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    Merchant Ship Construction PDF

    Загружено:

    Pawan Kumar

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
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    _ Naveen Cheprm | ~ MERCHANT SHIP CONSTRUCTION Expecially written for | the Merchant Navy | HJ. PURSEY ee Sih Flin 998 Seventh Eon 1 FOREWORD, of Deraninent of Trae Cetticates and 0 ll who sok 4s se nok of the Ships tat he se, ul sai The sale of ook Hs esialy im the qui rather ths hes ‘tse contets anda pod drawing. combited with 3 short Buses deonpn, su atten be made t0 ake the place of many page prin lise whe et tain in mechouial drawing vsualy fd one dieu isso {tf a ship from ordinary pms sd levator ad pos a Tieton tios ete meade rth ou ae. unouttedy, the Fest method prsemting sarenreees nn Gonsequey, the tes ete nk as some te eee a 4 les numberof tulhpuse pepestne Waving Te ea ssouces {He ‘wot commen method eeostacins sv Fat pane ssn sd ‘Fe. alow thee may hes mum of scratne, 1 ths evs edition.» umber of elsnge have een mks ator fe carte practice ad ran an set Ihe new upon . fndutty soabus. “The chapter wn sting thd + fort eae "insted commotion Have hee it, sn deurable. Met aatt Inve eided structures are deseibat ance The sats no at fone ‘we completely sewriten. whist saw set ot Headspace ae an NAVEEN CHOPRAy SECTION I-GHNERAL ! LIST OF PLATES ae ‘Sooo Ree ond See wate ae be eae UST OF PLATES” on. Tae SECTION 1 MERCHANT SHIP CONSTRUCTION MERCHANT SHIP CONSTRUCTION PARTI CLASSIICATION OF SHIPS Perpoes—To casure that ships are propery built, equipped and main: tained, 2 namber of ‘Classcation Socetir’ have been formed and have — *Undercuting.” which occrs whea « groove is burved inthe plate cose to the weld. It weakens the plate ata very dangeroas point. { _ i HANT SHIP “Poor Peston” can oa as ncomplete penetration’ ie weld met oes ntl the joint propery ao that gaps teen runs. Artin, leimey appear a ck offs’, wen the hat dot nor melt sfcent ofthe ‘Pie or of previous run, 40 hat the weld metal doe not bond propery with the orignal metal. ‘A Hollow weld profile mst be avoided, ai wil weaken the jit, The surice should always be cones hist the weld must be carried ight out and finshed square tits ena In Tjons the weld shoal, wherever poste, e-card right round the ead of un “Slag Inclsion’ oor i he slag isnot cleaned off the 09 of cach rn before the est one made i tars not done prope cain Saount of lag ny be le te Jolt “Blow hole’ are rounded holes formed by gues rapped inthe weld meta asitook. “Pipe are dongued har Sa te tame eae Welding of Alumiim—Aa inet gs-yten’ i ed for aluminiom, for hich the proceses wed for welding sel are aot suitable. For butts the plates are ved to betwee 75° and Haas backing bar is sully ached tothe underside. Argon gas Blown on tthe jot rough dus in the ‘eldng ead. A tongsten detode may be wed to prodace te ere which telt-down ap alvin rod el in an akin wire may bead ran etre. ‘ 26 ROOPPLETE PENETRATION: GENERAL TYPES OF SHIPS General oteThe spe ested in his etion and shows inte sich Si Sf Fa, The Spe pay te atered peace oon pe toa ee a raat dake py ares apo at ge Sak, wich eve ber tyes a8 ee Fs Deed Ships waste org pe in wich he per deck vas sho tc euand do Tce sed Sip—in teeny stamaipy, w fod mcs fo sae racer au‘ pe a a hide rang a aap wean Sg he yah redline po ted te ee home oe 23.1 Lee apae ae ge Shp—To sean cargo ocr, oe fhe weds, cine tet a a “The ‘Open Shelter Deck ship, in which the superstructure was not entirely ‘protected from the entry of sex-mater. Such sup coud nt load 40 ep) San ordinary ship ofthe sume depth (D) ‘The ‘Closed Shelter Dec” ship, in which the spertctute was made vatertight. This ship could load ore desply than an Open Sheer Deck ship of the same size, but not quite as dep as an ordinary Tallatength sip (ora Satin’ Ship. ‘Ships with Rained Quarter Decks—It was found tha in small crew ‘steamers the shaft tunnel took up such a large proportion ofthe spac i the iter holds, thatthe dip teemed by the bead Som is the aed at re fer the wk oF x ar ag ‘aed quarcr eck oot scm foday fa ae sie, tut al wed In fu such a cones | Fan OD A saa | ‘ _ TYPES. » (” MERCHANT SHIP CONSTRUCTION STRESSES AND STRAINS IN SHIPS Stress nnd Stiala—Stres is load pat oo & piece of material or on a strecture. Ifthe sires is excessive, the material may become perneaty ‘eformed and weakzoed and itis then sid to be ealned ‘Type of Stres-Stresses are clasifed according to the way in which “ensitesresses ty to pall the material apart. Compresive stresses ty to crush the Material, or to cause it to ‘Shearing stresses may be described asthe eflet of forces which ry ‘to shear material seross, or to make the component pats of 1 structure lide over each other, ‘Bending tenes are compound stresses produced by forces when they ‘uy bend & peo of materia ‘Siress Concetratons—Whea a section is under load, there wil sully be lage local increme of res near any notch, hole, of abrupt change of shape of the section. ‘This eel increas i elle “tess concentration and it may be as great a5 two or thee times the average sress sewer. Tt is usally at its worst where the edges of Bole or plate ae Tet jagged, or where square-comered holes are cutout of plates. It occurs to alse degree {in the region of round hole, oof holes with rounded corners, ‘Suress concentrations cam be dangerous. They may cause the stel 10 crack io their vicinity, paral in welded structures, even where. the ‘ormal stress would not be le enough to ease cracking. Itt therefore, Important to design the ship earful 0 that seas coneraaioes ve kept {o 4 minimam, to roand off and stengen the comers of opening, snd 10 Keep the edges of plates and hak smonth and fie from notches. Loagiteinal Bending Stremes—If a team of sider is beat, as shown ia Fig. |, the greatest tenale and compretve strccs oorar atthe top and bottom, “Somewhere between the ¢wo, there a ine called the ‘putea! hich these stenes cease to exist Shearing sree ar, however, last the top and botom end greatest ner the neotral xi For a more delet desiption of these ses, see Section V. + Stresses in Shpe—THese may be divided into two classes, ve — Sirucrat—alfecting the goer structure and shape ofthe ship, ‘ocol—afleting certain clits oly [A ship mast be built strougy enough to reset these streses, otherwise they may cause sain. It is therefore important that we should under ‘the principal oes and how they are cae ad resisted. Le STRAINS IN SHIPS. 2 “MERCHANT SHIP CONSTRUCTION Prisca Strectral Stremet—Hogsing and Sagsing; Racking; ee of water preature; and deydoching. . Principal Local Straser—Panting; Pounding; eect of Vocal weights an vibration Hogring and Sagging—These ae longitudinal beading seses, which may occur when a ship is ina seaway, or which may be eamed i loading ber, Fig. 2 shows how a ship may be hogged and Fig. 3 how she may be eae by the acsion of waves. When she i being loaded, t00 mach weight in the ends ‘= may cause her to hog. orf wo much weight is placed amidship, she may sng. ‘The dark lines in Fig. 4 show bow thee stresses are resisted. At the ‘bottom, al ongitadina workin the double bottom gives the noosa regi, ‘At the top, the deck srager aad sheererake are thickened, 20 at to make 3 ‘cong Leshaped ginder on ether side. Deck girder and oagitinal bul ‘ads also help to rss this stress In large ships, it may be nessa o we special steels for the sherstake and bige sakes” also further to strength ‘the ship by fitting longiradinal frames and beams in the bottom and under the steength deck. "The sresses are greatet amidships, so the srengh of the ‘avis mentioned is made greater amidships than atthe ends In long ships the sheiring steses which oscar near the neural axis also become an iperant problem. Ta such ships, it may be neosay to strengthen the hull at about the hal deph ofthe tip, a the neighbourhood of one-quarter ofthe length fom each ed [Racking—Fig. 5 shows how a ship may be “racket” by wave action, of ‘oy rolling in seaway. ‘The sess comes seiny om te corer of the sip, that i, onthe tank sie brackets and beam knees, which mst be made ston ‘enough (0 resist it Transverse bulkheads, web frames, or cantleer fami provide very great reasance to thi sree Effect of Water Pressare—Water pressure tends to pushin the sides and bottom of the ship. Tt is resided by bolkheads and by fees and Boors Fie. 9. 5 Paning Punting isan in and out motion ofthe plating i the bows of 1 ship and is caused by uoequal water pressure as the bow pases trough ‘succesive waves. Fig 7 dloseates Bow i i camod. It peas ia fe ‘bowed shiph. For the means adopied to elt, se ‘Peak Tass ‘Poundlng—When 2 ship i pitching, her bows often Lift char ofthe mater and then come down heavily, asshown in Fig- This is known appending’ ‘and occurs mos in ful-bowed ships It may cause damage to tr batom lating and firdervork between the coliion bulkhead and 2 poit about ‘Sueaquarter Of the ship's engi from the stem. For the srengthsing to ‘sist pounding, se ‘Cellar Double Botoms a ES AND STRAINS IN SHIPS: ‘reagihening is introdoet to rest ~ up byfocal weights in ship, suchas eagines. This s also dove where ‘mpotng extraordinary local srees ar expected tobe cared. Deydecking—I can be sen from Fig 9 that a ship, when in deydock ‘supported by the heel Blocks, will have a tendency to 19g atthe bigs. modern ships of medium sie, the callulr double bottom is usually ‘enough to resist hs stress without any frther strengthening when the ship light. Theres always a danger, however that such sagging may ocur i ‘ship has much weight onboard and, i this ease, bilge Blocks o shores sho ‘bese to prevent. Fortis reason, many modern deydcks use bilge block ss standard practi. | Vibeaten—Vitraton from engines propellers, tc tends 10 cause st inthe ater part of the ship. Tis ete by special sexing of the coll ‘double bottom under engine spaces and by local sifeing i he region oft ‘tem and air peak SYSTEMS OF CONSTRUCTION Geveral—Modern ships vary conideaby in the detail of their com ‘Agen odin othr a and type, But alone MS thre basi sytem of comocton, cnt Hehe Ne, me sate he min ats of ch system and ae Kept ss simples Purposes of comparton: ‘Detil f come Shatin ae deine eas Ae EAPO Tomer Sriem—Wooden sips wer always but on this sytem SERRE cle sce ames amet wet nocd Ws a SEE {epee 3 thatthe seam cok! be cated wa aa ny Pan bung egw al ecny. "This was party beau eye eld sod sere its purpose; and partly beats « turcelese ean Rot available for many yer that reasonable ansren Sil nee Gelils Sung the 3th century, but a had scrions Sees eee and none were generally adopted een mec ores ouieh BOTToR LONGITUDINAL SYSTEM u QO ba 30 ar £? é ae ‘SYSTEMS OF CONSTRUCTION—{Conthmed) Combination Syatent—This was introdvced to overcome the disadvantages of te longa re for dy aes shi, Tae nal frames are fetaned ithe bottom and under the trength deck, were they give Bret {eneidina!stength; but tranwerse frames are fied on the sip sly where ‘hellongitadinal stestes are smaller. Pate floors and heavy transverse beams fe fted at intervals to ‘pve tanstene strength and to support ie Tonga ‘This system was not widely used for riveted ships although 2 number ere but mths way, BoC came mere into we withthe coming of all-welded Ships This was partly becuse it was found that, if thee ships were bull ‘on the transverse stem, Unat dcks and bottom fended to corugae det ogsing sod sagging stress: wheres the longitudinal famee prevent his cil tankers and for tome other (pes of Bulk carrer, for which i has certain Sipht advantages Caaiever Framing Thi ig relly only a modifetion ofthe systems but i incoded here bose of special feaares ‘developed for some modern types f sip, which have wery Tong Fetchways. In hese ship, te to Ic lef of the deka and beams (6 ve the necestary sagt 4 rest fongitdinal and transverse $0 {he arength has © be made up mother ways “Transverse strength is matted by sing very trong hatch end beams wherever possible and by Stig special web frames, called “cantilevers at Frequent iterate abrest ofthe Bcchway Torotoolo oe ooo E ranwvene mons. acer acund 00'0.0[0,0,0,0,0 fi @ a 6 x 6 8 ele KEELS General—Har bess were the type fst used when shipbuilding changed {rom wood to ion. It was found tet they didnot provide suicea eng for large vessels as there was no direct connection between the Leland the floors “They a now only ted in certain pes of smal caf. The Gxt ate eal is the oder pe and iin ener we Bar Keels—The depth of the ba i from thre to ix times is with. {tis made ta leaps of frm 10 20 mores, jlaed by vera scarp, wich hhavea length of ie mes the thickness ofthe Lee. Flat Plate Kests—The kel pte may havea width of from | to 2 meres, 14 must be of ful thickness for thee ke of the length aradships, bt Be thiness may be gradually redoced towards the ends of the ship. “The centre gder is attached to the kel and inner bottom plating by continuous welds and mo scallops are permited in this connertoa. it ‘ually made watertight akhowgh tis isnot required by the Rules, between the two cour giles FLAT PLATE KEEL [Xt Miyake LN Wl tl NY ER ENN Ry ee aay FAS. ORNAMENT To LONGTUDINAL FRAMNG IN BOTTOM “ MERCHANT SHIP CONSTRUCTION . CELLULAR DOUBLE BOTTOMS—(Connued) [Margin Plates and Tank Side Brackets—The margin plate forms the outer edge of the double bottom and must be waterupht fa reted mayen plats: ini was aed by tng a cnnaoay an ng ewe ee td Ranga theo hat the iner boom plang cou ono itand Salted Racking stent to pal the tak se bakes Seay from the margin pate, so gusts were Bled atthe upper “corer to strengthen the ‘oaneetion at ths paint Later, it became common pace to At 8 marrow ontnuous plate i iu of the pct iste yt Sines ge tot ta tee coon ara a ae a ase SSeS Ste Seamer ed ce in au a oe net Soeer ow aed ok is ie wsdl ang 2s om tne areca te sags Seer an aa at nme Sot ees na Sete gti oe a eh see arte tle tinge dnt oc btm eg me veal ca edna tle besten Maes Segment, hn pom wee bec re seine tee sana oy mate cree it = tng tw he tows may be ie entor & iS it ee re meters eid eek i ates ince at tach, rab en a rl ees searing Sg lo Ee a oe ‘eset dae oe yng ea of sa i ey esata as At Siete. hans Weed Oe taa s aeae Sagi SUEY, ay taatas a a ‘or ovesete ARRANGEMENTS AT BILGE “s (CELLULAR DOUBLE BOTTOMS—(Conined) Precautions Against Pomding—Pounding sess are to be expected in the ship's bottom between peat 5% of the ships length abaft the tem and 2574 ofthe length abat th sem; of 307, in some cae. ‘Thi is oie Called the ‘Pounding Region’, andthe ship mist be stengibeeed here es falows' “The outer bottom plating covering the Bat ofthe bottom must be thickened, “The connections of the abel and inner bottom girderwork are made stronge. Tn transvercyframed bottoms, plate ors are Sted at every fame, ‘and are conneced to te outer bottom plating ty somtinuocs wes, Bir intercostal de pcr are be eso atthe Getance beta ‘Biders doce not excosd 22 mare, Further teresa sie prdcry of half the depth ofthe main ones, are to be Sted midway between te ner, Jn longitudioaly-amed bottoms, plate floors are fitted at alternate frames, lonptudinals may have to be eronge tan nora ‘must be not more than 21 mers apart. Passenger Shipe—Most passenger ships must be fed with a double bottoen as fllowst= Shigs of 90 t0 61 metres log: from the space to the clision set machinery Ships of 61 10.100 metres long: from peak bulkhead to peak buikbead, ‘excluding the machinery spaces PRECAUTIONS AGAINST POUNDING | 455) encuver sium consTRUcTION. FRAMES Riveted Fratmes—Theve have largely given way to welded frames in modern ships, although they are still ecaionally fied, even in otherwise allwelded ‘hips. “The sections most wid for thee are bulb angles and chanaes, Welded Frases—Flat bars, bull bars, or invered angles may be wed for thee. “They auay be atlached to shel plating by interment weds ot by ‘of favour because ‘a has some advantages, adds considerably 10 ‘he dices and cost of wertmancip if 1s propery done. Web Frame beat pte fae which ae not oormaly wad 2 ty but ae ed in ectun parts Oa tip to give foal reagih They ‘Jon Ue fited In enlonrocm al at every fur sae spe tome dks “hat the afer pea bullied. 'A modification of the we fame, calla ‘cantilever frame is usd in some: ypes of buk carer and deriv fo the chapler on nyems of ‘onstrtton Deep Framing—Is the name given to a stem ia which every fame is ‘made dxper and Stronger dan nora, ove @ ven efea of shell lang. © ‘provide eta local sen Frame Spacing—tn the rain body ofthe ship, the fame spacing may 00%, in gerd ekeeed 100 metres” Betncen the colison bale sts pat ‘neith ofthe ships length abl he sem, must not exceed 70 miler Speak uns vod ruse ers, t mux Bot ckeced 10 incre ‘Framing fa Trees Decks The main ten tits fl sie othe appet eck "Ateuately, the faming nthe een cs may comet ‘of ligt sions cap onto the mainframes at Show the fr of the ‘Nambering-—Frames are osuly numbered from aft to forward, frame No, Pbeing the Bet ove forward f the sterapos. "The fumes in riser eras re usualy letered from the serapos, a *” MERCHANT SHIP CONSTRUCTION BEAMS 4 tae a as erin ts: oe sie of the ship topeter and to support the deck again wate pressure sad wneioht of cargo. Longitdinal beams also contbue tothe kos eegtetion ‘Srength, Sections—Thote in general ue are welded fat bar, bull ars and inverted angle" T-bars and T-blbs may be ited wader wood decks H sco ned ‘various bil sections are used as rrong beams, ‘Tranverse Beams—The sie of traneverse beams is governed by their lnsupported span; the breadth ofthe ship; and, i some Cases by the Yad tthich the deck hast carry, The longitudinal ae comeced to the trantrese beam Oy by tat Bars similar to those ued in double bottoms ‘At bulkheads, the longitudinal may be cut ad backed tothe balked, 1s for bottom longitudtals; unk the ships more than 28 sen ee key ‘he longitudinale must be comtnaous, ‘At hatchways. the Tongitufinals are cot and attached to the hatch end teams by brackets ‘Stowe Beams-—These are often Sted in engine and boiler rooms: to ‘apport deck longitudinals: ox, sometime, as hatch end beams. Te’ hee words, sting beam isa spealy heavy Beam wh Red whe Okt local svength i required [Caniber—Is the curvature given to weather decks to enable them to shed ater Teen decks ere not usually Cambered “The standand canbe 1730: that i arise of 2 Cetimete foreach | mee of gtk of Sonne 2 Hams Tras eas which ci at ach ide conning are spe eat Wise ead te of te snk prone te ott a oy ls es te the eerie de Oy teas’ brackes (ee Named Piltag) Welding —Beams may te atisched to decks by intrmitent or continous filet welds or they may be wcallope inthe stne ay oh fase NEES BEAM PLATE BMACKET HEE er AT LoneuCW A, cea tcc tee Sed gt ie wag Ran etal Se oh bad Stns Py Recta scree tei str: fo «ire eran ep eras Wes eae mat WATERTIGHT BULKHEADS—(Contmud) Prating-—Pating may be Stet either vertically or horizontally, but i is wualy fitted oraaotally, es this allows of « beter uaduation of teks ‘The thickness may be gradueted, increasing from the top downward It 4s governed in each stake bythe spacing and length of the sllenes and the ‘pth of the stake below the top ofthe Platig i after peak bulkbeads must be doubled or thickened around the stern tube fo Feit wbrtion. fon the actual length of the sine Imctres apart, exept in collson the spacing 1s to be 60 centimetres. Shed forthe mest cuted to ‘wl Tage bnckets must be aged Hf Ge {he bottom, an ext oor amt be Sted Stnepers a calsioa bulkheads and on baleheads forming tank bones ‘must be bracket the head nd foot i sieners ar eu fr watertight door, et, the opening must be famed strongly aod ust bave vert, upesed vob pak, coding wel show ‘pent. fied oo each ae Slifeers in the way of deck pide ae and Se atached to the per by BULKHEAD DETAILS (WATERTIGHT BULKHEADS—(Contnued) Boundariee—Rivetod bulkheads are atachod to the sll plating, decks sod inner bottom by sgl angle bre, keg! utente oma commen mayb a y wen Pasing Tongs Beiends—Where rough bulbheads, they acer bendy sus or bo ‘oe ey ths an Nosy eepeiccticaic © o ” MEREHANT SHiP CONSTRUCTION®. - SYSTEMS OF PILLARING GeyeralPilr ae inten to spp the deck above them and to tc ce rast the Bove. ord Selon" Tye cy he gS oye beam sacs apart so msn io H's deka, ring fe [nda ane! the beam fo spre Wlemetine Sas ndeary Pilars—These ae oi round tre or tue of een 60 sulics tn 150 lets ner "Pey ae way fed dae Seams: witb a "Sct Pua af eh Ailships orga bad one ow of orton pls at he eine as ine Beat larger the par wee ade are fon ws ae Sed ‘rdimay pis have now been sper a sem by mas pile ing, bata sil found i sme parts Of shee te So ay ae Quarter Piers—The lrpe number of ordinary pias required ia ‘obsticed the holds. This obstrucion was reduced by fing ya ‘of erger pila, spaced further and Bited a he quar loc oa Beco there ee lore tart por bern pla the Sc Tne we mae heavier end came to be ellod 3 “dec Bde from the quater pilars by icesaing Ui si ald spacing al Tee, ‘The deck des have to be made Nery song, teceme thee heyy Unsupported span, "Massed planing ty be Red ie eum in theh cae he ans oom 2p = ies ase ete titer made ex bey Midae Live Longtoinal Butbesds— Pata oogteioal bulkheads Ue ie ae cnet fa no lan, The caren ws that of ordinary tansvene buiheade: exept end ot be weit Sd tht the fenrs need only be not me han 1 war mary PLLA. eure, ‘tS OF tex OnoR PILLARING 2, °° MBReaaNT sine constavCnON SEE [MASSED PILLARING Pinrs—These re wail forme of pate othe round, tt at ome Sie of low square sae, or Bak pt sags or ae bas Deck Ginder—The deck pier usually consis ofan intercostal plate the Lower edge of whch maybe sind by Bunge y et or cad thio angler by equivalent wed scout. ‘Sie —The ize of pls nd eck gree Gepende onthe work they have {0,40 thet bythe gts nd with Of deck sapporcd ty than nd by ‘Sigh of the tween den above fem Ine ce ples her ag iS taken ino comideraon beige ts ang under the hee of mused "The heals of the piles should Fest, ‘possible, on the interecuon af a Boor aad exiting imreoal girder in ihe Foon.” I hits impossble exraitecostalprdereork must nrodoced {0 imerset the oor wader the ilar PILLARS “ ieencuiter sur cONTRGTION MASSED PILLARING™-(Conined) ring of Deck Gire—Plte gies are well dl to the desk ve Tene do beams if Sea doe gh he pide he ide ha ge tng on ower ogee ape baad Every second beam sel se cs ade eae sa TES pcre dele Sn apey ac eae So both lee forth tea At Ime WB eke ‘he beams ae Sched tote derby Ba ban yes we ie tat face ct Ss ond traces ch ued fo te nee Loghaaly SO s aae Scarce apa ss oe for team Deus Gio ec gr ad, To mai sabe aiteal y eled fess on then Cees PET MA DECK GIRDERS cy “MERCHANT SiliP CONSTRUCTION HATCHWAYS: ee rind tt ny Seas aa et afore See iene teem Gracin snimuserccssss SoLag Share seckiGaoems ne ‘These weakness mst be ompented for or they ight be dangeea TS Sees Senin remem uS Cinig sua emits Gemmperoep ct ming ged erent on soem ibe mac Wipe da eal See Site ap ay raat al oe cena eet ie aati omes acer aera aces tea ipa eee Seen om a cette agers aie serertr, omer ee Tt ot Ce gon ett es te sll Sree Sree rte eee, Tea operas er Src ats wey within ‘one-quarter ofthe ship's eagih from the stem on supertracture deck ‘otto ogee phcormennae an ee! gir ca, creed Shaeresmas winrar ee Shes HATCHWAYS. HATCHWAYS a ‘MERCHANT suiP Cont HATOHWAYS—(Cominued) Welded batch coamings may have rounded comes, 20 8810 ‘closely inside the deck opening, but this snot common becaue it fs en ‘ica to ft hatcrcovers "A common aleraative is oft epaings, I his i dove pin ESR aa eli i cy oe sci mt 5k plating mnt be extended faethe comlag 2 that an Be round ot Sind i epes must be smooth and tant ot have anything welded to then Below the deck, the deck Grr may be ited inne with the sid coamings 1 ls not doe anf the ae eoumngs cannot be exten stow ee ec, f0 beyond the hatch end then shor peor of grr mst be Bed to = HATCHWAYS Seg ROE sascha Hatt Beane Transverse beams inthe may of the side conmings re cut atthe later and ae called “half beams Tf the side oumings form part of the deck girder, the balf beams are {gph oem y weit bar and by backs here teas a or ‘pede. the side conming doesnot form pat ofthe deck gr, he connection is by direct welding; wales the deck der is at some distance fromm the ‘onming, when beaks maybe ited between the two. Leogtndinl Beane at Coumiogy—If longitudinal beams are fed under the deck they nf xt he bach nod couming ad atsched to by brackets BEAMS AT HATCH COAMINGS. 7 ion, ‘SHELL AND DECK PLATING eoma_Seas, ‘Ege Las ar ons which ran fore and af; hat is along the longer edges of the plates Batis, of “End Lap, ace joints which run athwartahips, o vetaly; ‘hati along the shorter ees ofthe plates. ‘Strakes are continuous, fore and af linc of plates. GGarboard stakes are the srakes of shel plating next tothe keel on either side (le the “A Stake). = ‘SELL DPR ~ OTARCATED SHELL AND DECK PLATING | SHELL PLATING ep on ee oe Ps feo me som fe re catia ; tos Pa a se aa, see SHELL AND DECK PLATING {Coninued) } SYSTEMS OF PLATING : {al-peneraton filet weld. Akernatively, o reduce the rick of eres tthe sheestrake, the eoaoection may be made by means ofa fed linger angle or by a rounded sheriake, but welded to the dec singer Sind having radius Of not lew than TS tines the Uicknes ofthe ple consguenge. Iti much les Hesy to sprad across © riveted seam, To ‘prevent eny cracks froma in welded sh a Font ikey to occur may have hte sams via, insted of wee for abost {he hallength amidships. Sech teams are called ‘crack ares { i i eth iy anon etn UeSac ancl scebsctual eck art Wane beige or ape | oe an Ping Phne Sid ee | Soyont te halegt anit, cack arora ote wid | penenvert came, the tiestion Tig sating 1 weting bag dea wah howe ia eer sce the plates at teal the joint ‘Shit of Dats—Riveted bets are wenker than the plates which they join together. Iti, therfore, necessary to stagger them well ay from’ cack ‘ther fo adjacent strakes of plating, 40 ws to avoid Hine of weaken srouad {he ship's ul. "Tie staggesig is Enown as the sit of but and Xen be sey earflly controled i rte ships ‘Welded butts are very mach stronger than riveted ones 10 the shih of ‘buns is not very important in this cas The bots are Geren, ly i | uy. SHELL AND DECK PLATING ; ea i eg re cua ee sonata case i saeoete ae area tiara ease inset Sec ng nt ct Siig hero ee sides of the : ‘Deck plating is thinnes than sormal Wikia the Hae of the atch; ‘wat the plating in ween docks Gromer than at of upper deck * MERCHANT SiP CONSTRUCTION SHEATHED DECKS AND WOOD DECKS Wood decks are not very strong and to ‘They are, however, sometine wed im very small ships of are tac for ight secks, sch as boat decks and bridges, in sgr vena Pimking—For both sheated and wood deck, the pasking it uuly of pine ott as np at tt ae ni ee re ge ae rome St Sees oe Bees SESS eee eee MY wimkt SHFATHFN & \aaAn neewe 2 MERCHANT SHIP CONSTRUCTION BILGE KEELS. Purpone—Bilge kels are intended to rset rolling, Their eflets are ‘compes, But may be sutumssed as fellows’ (2) Diet resi alge kee and water has ” (o) Ding estas betwen ie comparative (©) They slighty increase the ship's period of to (©) They pet the transverse srcamlines of the ship's bull and this set-up eddycurrent and- increase the ‘wavesmahing ‘estan’ (The increase wae press ve 8 large aes of he tps ll {nd is pres acinich tren amp he lo esion Fortis proton, bg tc soul aay be artgel to lc wine te of the ai et ht ofthe btn he Bot Hf they wee fo roe! beyond tse lint hey woul be moe late damape Construction Rigs ks ae someines ripped of, hovers ae the ar postion te Sp whee proved” impr Snes ‘eso that ths happens he Sips sel pig wl eu ac welded, so that wil part before the connection vo the hal, Alero’, the ei ay bated oe alc wei aad cen wallop engi, 20 that the wells wil part comparatively easly sod ill ‘uodamaged file enh water when oecenary. Tue permite args amount of balla {2 te carve, without unduly fomating the Cente of gray ofthe ship. Such & oid ealee'# Deep Tank In certain trades, it has bern found convict to wile deep tank for stems olga xen fro el ener fn ther dey te Sormally, but tobe wed ar waar taste where sp BGG Oniaary Deep Tanks Wien a deep tak ited for cxgnal upon, Reka ties ny et held “tat owe {Dmewkatmedifed to entieto cay eae bls. 7 walt must be ed at he eee, to rege ie sual. Dulkhead stifleness must be spaped not more than GOO milictes apart and must be bracketed atthe head aad fot. Beams may be normal, provided that thei si & not fess than that of te bubtheadstifeners "They must be soppoted by an tteroval per On ‘ther side ofthe entre Une Where the deck edge mee 2 completely watertight joint sirocton, the frames wsaly paw throug te seid EES palg ny be Foye Shalopiy wedi, shown We etch WATERTIGHT JOINTS AT TANK-TOP a DEEP TANKS—(Contineed) brackets. ”They are sopporid at each nd ate attached to introdate fame or sifleners. ‘A midale line balhead mast be ft if the tank extends for the full ‘breadth of the ship.” ‘This maybe perforgtod if deurca Ligh intrcotal stringers re ted toa tn line withthe horizontal ged i ‘he later ae ited i the ‘Quarcertne girders mie be Sted at by deepening the ordinary dea pre. Deep Tanks fr 08 2s Carge—Deep tanks may “avenge of oll erg, ‘that ls ch point is bot fs than this ese, the nk may be contracted inthe ne bunkers, except that a centred bulkhead ood not be ted vale the ak ‘sale only 10 be pay Be aedane Fat od, veal ol, and water, oot be cared in ste ay ws Ne mya em ch tery ca [Testing Dep tanks ae test by filing them with water tothe maximum ‘nad wich can come on thems practice; provid tet this not ea te 244 metres above the tak tp. a DEEP TANKS axe ve | E re pum rh LIU mmeense meee DEEP TANK FOR OI FUEL { PEAKS AND PANTING ARRANGEMENTS. Geveral—Peaks are chow parts ofthe ship's hull which are forvard of the collision Bulkhead’ (the fore peaks or abut the after peak bulead, fexclging the overhang of the stem (the after peat) They are usually con ‘ced go that ter lower part forms tak, wich i known as Peak tank case ee gr eae tral ee ht ‘Sully becomes 20 narrow dat Special strengthening i rue in peaks 10 panting sresies Peak Tanks—When peaks are rues forthe constracion of erdnay (Groers are not fequied to be Sted, whist only a wah pate need be fied st The centre line. They are tested inthe same ways dep tanks i § i i i a ‘Hinges, similar to ordinary dee stingers ae lad on cach Uer of beams “fen he it Reon ech beam a the ner ie fhe ing he "Be res AND PANTING ARRANGEMENTS ~ PEAKS Bar Stems The original and simplest form of stm, now largely soper- ‘ded bythe plate stem. It consns of rectangular. forged sel er oa Sa oe cs nd we sb i ups ten “There are several mehode of comneting «bar stem to 8 (Ove very commen method tae ck &, f I Pate Stems—The upper prt of «pate Lover down, where the Sem becomes harper cfg se ie red hp wi I wee ae oe Pac ae on treed ‘on 10 length of rowad bat of tee, emeen them. “Alternatively, the pave em in We sketch, No stom bar ited sod ofthe kes pat. Whee the sem is very sharp way met be posse se ‘end the pte to shape andthe to Sk Bitewelded together othe cate hee : i i i a i centre sien ules Bore—In tes, 4. sath “Somnath tab forming a Und of ram bow. Sheet tet to improve “The forward ies atachede ot Gate constanise it ofthe plies is lage, Hey sso be oeremary to Bt some form of eral the = bi - oO Lu Ee < ad a “The weight ofthe rudder maybe taken by a bearing pial, or by bearing he oder bead, or bya combination of bet, le Plate Radders—The framework of these may be a casting oF it ‘be bail up of welded plates, wih plating on eer side" Mos madera are of iste and tre ually seared. Thcy say be unbalanced, ‘th thr whole arth abut the rader stock: or banc, with pat of ther Ue forward of the stock S C0 DOUBLE PLATE RUDDERS. | ‘The transom flor must have the same depth as the floors inthe. double bottom, bat must be aigily thick Ordinary Steras—These wor often called ‘Counter’ of ‘Eiptical’ ster. [Aone time they wefe used amex excel) in meet ship, Bat they have ‘ow been superseded by the Grer Stern of Transom Str, and are witelly brolte for large vse Ordinary stems had a system of “Cant Framing’ which rdited out from the transom in meh the me may as the spokes f 4 whed ‘The cat frames were attached tothe transom Ror by backs whist the fore fof the cant bears were agped to the tansoet bean, Crucr Ster—Have 1 oydem of ordinary tranavere framing which supported by an itreostal inert the contre ‘oubied, jut abaft the transom foo, to slow the redder stock to pas, humber of cant frames” are Sted abit the seme transverse rae. “The frames are to be ofthe sme sian os bulb angle fenines in pnts rd are to exiend tthe strength dec The frame pacing i ot Yo exceed ‘fo maimeres ‘Where esta strength isremired, web frames may be reuied sa also aa logit pda pp em, YB ‘Transom Strm—This is sina to a eraser stern, exept thatthe framing a the after end i omiied and ia replaced Oy 5 ot pat, coed 8 Radi Tri ten foro one centre scrote dex soon Seba efater. eke : vsually formed by ‘hort ofthe after peak Plating end Stifenere—The tunnel plating is supported by Hat bar, oF ball bar siifenes, whic are usually placed over eact floor. “The plating ts ‘thickened slighty inthe way f atcha to geard gaint damage when

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