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Abstract—In this study, a comparison was made between Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations to
experimental and numerical analysis results using the investigate dam-break flow in 2D and 3D [9,10].
classical dam-break test case over dry bed. DualSPHysics Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method is one of
software based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics the most commonly used numerical methods in Hydraulics.
(SPH) method was used to make the numerical analysis. The method has become popular recently. It was developed
Experimental data were obtained from Kocaman [1]’s to investigate the astrophysics cases at the middle of the
laboratory setup through image processing technique. It 1970s [11].
was observed that the numerical and experimental results SPH method is still developing and it is frequently used in
are in good agreement. the modelling of various engineering problems such as
Keywords— Dam-Break, SPH, Flood Wave, Experimental hydraulic [12,13], structural dynamics [14] and solid
Study. mechanics [15]. One of the common software used to model
the problems is DualSPHysics. This freeware software is
I. INTRODUCTION used to study free-surface flow phenomena where Eulerian
Dams can be built to supply potable water, generate methods can be difficult to apply, such as dam-breaks,
electricity and control flood. Since the massive volume of sloshing, wave impacts on off-shore structures [16-17].
water may be found upstream, the dams pose risks for the In this study, the numerical and experimental results were
residential areas located downstream. In case dam-break compared for the dam-break flow over a dry bed at initial
case, the massive volume of water can create a flood and stages. The comparison was made through water surface
this can cause many losses of life and property. The flood profile curves. The numerical results were obtained from
caused by the dam-break is more destructive than a rain the SPH method, whereas experimental results were
induced flood. Agricultural and settlement areas are often determined using image processing technique.
those that have experienced floods caused by dam-breaks in
the past. Investigating the dam-break problem scientifically II. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP AND NUMERICAL
is remarkable due to insufficient data of the eventuated MODEL
dam-break cases. This and this kind of study aims at 2.1. Experimental Set-up
combining experimental data and numeric analysis to The experimental studies were carried out at Civil
predict the areas that will be affected by the flood and Engineering Hydraulics Laboratory of the Cukurova
contribute to the improvement of the early warning systems. University, Turkey. The test setup was conducted by
Due to difficulties in obtaining real case-data, and although Kocaman [1]. Experimental studies were performed in a
the hydraulic problems are large scale in the field, the data rectangular channel. Lateral and bottom surfaces are glass.
of the numerical analysis can be validated through small- Dimensions of the channel are 8.90 m x 0.3 m x 0.35 m
scale experimental studies [2-5]. Most of the early (length, width, height, respectively). The plate representing
numerical studies used Shallow Water Equations (SWE) to the dam was placed at 4.65 m from the channel entrance and
describe dam-break wave propagation [6-8]. Due to recent this part was considered as a reservoir. The water depth in
developments in computer power, it is possible to widely the reservoir was taken 0.25 m. A red dye was added into
use numerical methods based on Computational Fluid the reservoir to better determine the free surface levels from
Dynamics (CFD). Some researchers used SWE and recorded images. The downstream side of the channel is
kept dry at the beginning of the experiment. The mechanism
where, mb and ρb are the mass and the density of the particle
b respectively.
The accuracy of an SPH analysis depends on the kernel
function. The function is defined as q=r/h. Here, r is the
distance between two particles and q is the dimensionless
ratio. The definition of the Wendland kernel used in this
Fig.1: Test setup and dam-break mechanism [18] study is given in Equation 4:
𝑞 4
𝑊(𝑟, ℎ) = 𝛼𝐷 (1 − ) (2𝑞 + 1) (4)
2
Experimental results were obtained through image
processing technique. Three adjacent cameras were where αD value is 7/4πh2 for 2D analysis while, 21/16πh3 for
simultaneously used to record the experiment. The recorded the 3D analysis.
videos were calibrated to obtain the water surface profiles. In the SPH formulation, the Navier-Stokes equations are
The cameras are JVC c920e with acquisition rate 25 frames solved based on the assumption of weakly compressible
per second and resolution 752x586 pixels. A complete fluid [20]. Momentum equation is used to define the
description of the experimental setup and measurement acceleration for an “a” particle with interaction of the
techniques can also be seen in Ozmen-Cagatay and neighboring particles:
Kocaman [9-18]. 𝑑𝑣𝑎 𝑃𝑏 +𝑃𝑎 1
= − ∑ 𝑚𝑏 ( + 𝛱𝑎𝑏 ) 𝛻 𝛻𝑎 𝑊𝑎𝑏 + 𝑔 (5)
𝑑𝑡 𝑏 𝑃𝑏 −𝑃𝑎 𝜌
2.2. Numerical Model
Dual SPHysics is a numerical model based on the SPH where, v is velocity, P is pressure, g is the gravity and Wab is
method. This software is capable to study real engineering kernel function. Πab is a term based on the artificial
problems by using graphical processing units (GPU) [16]. viscosity created by Monaghan [20]
In this model, fluid, boundary and solid bodies are Since the mass of the particles is constant, the conservation
represented with particles. The interaction of the of mass or continuity equation is used to measure the
neighboring particles depends on the distance between the density variations:
particles. A kernel function (W) defines to calculate the 𝑑𝜌𝑎
= ∑𝑏 𝑚𝑏 𝑣𝑎𝑏 . ∇𝑎 𝑊𝑎𝑏 (6)
𝑑𝑡
interaction, which is affected by smoothing length (h). A
particle is involved in an interaction with the particles
The relationship between pressure and density is given by
located in a circular area, which size depends on the
the Tait’s equation of state, shown in Equation 7 [21]:
smoothing length. There is no interaction between particles 𝛾
𝜌
placed out of the circular area. Physical quantities such as 𝑃 = 𝑏( ) −1 (7)
𝜌0
pressure, location, density, velocity etc. are calculated 𝑏= 𝑐02 𝜌0 /𝛾 (8)
through interpolation depending on the smoothing length.
The numeric foundation of the SPH are based on the where γ = 7 and ρ0 = 1000 kg/m3.
Figure 3 shows the comparison between the computed free Reducing the distance of the particles causes an increase in
surface profiles using the SPH and the experimental data at the number of the particles. For this reason, solving abilities
different times. The flow depths h and horizontal distances x of the computer becomes insufficient. High-performance
were non-dimensionalized by the initial water depth h0. computing (HPC) needs to be analyzed for the numerical
Similarly, time t was multiplied by (g/h0)1/2 to obtain model with a large amount of particles. However, GPU
dimensionless time. A good agreement is observed between accelerated computing gives advantages to the SPH method
the measured and SPH-computed free surface profiles at all compared to other CFD based numerical methods.
times. However, the wave-front velocities determined by DualSPHysics has the GPU option which provides a higher
the SPH model are always higher than experiment except at computing power than CPU in order to accelerate SPH
very early stage (T=1.13). simulation with low cost. In this study, runtime of the
It was observed that slight changing of some parameters problem took 556 s for 1.5 simulation time by using
(number of the particles, distance of the particles, artificial Geforce GTX 580 card with 3GB RAM. It was also
viscosity, smoothing length etc.) have remarkable effects on considered that the variations of the parameters should be
the numerical results. Especially, the particle resolution in investigated in further studies by using different
the SPH has a great impact on the accuracy and stability. experimental data having obstacles, wave impacts, etc.
1.0
0.8 SPH
h/h0 0.6
Experiment
0.4
0.2 T = 1.13
0.0
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x/h0
1.0
0.8 SPH
0.6
h/h0
Experiment
0.4
0.2 T = 2.76
0.0
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x/h0
1.0
0.8 SPH
0.6
h/h0
Experiment
0.4
0.2 T = 3.88
0.0
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x/h0
1.0
0.8 SPH
0.6
h/h0
Experiment
0.4
0.2 T = 5.01
0.0
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x/h0
1.0
0.8 SPH
0.6
h/h0
Experiment
0.4
0.2 T = 6.64
0.0
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x/h0
IV. CONCLUSIONS velocities of the SPH model is higher than the experimental
In this study, the flood wave resulted from dam-break one.
phenomenon over a dry bed at initial stages was examined Since the results are in good agreement, it can be concluded
by comparing the SPH based numerical model with that DualSPHysics based on the SPH method can be
experimental one. A very good agreement was observed for utilizable and useable to analyze the chaotic hydraulic
free surface profiles. However, it was found that wave-front problem such as dam-break. However, in order to be able to