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a) Call Dropping.
b) Ping- Pong handover
c) Far- Away cell effect
4. What is intelligent hand over?
Ans)Fuzzy logic
a) Neutral networks
2. EXTERNAL HANDOVER.
( b) INTER MSC ( MSC- MSC) ----1. transfer between cell under the control
of diff MSC
.What is the frequency Hopping its imp?
(Ans)
It is defined as sequential change of carrier frequency on the radio link between
mobile & base station.
Two types of freq hopping----- 1. Base band freq hopping.
2. synthesized frequency hopping.
1. Frequency Diversity
2. Interference Averaging
3. capacity
Freq hopping implement will enable more aggressive freq reuse pattern, that leads
to better spectrum efficiency.
It can add more transceiver in the existing sites , while maintaing the net work
quality/
Freq hopping compressing the available spectrum to make room for extra capacity
.
10. Define the freq. hopping parameters?
Mobile Allocation (MA): Set of frequencies the mobile is allowed to hop over. Maximum of
63 frequencies can be defined in the MA list.
Hopping Sequence Number (HSN): Determines the hopping order used in the cell. It is
possible to assign 64 different HSNs. Setting HSN = 0 provides cyclic hopping sequence and HSN = 1
to 63 provide various pseudo-random hopping sequences.
Mobile Allocation Index Offset (MAIO): Determines inside the hopping sequence, which
frequency the mobile starts do transmit on. The value of MAIO ranges between 0 to (N-1) where N is
the number of frequencies defined in the MA list. Presently MAIO is set on per carrier basis.
Motorola system allows to define the hopping system on a per timeslot basis. So different
hopping configurations are allowed for different timeslots. This is very useful for interference
averaging and to randomize the distribution of errors.
1 Handovers:
2 Call setup:
3 Frame Erasure Rate (FER):
MS is instructed to resend.
2. TCH carriers in both cell 1& cell2 are same AFRCN TCH
L BC BS RXLEV
L TC TS TX
C/I RQ FE
TA DSC CHM
RH CiMd
MCC MNC LAC
RA CI
1.
2. Llcell BCCH ARFCN
3.
4.
5.
L1. Logical channel.----- BCCH
TX - transmit power
TA -- Timing advance
CiMd—Ciphering mode
RX Qual is the basic measure. It reflects the average BER over the certain period of
time(0.5s)
2. Frame erasure
3. Hand over.
19. What are type of interference occur?
1. Co- channel interference.
2. Adj-channel interference.
3. Near end- Far end interference.
22. What are the technique GSM offers which combat Multipath fading?
Equalization
Diversity
Freq Hopping
Interleaving
Channel coding
Full rate
BCH-- 1. BCCH
2 .FCCH
3. SCH
DCCH---- 1.SDCCH.
2. SACCH
3. FACCH
25. What are types of bursts?
Normal Burst
Frequency Correction Burst
Synchronization Burst.
Dummy Burst
Access Burst.
26. What is adjacent channel separation in GSM?
Urban Environment-------- 200khz
Sub Urban Environment ---- 400khz
Open environment ----- 800khz
27. What is the watt to dBm conversions?
Power in dBm = 10 log( watts *100)
0 dBm= 1mili watt
1watt = 30dbm
28. What are the optimizations you have done during Drive Test?
The Hopping Sequence Number (HSN) indicates which hopping sequence of the 64 available
is selected. The hopping sequence determines the order in which the frequencies in the MA-list are to
be used. The HSNs 1 - 63 are pseudo random sequences used in the random hopping while the HSN 0
is reserved for a sequential sequence used in the cyclic hopping. The hopping sequence algorithm
takes HSN and FN as an input and the output of the hopping sequence generation is a Mobile
Allocation Index (MAI) which is a number ranging from 0 to the number of frequencies in the MA-
list subtracted by one. The HSN is a cell specific parameter. For the baseband hopping two HSNs
exists. The zero time slots in a BB hopping cell use the HSN1 and the rest of the time slots follow the
HSN2 as presented in Error! Reference source not found.. All the time slots in RF hopping cell follow
the HSN1 as presented in Error! Reference source not found..
1.2 Mobile Allocation Index Offset
When there is more than one TRX in the BTS using the same MA-list the Mobile Allocation
Index Offset (MAIO) is used to ensure that each TRX uses always an unique frequency. Each hopping
TRX is allocated a different MAIO. MAIO is added to MAI when the frequency to be used is
determined from the MA-list. Example of the hopping sequence generation is presented in Error!
Reference source not found.. MAIO and HSN are transmitted to a mobile together with the MA-list.
In Nokia solution the MAIOoffsetis a cell specific parameter defining the MAIOTRX for the first hopping
TRX in a cell. The MAIOs for the other hopping TRXs are automatically allocated according to the
MAIOstep -parameter introduced in the following section.
30. What is the effect of frequency hopping in RXQual?
Frequency hopping causes some changes in the RXQUAL distribution. Also, there are some
differences in a way the RXQUAL distribution should be interpreted.
The Frame Erasure Ratio (FER) is a ratio of discarded speech frames compared to all the
received speech frames. A speech frame is generally discarded if after the decoding and error
correction process any of the category 1a bits is found to be changed based on the three parity bits
following them in a speech frame.
FER is a measure of how successfully the speech frame was received after the error
correction process and it is thus a better indication of the subjective speech quality compared to the
RXQUAL which gives an estimate of the link quality in terms of BER. The RXQUAL doesn’t indicate
how the bit errors were distributed in a speech frame. The bit error distribution affects the ability of
the channel decoding to correct the errors.
The following table gives an idea of the correlation between RXQUAL and FER and between
subjective speech quality and different FER classes.
The relation of downlink FER and RXQUAL was measured during a FH trial. The relation is
clearly different in the hopping case compared to the non-hopping case. The distributions of FER in
each RXQUAL class are presented in Error! Reference source not found. and Error! Reference source
not found.. One clear observation can be made; in the non-hopping case there are significant amount
of samples indicating deteriorated quality (FER>10%) in RXQUAL class 5 while in the hopping case
the significant quality deterioration (FER>10%) happens in RXQUAL class 6. Thus, it may be
concluded that in the frequency hopping networks significant quality deterioration starts at RXQUAL
class 6 while in non-hopping network this happens at RXQUAL class 5.
This improvement of FER means that the higher RXQUAL values may be allowed in a
frequency hopping network. RXQUAL thresholds are used in the handover and power control
decisions. Because of the improvement in the relative reception performance on the RXQUAL classes
4-6, the RXQUAL thresholds affecting handover and power control decisions should be set higher in
a network using frequency hopping network. In a frequency hopping network RXQUAL classes 0-5
are indicating good quality.
Typically, the share of the RXQUAL classes 6 and 7 may increase after FH is switched on, even
if no other changes have been made. This may seem to be surprising since it is expected that
frequency hopping improves the network quality. However, in most cases the quality is actually
improved, but the improvement is more visible in the call success ratio. The improved tolerance
against interference and low field strength in FH network means that it is less likely that the
decoding of SACCH frames fails causing increment in the radio link timeout counter. Thus, it is less
likely that a call is dropped because of the radio link timeout. Instead, the calls generating high
RXQUAL samples tend to stay on. This may lead to increase in the share of RXQUAL 6-7. However, at
the same time the call success rate is significantly improved.
In the Error! Reference source not found., there are presented some trial results of a DL
RXQUAL distribution with different frequency allocation reuse patterns. As can be seen from the
figures, the tighter the reuse becomes, the less samples fall in quality class 0 and more samples fall in
quality classes 1-6. There’s bigger difference in downlink than in uplink direction.
This difference is a consequence of interference and frequency diversities that affect the
frequency hopping network. Because of these effects, the interference or low signal strength tend to
occur randomly, while in a non-hopping network it is probable that interference or low field strength
will affect several consecutive bursts making it harder for the error correction to actually correct
errors. The successful error correction leads to less erased frames and thus improves the FER.
32. What do you understand by idle channel measurement?
When a new call is established or a handover is performed, the BSC selects the TRX
and the time slot for the traffic channel based on the idle channel interference measurements. The
frequency hopping has a significant effect on the idle channel interference measurement results.
When the frequency hopping is used, the frequency of a hopping logical channel is changed
about 217 times in a second. The frequency of the idle time slots changes according to the same
sequence.
In a case of the random hopping, this means that the measured idle channel interference is
likely to be the same for all the TRXs that use the same MA-list. If the interference is averaged over
more than one SACCH frame, the averaging effect is even stronger. However, normally the
interferers are mobiles located in interfering cells. In this case, there are probably differences in the
measured idle channel interferences between different time slots in the cell. This happens, because
the interfering mobiles are only transmitting during the time slot that has been allocated to them.
This is illustrated in Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-1.
If the cyclic hopping sequence is used, there might occur differences on the measured idle
channel interference levels between the TRXs on the same time slot as explained in the following
section.
Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-1. Idle channel interference in a case of
the random RF hopping
Discontinuous reception
Another method used to conserve power at the mobile station is discontinuous reception.
The paging channel, used by the base station to signal an incoming call, is structured into sub-
channels. Each mobile station needs to listen only to its own sub-channel. In the time between
successive paging sub-channels, the mobile can go into sleep mode, when almost no power is used.
All of this increases battery life considerably when compared to analog
: What is Tri-band and Dual-band?
A: A tri-band phone operates at three supported frequencies, such as 900/1800/1900 MHz or 850/1800/1900 MHz. A dual-
band phone operates at two frequencies, such as 850/1900 MHz or 900/1800