AC Machines

Induction Motor: So called because voltage is induced in the rotor (thus no

need for brushes), but for this to happen, the rotor must rotate at a lower
speed than the magnetic field to allow for the existance of an induced
voltage. Therefore a new term is needed to describe the induction motor:
the slip.
• Synchronous Motor: So called because rotor tries to line up
with the rotating magnetic field in the stator. It has the stator of an
induction motor, and the rotor of a dc motor.

Induction motors
Advantages : Simple and rugged design, low-cost, low maintenance and direct connection
to an AC power source are the main .
Speed of an Induction Motor
The magnetic field created in the stator rotates at a synchronous speed (NS).

The magnetic field produced in the rotor because of the induced voltage is
alternating in nature.
To reduce the relative speed, with respect to the stator, the rotor starts running
in the same direction as that of the stator flux and tries to catch up with the
rotating flux.
However, the rotor never succeeds in “catching up” to the stator field. The rotor
runs slower than the speed of the stator field. This speed is called the Base
Speed (Nb).
The difference between NS and Nb is called the slip.
The slip varies with the load. An increase in load will cause the rotor to slow
down or increase slip.
A decrease in load will cause the rotor to speed up or decrease slip.
The slip is expressed as a percentage and can be

TYPES OF AC INDUCTION MOTORS: Single-phase induction motor Three-phase

induction motor.

This type of motor has only one stator winding (main winding) and operates with a single-phase power
supply. In all single-phase induction motors, the rotor is the squirrel cage type.
  When the motor is connected to a single-phase power supply, the main winding carries an
alternating current.
 This current produces a pulsating magnetic field. Due to induction, the rotor is energized.
 As the main magnetic field is pulsating, the torque necessary for the motor rotation is not
generated.
 This will cause the rotor to vibrate, but not to rotate.

The starting mechanism of the single-phase induction motor is mainly an additional stator winding
(start/ auxiliary winding) The start winding can have a series capacitor and/or a centrifugal
switch.

Split-Phase AC Induction Motor

The split-phase motor is also known as an induction start/induction run motor. It has two
windings: a start and a main winding. The start winding is made with smaller gauge wire and
fewer turns, relative to the main winding to create more resistance, thus putting the start
winding’s field at a different angle than that of the main winding which causes the motor to start
rotating. The main winding, which is of a heavier wire, keeps the motor running the rest of the
time.

THREE-PHASE AC INDUCTION MOTOR

They are classified either as squirrel cage or wound-rotor motors

 In this type a cooper or aluminium bars are placed in slots cut in the
laminated iron rotor core.
 This type of rotor has no external connections which means that
slip rings and brushes are not needed.
While the stator is the same as that of the squirrel cage motor, it has a set of windings on the rotor which
are not short-circuited, but are terminated to a set of slip rings. However, no power is applied to the slip
rings. Their sole purpose is to allow resistance to be placed in series with the rotor windings while starting.
This resistance is shorted out once the motor is started to make the rotor look electrically like the squirrel
cage counterpart.

Function of Starter
 Start and stop the motor.
 Limit inrush current where necessary.
 Permit automatic control when required
 Protect motor and other connected equipments from over voltage, no voltage,
under voltage, single phasing etc.

Types of Starter for 3-Ph InductIon motorS

 For slip-ring induction motors: Rotor rheostat starter
 For squirrel cage induction motors: D.O.L starter, Primary resistance starter,
Auto transformer starter, Star delta starter
 Other starters: Soft starters

StartIng of Slip rIng InductIon: add external resistance in rotor phases as

wound rotor has 3-phase star connected winding to limit the starting high
current.

In rotor resistance starter the three terminals of the rotor winding are connected to a variable
external resistances through slip rings.
Full supply voltage is applied across the stator. Resistances are fully in the circuit at starting
,so that the starting current is reduced. The external variable resistance connected in each
phase of the rotor circuit not only reduce the current at starting but increases the starting torque
also due to improvement in power factor.
The rotor circuit resistance is gradually cut out , as the motor speeds up and during normal
running condition ,the rotor circuit resistance is completely cut out and the slip rings are
short circuited.

Direct on line starter

 A Starter Which Connects A Motor Directly Across The Line Is Called
D.O.L. Starter.
It Consist - START Button,- OFF Button,- Electromagnetic Contector - Overload
Relay
Switching By This Starter Is Directly From Line Without Any Provision To Control The Starting
Current i.e. There Is No Device To Reduce The Starting Current In This Starter.

Operation of DOL starter

1) When START Button Is Pressed

 When Start(s1) Button is pressed, Path is L1 - S2 - S1 – C – OL - L2
 Coil C Is Energized ,It Closes Contacts M And Connects The Motor
Across The Line.
 Maintaining Contact M(a) Is Used To Keep The Holding Or
Operating Coil Energized After The Finger Is Removed From
START Push Button (S1).

2) When OFF Button Is Pressed

 When OFF(s2) Button is pressed, Path is Disconnected.
 Coil C Is De-Energized, The Main Contacts M Are Opened.
 Supply To Motor Is Disconnected And Motor Stops.
Basically There Are Two Types Of Protection In This Type
of Starter
Under Voltage Protection and Overload Protection

Under Voltage Protection :When Supply Voltage Is Not Sufficient Or There Is

Failure Of Power Supply , The Coil C Is De-Energized And Motor Will Be
Disconnected.

Overload Protection
 The Motor Is Protected Against Overload By A Thermal Overload Relay
Which Open Circuits the Control Circuit When Overload occure.
 The Normally Closed Contacts O.L Is Opened And The Contactor Coil C
is De-Energized To Disconnect The Motor From The Supply.
 Rate Of Temperature Is Very High So Motor May Be Damaged If The
Starting Period Is large. Which May Be Due To Excessive Load Or
Excessive Voltage Drop In The Supply Lines.
 Primary resistance starter : primary resistance are connected in
all the three phase of the stator winding, as a result the applied
voltage across the stator winding at the instant of starting in
reduced to a fraction x of the rated voltage of the motor. Therefore
the initial high starting current will also reduce by the same
fraction. Note: This method is suitable for starting of small machines only

Stepper motors are brushless, synchronous electromechanical devices that

convert electrical pulses into mechanical movement.
 A stator and rotor utilize magnetic fields to rotate.
 A single coil carries current at one time, causing the magnetic rotor to
align itself with the generated magnetic field.
 Each coil is turned on and off in response to the pulse supplied to
stepper motor.
 The pulse frequency determines the speed of rotor rotation.
 The number of teeth determines the angle of rotation.
 As the number of teeth increases, so does the rotor accuracy.
 This design results in an open loop system, so a complicated feedback
loop is unnecessary (Stepper Motors).
Applications: printers, CD ROM’s etc .

Speed Control Methods

Stepper motors operate based on input. As seen in Figure II below, speed
and current are directly proportional to each other.

By placing a resistor in series with the motor, the supplied current limited.
V=I*R.

Gearboxes
 This method requires a stepper motor to connect through an intermediate
gearbox.
The properties of gear ratios allow for this method.
Gear Ratio= Output gear # teeth / Input gear # teeth. The output
speed is given by the equation Output Speed = (Input Speed)/(Gear Ration).
Motor Torque x gear ratio = torque at the wheel

The chart may be summarized by saying if a smaller gear is driving a larger

one, the larger gear will output more torque but move slower. In the alternative
case, a larger gear driving a smaller one will result in a faster spinning, but less
torque output.

Voltage Regulation