GTL S13 Undrained Analysis

PLAXIS Standard Course Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor
May 14-16,2007
GTL
Modeling
Undrained Behavior
presented by:
GOUW Tjie-Liong, Ir., M.Eng, ChFC

Senior Geotechnical Consultant
Email : gouw2007@gmail.com
Source of Lecture Notes:

Gioacchino (Cino) Viggiani
Helmut Schweiger
Ronald Brinkgreve
PLAXIS BV
PLAXIS FINITE ELEMENT CODE FOR SOIL AND ROCK ANALYSES
Contents
GTL
• drained / undrained (conditions and analysis )

• drained / undrained soil behavior
– typical results from drained and undrained triaxial tests
– Skempton's parametersA and B
• modeling undrained behavior with Plaxis

– three methods
– effective stress analysis: how does it actually work
• influence of constitutive model and parameters

– influence of dilatancy
– undrained behavior with Mohr-CoulombModel
– undrained behavior with Hardening Soil Model
• summary
Presented by GOUW Tjie-Liong 1

May 14-16,2007
Drained and Undrained Analysis

GTL
in undrained conditions, excess pore pressures are built up

∆u ≠ 0, ∆σ ≠ ∆σ'
in drained conditions, no excess pore pressures are built up

∆u = 0, ∆σ = ∆σ'
• drained analysis appropriate when

– permeability is high
– rate of loading is low
– short term behavior is not of interest for problem considered
• undrained analysis appropriate when

– permeability is low and rate of loading is high
– short term behavior has to be assessed
An Example (Deep Excavations)

GTL
Suggestion by Vermeer & Meier (1998)
T < 0.10 (U < 10%) à undrained analysis

T > 0.40 (U > 70%) à drained analysis
k = permeability
Eoed = stiffness in 1-d compression
k E oed γw = unit weight of water
T= t D = drainage length
?w D2
t = construction time
T = dimensionless time factor
U = degree of consolidation

May 14-16,2007
Triaxial Test (NC soils) – drained/undrained

GTL
drained undrained
Triaxial Test (OC soils) – drained/undrained

GTL
drained undrained

May 14-16,2007
Stress Paths in Undrained Triaxial Test – NC/OC

GTL
Skempton’s Parameters A and B

GTL
Skempton 1954: ∆pw = B [∆σ 3 + A(∆σ 1 − ∆σ 3 )]
- fully saturated soil

- no inflow / outflow of pore water
- bulk modulus of soil grains is considered to be very high
- isotropic linear elastic material behavior (Hooke´s law)
∆ε vol , skeleton = ∆εvol , pore water

∆p ' K' =
E´
∆ ε vol , skeleton = 3(1 − 2ν´ )
K'
n ∆pw
∆ε vol, pore water =
Kw

May 14-16,2007

GTL
in standard triaxial compression: ∆σ1 ; ∆σ 2 = ∆σ 3
∆ε vol , skeleton = ∆εvol , pore water
∆σ1 + 2∆ σ 3 − 3∆pw K w
∆p w = ⋅
3K' n
 
∆σ + (∆σ1 − ∆σ 3 )
1 1
∆pw =
nK'  3 3 
1+
Kw
∆pw = B [∆σ 3 + A (∆σ 1 − ∆σ 3 )]

1
B= 1
with nK ' A=
1+ 3
Kw

GTL
a few notes on parameters A and B:
– for Kw large compared to K', parameter B ~ 1.0

(corresponds to ∆p w = ∆p > ∆p' = 0)
– small amount of air (lack of saturation) reduces
parameter B significantly (see next figure)
– "parameter" A depends on stress path: for a given

model, it cannot be determined a priori but is a result
of the model behavior for the stress path followed

May 14-16,2007
Dependence of Parameter B on Degree of Saturation

GTL
Modeling Undrained Behavior with PLAXIS

GTL
method A (analysis in terms of effective stresses):

type of material behaviour: undrained
effective strength parameters c', ϕ', ψ'
effective stiffness parameters E50', ν'
method B (analysis in terms of effective stresses):

type of material behaviour: undrained
total strength parameters c = cu, ϕ = 0, ψ = 0
effective stiffness parameters E50', ν'
method C (analysis in terms of total stresses):

type of material behaviour: drained
total strength parameters c = cu, ϕ = 0, ψ = 0
total stiffness parameters Eu, νu = 0.495

May 14-16,2007
FE Modeling of Undrained Behavior (method A)

GTL
• Both changes in σ' and u are considered

• Constitutive equations are formulated in terms of σ'
principle of effective stress à ∆σ = ∆σ '+ ∆σ f

with ∆σ f = [∆pw ∆p w ∆p w 0 0 0 ]T
since the strains are the same in each phase,
∆σ = D ∆ε
∆σ ' = D ' ∆ε D = D '+ D f
∆σ f = D f ∆ε pore fluid stiffness, related to the
bulk modulus of pore fluid Kf
13 03 Kf
Df = Ke Ke ≅
03 03 n
FE Modeling of Undrained Behavior (method A)

GTL
all the above (which is valid for any soil for which the principle
of effective stress applies) can be easily combined with the FEM
• instead of specifying the components of D, specify D'‚ and Ke
D = D '+ D f then same as in the drained case

• when calculating stresses,
∆p f = K e ∆ε v
∆σ = ∆σ '+ ∆σ f
∆σ ' = D ' ∆ε
a value must be set for Ke
the pore-fluid is assigned a bulk modulus that is substantially

larger than that of the soil skeleton (which ensures that during
undrained loading the volumetric strains are very small)

May 14-16,2007
What PLAXIS does

GTL
PLAXIS automatically adds stiffness of water when undrained

material type is chosen using the following approximation:
Kw Eu 2 G (1 + ν u )
K total = K ' + = =
n 3(1 − 2 νu ) 3(1 − 2ν u )
E' (1 + ν u )
K total = assuming νu = 0.495
3(1 − 2 ν u ) (1 + ν')
Notes:
• this procedure gives reasonable B-values only for ν' < 0.35 !
• real value of Kw/n ~ 1•10 6 kPa (for n = 0.5)
• in Version 8 B-value can be entered explicitely for undrained materials
Two Numerical examples

GTL
Example 1:
E' = 3 000 kPa, ν' = 0.3, νu = 0.495

→ K' = 2 500 kPa, Ktotal = 115 000 kPa → Kw /n = 112 500 kPa
1
B= = 0.978 fair value for saturated soil
nK '
1+
Kw
Example 2:
E' = 3 000 kPa, ν' = 0.45, νu = 0.495

→ K' = 10 000 kPa, Ktotal = 103 103 kPa → Kw /n = 93 103 kPa
B = 0.903 poor value for saturated soil

May 14-16,2007
Influence of Constitutive Model

GTL
simulation of undrained triaxial compression test – MC / HS model - q vs ε1
300
275
250
225
200
175
q [kN/m ]
2
150
125
100
75
MC non dil
50 MC dil
HS_1 non dil
25 HS_1 dil
0
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
ε 1 [%]

GTL
simulation of undrained triaxial compression test – MC / HS model - q vs p'

300
275 MC non dil

MC dil
250 HS_1 non dil
HS_1 dil
225 total stress path
200
175
q [kN/m ]
2
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
0.00 25.00 50.00 75.00 100.00 125.00 150.00 175.00 200.00 225.00 250.00
2
p' [kN/m ]

May 14-16,2007

GTL
simulation of undrained triaxial compression test – MC / HS model - ∆p w vs ε1

100
90 MC non dil
MC dil
80
HS_1 non dil
excess pore pressure [kN/m ]
2
70 HS_1 dil
60
50
40
30
20
10
-10
-20
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
ε 1 [%]

GTL
simulation of undrained triaxial compression test – MC / HS model - A vs ε1
1.0
0.9 MC non dil
0.8 MC dil
HS_1 non dil
0.7
HS_1 dil
0.6
0.5
parameter A
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
ε1 [%]

May 14-16,2007
Influence of Dilatancy
GTL
300 300
275 MC non dil
275
MC dil
250 HS_1 non dil 250
HS_1 dil
225 225
total stress path
200 200
175 175
q [kN/m ]
q [kN/m 2]
2
150 150
125 125
100 100
75
75 MC non dil
50 MC dil
50
HS_1 non dil
25 HS_1 dil
25
0
0 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1 . 2 5 1 . 5 0 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00
0.00 25.00 50.00 75.00 100.00 125.00 150.00 175.00 200.00 225.00 250.00
2 ε 1 [%]
p' [kN/m ]
if we set ψ ≠0 then, when plastic deformations occur:
∆ε v = ∆ε ve + ∆ε vp (elastic-plastic behavior)
∆ε v = 0 (undrained conditions)
∆ε vp < 0 ⇒ ∆ε ve > 0 ⇒ ∆p' > 0 ⇒ ∆q = 3∆p' > 0

result: unlimited increase of q !!
Parameter Variation – Hardening Soil Model

GTL
nc
Model Number E 50 ref Eu rref Eoed ref φ Ψ c υ ur p ref m K0 Rf
2 2 2 2 2
kN/m kN/m kN/m ° ° kN/m - kN/m - - -
HS_1 30 000 90 000 30 000 35 0 / 10 0.0 0.2 100 0.75 0.426 0.9
HS_2 50 000 150 000 50 000 35 0 0.0 0.2 100 0.75 0.426 0.9
HS_3 15 000 45 000 15 000 35 0 0.0 0.2 100 0.75 0.426 0.9
HS_4 30 000 90 000 40 000 35 0 0.0 0.2 100 0.75 0.426 0.9
HS_5 30 000 90 000 15 000 35 0 0.0 0.2 100 0.75 0.426 0.9
HS_6 50 000 150 000 30 000 35 0 0.0 0.2 100 0.75 0.426 0.9
Table 1 Parameter sets for Hardening Soil mo del
Schweiger, H.F. (Plaxis Bulletin No. 12, 2002)

May 14-16,2007

GTL
150
HS_1
HS_2
125 HS_3
HS_4
HS_5
100 HS_6
total stress path
q [kN/m2 ]
75
50
25
0
0.00 25.00 50.00 75.00 100.00 125.00 150.00
p' [kN/m 2]

GTL
150
125
100
q [kN/m2 ]
75
50 HS_1
HS_2
HS_3
25 HS_4
HS_5
HS_6
0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
ε1 [%]

May 14-16,2007

GTL
80
70
excess pore pressure [kN/m2]
60
50
40
30
HS_1
HS_2
20
HS_3
HS_4
10 HS_5
HS_6
0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
ε1 [%]

GTL
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
parameter A
0.4
0.3
HS_1
HS_2
0.2 HS_3
HS_4
0.1 HS_5
HS_6
0.0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
ε1 [%]

May 14-16,2007
Summary
GTL
• FEM analysis of undrained conditions can be performed in

effective stresses and with effective stiffness and strength
parameters
• Undrained shear strength is a result of the constitutive
model
• Care must be taken with the choice of the value for
dilatancy angle
à note that for NC soils in general:
• factor of safety against failure is lower for short term
(undrained) conditions for loading problems (e.g.
embankment )
• factor of safety against failure is lower for long term
(drained) conditions for unloading problems (e.g.
excavations )

GTL S13 Undrained Analysis

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PLAXIS Standard Course Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor

GOUW Tjie-Liong, Ir., M.Eng, ChFC

Source of Lecture Notes:

PLAXIS FINITE ELEMENT CODE FOR SOIL AND ROCK ANALYSES

• drained / undrained (conditions and analysis )

• modeling undrained behavior with Plaxis

• influence of constitutive model and parameters

PLAXIS FINITE ELEMENT CODE FOR SOIL AND ROCK ANALYSES

Presented by GOUW Tjie-Liong 1

Drained and Undrained Analysis

in undrained conditions, excess pore pressures are built up

in drained conditions, no excess pore pressures are built up

• drained analysis appropriate when

• undrained analysis appropriate when

PLAXIS FINITE ELEMENT CODE FOR SOIL AND ROCK ANALYSES

An Example (Deep Excavations)

Suggestion by Vermeer & Meier (1998)

T < 0.10 (U < 10%) à undrained analysis

PLAXIS FINITE ELEMENT CODE FOR SOIL AND ROCK ANALYSES

Presented by GOUW Tjie-Liong 2

Triaxial Test (NC soils) – drained/undrained

PLAXIS FINITE ELEMENT CODE FOR SOIL AND ROCK ANALYSES

Triaxial Test (OC soils) – drained/undrained

PLAXIS FINITE ELEMENT CODE FOR SOIL AND ROCK ANALYSES

Presented by GOUW Tjie-Liong 3

Stress Paths in Undrained Triaxial Test – NC/OC

PLAXIS FINITE ELEMENT CODE FOR SOIL AND ROCK ANALYSES

Skempton’s Parameters A and B

Skempton 1954: ∆pw = B [∆σ 3 + A(∆σ 1 − ∆σ 3 )]

- fully saturated soil

∆ε vol , skeleton = ∆εvol , pore water

PLAXIS FINITE ELEMENT CODE FOR SOIL AND ROCK ANALYSES

Presented by GOUW Tjie-Liong 4

Skempton’s Parameters A and B

in standard triaxial compression: ∆σ1 ; ∆σ 2 = ∆σ 3

∆ε vol , skeleton = ∆εvol , pore water

∆pw = B [∆σ 3 + A (∆σ 1 − ∆σ 3 )]

PLAXIS FINITE ELEMENT CODE FOR SOIL AND ROCK ANALYSES

Skempton’s Parameters A and B

a few notes on parameters A and B:

– for Kw large compared to K', parameter B ~ 1.0

– "parameter" A depends on stress path: for a given

PLAXIS FINITE ELEMENT CODE FOR SOIL AND ROCK ANALYSES

Presented by GOUW Tjie-Liong 5

Dependence of Parameter B on Degree of Saturation

PLAXIS FINITE ELEMENT CODE FOR SOIL AND ROCK ANALYSES

Modeling Undrained Behavior with PLAXIS

method A (analysis in terms of effective stresses):

method B (analysis in terms of effective stresses):

method C (analysis in terms of total stresses):

PLAXIS FINITE ELEMENT CODE FOR SOIL AND ROCK ANALYSES

Presented by GOUW Tjie-Liong 6

FE Modeling of Undrained Behavior (method A)

• Both changes in σ' and u are considered

principle of effective stress à ∆σ = ∆σ '+ ∆σ f

PLAXIS FINITE ELEMENT CODE FOR SOIL AND ROCK ANALYSES

FE Modeling of Undrained Behavior (method A)

• instead of specifying the components of D, specify D'‚ and Ke

D = D '+ D f then same as in the drained case

the pore-fluid is assigned a bulk modulus that is substantially

PLAXIS FINITE ELEMENT CODE FOR SOIL AND ROCK ANALYSES

Presented by GOUW Tjie-Liong 7

What PLAXIS does

PLAXIS automatically adds stiffness of water when undrained