2017 8th International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT)
An Optimized Doppler-Based LTE Measurement
Procedure for A4 Handover Triggering Event in
High Speed Train Networks
Ehab Ahmed Ibrahim
Computer Networks and Data Center
Arab Academy for Science and Technology
Alexandria, Egypt
ehab_ahmed@aast.edu
Abstract— Wireless Communication network is essential
for railway sector as it improves the railway services as well as
provides safety and reliability for its operation. Global System
for Mobile Communications Railways (GSM-R) is widely used
in railway systems. It is believed to have availability and
reliability because of its commercial success. At the same time,
GSM-R has a lot of shortcomings especially in high speed
transmission. Therefore, the Long Term Evolution for Railway
(LTE-R) is considered as the natural evolution for current
(GSM-R) system. Very high speed trains suffer from many
handovers between cells. One of the main targets of LTE-R is to
provide fast and lossless handover between different cells. As a
result, handover triggering decision is very critical in the design
process of handover. Too late handover triggering is considered
as one of the major problems that cause radio link failure. It
occurs when the train is moving faster than the handover
parameter settings.
In this paper, an optimized Doppler-Based measurement
handover procedure for High Speed Trains (HST) is proposed.
The goal of this procedure is to accelerate the measurement
procedure (shorten measurement time Tmeas) when the train is
moving toward a target cell with a higher speed than designed.
Hence, the probability of too late handover triggering will be
reduced causing a subsequent reduction in radio link failure
probability.
Keywords— LTE–R, too-late-handover, Reward Function,
A4 Triggering event, Multi-objective Optimization, Pareto-
Optimal.
I. INTRODUCTION
Up to the end of the last century, all national governments
had their own analog railway communications systems which
were incompatible with each other. At this time, a universal
standard for railway communication was defined resulted in
the GSM-R standard [1, 2]. It was a digital standard based on
2G GSM mobile technology. Now, GSM-R, is considered as
978-1-5090-6332-1/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
Ehab F. Badran
Colleage of Engineering
Arab Academy for Science and Technology
Alexandria, Egypt
ebadran @aast.edu
an obsolete technology with many drawbacks related to
capacity and capability. These drawbacks become a major
problem for railway networks because they cannot support
advanced data services. Therefore, alternative technologies,
such as LTE [3, 4], have been considered as a future railway
communication technology. LTE, also named Evolved Packet
System (EPS), is the fourth generation of mobile standard
offered by 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) [5]. It is
specified in Release 8 of the 3GPP structure. LTE is designed
to increase the capacity, coverage, and the speed of mobile
wireless networks over earlier wireless systems.
Long Term Evolution for Railway (LTE-R) [6] defines the
specifications of LTE applied for railway system. It has been
proposed to support the increasing demand of broadband
mobile communication systems in high speed railway
environment targeting real time services. One of the critical
issues in communication systems, especially for real-time
services in high speed trains system, is handover because of
the increasing of handover failures rate with the increase of
train speed. In LTE, only hard handover is supported which
causes a time of interruption in the user plane. The success
rate and execution delay is of high importance when
measuring handover performance. The handover decision
must be very accurate to avoid call drops and data loss which
may cause a great damage. Determining an accurate handoff
triggering point is a critical issue that greatly reduces
handover failure probability.
One of the problems caused by wrong handover triggering
is the too late handover triggering. In this situation, the
handover procedure in the source cell is started too late
because the User Equipment (UE) is moving faster than its
default speed. Hence, when the HO command from the
serving cell is transmitted, the signal strength is too weak to
reach the UE, located now in the target cell. Therefore,
connection is lost. It is very important to find an exact
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handover triggering point to increase handover success
probability. Many researches were targeted LTE-R handover
performance as well as handover triggering.
In [7], X2-handover Performance is evaluated based on
Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) Measurement with
Free Space Path Loss model, using Network Simulator
version 3 (NS-3). In [8], the X2-handover A3 Triggering event
is studied and simulated using MATLAB. In [9], a mobile
relay based fast handover scheme is proposed targeting high-
speed mobile environment. Two reference points are
introduced to ensure handover in time. Pre-preparation and
packet bi-casting are used to reduce the interruption time of
communication and realize lossless handover. In [10], GPS
provides the direction and speed information which is used to
facilitate the selection of eNodeB, enhancing handover
triggering and shortening Time to Trigger (TTT). In [11], an
enhanced measurement procedure is proposed which can
accelerate the measurement procedure (reduce measurement
time Tmeas) when the train is moving toward a neighbor
(Target) cell. This target can be accomplished by applying a
Reward parameter in the form of added power to the target
cell received power.
In this paper, the proposed measurement algorithm in [11]
is adapted to consider train speed variation. The Reward
parameter becomes a function of train speed instead of being
fixed value. This Reward function is optimized by using
Pareto Optimal solution for multi objective optimization
problem. The output of the optimization is the best value of
the Reward function in addition to Tmeas (discussed in details
in section IV).
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In Sec. II,
LTE-R handover performance is discussed in details. In Sec.
III, WINNER II channel models are presented. Then, in Sec.
IV, the enhanced measurement procedure is explained. The
simulation results of the enhanced measurement procedure are
analyzed in Sec. V. The contribution of this paper is
demonstrated in Sec VI, followed by the main conclusion in
Sec. VII.
II. HANDOVER PERFORMANCE WITHIN LTE-R
A. Handover Procedure
The HO procedure in LTE-R [12] can be divided into
three phases: preparation, execution and completion. In HO
preparation phase, the User Equipment (UE) measures
periodically downlink radio channel metrics based on the
reference symbols (RS) and sends a measurement report to
its serving cell, the UE can measure RSRP and the Reference
Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) [13]. The serving cell
decides if the user needs to handover or not and identifies the
target cell. UE sends a handover Request to the target cell
which assigns the required resources for UE, if this request is
accepted, and sends a handover Request Acknowledge
message to the source one.
After HO preparation phase is completed, the HO
decision is made and consequently the HO command will be
sent to the UE. The connection between UE and the serving
cell will be released. In handover execution phase, the source
cell forwards user data packets to the target cell using X2 or
S1 interface. At this time, UE releases source cell resources
and synchronizes with the target cell then tries to access it.
Finally, in the handover completion phase, the UE
responds with a handover Confirm message, the target cell
sends Path Switch Request message to Mobility Management
Entity (MME) that informs the Serving-Gateway (S-GW)
about the change in the UE data path. The serving cell
receives UE Context Release message, upon receiving these
messages the source cell can release the resources for the UE.
B. Measurement Report Metrics
In LTE, the serving cell is responsible for the handover
decision. To support these decisions, UEs send measurement
reports on specific conditions. There are two measurement
metrics defined in LTE specification, RSRP and RSRQ.
RSRP is the average received power of all elements carrying
reference signal. It is calculated from the source eNodeB
transmitted power (Ps), the channel path-loss values between
UE and the source eNodeB (Lue) and any additional shadow
fading.
RSRP value received by UE is calculated as follows:
RSRPs,ue = Ps – Lue – Lfad (1)
RSRQ is defined as
RSRQ = N × (RSRP/RSSI) (2)
where N is the number of Resource Block and RSSI is
Received Signal Strength Indicator. RSSI is the total received
power by UE from all sources includes thermal noise and
interference generated in the target eNodeB. The LTE
specification provides the flexibility of using RSRP, RSRQ,
or both.
C. Handover Triggering Events
The reporting criterion can be periodic or event triggered.
For event triggers, there are some events [14] from which one
can choose the desired condition of HO Triggering. These
events are listed in Table I. In this work, A4 Triggering event
is selected using X2 interface. The UE makes periodic
measurements of RSRP based on the RS received from the
serving cell and from the strongest adjacent cells. Handover
is triggered when the RSRP value from an adjacent cell is
higher than certain threshold; this condition has to be satisfied
for a certain time equal to the TTT.
TABLE I HANDOVER TRIGGERING EVENTS
Event Triggering Condition
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2017 8th International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT)

Power of serving eNodeB is greater than a The D2a scenario is specified as follows:
A1
defined margin
• eNodeBs are arranged in a track with separating
Power of serving eNodeB is lower than a
A2 distances of 1000 - 2000 m.
defined margin
Power of target eNodeB power is greater than • The distance between eNodeB and the railway track
A3 is 50 m with antenna heights of 30 – 32 m, or 2 m
serving one by certain offset
Power of target eNodeB power is greater than a with antenna heights of 5 m.
A4
defined margin • Height of the train (with MRS mounted on the roof)
Power of serving eNodeB is less than margin 1 is 2.5 m.
A5 and Power of target eNodeB is greater than • Train speed is up to 350 km/h.
margin 2
The D2a model is based on the TUI fast-train
III. WINNER II CHANNEL MODELS measurements. The carrier frequency of 5.2 GHz and 120
MHz bandwidth are used in the measurement. The antenna
WINNER (stands for Wireless World Initiative New array structure is a vertically polarized uniform circular array
Radio) is an organization of 41 partners looking forward to of 16 elements with a diameter of 10.85 cm.
enhance the performance of mobile communication systems
[15]. First, WINNER I work package 5 (WP5) is release Finally, the path loss models have been developed for
focusing on multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel various WINNER channel models based on measurements
with frequency range of 5 GHz. results carried out within WINNER project. These path loss
models formula is given by [15]
WINNER II continued the work of the WINNER I project
by developing and optimizing it towards a detailed system PL = A log10 (d) + B + C log10(fc / 5.0) (3)
definition. The WINNER II project work package 1 (WP1)
continued WINNER I channel modelling work and extended where d is the distance between the transmitter and the
the frequency range to 6 GHz, and extend also the number of receiver in m, fc is the system frequency in GHz, the
scenarios. Also, development of new set of multidimensional propagation parameters A, B and C are defined for each
channel models was presented. These channel models cover scenario. For D2a Propagation scenario, the path loss
various propagation scenarios, including rural area moving parameters are: A =21.5, B = 44.2, C =20 and the path loss
networks where both the eNodeB and the UE are moving, equation is given by:
possibly at very high speed.
PL = 21.5 log10 (d) +20 log10 (fc / 5.0) +
An example of this scenario is high-speed trains where (4)
44.2
wireless coverage is provided by moving relay stations
(MRS), mounted on the roof, this propagation scenario is
called D2. The connection from the eNodeB to the MRS is
called D2a while the connection from the MRS to UE is IV. LTE HANDOVER MEASUREMENT
modelled with the model (D2b). This is the suitable PROCEDURE
WINNER propagation scenario for moving trains and is
selected in this work to simulate LTE-R network. Channel The procedure in [11] aims to reduce the Tmeas
model specification is listed in Table II [15]. time for the MRS. Tmeas is the period from the time
instant that the MRS started measurement to the
instant that the serving eNodeB take a handover
TABLE II D2A PROPAGATION SCENARIO SPECS decision. Tmeas is reduced if the train is moving
LOS / Mobilit toward neighbor eNodeB. If so, MRS quickly sends
Scenari Definatio Frequenc the measured results to the serving cell. MRS
NLO y
o n y (GHz) decides if it is moving toward a neighbour/target
S (km/h)
Rural eNodeB by observing the frequency variation of
Moving the received signals from that cell. The observed
D2a networks LOS 0 – 350 2–6 signal frequency may be varied due to the Doppler
eNodeB – Effect. According to [16], the relationship between
MRS observed frequency f and emitted frequency f0 is f =
Rural f0/(1 í vs,r/c), where vs,r is a vector that represents
Moving
LOS / the relative velocity of the signal source and
D2b networks 0–5 2–6
NLOS receiver.It is assumed that the MRS gets the signal
MRS –
UE of eNodeB (call it u). It knows the emitted radio

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frequency f0, of u by the network’s system specified in the WINNER II D2a Channel model. The train is
information. located at a distance x from the serving cell.

Consider a predefined parameter ndop, the MRS

records the last ndop observed frequencies of u’s
signal by a vector Fu = {fjѸndop+1, fjѸndop+2, . . . , fj},
where ndop and fj are the predefined parameter and
the last observed frequency, respectively. The MRS
can make a decision that it is moving toward the
eNodeB u if fj > f0 and (fjѸiѸ1 ıfjѸi, ‫ ׊‬i ‫{ א‬0, ndop
Ѹ2 } are satisfied, where į is the compensation value
to the train’s velocity changes.
Assume that the received signal quality of a
eNodeB "u" is s(u). The MRS calculates a s`(u) as
follows:
a) If the MRS is moving toward u, the signal
quality of u will be s`(u) = s(u) + R, where
Fig. 1. Optimized Measurement System Model
R is a predefined reward parameter.
b) Else, s`(u) is equal to s(u). The RSRP from the target eNodeB is defined as

If s`(u) satisfies the event criteria for the TTT RSRP|t = P|t – PL|t (5)
period, the MRS triggers a measurement report to
the serving cell which decides if MRS needs to Substituting (4) in (5) one gets
handover or not and initiate the handover procedure
if needed. In the case of High Speed Trains we can
RSRP|t = P|t – 21.5 log10(d2) – 20 log10 (fc / 5.0)– (6)
neglect, without loss of originality, the TTT factor. 44.2
It’s simply because as the train moves to a specified
cell and it decides that it’s the target one (by For handover to occur, RSRP|t by the handover margin, the
receiving a high power level from it), there is no handover condition is
need to wait any additional time to ensure that the
decision is true. (7)
RSRP|t • threshold

V. MODIFIED MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE Substitute (5) and (6) into (7) and assume that P|s is equal to
ENHANCEMENT P|t . This yields

In this section, a modification is applied to the P|t +21.5 log10

measurement procedure illustrated in the previous section. As (8)
(ඥሺͳͷͲͲ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻଶ ൅ ሺͷͲሻଶ ൅ ሺʹͻǤͷሻଶ ) + 20 log10
discussed in [11], the procedure apply the reward parameter (fc / 5.0) + 44.2 • threshold
(R) if the train moving towards the target cell. It is obvious
that high speed train is usually moved towards target cells. When the train speed is varied during the handover
Hence, the R parameter is always added. In this paper, we procedure, the Reward (compensation) function is added and
relate the reward parameter to the train speed to be a function Eq. (8) is rewritten as
of train speed, R(v) to be more realistic. The received signal
power s`(u) is equal to s(u) + R(v) if and only if the train P|t +21.5 log10
speed increases. In other words, when the train moves with (9)
speed faster than its defined value. This acceleration must be (ඥሺͳͷͲͲ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻଶ ൅ ሺͷͲሻଶ ൅ ሺʹͻǤͷሻଶ ) + 20 log10
taken into account so as not to cause too late handover (as (fc / 5.0) + 44.2 + R(v) • threshold
described earlier in Sec. I). Therefore, the Reward function
where R(v) is the Reward function that depends on train
R(v) compensates the speed acceleration causing more
speed. R(v) (in watt) is defined as
accurate handover triggering time.

The system model used for this procedure is described in

Fig. 1. The distance (y) between the 2 eNodeBs ranges from
1000 and 2000 m (y = 1500 m in current scenario), as

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ܴሺ‫ݒ‬ሻ  means that, enhanced measurement procedure triggers

݇ሺ‫ݒ‬Ȃ‫ݒ‬௢ ሻ ‫ ݒ‬൒ ‫ݒ‬௢
ൌ൜ 
Ͳ ‫ ݒ‬൏ ‫ݒ‬௢
where k is a variable used to optimize R(v) function, v is the
current train speed and vo is the normal train speed.
Now, the objective is to minimize handover measurement
time (Tmeas) while satisfying the constraint stated in Eq. 9. It
is a nonlinear multi-objective optimization problem [17] (two
objective functions Tmeas and Reward Function R (v)) that can
be solved by MATLAB optimization toolbox [18]. The
solution for this problem is the minimum values of Tmeas and
R (v). The MATLAB output is a set of Pareto optima for these
two functions.
The optimization problem is stated as follows:
(10) handover earlier than the standard one.
Fig. 3 shows the effect of changing the reward parameter
(R) on Tmeas. As it can be implied, Tmeas is reduced with larger
values of R. The simulation results of modified handover
measurement procedure, presented in this paper, are shown
below. The optimization problem states in (11) is solved
using Pareto Optimal method with aid of MATLAB
simulation.
Standard Enhanced
17.5
17.0
tab stop. To make your equations more compact, you may
16.5

Minimizing Tmeas and R(v) subject to: 16.0

15.5
P|t +21.5 log10
(ඥሺͳͷͲͲ െ ‫ݔ‬ሻଶ ൅ ሺͷͲሻଶ ൅ ሺʹͻǤͷሻଶ ) 15.0

+ 20 log10 (fc / 5.0) + 44.2 + R(v) • threshold 14.5

(11) -75 -74 -73 -72 -71 -70 -69 -68
݇ሺ‫ݒ‬Ȃ‫ݒ‬௢ ሻ ‫ ݒ‬൒  ‫ݒ‬௢
ܴሺ‫ݒ‬ሻ  ൌ ൜ 
Ͳ ‫ ݒ‬൏  ‫ݒ‬௢
Fig. 2. Effect of changing A4 Threshold.
K>0
VI. SIMULATION RESULTS
Standard Enhanced
In this section, we simulate the measurement procedure
16.5
in [11] but with different channel mode (WINNER II D2a
Scenario). The simulation parameter is listed in Table III.
16.0

use the solidus ( / ), the exp function, or appropriate

15.5
TABLE III ENHANCED MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE
PARAMETERS 15.0
Paramter Value
Carrier Frequency 5.2 GHz 14.5
A4 Event Threshold -75 dBm
TTT 0 sec 14.0
Train Speed (vo) 300 km/h 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
eNodeB Transmitted
46 dBm
Power (P|t) Fig. 3. Effect of changing Reward Parameter (R).
eNodeBs Intermediate 1.5 Km
Distance For this simulation, consider A4 Threshold = -72 dBm
WINNER D2a Path loss and vo = 300 km/h. Four different scenarios are chosen for
Path Loss Model
Model train speed ranging from 300 km/h to 350 km/h. For each
Log Normal with Standard scenario, two values of minimized Tmeas will be stated, the
Shadow Fading
deviation = 4 dB minimum and maximum ones.
R 5 dBm
ndop 20

Fig.2 shows the effect of changing A4 handover

Threshold on Tmeas. As one can see, the enhanced
measurement procedure (applying reward parameter)
outperforms LTE measurement procedure on Tmeas times. It

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ƒ v = 300 km/h

In this case, there is no speed change from the design

value. So, R (v) = 0. The values of Tmeas and k (results of
Optimization process) are 16.960 sec and 0.163,
respectively. The simulation result is shown in Fig. 4.

ƒ v = 315 km/h

As one can see, the minimum value of minimized

Tmeas = 15.915 sec at R (v) = 1.674 dB and k =0.402,
while maximum (acceptable) value of minimized
Tmeas = 16.129 sec at R (v) = 0.176 dB and k = 0.042,
as shown in Fig. 5. Note that, these both values is less
than the value of Tmeas at speed of 300 Km/h.
ƒ v = 330 km/h

For train speed of 330 Km/h, the minimum value of

Fig. 5. Tmeas vs R (v) for v = 315 km/h.
minimized Tmeas = 14.871 sec at R (v) = 3.693 dB and
k =0.443, while maximum (acceptable) value of
minimized Tmeas = 15.346 sec at R (v) = 0.587 dB and
k = 0.07. Note that, these both values is less than the
values of Tmeas at speed of 300 and 315 Km/h. This is
shown clearly in Fig.6.
ƒ v = 350 km/h

As one can see, the minimum value of minimized

Tmeas = 13.699 sec at R (v) = 5.307 dB and k =0.382,
while maximum (acceptable) value of minimized
Tmeas = 14.457 sec at R (v) = 0.584 dB and k = 0.042.
Note that, these both values is less than the value of
Tmeas at speed of 300, 315 and 330Km/h, as can be
shown in Fig. 7.

VI. CONCLUSION
Fig. 6. Tmeas vs R (v) for v = 330 km/h.
In this paper, a detailed study of Handover measurement
procedure (proposed in [11]) is done. Then, a modification
to this procedure is presented. The reward parameter R is
changed to be a function “R (v)” of the train velocity. This
function appears in the Handover Triggering equation if
and only if the train speed exceeds its designed value. R(v)
is considered to compensate the train speed variations.

Values of this reward function and time taken for

handover decision (Tmeas) are inputs to multi-objective
optimization problem which can be solved by MATLAB.
This optimization problem is solved using Pareto
Optimization procedure. By solving this optimization
problem we get the values of Tmeas, R(v), which gives
more accurate values of handover triggering point and
assets in solving too late handover problem.
Fig. 4. Tmeas vs R (v) for v = 300 km/h.

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2017 8th International Conference on Information Technology (ICIT)

[11] Meng-Shiuan Pan, Tzu-Ming Lin, and Wen-Tsuen Chen,

“An Enhanced handover Scheme for Mobile Relays in
LTE-A High-Speed Rail Networks” IEEE Transaction
on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 64, NO. 2, pp. 743–756,
2015.
[12] 3GPP TS 36.300, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall
Description; Stage 2, ver. 8.7.0, December 2008.
[13] 3GPP. TS 36.214, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access (E-UTRA); Physical layer; Measurements. ver.
11.1.0, February 2013.
[14] 3GPP. TS 36.331, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access (E-UTRA); Radio Resource Control (RRC);
Protocol specification. ver.11.8.0, July 2014.
[15] WINNER II Channel Models Part I, Radio Channel
Models, Deliverable D1.1.2, ver 1.2, 30.9.2007.
Fig. 7. Tmeas vs R (v) for v = 350 km/h [16] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect (last
accessed 30-10-2016).
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since 2011. His research interests include wireless
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communication, 4 G Mobile systems and IT systems.
Simulator version 3 (NS-3),” 2nd International
Conference on Information and Communication
Ehab Farouk Badran received the B.Sc.
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degree with honors and M.Sc. degree in
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engineering from Louisiana State
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University (LSU), Baton Rouge, USA,
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electrical engineering, Assiut University, then he worked as
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a teaching and research assistant with the department of
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the department of electronics and communication

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engineering, Arab Academy for Science and Technology &

Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt.

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