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Introduction: Certain applications of UWB radio technology such as Measurements and simulations: These ideas were tested by carrying
in-home high definition video transmission requires rates up to out a 2 2 MIMO channel measurement campaign over a few line
1.6 Gbit=s, which is very demanding especially under a severe emitted of sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS) locations in the
isotropic radiated power limitation such as imposed by the Federal laboratory. The channel IR hij(t), which incorporated antenna IR
Communications Commission (FCC) in the USA (41.3 dBm=MHz). (UWB bicones), were obtained as the Fourier transforms of properly
Spatial multiplexing (SM) is one solution in order to increase windowed frequency domain transfer functions. The latter were
throughput. With respect to narrowband, SM in UWB is made measured at night with a vector network analyser (Agilent
easier because of the superior spatial decorrelation capability and HP8510C) in the band 2–10 GHz with 10 MHz steps. Two antenna
the absence of fading, reducing the processing load at the receiver. separations d ¼ 4 cm and 20 cm were considered identical on both
Our goal in the work reported in this Letter has been to investigate SM arrays. While the transmitting array was kept fixed, the receiving one
in the case of a pulse based physical layer. was horizontally scanned over 11 11 ¼ 121 positions, with 4 cm
increment in each direction. The resulting small-scale statistical set
Ú was used for averaging purposes. In addition, a single input-single
h11 R W1,1 output (SISO) reference configuration was measured for the same
in1 h11
antenna positions. The SM performance (multiplexing rate ¼ 2) was
h12 n1 Ú
R W1,2
simulated for a binary antipodal modulation (BAM), and a few
h21 h12 out1
in2 simple detection schemes: (i) direct detection (DD), where the
Ú
processor
log (BER)
–2
order to increase the link robustness [6, 7]. Additional work showed
–3 that intersymbol interference (ISI) at high rates was partly mitigated
–4 by the rake combiner, and that the present MIMO approach relaxed
requirements on the equaliser by providing four times higher through-
–5
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 put at the same symbol frequency [8]. This leads in, for example,
Eb/N0, dB Eb/N0, dB
a b LOS2 (delay spread 5.2 ns) and NLOS2 (delay spread 6.9 ns) loca-
tions to 500 and 440 Mbit=s, respectively, at an ISI limited error floor
Fig. 3 Performance for LOS2=NLOS2 (3 GHz BW) of BER 103 (10 rake fingers, d ¼ 20 cm, 2.8 GHz BW). These
a NLOS2 d ¼ 4 cm figures are very close to twice the SISO throughputs, as expected for
b LOS2 d ¼ 4 cm an SM scheme. In the future the requirements on channel estimation
- - - - - DD
ZF
and synchronisation, which are among the key issues in coherent
ML schemes and assume further importance in MIMO configurations, will
—— SISO have to be addressed.
0
–2
–3
# The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2006
–4 20 May 2006
–5 Electronics Letters online no: 20061564
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Eb /N0, dB Eb /N0, dB doi: 10.1049/el:20061564
a b
V.P. Tran and A. Sibille (ENSTA=UEI, 32 Bd Victor, 75739 Paris cedex
Fig. 4 SM performance for NLOS1 location (d ¼ 4 cm) 15, France)
a 5.9 GHz BW E-mail: alain.sibille@ensta.fr
b 400 MHz BW
- - - - - DD
ZF References
ML
—— SISO 1 Weisenhorn, M., and Hirt, W.: ‘Performance of binary antipodal signaling
over the indoor UWB MIMO channel’, IEEE Int. Conf. on
Communications, 2003, 4, pp. 2872–2878
Table 1: s, r and Eb=N0 at 105 BER for various locations=
2 Sibille, A.: ‘Spatial diversity’ in ‘UWB communication systems—a
scenarios comprehensive overview’ (EURASIP Book Series on Signal
Eb=N0, dB 10 10.5 10.5 10.5 11 11 12.5 15 17 19 Processing and Communications, Hindawi, May 2005).
3 Prettie, C., et al.: ‘Spatial correlation of UWB signals in a home
s 0.03 0.13 0.17 0.17 0.25 0.25 0.14 0.49 0.62 0.68
environment’. IEEE UWBST Conf., Baltimore, MD, USA, May 2002
r 0.10 0.13 0.17 0.18 0.30 0.33 0.13 0.63 0.72 0.76 4 Tran, V.P., and Sibille, A.: ‘UWB spatial multiplexing by multiple
antennas and RAKE decorrelation’. ISWCS, Siena, Italy, September
2005
5 McCorkle, J.: ‘Ultra wide bandwidth (UWB): gigabit wireless
Conclusion: A simple MIMO SM architecture requiring at the communications for battery operated consumer applications’. 2005
receiver both channel state information and rake=antenna combining Symp. on VLSI Circuits Dig. Tech. Pprs
has been described. It achieves a multiplexing rate equal to the 6 Yang, L., and Giannakis, G.B.: ‘Space-time coding for impulse radio’.
number of transmitting antennas, with an SNR loss depending on IEEE Conf. on Ultra Wideband Systems and Technologies, 2002,
channel conditions and on the antenna separation. Performance results pp. 235–239
7 Rjeily, C.A.: ‘On high data rate space-time codes for ultra-wideband
have been simulated for measured channels from a small selection of systems’. IEEE Int. Conf. on Ultra Wide Band, Zürich, Switzerland,
LOS and NLOS scenarios. Although they depend on the number of September 2005
rake fingers, circuit design considerations from the literature indicate 8 Sibille, A., and Tran, V.P.: ‘Ultrawideband performance of spatial
that the silicon area required by rake stages is not the limiting factor, multiplexing’. 12th European Wireless Conf. (EW 2006), Athens,
unless of a very large number of fingers [5]. Therefore the presented Greece, April 2006