LABORATORY MANUAL

AUDIO VIDEO SYSTEMS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING

AHMEDABAD – 382 115
 LABORATORY MANUAL

AUDIO VIDEO SYSTEMS

BE 6TH SEMESTER

AUTHORED BY

PROF. BHAVIN GAJJAR

JANUARY-2013

Name of Student:

Enrollment No:

DEPARTMENT
OF

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr./Ms./Mrs.______________________________________________________________

Reg.No._______________________________of Electronics and Communication

Class has satisfactory completed the course in

AUDIO VIDEO SYSTEMS (161002)

at INDUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING,

Rancharda, Ahmedabad.

Date of Submission: ____________________________

Concern Faculty: ______________________________

Head of Department: ____________________________

I
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
LAB TITLE PAGE DATE SIGN
To study Block diagram and Working Principle T.V.
1 1
receiver.
2 To study Tuner Section. 6

3 To study Video IF –section. 9

4 To study Sound IF section. 14

5 To study horizontal oscillator & horizontal output sections. 18

6 To study vertical oscillator &vertical output section. 25

7 To study Colour Decoder Section. 31

To study the troubleshooting from the symptoms for colour
8 40
TV Receiver.
To observe the different frequencies sound response on
9 42
CRO.
10 Find the transmission loss of a panel. 43

11 Find out the directive pattern of the loud speaker. 45

12 To study the frequency response of cross over Networks. 47

II
 INSTRUCTIONS

1. Keep this manual in good condition until the end of the term submission

2. Read and prepare the prelab material

3. Understand the operation of the equipment before using them, get help from lab asst if
required

4. Record your observations in the manual

5. Get your manual signed by the lab teacher at the end of each lab session

III
 LABORATORY 1

AIM
To study working principle of T.V. receiver.

OBJECTIVE
To understand the operation of each block through block diagram of colour TV receiver.

PRE LAB
Read the chapter on TV Receiver from the text and learn the following
How does the tuner section work?
How does the VIF and SIF section works?

OVERALL OPERATION:

The operation of TV Receiver as a whole.

1. To select the signals of the channel and to amplify these and convert them into IF Signals.
2. To amplify the video and sound IF Signals, to demodulate the video IF Signals to obtain the composite
Video Signal, to mix the two IF signals to obtain the inter- carrier sound IF Signal and to preamplifier
these.
3. To separate the combined luminance (Y) and chroma signals from the video IF Signals and to amplify
these.
4. To separate the luminance (Y) and chroma i.e. U & V (R-Y and B-Y) Signals from the combined video
Signal.
5. To regenerate sub-carrier signal with phase locking with the sub-carrier burst.
6. To decode the chroma signal to obtain the modulated U and V signals and to demodulate them with the
help of regenerated reference carrier.
7. To combine the Y, U and V signals (Matrixing) to obtain the colour i.e. R, G and B signals.
8. To amplify them and to give them to the respective cathodes of the colour picture which reproduces these
as colour picture with the help of horizontal and vertical sweeps.
9. To produce horizontal and vertical sweeps synchronized with the respective sync signals and to give them
to the respective deflection coil for producing the sweep.
10. To separate the sound IF signal, to amplify, limit and demodulate them, and to give them to the
Loud speaker at sufficient amplitude.

1
 11. To provide power at suitable D.C. voltages for operating various stages, providing supply to various
Electrodes of picture tube and for heating its cathode.
12. To provide infrared remote control operations.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE COLOUR T.V.

SECTION NUMBERS ARE SHOWN IN THE CIRCLE

3

6B
2

6A

5
1

8
ANTENNA

2
Theory:
(1) Tuner: -
The signal received at the antenna are given to the tuner through the balun. The Tuner, which consists of
two stages -RF amplifier and converter, partly selects the signal of the desired channel, amplifies it and converts it
in to I.F. signals.
The R.F. Amplifier amplifies the signals with the addition of a little noise as possible and gives them to
the Mixer. The gain of this stage is controlled by A.G.C.
The Converter consists of two stages:
1. Local Oscillator.
2. Mixer.
The Converter changes the frequency of the incoming signals in to the I.F. The Local Oscillator produces
oscillations at a frequency, which is higher than the picture carrier frequency by 38.9 MHz. (Which is the video
I.F.). The mixer mixes the incoming signals and the oscillations. This results in the production of the video I.F.
(38.9 MHz) and sound I.F. (33.4 MHz). These IF Frequencies are selected and given to the V.I.F section.
The frequency of the local oscillator is controlled by an arrangement known as Automatic Fine Tuning
(A.F.T.). If the frequency of the local oscillator drifts resulting in shift in the IF’s this arrangement automatic
corrects the oscillator frequency thus automatically correcting the fine-tuning.

(2) Video I.F. (V.I.F.) Section: -

This section consists of two stages:
(1) Preamplifier and
(2) Main Amplifier.
The preamplifier consists of IC SL 1430.
The main Amplifier is based on IC TDA 3541A.
This Section performs following functions: -
(i) Suppressing the signals of adjacent channels and reducing the level of self-sound signals.
(ii) Amplification of VIF (38.9 MHz) and SIF (33.4MHz) signals.
(iii) Detection of VIF signals to obtain the composite video signal (C.V.D.).
(iv) Mixing of video IF and sound IF Signals to obtain the inter-carrier sound IF signal (5.5MHz)
(v) Producing AGC Voltage and controlling the gain of VIF amplifier.
(vi) Producing delayed AGC Voltage for the tuner.
(vii) Generating AFT Voltage for automatic fine-tuning.
The Saw Filter (BMC389) is used along with tuned circuits to obtain the desired frequency response in
the VIF Section. The composite video signal (CVD) obtained from this section is given to Chroma section
and SIF section.
(3) Sound IF section (S.I.F.): -
The intercarrier SIF (5.5MHz) is given to the sound section based on IC CA1190, which contains two
sub-sections SIF detection and Sound output amplifier.
The SIF signal, which is frequency modulated is amplified, limited and detected. The detected audio
signal is amplified by output amplifier to drive the loudspeaker.
(4A) Chroma section/Colour Decoder Section (CD): -
This section consists of two sub-sections: -
(A) Video buffer amplifier
(B) Chroma Section.

3
(4) Horizontal Oscillator and sync separator: -
This section is based on IC TDA 1940F. It consists of Horizontal Oscillator and sync Separator section.

(A) Sync Separator: -

(B) Horizontal Oscillator: -

(5) Vertical Oscillator and output: -

This section is based on the IC TDA 1675A. It consists of vertical Oscillator and output section. The
V.Osc. Produces oscillations at the vertical sweep rate. This is further amplified by vertical output section to drive
the vertical deflection coils. The phase and frequency of the V. Oscillator is synchronized by the V.Sync. Signal,
receiving from sync separator. It also provides vertical retrace blanking output signal.

(6B) Output Video Amplifiers section: -

This section consists of three identical stages, one each for the colours R, G, and B. Each of these stages
utilizes a transistor in R-C coupled circuit. These amplifies colour signals at suitable level for driving the
colour picture tube. Their outputs are given to the respective cathodes of the colour picture tube.

(6) Picture Tube section: -

The colour picture tube stage consists of the picture tube along with its accessories i.e. the deflection coil
assembly and colour purity and centring magnets placed on its neck. The colour picture tube displays the R,G and
B signals given to its cathodes in the form of the colour picture with the help of the two sweeps given to the
deflection coil assembly. The colour picture tube used is precision-in-line (PIL) type Full Flat Square Tube
(FFST).

(7) Horizontal Driver and EHT Section: -

(A) Horizontal Driver: -

The output voltage obtained from the oscillator is not sufficient to drive the horizontal output stage. A
driver is therefore, used between the oscillator and output stage. This stage is based on a transistor BF393 in
transformer-coupled circuit.
(B) Horizontal Output stage (EHT Stage): -

The EHT stage drives current of saw-tooth waveform through the horizontal deflection coil with the help
of the drive obtained from the driver stage. The following voltages are also obtained from the EHT stage.

(i) DC Voltage of about 25 KV for giving to the final anode of the picture tube (EHT).

(ii) DC Voltage of about 5 KV for giving to the focusing anode of the Picture tube (Vfc).

(iii) DC Voltages of about 500 volts for giving to the accelerating anode (screen) (Vacc).

(iv) DC voltage of about 150 V Volts for giving to the collectors of the R, G, B output transistors.

(v) DC Voltage of 12V, 25V, for operating the various stages.

(vi) AC voltage of about 6.3 volts for giving to the heater of the picture tube.

The transistor BU208D is used in the EHT stage. An autotransformer known as EHT transformer having
several windings is used with this transistor to obtain the different d.c. Voltages as also to match the output
4
Impedance of the transistor with that of the horizontal deflection coil.

(8) Switch Mode Power Supply section (SMPS): -

The SMPS provides +115V DC and +20V DC supply. As the performance of colour TV receivers
depends Largely on the supply voltage, the supply voltage has been stabilized to maintain it very close to the
Nominal Voltage. 33V DC voltage is also generated from 115V to provide it to Tuner section.

BD508A is used as a switching transistor. SMPS has high efficiency than the Linear Regulated power
Supply. Hence it is used in colour TV receiver.

EXPERIMENT

Observe the TV Trainer Kit and watch the components (ICs, Transistors, etc.) shown in various sections.
Verify each sections.

QUESTIONS

1. What difference you have observed between the given literature and actual kit?

2. Which ICs have been used in VIF & SIF Section?

SIGN OF FACULTY
5
 LABORATORY 2

AIM: To study Tuner Section

OBJECTIVE
(I ) To Understand operation (II) To Measure various test point voltages
(III) To create the trouble and shoot it.

PRE LAB
Which intermediate frequencies should be kept for audio and video?
Which voltage is used for the automatic gain control purpose?
Where would one self check, if Intermediate Frequency (IF) voltage is not shown accurately in DCM?
APPARATUS:

THEORY

6
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

7
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr NO Node where voltages are measured Desired Voltage(Volts) Measured Voltage
(Volts)

1 AFT

2 UB

3 LB

5 HB

6 +12 (RF Tuner - Power Supply Voltage)

7 IF OUT PUT

FAULT DIAGNOSIS
Sr Jumper removal Symptoms
NO

1 Tuner supply voltage

2 Remove AFT jumper

3 Remove AGC jumper

4 Remove TU jumper

CONCLUSION

SIGN OF FACULTY GRADE

8
 LABORATORY 3

AIM:
To study VIF Section.

OBJECTIVE:
(I ) To Understand operation (II) To Measure various test point voltages
(III) To observe the various waveforms (IV) To create fault and troubleshoot it.
PRE LAB:
At which test points do we measure voltages and waveforms?

What are the functions of two ICs?

What is the procedure for fault finding when only plane raster on the screen without any sound is
observed?

APPARATUS :

THEORY

9
BLOCK DIAGRAM

10
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

11
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr NO Node where voltages are measured Desired Measured Voltage (Volts)
Voltage(Volts)

IC SL 1430 PIN

1. 1. +12V supply

2. 2. IF O/P

3. 3. IF O/P

4. 5. IF I/P

IC TDA 3541A/2541A PIN

5 1. IF Input

6 2. Decoupling

7 3. Tuner AGC starts

8 4. Tuner AGC

9 5. AFT Output

FUALT DIAGNOSIS

Sr Jumper removal/preset changed Symptoms

NO

1. CVD jumper (J1)

2. Rotate Pr201 anticlockwise

3. Rotate Video detector Coil

4. Rotate Pr201 fully Clockwise

5. Rotate Sound trap coil L202

6. IF jumper

12
WAVEFORM:

Sr Desired Waveform Observed Waveform

No

01

02

CONCLUSION:

SIGN OF FACULTY: GRADE

13
 LABORATORY 4

AIM : To study Sound I.F. Section.

OBJECTIVE:
(I ) To Understand operation (II) To Measure various test point voltages
(III) To observe the various waveforms (IV) To create fault and troubleshoot it.
PRE LAB:
At which pin we can get audio out put signal?
Which pins are no contacts?
Which sound IC is used in this section?

THEORY: -

14
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CA 1190

15
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr NO Node where voltages are measured Desired Voltage(Volts) Measured Voltage
(Volts)

IC CA 1190 PIN

1 1. SIF Input

2 2. SIF Input

3 3.Decoupling

4 6. FM detection

5 7. FM detection

6 8. Volume control

7 9. Gain

9 14. +18V Supply

10 15. Feed back

11 16. De-emphasis

16
FAULT DIAGNOSIS
Sr Jumper removal/preset changed Symptoms
NO

1. SIF jumper

2. Detune L302.

3. Detune L302.

4. Rotate Preset 100k in OPU/RR section

5. Remove jumper at Pin 3 of IC301 -CA1190

6. Remove jumper at Pin11 of IC301 -CA1190

WAVEFORM:
Sr Desired Waveform Observed Waveform
No

CONCLUSION:

SIGN OF FACULTY: GRADE

17
 LABORATORY 5

AIM: To study horizontal oscillator & horizontal output sections

OBJECTIVE:
(I ) To Understand operation (II) To Measure various test point voltages

(III) To troubleshoot by disconnecting jumpers

PRE LAB:
What shall be the horizontal oscillator frequency be?

How does this section work?

Which blocks are required to make this section?

APPARATUS:

THEORY:

18
19
20
C IRCUIT D IAGRAM

21
O BSERVATION T ABLE
Sr NO Node where voltages are measured Desired Measured Voltage (Volts)
Voltage(Volts)

1 IC TDA 1940F (PIN Nos)

2 2. H.O/P

3 4. SCP

4 5. VCR SW

5 7. Mute

6 8. -

7 9. V.Sync

8 10. -

9 11. CCS

10 12. -

11 13. -

12 14. +12V supply

13 15. H. Osc. Fre.

14 16. -

15 17. H.position

16 18. V.BLK

Mute Transistor

1.Transistor Q 601 Collector

Base

Emitter

2. Start Transistor Q602 Collector

Base

Emitter

22
FAULT DIAGNOSIS
Sr Jumper removal/preset Symptoms
NO changed

1. HFB jumper

2. Rotate Preset Pr601

3. CCS jumper of colour picture.

4. Rotate Pr602

5. Keep mute switch in off position

6. Remove +12V jumper

WAVEFORM
Sr Desired Waveform Observed Waveform
No

23
 4

CONCLUSION

SIGN OF FACULTY: GRADE

24
 LABORATORY 6

AIM : To study Vertical oscillator and Vertical output section.

OBJECTIVE
(I ) To Understand operation (II) To Measure various test point voltages

(III)To troubleshoot by disconnecting jumpers

PRE LAB:
Why this section is required?

How does it function?

Have you ever got the horizontal single straight line in your TV set? If yes, Can you imagine why?

APPARATUS:

THEORY: -

25
26
BLOCK DIAGRAM

27
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr NO Node where voltages are measured Desired Measured Voltage (Volts)
Voltage(Volts)

TDA 1675A

1. 1. V1

2. 2. -

3. 3. V.osc. Freq.

4. 4. V.osc. Fre.

5. 5. V.Sync

6. 6. V.osc. Fre.

7. 7. Height

8. 8. Ground

28
 9. 9. V.Stab

10. 10. V. Linearity

11. 11. -

12. 12. -

13. 13. V.BLK

14. 14. +25V Supply

15. 15. -

FAULT DIAGNOSIS
Sr Jumper removal/preset changed Symptoms
NO

1. V1 jumper

2. +25 V jumper

3. V2 jumper

4. Rotate Preset Pr401.

5. Rotate Pr402

6. . V.Lin. Jumper

7. V.Sync jumper

8. Rotate Preset Pr403

9. V.BLK jumper

10. Remove J1 or J2 jumper

11. Interchange V1 and V2 Wires of Picture tube

29
WAVEFORM
Sr
Desired Waveform Observed Waveform
No

CONCLUSION

SIGN OF FACULTY GRADE

30
 LABORATORY 7

AIM: To study Colour Decoder Section.

OBJECTIVE:
(I ) To Understand operation (II) To Measure various test point voltages

(III)To troubleshoot by disconnecting jumpers

PRE LAB:
What do you understand by crominance and luminance?

Why colour detection is crucial in colour decoder section?

What would be the inputs and outputs for this section?

APPARATUS:

THEORY:
This section is based on the IC TDA 3561A.
This IC consists of following sections: -
1. Chroma amplifier
2. Automatic colour control (ACC)
3. Colour killer
4. Gated burst amplifier
5. Burst phase discriminator
6. Subcarrier reference oscillator
7. PAL Switch
8. Burst phase identification
9. Phase shift
10. Pulse shaper
11. U & V demodulator
12. RGB matrix
13. Luminance signal processing (external to IC)
14. PAL delay line (external to IC)
15. Beam current limiting (external)
16. Chorma band pass amplifier (external to IC)
17. Video buffer (external to IC)
18. External data insertion.
31
 19. Output signal clamping and blanking.
The composite video signal (CVD) from the IC TDA 3541A (VIF section) is given to the video buffer transistor
Q860 (BC 147B). The output signal is available at the emitter of Q860. From the emitter this composite colour
signal (CCS) is given to three paths.

1. Directly to horizontal osc. and sync separator section for separating H.sync, V.sync and colour burst.
2. To separate chroma signal from CCS and to give it to IC pin 3 after passing it to suitable band pass
traps.
3. To obtain luminance signal (Y) to give it to IC pin 10 after passing it through colour
Sub carrier trap and luma delay line.
(A) Chroma Signal Path:

The CCS signal available at the emitter of Q860 is given to the chroma band-pass trap consisting of R852
(4K7), C851 (15pf), R853 (2K2), C853 (22pf) and L853. After proper chroma band shaping it is given to the pin
3 of IC-TDA3561 through coupling capacitor-C857 (22nDC).

(B) Luminance Signal Path:

The CCS signal available at the emitter of Q860 is given to the RC network consisting of R860 (270E),
C861 (220pf), R862 (330E) and R863 (270E) for proper attenuation and band shaping to provide only Y signal.
C860 (27pf) and L860 provides trap for 4.43 MHz chroma subcarrier signal to prevent it to reaching Luminance
signal input-pin 10 of IC. The Luminance signal delay is required as chroma signal passes through complex
circuit and reaches later than Y signal, hence Y signal is delayed so as to reach both luminance and chroma
signals at the same instance at the modulating electrodes of the picture tube. Thus Y delay is necessary to avoid
blurring of colours at the edges of various objects in the reproduced picture. Hence Y delay line DL1 is used to
provide delay of @330ns to Y signal.

32
BLOCK DIAGRAM

The colour, brightness and contrast voltages are given from OPU/RR section to potential dividers across the
common +12V supply with each supplying an adjustable voltage to its associated pins 6,11 and 7 respectively.
Also nominal black level preset Pr802 is connected at pin 11. The output from the chroma amplifier appears on
pin 28 from where it is connected to the externally mounted PAL delay line and its associated components. Pr601
is colour amplitude control. L880 is chroma phase alignment coil. The U & V signals (R-Y and B-Y) that become
available at the output of delay line, adder and subtractor circuitry are fed back into the IC via pins 21 and 22 and
from there to the B-Y and R-Y demodulators in the IC. The Chroma delay line seperates B-Y and R-Y modulated
signals from combined chroma signal. The 4.43 MHz reference oscillator signal required by the two modulators is
derived by an external crystal (Xtal X875-8.86 MHz) connected across pins 25 and 26. The 8.86 MHz signal is
inverted to obtain another 8.86MHz source 180 degree out of phase with it. Both the signals are then divided by a
factor of two to obtain two independent outputs at 4.43 MHz at 90 degree phase shift with each other.

33
The IC pin details are as under.

Pin 1 - +12 V supply –

C898 (100/16) and C856 (22n) are decoupling capacitors for +12V supply.

Pin 2 - Control voltage for identification-

The H/2 identification or detector circuit. C896 (0.33u) is used to produce this control voltage.

Pin 3 - Chroma input signal -

Pin 4 - Reference Voltage ACC Detector -
A decoupling capacitor C895 (0.33) is provided at this pin to produce reference ACC voltage.

Pin 5 - Control Voltage ACC -

The ACC is obtained by synchronous detection of the burst followed by a peak detector. For good-noise

Immunity C894 (2.2/16) is connected between pin 4 and 5.

Pin 6 - Colour (saturation) control -

R921 (39K), R920 (10K) and R922 (39K) is potential divider to limit the control voltage range between
2 to 4V. C920 (1/16) is for decoupling. When this pin is connected to the +12V, through colour SW, the
colourkiller circuit is over-ruled so that colour signal is visible on the screen for adjustment of C875.

Pin 7 - Contrast Control

R916 (390k), R917 (680K), R915 (120K) is potential divider to limit the control voltage range from 2 to
4V. The output signal is suppressed when control voltage is 1V or less. If the signal surpasses the level of 9V, the
peak white (beam current) limiter circuit becomes active and reduces the output signal by discharging C915
(1/16) via an internal current sink. Q900 (BC147B) works as beam current limiting transistor (in EHT section).
When beam stabilization signal (which depend on EHT output as explained in EHT section) increases certain
level, the collector voltage of Q900 increases beyond 9V, which is given to the IC Pin 7 for reducing the output
for preventing PT Cathodes from destroying.

Pin 8 - Sandcastle and Field Blanking Input:

The Sandcastle and field blanking input is given to this pin, from pin 4 of IC TDA 1940F in
H.Osc.section. A gate pulse separator circuit inside the Ic separates and routes burst and Blanking Pulses to
corresponding circuits. If the amplitude of sandcastle pulse is between 2V to 6.5V it indicates that transmission is
black and white. Then no RGB signals are available at 12, 14 and 16. However, when the pulse amplitude exceeds
7.5V the burst gate and clamping circuits are activated. The higher part of sandcastle pulse should start just after
the sync pulse to prevent clamping of video signal on Sync pulses.

34
Pin 9 - Video - Data switching:
In normal operation this pin is connected to ground via R892 (1K). During ON Screen display signal the
insertion circuit is activated through this pin by an input pulse of magnitude between 1 and 2V of OSD. In this
condition, the internal RGB signals are switched off and the inserted signals (OSD) are applied to the output
amplifier.

Pin 10 - Luminance Signal Input:

It must have amplitude between 0.45V To 5V (peak to peak) at nominal contrast.

Pin 11 - Brightness Control :

The black level clamp of RGB outputs can be met by the voltages on this pin 11. R911 (68K), R910 (3K3),
R912 (27K) is potential divider to limit the brightness voltage between 1 to 2.5V. C9 (1/16) is the decoupling
capacitor. Pr802 (10K pr) is nominal black level control preset.

Pin 12 - Red output signal (VDR)

Pin 14 - Green output signal (VDG)
Pin 16 - Blue output Signal (VDB)
Pin 13 - Input for external ‘R’ input signal.
Pin 15 - Input for external ‘G’ input signal.
Pin 17 - Input for external ‘B’ input signal.
These pins 13,15,17 are left open, as they are not used.
Pin 18 - Black level clamp for B signal.
C891 (0.1u) is black level clamp capacitor for ‘Red’ colour.
Pin 19 - Black level clamp for G signal.
C892 (0.1u) is black level clamp capacitor for ‘Green’ colour.
Pin 20 - Black level clamp for R signal.
C893 (0.1u) is black level clamp capacitor for ‘Blue’ colour.
Pin 21 & 22 - Inputs (B-Y) and (R-Y) demodulators
The voltage level of these signals is automatically fixed to the required level by means of burst phase detector
and ACC generators which are connected to pins 21 and 22. R884 (220E), R885 (220E) are biasing resistors at pin
21 and 22. C883 (22n) is coupling capacitors to couple chroma output signals from pin 28 to chroma delay line.
Pin 23 & 24 - Burst phase detector outputs :
At these pins the output of burst detector (inside the IC) is filtered by C877 (0.1u). The filter circuit has

Suitable time constant for adequate catching. R876 (1K) and C 876 (22/16) provide this time constant.

35
Pin 25 & 26 - Reference subcarrier Oscillator:
The frequency of the reference subcarrier oscillator is adjusted by variable capacitor C875 that is in series with
8.86 MHz crystal connected between pins 25 and 26 of the oscillator circuit.

Pin 27 - Ground Pin:

Pin 28 - Output of chroma Amplifier:
Both burst and chroma signals are available at this pin. It is fed to the PAL-delay line circuit to obtain U
and V signal. Pr901 (470E Pr) is colour amplitude control preset. L880 is chroma phase Coil. L881 is chroma
input coil. C881 (22n) is chroma-coupling capacitor to chroma delay line.

Emitter bias
The transistor Q930 (BC147B) is a constant current source, which develops emitter bias (E.Bias) at R931
(68E) to provide it to VDA section. R932 (1K), R933 (330E) are its biasing resistors. R930 (180E) is the
collector load resistor

36
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr Node where voltages are measured Desired Measured Voltage (Volts)
NO Voltage(Volts)

1 1. +12V supply 12.0

2 4. Reference ACC 4.7

3 5. Control Voltage ACC 3.8

4 8. SCP 1.7

5 12. Red output 4.0

37
 5 14. Green output 4.0

16. Blue output 4.0

18. Black level clamp for Blue 10.5

20. Black level Clamp for Red 10.5

28. Amplified chroma output 8.0

FAULT DIAGNOSIS
Sr Jumper removal/preset changed Symptoms
NO

1. Rotate C875

2. Rotate Pr901.

3. Rotate Pr802

4. E.Bias jumper

5. Rotate L853

6. Rotate L860

7. Rotate L880

8. Keep Colour Switch in ON position

WAVEFORM
Sr Desired Waveform Observed Waveform
No

38
 2

CONCLUSION:

SIGN OF FACULTY GRADE

39
 LABORATORY 8

AIM: To study the troubleshooting from the symptoms for colour TV Receiver.

OBJECTIVES: To troubleshoot the fault in TV receiver.

TROUBLESHOOTING:
Sr
Symptoms The probable problem.
No

1 No Colour B/W O.K.

2 Colour/Weak Sound Insufficient

3 Specific tinted Colour

4 less Y Signal Very dull Colour i.e.

5 Loss of H.sync / V.sync and colour sync

40
 6 Colour Sync loss/ Rainbow pattern

7 Distorted colour and B/W picture is missing

8 Ringing of B/W and colour pictures

9 Colour snow

10 Normal Colour Sync on Strong signals, but no

Colour sync with weak Signals

SIGN OF FACULTY GRADE

41
 LABORATORY 9

AIM: - To observe the different frequencies sound response on CRO.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the different sound sources with the frequency response.

APPARATUS: Function Generator 1-30 KHz, Audio Amplifier, Microphone speaker, CRO

Figure a

Figure b

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connection as shown in block diagram.

2. Set function generator frequency 1K Hz and check the sound.

3. Repeat it for 2K Hz, 3KHz etc… and check the response.

4. Check the different people’s sound frequency on CRO.

CONCLUSION:

SIGN OF FACULTY GRADE

42
 LABORATORY 10

AIM: - Find the transmission loss of a panel (e.g. wooden door).

OBJECTIVE: To understand the different materials sound absorption property.

APPARATUS: Function Generator 1-30 KHz, Audio Amplifier, speaker, SPL meter, test materials.

Figure a.

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connection as shown in block diagram.

2. Set function generator frequency 4K Hz and check the sound level using dB meter.

3. Cover the speaker with wooden resistance and check sound level.

4. Try it with different material and calculated how much dB loss in different mediums.

SPL without resistance S1= _____dB

S2 dB dB loss
Material
(SPL in dB when fully cover the speaker) (S=S1-S2)
Wooden
Plastic sheet
Iron sheet
Glass

43
CONCLUSION:

Q.1 Which is the good material to maximum absorb the sound?

Q.2 Give one or two example where you observed this kind of material to absorb sound.

SIGN OF FACULTY GRADE

44
 LABORATORY 11

AIM: - Find out the directive pattern of the loud speaker.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the different loudspeakers directive pattern and also change of directivity with
reflection material.

APPARATUS: Audio Amplifier for L.S, loud speaker, SPL meter, test materials.

Figure 11.1

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the arrangement as shown in Figure 11.1.

2. Set loud speaker on particular sound frequency and level.

3. Then start reading from 0-360º in increment of 30º with SPL meter.

4. Draw the pattern.

OBSERVATIONS:
Angle 0º 30 º 60 º 90 º 120 º 150 º

Power

Angle 180 º 210 º 240 º 270 º 300 º 330 º

Power

45
CONCLUSION:

Q.1 How can we change the directive pattern of loudspeaker without change of position?

SIGN OF FACULTY GRADE

46
 LABORATORY 12

AIM: - To study the frequency response of cross over Networks.

OBJECTIVE: Study of cross over Networks and Frequency response of cross over Networks

APPARATUS: Frequency Generator 1-30KHz, Amplifier, Cross over Network (3-port or 2-port), SPL meter,
Woofer, Tweeter

Figure a

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the arrangement as shown in block diagram.

2. Keep the output of the amplifier fixed.

3. Change the frequency from 15 Hz to 20 KHz and keep on noting the output in watts at port of woofer.

4. Similarly change the frequency again and note the response at the port of tweeter.

5. Draw the plot on graph paper for both Networks on the same graph.

OBSERVATIONS:
Woofer Tweeter
Frequency(Hz) Power Power
Output(dB) Output(dB)
15
100
500
1k

47
 3k
5k
7k
10k
13k
15k
17k
19k
20k
23k

CONCLUSION:

Q.1 Which one have good response at 1KHz audio frequency?

Q.2 What is the crossover point?

SIGN OF FACULTY GRADE

48
History of TV

 The etymology of the word has a mixed Latin and Greek origin, meaning "far sight": Greek tele, far,
and Latin visio.
 Commercially available since the late 1920s.
 The concept of electrically powered transmission of television images in motion was first sketched in
1878 as the telephonoscope, shortly after the invention of the telephone.
 In 1884 Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a 23-year-old university student in Germany, patented the first
electromechanical television system which employed a scanning disk, a spinning disk with a series of
holes spiraling toward the center, for rasterization.
 In 1907 Russian scientist Boris Rosing became the first inventor to use a CRT in the receiver of an
experimental television system.
 Using a Nipkow disk, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird succeeded in demonstrating the
transmission of moving silhouette images in London in 1925,[4] and of moving, monochromatic
images in 1926.
 In 1926, Hungarian engineer Kálmán Tihanyi designed a television system utilizing fully electronic
scanning and display elements, and employing the principle of "charge storage" within the scanning
(or "camera") tube.
 Also in 1927, Herbert E. Ives of Bell Labs transmitted moving images from a 50-aperture disk
producing 16 frames per minute over a cable from Washington, DC to New York City, and via radio
from Whippany, New Jersey.[citation needed] Ives used viewing screens as large as 24 by 30 inches
(60 by 75 cm).
 In 1927, Philo Farnsworth made the world's first working television system with electronic
scanning of both the pickup and display devices, which he first demonstrated to the press on 1
September 1928.
 In 1936 the Olympic Games in Berlin were carried by cable to television stations in Berlin and Leipzig
where the public could view the games live.
 On 2 November 1936 the BBC began transmitting the world's first public regular high-definition
service from the Victorian Alexandra Palace in north London.[17] It therefore claims to be the
birthplace of television broadcasting as we know it today.
 Terrestrial television in India started with the experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15
September 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio. The regular daily transmission
started in 1965 as a part of All India Radio.
 National telecasts were introduced in 1982. In the same year, colour TV was introduced in the Indian
market.
 The Ramayana and Mahabharata (both Indian mythological stories) were the first major television
series produced. This serial notched up the world record in viewership numbers for a single program.
 PAS-1 and PAS-4 are satellites whose transponders help in the telecasting of DD programmes in half the regions of the
world. An international channel called DD International was started in 1995 and it telecasts programmes for 19 hours a
day to foreign countries-via PAS-4 to Europe,Asia and Africa, and via PAS-1 to North America.