3
SILYL)PROPYL]CARBAMATE UV: 223, 281, 319.5(max)
O C20H29NO7Si soluble: THF
(CH3CH2O)3SiCH2CH2CH2NHCO
O O immobilizeable fluorescent compound1.
1. B. Arkles, US Pat. 4,918,200, 1990
[129119-78-4] HMIS: 2-2-1-X 10g/$120.00
OH O SIT8186.2
7-TRIETHOXYSILYLPROPOXY-5-HYDROXY- 458.58
FLAVONE UV: 350nm (max)
(C2H5O)3SiCH2CH2CH2O O C24H30O7Si
HMIS: 2-1-1-X 1.0g/$48.00 5.0g/$192.00
SIT8187.0
N-(TRIETHOXYSILYLPROPYL)DANSYLAMIDE 454.66 115-9°/0.1 1.5421 10-5 M in THF
(C2H5O)3SiCH2CH2CH2HNSO 2 5-DIMETHYLAMINO-N-(3-TRIETHOXYSILYLPROPYL)-
NAPTHALENE-1-SULFONAMIDE viscous liquid - soluble in toluene THF
C21H34N2O5SSi density: 1.12 UV: 222(max), 256, 354
fluorescent- employed as a tracer in UV cure composites
fluorescence probe for crosslinking in silicones1.
N(CH 3)2 1. P. Leezenberg et al, Chem. Mat., 7, 1784, 1995
[70880-05-6] TSCA HMIS: 2-1-1-X 0.5g/$84.00 1.0g/$148.00
CH3 SIT8188.8
N 2-(2-TRIETHOXYSILYLPROPOXY-5-METHYL- 429.59
N PHENYL)BENZOTRIAZOLE
N C22H31N3O4Si UV: 300, 330(max)
O
CH2CH2CH2Si(OCH 2CH3)3 UV blocking agent/stabilizer
HMIS: 2-1-1-X 10g/$94.00

78
Gelest, Inc.
name MW bp/mm (mp) nD20
SIT8191.0
3-(TRIETHOXYSILYLPROPYL)-p-NITRO- 370.48 (54-5°)mp
(C2H5O)3SiCH2 10-3 M in THF
BENZAMIDE
CH2 C16H26N2O6Si
O UV max: 224, 260, 292(s)
CH2
O2N C N used to prepare diazotizable supports for enzyme immobilization1.
H H. Weetall, US Pat., 3,652,761
[60871-86-5] TSCA HMIS: 2-1-1-X 25g/$60.00
SIT8192.4
10-3 M in THF
O N-TRIETHOXYSILYLPROPYL-O-QUININE- 571.79 (82-4°)mp
(C2H5O)3SiCH2CH2CH2HNCO N
URETHANE, 95% soluble: warm toluene
CH3O C30H45N3O6Si
UV max: 236(s), 274, 324, 334
N fluorescent, optically active silane
HMIS: 2-1-1-X 5.0g/$120.00
Chiral Silanes
CH3
SIM6472.6
(-)-MENTHYLDIMETHYLMETHOXYSILANE 228.45
CH3
C13H28OSi
Si OCH 3
H3C
reagent for chiral separatioms
CH3
CH HMIS: 3-2-1-X 5.0g/$188.00
H3C
SIP6731.5
(R)-N-1-PHENYLETHYL-N’-TRIETHOXYSILYL- 368.55 1.0525
PROPYLUREA flashpoint: > 110°C(>230°F)
C18H32N2O4Si
optically active silane; treated surfaces resolve enantiomers
[68959-21-7] TSCA HMIS: 2-1-0-X 25g/$76.00
SIP6731.6
(S)-N-1-PHENYLETHYL-N’-TRIETHOXYSILYL- 368.55 1.0525
PROPYLUREA flashpoint: > 110°C(>230°F)
C18H32N2O4Si
optically active silane; treated surfaces resolve enantiomers
[68959-21-7] TSCA HMIS: 2-1-0-X 25g/$76.00
SIT8190.0
(S)-N-TRIETHOXYSILYLPROPYL-O-MENTHO- 406.63 0.98525 1.4526
CARBAMATE flashpoint: > 110°C(>230°F)
C20H41NO5Si optically active
[68479-61-8] TSCA HMIS: 2-1-1-X 10g/$64.00
SIT8192.4
O N-TRIETHOXYSILYLPROPYL-O-QUININE- 571.79 (82-4°)mp
(C2H5O)3SiCH2CH2CH2HNCO N URETHANE, 95% soluble: warm toluene
C30H45N3O6Si
CH3O fluorescent, optically active silane
HYDROLYTIC SENSITIVITY: 7 Si-OR reacts slowly with moisture/water
N HMIS: 2-1-1-X 5.0g/$120.00

79
Gelest, Inc.
Surface Modification with Silanes: What’s not covered in “Hydrophobicity, Hydrophilicity and
Silane Surface Modification”?
Silanes which are expected to form covalent bonds after deposition onto surfaces are discussed in
the Gelest brochure entitled “Silane Coupling Agents: Connecting Across Boundaries”
Aminosilanes which are important in some hydrophilic surface treatments are covered in detail.
Further Reading
Silane Coupling Agents - General References and Proceedings
1. B. Arkles, Tailoring Surfaces with Silanes, CHEMTECH, 7, 766-778, 1977.
2. E. Plueddemann, “Silane Coupling Agents,” Plenum, 2nd edition, 1990.
3. K. Mittal, “Silanes and Other Coupling Agents,” VSP, 1992.
4. D. Leyden and W. Collins, “Silylated Surfaces,” Gordon & Breach, 1980.
5. D. E. Leyden, “Silanes, Surfaces and Interfaces,” Gordon & Breach 1985.
6. J. Steinmetz and H. Mottola, “Chemically Modified Surfaces,” Elsevier, 1992.
7. J. Blitz and C. Little, “Fundamental & Applied Aspects of Chemically Modified Surfaces,”
Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999.
Substrate Chemistry - General References and Proceedings

8. R. Iler, “The Chemistry of Silica,” Wiley, 1979.
9. S. Pantelides, G. Lucovsky, “SiO2 and Its Interfaces,” MRS Proc. 105, 1988.
Hydrophobicity & Hydrophilicity

10. C. Tanford, “The Hydrophobic Effect,” Wiley, 1973.
11. H. Butt, K. Graf, M. Kappl, “Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces,” Wiley, 2003.
12. A. Adamson, “Physical Chemistry of Surfaces,” Wiley, 1976.
13. F. Fowkes, “Contact Angle, Wettability and Adhesion,” American Chemical
Society, 1964.
14. D. Quere “Non-sticking Drops” Rep. Prog. Phys. 68, 2495, 2005.
15. McCarthy, T. A Perfectly Hydrophobic Surface, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 9052, 2006.
16. B. Arkles, Y. Pan, Y. Kim., The Role of Polarity on the Substitution of Silanes Employed in Surface
Modification, in “Silanes and Other Coupling Agents Vol 5, K. Mittal Ed. p.51 VSP (Brill) 2009.
picture courtesy of D. Teff.

80
Gelest, Inc.

Gelest, Inc.
Additional Product Information on Silanes & Silicones
Telephone: General 215-547-1015
Order Entry 888-734-8344 For Material Science:
Technical Service: 215-547-1016 Hydrophobicity, H5
OC 2 OC 2H 5 Micro-Particle
Silane Coupling Si
FAX: 215-547-2484 Hydrophilicity Agents NC
CH 2
H2
CH 2 OC 2H 5
Surface Modification Enabling Your Technology
and Silane Silane coupling

H2
The surface properties of M i c ro - Pa r t i c l e
Internet: www.gelest.com Silane Coupling Agents
Connecting Across Boundaries
micro-particles can be
S u r fa c e
Modification
Surface agents enhance P CH2CH
2Si(OC H
e-mail: sales@gelest.com Modification adhesion, increase

2 5)3
)3 Enhance Adhesion
altered to match the
HOCH 2
CH 2
NCH 2
CH 2CH 2
Si(OEt
requirements of various
Correspondence: 11 East Steel Rd.
Increase Mechanical Properties
Propertie
Organosilanes are mechanical prop- HOCH 2

CH 2 Improve Dispersion
applications. Surface
OC2H5 Provide Crosslinking
used extensively erties of compos- C2H5O

OC2H5
treatment services pro-

Innovating Particle
Morrisville, PA 19067 ites, improve

SiCH2CH Si OC
OC2H5
2
OC2H5
2H5
Immobilize Catalysts
Bind Biomaterials
Functionalization
© 2009 Gelest, Inc.
for modification of Version 2.0:

vided on a custom basis Gelest provides chemistries and deposition
technologies for micro-particle
dispersion of pig- N
New Coupling Agents
for Metal Substrates !
at Gelest are described.

modifications that dramatically enhance:
For further information consult our web site at: www.gelest.com surface properties.
ments and fillers CH 3O
Si
OCH 3
CH 3 New Coupling Agents for Vapor Phase
Deposition !
New Coupling Agents
for Proteins !
This brochure reviews

• Color
• Polarity
• Adhesion
• Dispersion
• Rheological Behavior
• Photo, Chemical, Thermal Stability
• Moisture & Corrosion Resistance
• Mechanical & Electrical Properties
This 80-page
and immobilize catalysts and biomaterials. deposition technologies and silane chemistries
In Europe: For research quantities in Europe: brochure describes silane
This 48 page brochure describes chem- provided by Gelest that allow end-users to modify their
surface modification with an emphasis on istry, techniques, applications and physical
For commercial and micro-particles to achieve optimum surface properties
Gelest Inc. making surfaces hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties of silane coupling agents. for composite, separation, dispersion and other
bulk quantities contact: Stroofstrasse 27 Geb.2901 applications.
65933 Frankfurt am Main,
Gelest Ltd.
Germany Silicone Fluids- Reactive Silicon
46 Pickering Street Stable, Inert Silicones - Compounds:
Tel: +49-(0)-69-3800-2150
Maidstone Media Forging New
REACTIVE SILICONES:
FORGING NEW POLYMER LINKS
Silanes and
Fax: +49-(0)-69-3800-2300 Design and Polymer Links
MATERIALS FOR:
Silicones
Kent ME15 9RR Adhesives
Binders
Ceramic Coatings S CILICON: OMPOUNDS
e-mail: info@gelestde.com Engineering prop- The 48 page

Dielectric Coatings
Encapsulants
Detailed chemical S & S ILANES ILICONES
United Kingdom
Gels
Membranes
Optical Coatings
Internet: www.gelestde.com erties for conven- brochure properties and Gel est
Photolithography
Polymer Synthesis
Sealants
Tel: +44(0)-1622-741115 tional silicone describes reactive reference articles SILICON CHEMICALS FOR:
• SURFACE MODIFICATION
Fax: +44(0)-8701-308421 Exclusive for the United Kingdom fluids as well as silicones that can New!
Expanded Silicone
Macromers
for over 1600 • ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
• OPTICAL COATINGS
• POLYMER SYNTHESIS
e-mail: europe@gelest.com and Ireland: thermal, fluorosil- be formulated into compounds. The • SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS
• CATALYSIS
• COMPOSITES
• NANOFABRICATION
icone, hydrophilic coatings, mem- 590 page catalog

Enabling your technology
Fluorochem Ltd. and low tempera- branes, cured of silane and sili-
ture grades are presented in a 24 page rubbers and adhesives for mechanical, cone chemistry includes scholarly reviews
Unit 14 Graphite Way selection guide. The brochure provides optical, electronic and ceramic applica- as well as detailed information on various
Rossington Park, Hadfield, data on thermal, rheological, electrical, tions. Information on reactions and cures applications.
Derbyshire, SK13 1QH, United Kingdom mechanical and optical properties for of silicones as well as physical properties
silicones. Silicone fluids are available shortens product development time for
Tel: +44-(0)-1457-860111 in viscosities ranging from 0.65 to chemists and engineers.
Fax: +44-(0)-1457-858912 2,500,000 cSt.
internet: www.fluorochem.net
In Japan: In South-East Asia: For Synthesis:

For commercial and For commercial and
Silicon-Based Silicon-Based Silicon-Based
research quantities contact: research quantities contact: Blocking Reducing Agents Cross-Coupling
Agents These silicon- Reagents
AZmax Co. Ltd. Tokyo Office Gulf Chemical These silicon based reagents A variety of
Matsuda Yaesudori, Bldg F8 39 Jalan Pemimpin reagents are are employed organosilanes
1-10-7 Hatchoubori, Chuo-Ku Tai Lee Industrial Building #04-03 used for func- in the reduction have been shown
tional group of various organic to enter into
Tokyo 104-0032 Singapore 577182 protection, syn- and inorganic cross-coupling Pd
Tel: 81-3-5543-1630 Tel: 65-6358-3185 thesis and systems. The 24 protocols. This
Fax: 81-3-5543-0312 Fax: 65-6353-2542 derivatization. page brochure 36 page brochure Reagents For:
Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation, Introduction of Aryl, Vinyl and Ethynyl Groups
The 28 page presents informa- with 105 refer-

e-mail: sales@azmax.co.jp e-mail: support@gulfchem.com.sg tion complete with literature references for
brochure presents detailed application ences reviews selected
on-line catalog: www.azmax.co.jp information on silylation reagents for a variety of reductions using organosilanes. approaches and some of the key aspects of
pharmaceutical synthesis and analysis. the organosilane approach to cross-coupling
Front Cover Photos: Water rolls off a duck’s back. Lotus leaves exhibit superhydrophobicity. Biological systems Detailed descriptions are presented on chemistry. An emphasis is placed on the
are dependent on water, but at the same time must control the interaction. In a sense, all living organisms exhibit selectivity for reactions, resistance to more practical reactions.
behaviors that can be described as both hydrophobic and hydrophilic. chemical transformations and selective
deblocking conditions. Over 300 refer-
ences are provided.
Sales of all products listed are subject to the published terms and conditions of Gelest, Inc.
Cover
background photo:
Fluoroalkylsilane treated
multi-color red granite is both
hydrophobic and
oleophobic.
The Stenocara beetle,

an African desert species,
harvests water that adsorbs on
superhydrophilic bumps on its back,
then transfers droplets into
superhydrophobic channels
that lead to its mouth.
Gelest Inc.
11 East Steel Road
Morrisville, PA 19067
Phone (215) 547-1015
Fax: (215) 547-2484
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2011_Layout 1 3/20/11 9:42 PM Page 1

The Stenocara beetle,

Gelest, Inc.

and Silane Silane coupling

e-mail: sales@gelest.com Modification adhesion, increase

Organosilanes are mechanical prop- HOCH 2

used extensively erties of compos- C2H5O

treatment services pro-

Morrisville, PA 19067 ites, improve

for modification of Version 2.0:

at Gelest are described.

This brochure reviews

e-mail: info@gelestde.com Engineering prop- The 48 page

icone, hydrophilic coatings, mem- 590 page catalog

In Japan: In South-East Asia: For Synthesis:

The 28 page presents informa- with 105 refer-

Gelest, Inc.

(215) 547-1015 FAX: (215) 547-2484 www.gelest.com

Gelest, Inc.

Silanes and Surface Modification

hydrolyzable alkoxy (alcohol) groups

Property modifications include: Applications include:

Hydrophobic Silanes Hydrophilic Silanes

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Water, Hydrophobicity and Hydrophilicity Hydrogen

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Wettability and Contact Angle Contact Angle Defines Wettability

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Critical Surface Tension and Adhesion

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How does a Silane Modify a Surface? Hydrolytic Deposition of Silanes

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Surface modification is maximized when silanes react with the

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toluene-swollen crosslinked covalently

T. McCarthy, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 9052.

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Hydrophilic Silane Surface Treatments

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Hydrophilic Silane Surface Treatments (continued)

Range of Water Interaction with Surfaces

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Reacting with the Substrate

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Dipodal vs Conventional Silanes

(CH3O)3Si CH2CH2 Si(OCH 3)3

absorb signals and cause high losses.

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indifferent to water. In the case of alkylsilanes tipped with polar

groups, water molecular interaction proceeds until interaction 500000.0