BATUAN KARBONAT

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN

AKAMIGAS BALONGAN TAHUN
AKADEMIK 2017/2018
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1 . Definisi
2. Klastik – Non Klastik
3. Komposisi Mineral
4. Komposisi Biomineral
5. Kalisifikasi Batuan Karbonat
6. Morfologi
7. Geometri
8. Rongga Pori
1. Definisi

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is the principal

compound in limestones, which are, by
definition, rocks composed mainly of
calcium carbonate.

Marble is a carbonate rock recrystallized

under metamorphic conditions.
2. Klastik – Non Klastik

Klastik
The Udden–Wentworth grain-size scale for
clastic sediments: the clast diameter in
millimetres is used to define the different
sizes on the scale, and the phi values are
log2 of the grain diameter.

The phi scale is a numerical

representation of the Wentworth Scale

(Nichols, 2009)
 2. Klastik – Non Klastik
Klastik

Nomenclature used for

mixtures of gravel, sand and
mud in sediments and
sedimentary rock. (Nichols,
2009)
 2. Klastik – Non Klastik

Non-Klastik

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

result from inorganic chemical processes or from the
chemical activities of organisms.

Organisms are so important in the origin of some of

these rocks, the rocks are assigned to a
subcategory called Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks.
 2. Klastik – Non Klastik
Non-Klastik

(Monroe et al. 2007)

2. Klastik – Non Klastik

(Nichols, 2009)
3. Komposisi Mineral

Komposisi Mineral Batuan Karbonat

Calcite (CaCO3) trigonal crystal form

Aragonite (CaCO3) orthorombic crystal form
Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2)
Siderite (FeCO3)
 4. Komposisi Biomineral
Carbonate-forming organisms include both
plants and animals.

They may create hard parts out of calcite,

in either its low-Mg or high-Mg forms, or
aragonite, or sometimes a combination of
both minerals.

The skeletal fragments in carbonate

sediments are whole or broken pieces of
the hard body parts of organisms that use
calcium carbonate minerals as part of their
structure
Types of bioclast commonly found in
limestones and other sedimentary rocks
(Nichols, 2009).
4. Komposisi Biomineral

Bioclastic debris on a beach consisting of the hard calcareous parts of a variety of

organisms (Nichols, 2009)
4. Komposisi Biomineral
Carbonate-forming Animals

Fossil gastropod shells in a limestone (Nichols, 2009)

 4. Komposisi Biomineral
Carbonate-forming Plant

Mounds of cyanobacteria form stromatolites, which are bulbous masses of calcium carbonate
material at various scales: (top) modern stromatolites; (bottom) a crosssection through ancient
stromatolites (Nichols, 2009)
5. Klasifikasi Batuan Karbonat

Emery & Klovan (1971)

(Dunham 1962)
5. Klasifikasi Batuan Karbonat
 5. Klasifikasi Batuan Karbonat

The Dunham classification of carbonate sedimentary rocks (Dunham 1962) with

modifications by Embry & Klovan (1971). This scheme is the most commonly used
for description of limestones in the field and in hand specimen (Nichols, 2009).
 6. Morfologi
Areas of shallow marine carbonate sedimentation are known as carbonate
platforms.
(a) Isolation from clastic supply
(b) Shallow marine waters

Relatively shallow waters with

low amounts of suspended
terrigenous clastic material are
therefore most favorable and
in bright tropical regions with
clear waters this photic zone
may extend up to 100 m water
depth (Bosscher & Schlager
1992, in Nichols, 2009).

(Nichols, 2009)
 6. Morfologi
If the platform is attached to a
continental landmass it is called a
carbonate shelf.

Carbonate banks are isolated platforms

that are completely surrounded by deep
water and therefore do not receive any
terrigenous clastic supply.
A carbonate atoll is a particular class of
carbonate bank formed above a
subsiding volcanic island.

(Nichols, 2009)

The types of carbonate platform in shallow marine environments

 6. Morfologi
The term ‘ramp’ may give the impression of a
significant slope but in fact the slope is a gentle one
of less than a degree in most instances (Wright &
Burchette 1996),
Non-rimmed carbonate shelves are flat-topped
shallow marine platforms that are more-or-less
horizontal, in contrast to the gently dipping
morphology of a carbonate ramp. They lack any
barrier at the outer margin of the shelf (cf. rimmed
shelves) and as a consequence the shallow waters
are exposed to the full force of oceanic conditions. A
rimmed carbonate shelf is a flat-topped platform
that has a rim of reefs or carbonate sand shoals
along
the seaward margin
Generalized facies distributions on carbonate
platforms:
(a) ramps,
(b) non-rimmed shelves and
(c) rimmed shelves
7. Geometri

Different carbonate deposits are characteristic of

many shallow marine environments, for example;
Shoals of sand-sized material,
Reefs
7. Geometri
Carbonate Shoals
Reworking by wave and tidal currents results in deposits made up of well-
sorted, well-rounded material:
when lithified these form beds of grainstone, or sometimes packstone
7. Geometri
Reef
Definisi
Reefs are carbonate bodies built up mainly
by framework-building benthic organisms
such as corals.
 7. Geometri

Reef
Bagian Tubuh Reef

Fore Reef setting is a region of accumulation of carbonate breccia to form

bioclastic rudstone and grainstone facies.
As these are gravity deposits formed by material falling down from the reef crest
they build out as steeply sloping depositional units inclined at 10° to 30° to the
horizontal.
Back Reef is sheltered from the highest energy conditions and is the site of
deposition of debris removed from the reef core and washed towards the lagoon. A
gradation from rudstone to grainstone deposits of broken reef material, shells and
occasionally ooids forms a fringe along the margin of the lagoon
 7. Geometri
Reef
Posisi-Posisi Reef

Barrier Reefs are linear reef forms

that parallel the shoreline, but lie at
a distance of kilometres to tens of
kilometres offshore: they create a
back-reef lagoon
area which is a large area of
shallow, low-energy sea, which is
itself an important ecosystem and
depositional setting
Fringing Reefs are built out directly
from the shoreline and lack an
extensive back-reef lagoonal area

Patch Reefs, localised build-ups in

shallow water areas such as
epicontinental seas, carbonate
platforms and lagoons.
8. Rongga Pori

Berdasarkan waktu terbentuknya, Rongga Pori dibagi dua:

1. Rongga Pori Primer (Intergranuler)
Terbentuk ketika proses sedimentasi.

2. Rongga Pori Sekunder

Terbentuk setelah proses sedimentasi. Tak
ada kaitan dengan proses sedimentasi.
8. Rongga Pori
Tiga (3) Klasifikasi pori-pori menurut Choquette dan Pray (1970)

1.
Intergranular Pori-pori terdapat di antara partikel.
berlaku terutama untuk batupasir dan juga untuk batuan karbonat.

Intragranular Pori-pori terdapat di dalam butirannya sendiri contoh

suatu fosil yang di dalamnya terdapat lubang-lubang, dan lain-lain.

Intercrystalline Pori-pori diantara kristal-kristal .

Moldic Pori-pori karena hilangnya fosil oleh pelarutan, sehingga

meninggalkan rongga bekas fosil itu.

Fenestral Beberapa butir pembentuk batuan hilang sama sekali

sehingga membentuk rongga-rongga yang sangat besar.

Shelter Rongga-rongga telah dilindungi misalnya oleh fosil, dan

sebagainya, sehingga tidak diisi oleh batuan sedimen.
Framework Rongga-rongga karena pertumbuhan kerangka, misalkan
kerangka binatang koral yang mengakibatkan rongga yang diisi oleh
binatang tersebut menjadi rongga terbuka.
8. Rongga Pori
Tiga (3) Klasifikasi pori-pori menurut Choquette dan Pray (1970)
2.
Rekahan (fracture) Rongga-rongga yang terjadi karena tekanan
luar menyebabkan terjadinya celah-celah dalam batuan

Saluran (channel) Pelarutan dan sebagainya rnenyebabkan

terjadinya saluran antar rongga-rongga.

Gerowong (vug) Lubang-lubang besar terjadi biasanya karena

pelarutan
Gua (cavern) Pelarutan lubang-lubang yang seringkali terjadi
sehingga membesar menjadi rongga yang dapat dimasuki orang.

Stylolitic rongga yang disebabkan komponen yang tidak larut

seperti mineral lempung, besi oksidasi, atau materi organik.
http://www.britannica.com/science/stylolite
8. Rongga Pori
Tiga (3) Klasifikasi pori-pori menurut Choquette dan Pray (1970)

3.

Retakan (breksi atau breccia) Karena pematahan atau retakan, maka batuan hancur
menjadi bongkah-bongkah kecil dan terjadilah rongga-rongga di antaranya.

Pemboran batuan (boring) Rongga-rongga terjadi karena suatu kerangka ataupun

batuan yang telah keras mengalami pemboran oleh hewan, terutama moluska.

Bioturbasi (burrow) Batuan yang baru saja diendapkan mengalami berbagai penggalian oleh
binatang sehingga timbul rongga-rongga.

Penyusutan (shrinkage) Sedimen yang telah diendapkan menjadi kering dan menciut,
sehingga terjadi berbagai retakan yang dapat menimbulkan pori-pori.
*TERIMA KASIH