ISC

SOLVED PAPER 2017

Fully Solved (Questions-Answers)

Issued by Council for the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education

General Instructions
1. Answers to this paper must be written on the paper provided separately.
2. You will not be allowed to write during the first 15 min.
3. This time is to be spent in reading the question paper.
4. The time given at the head of this paper is the time allowed for writing the answers.
5. Section I is compulsory. Attempt any four questions from Section II.
6. The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets [ ].

Section I [40 Marks]

1. A. Choose the correct alternative (a), (b), (c) or (d) for each of the questions given
below
(i) The electrostatic potential energy of two point charges, 1 µC each, placed 1
metre apart in air is
(a) 9 × 103 J (b) 9 × 109 J
−3
(c) 9 × 10 J (d) 9 × 10− 3 eV
(ii) A wire of resistance R is cut into n equal parts. These parts are then
connected in parallel with each other. The equivalent resistance of the
combination is
(a) nR (b) R / n
(c) n / R 2 (d) R / n 2
(iii) Magnetic susceptibility of platinum is 0.0001. Its relative permeability is
(a) 1.0000 (b) 0.9999
(c) 1.0001 (d) 0
(iv) When a light wave travels from air to glass
(a) its wavelength decreases.
(b) its wavelength increases.
(c) there is no change in wavelength
(d) its frequency decreases.
 (v) A radioactive substance decays to 1/16th of its initial mass in 40 days. The
half life of the substance, in days, is
(a) 20 (b) 10
(c) 5 (d) 2.5

B. Answer all questions given below briefly and to the point

(i) Maximum torque acting on an electric dipole of moment 3 × 10− 29 cm in a
uniform electric field E is 6 × 10− 25 Nm. Find E .
(ii) What is meant by drift speed of free electrons?
(iii) On which conservation principle is Kirchhoff’s Second Law of electrical
networks based?
(iv) Calculate magnetic flux density of the magnetic field at the centre of a
circular coil of 50 turns, having radius of 0.5 m and carrying a current of 5 A.
(v) An AC generator generates an emf ε where ε = 314 sin(50πt ) volt. Calculate
the frequency of the emf ε.
(vi) With what type of source of light are cylindrical wave fronts associated?
(vii) How is fringe width of an interference pattern in Young’s double slit
experiment affected if the two slits are brought closer to each other?
(viii) In a regular prism, what is the relation between angle of incidence and
angle of emergence when it is in the minimum deviation position?
(ix) A converging lens of focal length 40 cm is kept in contact with a diverging
lens of focal length 30 cm. Find the local length of the combination.
(x) How can the spherical aberration produced by a lens be minimised?
(xi) Calculate the momentum of a photon of energy 6 × 10− 19 J.
(xii) According to Bohr, ‘Angular momentum of an orbiting electron is
quantised’. What is meant by this statement?
(xiii) Why nuclear fusion reaction is also called thermo-nuclear reaction?
(xiv) What is the minimum energy which a gamma ray photon must possess in
order to produce electron-positron pair?
(xv) Show the variation of voltage with time, for a digital signal.

Section II [40 Marks]

Answer ten questions in this part, choosing four questions from Section A, three
questions from Section B and three questions from Section C.

2. (a) Show that electric potential at a point P, at a distance r from a fixed point
charge Q, is given by
 1 Q
V =  .
 4 πε 0  r
(b) Intensity of electric field at a perpendicular distance of 0.5 m from an
infinitely long line charge having linear charge density (λ) is 3.6 × 103
Vm− 1. Find the value of λ.

3. (a) Three capacitors C 1 = 3 µm, C 2 = 6µm and C 3 = 10µF are connected to a 50 V

battery as shown in the Figure 1 below
 C1 C2

3µF 6µF
A B
C3

10µF

50 V

Calculate
(i) The equivalent capacitance of the circuit between points A and B.
(ii) The charge on C 1.
(b) Two resistors R 1 = 60 Ω and R 2 = 90 Ω are connected in parallel. If electric
power consumed by the resistor R 1 is 15 W, calculate the power consumed
by the resistor R 2 .

4. (a) Figure 2 below shows two resistors R 1 and R 2 connected to a battery having
an emf of 40V and negligible internal resistance. A voltmeter having a
resistance of 300 Ω is used to measure potential difference across R 1. Find
the reading of the voltmeter.
40 V

R1 R2

200 Ω 880 Ω

(b) A moving coil galvanometer has a coil of resistance 59 Ω, It shows a full

scale deflection for a current of 50 mA. How will you convert it to an
ammeter having a range of 0 to 3A?

5. (a) In a meter bridge circuit, resistance in the left hand gap is 2 Ω and an
unknown resistance X is in the right hand gap as shown in Figure 3 below.
The null point is found to be 40 cm from the left end of the wire. What
resistance should be connected to X so that the new null point is 50 cm
from the left end of the wire?
2Ω X

(R)

0 cm 40 cm 100 cm

1
(b) The horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field at a place is times
3
the vertical component. Determine the angle of dip at that place.

6. (a) Using Ampere’s circuital law, obtain an expression for the magnetic flux
density B at a point X at a perpendicular distance r from a long current
carrying conductor. (Statement of the law is not required).
 (b) PQ is a long straight conductor carrying a current of 3A as shown in Figure 4
below. An electron moves with a velocity of 2 × 107 ms− 1 parallel to it. Find
the force acting on the electron.
P

3A electron

0.6 m

7. (a) (i) AB and CD are two parallel conductors kept 1 m apart and connected by
a resistance R of 6 Ω, as shown in Figure 5 below. They are placed in a
magnetic field B = 3 × 10− 2 T which is perpendicular to the plane of the
conductors and directed into the paper. A wire MN is placed over AB
and CD and then made to slide with a velocity 2 ms− 1. (Neglect the
resistance of AB, CD and MN .)

A M B

R 1m

C N D

Calculate the induced current flowing through the resistor R.

(ii) In an ideal transformer, an output of 66 kV is required when an input
voltage of 220 V is available. If the primary has 300 turns, how many
turns should the secondary have?
(b) In a series L-C-R circuit, obtain an expression for the resonant frequency.

Section B [40 Marks]

Answer any three questions

8. (a) (i) State any one property which is common to all electromagnetic
waves.
(ii) Arrange the following electromagnetic waves in increasing order of
their frequencies (i.e. begin with the lowest frequency):
Visible light, γ-rays, X-rays, micro waves, radio waves, infrared
radiations and ultraviolet radiations.
(b) (i) What is meant by diffraction of light?
(ii) In Fraunhoffer diffraction, what kind of source of light is used and
where is it situated?

9. (a) In Young’s double slit experiment using monochromatic light of

wavelength 600 nm, 5th bright fringe is at a distance of 0.48 mm from the
centre of the pattern. If the screen is at a distance of 80 cm from the plane
of the two slits, calculate
(i) Distance between the two slits.
 (ii) Fringe width, i.e. fringe separation.
(b) (i) State Brewster’s law.
(ii) Find Brewster’s angle for a transparent liquid having refractive index
1.5.

10. (a) Find critical angle for glass and water pair, given refractive index of glass is
1.62 and that of water is 1.33.
(b) Starting with an expression for refraction at a single spherical surface,
obtain Lens Maker’s Formula.

11. (a) A compound microscope consists of two convex lenses of focal length 2 cm
and 5 cm. When an object is kept at a distance of 2.1 cm from the objective,
a virtual and magnified image is formed 25 cm from the eye piece. Calculate
the magnifying power of the microscope.
(b) (i) What is meant by resolving power of a telescope?
(ii) State any method of increasing the resolving power of an
astronomical telescope.

Section C [40 Marks]

Answer any three questions

12. (a) (i) Plot a labelled graph of |Vs | where Vs is stopping potential versus
frequency f of the incident radiation.
(ii) State how will you use this graph to determine the value of Planck’s
constant.
(b) (i) Find the de-Broglie wavelength of electrons moving with a speed of
7 × 106 ms − 1.
(ii) Describe in brief what is observed when moving electrons are allowed
to fall on a thin graphite film and the emergent beam falls on a
fluorescent screen.

13. (a) Draw energy level diagram for hydrogen atom, showing first four energy
levels corresponding to n = 1, 2, 3 and 4. Show transitions responsible for
(i) Absorption spectrum of Lyman series.
(ii) Emission spectrum of Balmer series.
(b) (i) Find maximum frequency of X-rays produced by an X-ray tube
operating at a tube potential of 66kV.
(ii) State any one difference between characteristic X-rays and
continuous X-rays.

14. (a) Obtain a relation between half life of a radioactive substance and decay
constant (λ ).
20
(b) Calculate mass defect and binding energy per nucleon of 10 Ne, given
20
Mass of 10 Ne = 19.992397 u
1
Mass of 1 H = 1.007825 u

Mass of 10 n = 1.008665 u

15. (a) With reference to a semi-conductor diode, what is meant by

(i) Forward bias (ii) Reverse bias
(iii) Depletion region
 (b) Draw a diagram to show how NAND gates can be combined to obtain an OR
gate. (Truth table is not required).
Useful Constants and Relations
1. Charge of a proton (e) . × 10 − 19 C
= 16
2. Planck’s constant (h) . × 10 − 34 Js
= 66
3. Mass of an electron (m) = 9.1 × 10 − 31 kg
4. Permittivity of vacuum (ε0 ) . × 10 − 12 Fm − 1
= 885
5.  1  = 9 × 10 9 mF− 1
 
 4 πε0 

6. Permeability of vacuum (µ 0 ) = 4 π × 10 − 7 Hm − 1
7. µ0  = 1 × 10 − 7 Hm − 1
 
 4π 

8. Speed of light in vacuum (c) = 3 × 10 8 ms− 1

9. Unified atomic mass unit (u) = 931 MeV
10. Electron volt (1eV) . × 10 − 19 J
= 16

Answer s
1. A.(i) The electric potential energy of two point But as we know
n
charges 1 µC each, placed, metre apart in 1
N = N 0  
air is  2
1 q q where, n is the number of half lives.
U= . 1 2
4 πε 0 r12 n
1
= N 0  
N0
∴
10 −6
× 10 −6
16  2
= 9 × 109 ×
1  1
4
1
n
⇒   =  
= 9 × 109 × 10− 12  2  2
= 9 × 10− 3 J ⇒ n =4
(ii) The equivalent resistance of the Half-life period
combination is Time of disintegration
=
1 1 1 No. of half lives
= + + ...
R eq R R 40 days
Half life period =
n n 4
1
= + + ... = n  
n n n = 10 days
R eq R R  R
B. (i) Torque, τ = 3 × 10− 29 cm
R p = 6 × 10− 25 Nm
R eq = 2
n
τ = p × E = pE sin θ
(iii) Magnetic susceptibility of platinum For maximum value θ = 90°
χ m = 00001
. τ = pE
Relative Permeability µ r = 1 + χ m 3 × 10− 29 = 6 × 10− 25 × E
= 1 + 00001
. = 10001
. 3 × 10− 29
⇒ E = = 0.5 × 10− 29 + 25
(iv) (a) Its wavelength decreases because 6 × 10− 25
they are related by the formula
= 0.5 × 10− 4 N/C
λ
µ = vac (ii) Refer Q. 17 (i) (a) → Page 51 (ch-5) Code
λ med
F263
λ air
here, µ = eE
λ glass Insert Average drift velocity, v d = τ
m
As radioactivity ∝ number of atoms v d = τ = average relaxation time
present E = electric field
N e = charge on electron
N= 0 …(i)
16
 (iii) Kirchoff’s second law of electrical 1 1
= −
networks is passed on the law of 40 30
conservation of energy. Because the net 3 −4 1
= =−
change in energy of a charge, after the 120 120
charge complete a closed path must be f = − 120cm
zero. It means that in any closed path of 120
an electrical circuit, the algebric sum of =− = − 1.2 m
100
the emfs is equal to the algebric sum of
(x) Refer Page-208 ch-17 (Refraction of
the products of resistances and currents
light) (topic-3) code F263
flowing through them.
(xi) As we know,
(iv) Magnetic flux φ = ∫ B. dA
momentum of photon = mc
for maximum value φ = BA and according to Planck’s quantum
Given, I = 5A hc
theory, energy of the photon is E =
n = 50 turns λ
r = 0.5 m hc
⇒ λ=
φ E
B=
A According to the question,

B= 0
µ 2 πIn E = 6 × 10− 19 J
4π r hc
λ= …(i)
4 π × 10− 7 2 × 3.14 × 5 × 50 6 × 10− 19
= .
4π 0.5 According to Einstan’s theory of
= 3.14 × 10− 4 T mass-energy equivalence,
(v) In AC generator ε = 314 sin(50πt )V E = mc 2 …(ii)
h
Frequency is 50π because mc =
λ
ε = ε 0 sin ωt,
mc = momentum of photon
where ε 0 = peak value of AC
Now, substituting value of h and λ
ω = angular frequency
h
ε = voltage at any time t mc =
hc
(vi) Refer Ch 13 (Page 161) Code F263 6 × 10− 19
Cylindrical wave front → Source of light
h × 6 × 10− 19
is linear. =
hc
(vii) According to Young’s
double slit
6 × 10− 19
Dλ =
experiment, fringe width β = 3 × 108
d
where, D = distance between slit and = 2 × 10− 27 kgms− 1
screen (xii) According to Bohr, ‘angular momentum
d = distance between two slits of an orbiting electron is quantised’ - it
If d decreases, i.e. distance between two means of all the possible circular orbits,
slits decreases, β will increase. the electrons are permitted to circulate
only in those orbits in which the angular
(viii) Refer Pg-199 ch-17 Topic-2
momentum of an electron is an integral
till δ = i1 + i2 − A h
multiple of , h being Planck’s
where, i1 = angle of incidence 2π
i2 = angle of emergence constant. Therefore, for any permitted
A = angle of the prism. orbit,
nh
(ix) focal length of convex lens, L = mvr = , n = 1, 2, 3, ...
2π
f1 = 40 cm
where L, m and v are the angular
Focal length of the concave lens,
momentum, mass and the speed of the
f2 = − 30 cm.
electrons, r is the radius of the
(ix) Hence the focal length of the permitted orbit and n is positive integer
combination will be called principal quantum number.
1 1 1
= + Thus, the angular momentum of the
f f1 f2
orbiting electron is quantised, has
1 1 nh
= + certain value .
40 − 30 2π
 (xiii) To carry nuclear fusion in a bulk r r 1 Q
W = ∫ − Fdx = ∫ − dx
material, the temperature of the ∞ ∞ 4 πε 0 x2
6
material has to be raised to 10 K . A r
Q r −2 Q  − 1
high temperature is necessary for the
=−
4 πε 0 ∫∞ x dx = −
4 πε 0  x  ∞
light nuclei to have sufficient kinetic
Q 1 1 1
Q x − 2 dx = − 
4 πε 0  r ∞   ∫
energy so that they can overcome their = −
x 
mutual coulombic repulsion and come
closer than the range of nuclear force. Q
W= …(iii)
Colliding nuclei should have enough 4 πε 0 r
energy due to their thermal motion and From the definition of electric
can penetrate the coulomb barrier. potential, this work is equal to the
That’s why nuclear fusion reaction is potential at point P.
also known as thermo - nuclear  1 Q
Q
reaction as it involves lot of heat. V= =  …(iv)
4 πε 0 r  4 πε 0  r
(xiv) γ-rays are neutral photons of
electromagnetic nature. After an α- or (b) By applying Gauss’s theorem, electric
β- decay, the daughter nuclei is usually field due to an infinitely long straight
left in the excited state. It attains the charged wire is,
ground state by single or successive 1 λ
E = .
transitions by emitting one or more 2 πε 0 r
photons. As these energies of the order 1
where = 2 × 9 × 109 mF − 1
of MeV. 2 πε 0
(xv) Refer Pg-338 (Ch-30) Ist graph λ =linear charge density = ?
r = 0.5 m
E = 3.6 × 103 Vm − 1
Part-II 3.6 × 103 =
2 × 9 × 109 × λ
2. (a) Let P be the point at a distance r from 0.5
the origin O at which the electric 3.6 × 103 × 0.5
λ=
potential due to charge +Q is required. 2 × 9 × 109
+Q +1C = 10− 7 cm − 1
O P B A E ∞
3. (a) (i)
r
dx
C1 C2
x

3µF 6µF
The electric potential at a point P is the
amount of work done in carrying a unit C3
positive charge from ∞ to P.
10µF
As, work done is independent of the
path, we choose a convenient path
along the radial direction from infinity 50 V
to the point P without acceleration.
Let A be an intermediate point on this From the above figure, as C 1 and C 2
path where OA = x. are connected in series,
The electrostatic force on a unit positive 1 1 1
hence = +
charge A is given by C eq C 1 C 2
1 Q 1 1 1
F= , along OA …(i) = +
4 πε 0 x2 C eq 3 6
Small work done in moving the charge C eq = 2µF
through a distance dx from A to B is Now, C eq is in parallel with C 1 and C 2 ,
given by
hence equivalent capacitance of the
dW = F. dx = Fdx cos 180° = − Fdx circuit between points A and B will be
[Qcos 180° = − 1] 10 + 2 = 12 µF
dW = − Fdx …(ii) q
(ii) The charge on C 1 =
Total work done in moving a unit V
positive charge from ∞ to the point P is q = C 1V = 3 × 50 = 150 C
given by
 (b) According to the formula,
60 Ω  Ig 
S = G
I − I 
R1  g

90 Ω G = 59 Ω

R2 I g = 50 mA = 50 × 10− 3 A
I = 3A
∴Shunt resistance
50 V IgG 50 × 10− 3 × 59
S= =
I − I g (3 − 50 × 10− 3 )
Equivalent resistance of the circuit = R eq 50 × 59 50 × 59 × 20
1 1 1 = = =1Ω
= + 59 1000 × 59
R eq R 1 R2 1000 ×
20
1 1 3+2 5 Hence, to convert galvanometer into
= + = =
60 90 180 180 ammeter, a shunt of 1 Ω is connected in
R eq = 36Ω parallel with the galvanometer.
Now, given P1 = 15 W 5. (a)
R 1 = 60Ω
2Ω X
V2
Hence applying P1 =
R1 (R)
2
V = P1 R 1 = 15 × 60
G
V 2 = 900
V = 900 = 30 V 0 cm 40 cm 100 cm
Same V is applied for both R 1 and R2 ,
V2 (30)2
Total Power P Total = =
R eq 36
30 × 30 Applying the condition of balanced
= = 25 W wheatstone bridge,
36
R l
Hence, P2 (Power consumed by =
X 100 − l
resistance R2 ) = P Total − P1
= 25 − 15 = 10 W According to the question, R = 2Ω
X =?
4. (a)
l = 40 cm
40 V
2 40
=
X 100 − 40
2 40
=
R1 R2 X 60
2 × 60
200 Ω 880 Ω ⇒ X= =3Ω
40

V The equivalent resistance of 3 Ω and 5 Ω

300 Ω
3S
in parallel is Ω
3+S
Total current = I
S
According to Ohm’s law
V = IR 2Ω 3Ω
 Rs = R 1 + R2  X
40  = 200 + 880
V
I= =
R 1080  
 = 1080 Ω 
1
= A
27
Now, for R 1 , PdV = IR 1
1
= × 200 = 7.40 V
27
Again applying the condition of
(b) R = 59 Ω balanced Wheatstone bridge,
 2 50 dφ
⇒ = =1 The emf induced in the coil, e = −
3S 50 dt
3+S e =−
d (BA)
3S dt
⇒ 2=
3+S A = area of the loop = l × x
d (Bl × x) dx
⇒ 2 (3 + S ) = 3 S e =− = − Bl = − Blv
dt dt
⇒ 6 + 2 S = 3S
= − 3 × 10 − 2 × 1 × 2 = − 6 × 10 − 2 V
⇒ 3S − 2 S = 6
−2
⇒ S =6Ω e 6 × 10
Current,I = = = 10 − 2 = 0.01 A
R 6
(b) Let Bv = component of Earth’s magnetic
field (ii) According to the question,
δ = angle of dip N P = 300 turns (turns of prime of)

B H = Horizontal component of earth’s N S = ? (turns of secondary)

magnetic field. VS > VP because VS = 66 kV
According to the question, VP = 220 V
Bv = 3 B H VS N S 66 × 1000 N S
Hence, = ⇒ =
Bv 3 BH VP N P 220 300
Using tan δ = = = 3 = tan 75 °
BH BH 66 × 1000 × 300
⇒ NS =
220
δ = 75 °
= 9 × 10 4 turns
6. (a) Refer Page-99 (Ch-8)
= 90000 turns
Ampere’s circuital law along with
(b) Refer page-137, 138 (ch-11)
diagram
Alternating current Series L-C-R circuit
(b) P (page-137)

3A
electron
0.6 m Section-B
8. (a) (i) One property which is common to all
electromagnetic waves is as follows.
Q The energy associated with the EM
From the given figure, if we have to waves is equally divided between
calculate force on a long straight electric and magnetic field.
conductor. Energy density of electric frield,
(b) Force acting on the electron 1
ue = ε 0 E 2
2
F = qvB
Energy density of magnetic field,
Due to wire, the field created is
1 B2
µ I µ0 × 3 uB =
B= 0 = 2 µ0
2 πR 2 × π × 0.6
So, the total energy per unit volume is
4 π × 10− 7 × 3 × 10
= = 10− 6 T given as, u = u e + u B
2 × π × 0.6
1 1 B2
= ε 0E 2 +
F = Bqv 2 2 µ0
Now, F = 1.6 × 10− 19 × 2 × 107 × 10− 6 Also, the average energy density is,
16 B 2
= × 10− 19 × 2 × 107 × 10− 6 u av =
1
ε 0 E 02 = 0
10 2 2µ0
= 16 × 2 × 10− 19 + 6 − 6
(ii) Electromagnetic waves in increasing
F = 32 × 10− 19 N order of their frequencies are as
follows. (3 × 103 to 3 × 108 Hz)
7. (a) (i) Given, B = 3 × 10− 2 T
Radio waves < Micro waves < Infrared
MN = BD = 1 m (according to the
(4 × 10 14 Hz → 8 × 10 14 Hz )
figure)
v = 2 ms − 1 radiations < Visible light < Ultraviolet
radiations < X -rays < Gamma rays
(5 × 10 18 − 5 × 1022 Hz )
 (b) (i) The phenomenon of bending of light π
Since, iB + r =
around the edges or the sharp corners 2
and then spreading of light within the From Snell’s law,
geometrical shadow of opaque sin iB sin iB
µ= =
obstacles is called diffraction of light. π
sin r sin  − iB 
Diffraction is more prominent when 2 
slit width a is smaller than sin iB
wavelength (λ) of light (a < λ). = = tan iB
cos iB
Refer (ch-15) Diffraction of light.
∴ µ = tan iB
(ii) Fraunhofer diffraction This is Brewster’ law.
In this type of diffraction, the source
(ii) Here, refractive index, µ = 1.5
of light is not necessary to be
iB = ?
monochromatic or white light but the
expression calculated for the central From Brewster’ law,
maxima and minima, we considered it tan iB = µ = 1.5
to be monochromatic. And the source ∴ iB = tan − 1 (1.5) = 56.3 °
of light is being placed at large
distance from the screen i.e. 10. (a) Given,
effectively at infinity. Nature of the refractive index of glass is µ g = 1.62
wave front is planar. A converging lens
refractive index of water is, µw = 1.33
is used to observe diffraction pattern.
From Snell’s law of refraction,
9. (a) Given, sin i µw
=
wavelength, λ = 600 nm = 600 × 10− 9 m sin r µ g
5 th bright fringe observed at distance, ⇒ For the critical for glass-water pair,
x = 048
. mm = 048 . × 10− 3 m r = 90°
Distance between screen and slits, sin iC 1.33
⇒ =
D = 80 cm sin 90° 1.62
= 80 × 10− 2 m. ⇒ sin iC = 0.820
(i) Distance between two slits, ⇒ iC = sin − 1 (0.820) = 55.08 °
th
n bright fringe is observed at, (b) Lens Maker’s Formula
nDλ
xn = A
d N1 N2
⇒0.48 × 10 − 3
5 × 80 × 10 − 2 × 600 × 10 − 9 O B D
=
d
u v
5 × 80 × 10 − 2 × 600 × 10 − 9 C
⇒d = (a)
0.48 × 10 − 3
−3
A
= 5 × 10 m N1
(ii) Fringe width i.e. fringe separation i
Dλ r1
I1
It is given by, β = C1
d O B
R1
80 × 10 − 2 × 600 × 10 − 9
= = 9.6 × 10 − 5 m n1 n2
5 × 10 − 3
C
(b) (i) When an unpolarised light is
(b)
incident on the boundary between
two transparent media, the reflected A
light is polarised with its electric
field vector perpendicular to the i2 r2
plane of incidence when the
N2
reflected and refracted rays make a
right angle with each other. C2 D I I1
Thus, when reflected wave is R2
n2 n1
perpendicular to the refracted wave,
the reflected wave is a totally polarised
(c) C
wave. The angle of incidence in this
case is called Brewster’s angle iB .
 The above figure shows the image The resolving power of a telescope is
formation by a convex lens. defined as the reciprocal of the
Applying the equation for spherical smallest angular separation between
refracting surface to the first interface two distant objects whose images are
ABC, we obtain to be seen separately.
n1 n n − n1 S1
+ 2 = 2 …(i)
OB BI 1 BC 1 Objective
of telescope
A similar procedure applied to the S2
dθ
second interface ADC gives,
n n n − n1
− 2 + 1 = 2 …(ii)
DI 1 DI DC 2
For a thin lens, BI 1 = DI 1
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we obtain 1 D
Resolving power = =
n1 n1  1 1  dθ 1.22 λ
+ = (n2 − n 1 )  +  …(iii)
OB DI  BC 1 DC 2  Resolving power depends on (i)
Suppose the object is at infinity i.e. wavelength λ,

OB → ∞ and DI → f (ii) diameter of the objective D.

Eq. (iii) can be written as (iii) to increase the resolving power of an
n1  1 1  astronomical telescope, we need to
= (n2 − n 1 )  +  …(iv) increase the numerical aperture of
f  BC 1 DC 2 
the objective.
The point where image of an object
placed at infinity is formed is called the
focus (f) of the lens and the distance f
gives its focal length. A lens has two Section-C
foci, F and F ′ on either side of it by sign
12. (i) When moving electrons are allowed to
convention.
fall on a thin graphite film, then the
BC 1 = R 1 electrons from the graphite film will be
or DC 2 = − R2 knocked out, after gaining sufficient
Therefore, Eq. (iv) can be written as energy from the collision with the
1  1 1  n2  moving electrons and then this beam of
= (1 n2 − 1)  −  Q 1 n2 =  …(v) emergent electrons falls on the
f  R 1 R2   n1 
fluorescent screen, due to which visible
Eq. (v) is known as the Lens Maker’ radiation will be produced from the
formula. screen (i.e. fluorescence), helping in
identifying that emission of electrons
11. (a) Here,
had been started from the thin film.
f0 = 2 cm, fe = 5 cm, u0 = 2.1 cm,
(ii) Emission spectrum of Balmer series In
v e = 25 cm, v 0 = ?
Balmer series, the electrons jumps from
For the objective lens, any outer orbit to the second orbit.
1 1 1
= − n=4
f0 v 0 u0
1 1 1 1  1  n=3
⇒ = + = + 
v 0 f0 u0 2  − 2 .1
1 0.1 n=2
⇒ = Balmor series
v 0 4.2
⇒ v 0 = 42 cm n=1
Now, magnification i.e. magnifying
power of the microscope,
n=0
v0  D  42  25
M= 1 +  =  1 +  = 20(6) = 120
u0  fe  2.1  5
Emission spectrum for Balmer series
(b) (i) Resolving Power of a Telescope from energy level diagram.
13. (a) (i) Absorption spectrum of Lyman = 10 × (1007825
. + 1008665
. )
series In Lyman series, the electrons = 2 × 2 .01649 u = 20.1649 u
jumps from outer orbit to first orbit. Mass Defect
So, its absorption spectrum will be
∆m = 20.1649 − 19.992397 = 0.172503 u
n=4
Total binding energy = 0.172503 × 931
n=3 = 160.600293 MeV
160.600293
E b per nucleon =
n=2 20
= 8.03001465 MeV/nucleon
n=1 15. (a) Refer page 316, 317 During formation of
p-n junction, two important process
occur namely diffusion and drift. Due to
n=0 the concentration gradient across p and
Absorption spectrum for Lyman n-sides, holes diffuse from p-side to
series. n-side (p → n) and electrons diffuse
from n-side to p-side (n→ p). The
(ii)
diffused charge carriers combine with
(b) (i) Given, their counterpart in the vicinity of
potential, V = 66 kV. junction and neutralise each other.
So, the minimum wavelength Electron diffusion
Electron drift
corresponding to maximum frequency
is,
hc 1242 p
λ min = = = 18.8 × 10 − 3 nm n
N 66 × 10 3

= 18.8 × 10 − 12 m
Depletion region
C Hole diffusion
So, maximum frequency, v max = Hole drift
λ min
Depletion region in p-n junction
3 × 10 8
= = 0.15 × 1020 Hz
18.8 × 10 − 12 Thus, in the vicinity of the junction,
19 negative charge (in the form of fixed
= 1.5 × 10 Hz
acceptor ions) on the p-side and
(ii) Continuous X-rays are those rays positive charge (in the form of fixed
which comes out when an inner donor ions) on the n-side.
electron is being knocked out, by the This sets up a potential difference
collision with an atom of target across the junction, which stops further
material. In continuous X-ray, the diffusion when it become strong. The
intensity varies gradually. region on either side of junction which
But, when an electron suppose from a becomes depleted (free) of the mobile
K shell is being knocked out, then a charge carrier is called depletion
vacancy is being created. To fill this layer/depletion region.
vacancy, an electron jumps from Depletion region it is free from mobile
another orbit. When such transition charge carriers at equilibrium. The
takes place the energy is converted width of depletion region is of the order
and released in the form of photon of 10−6 m. The potential difference
and hence, the rays released are developed across the depletion region is
known as characteristic X -rays. In called the potential barrier. Due to the
characteristic X -rays, at certain positive space charge region on n-side
wavelength at which intensity and negative space charge region on
becomes very large. p-side of the junction, an electric field
is setup from + ve charge to negative
14. (a) Refer page 295, 296 (ch-24) code F263
20
charge. Motion of charge carriers due to
(b) In a nucleus of 10 Ne this electric field is called drift.
No. of protons = 10 Forward Biasing
No. of neutrons = 20 − 10 = 10 A junction is said to be forward biased
Total mass of 10 protons and 10 when the positive terminal of the
neutrons = 10 mp + 10 mn external battery is connected to the
= 10(mp + mn ) p -side and negative terminal to the
n-side of the diode. As, the direction of p-side of the diode. As, the direction of
applied voltage is opposite to the built applied voltage is in same direction of
in potential or barrier potential, built in potential or barrier potential of,
therefore depletion layer decreases. therefore depletion layer decreases..
Junction Junction
Hole p-region n-region Electron Hole p-region n-region Electron

+ Ei – + –
Ei

E E

+ – – +

Battery (Forward Biased) Battery (Reverse Biased)

The current in this situation of reverse
The current in this situation of forward biasing is very small due to minority
biasing is called forward current and is charge carriers and flows across the
constituted by the motion of majority junction. This current is called reverse
charge carriers across the junction. In current. It offers high resistance.
forward bias, the junction diode offers
(b)
low resistance. A
Reverse Biasing B X
A junction diode is said to be reverse
biased when the positive terminal of
P is NAND, Q is OR gate.
the external battery is connected to the
n-side and negative terminal to the