Qualitative Analysis Final

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18 Qualitative
Analysis
1. IIT–JEE Syllabus
2. Introduction Welcome to this colourful zone. Visualize

3. Classification of Anions colours varying from white to red, black to
3.1 Class A
3.2 Class B golden and, what not. Be ready to face
4. Classification of Cations undesirable odour and corrosion too. Yes,
4.1 Basis of Classification
4.2 Separation of Cations we are talking about this chapter
4.3 Physical Examination of Salt/
mixture Qualitative Analysis where the radicals
4.4 Effect of heating
are ready to decode themselves after
5. Dry Test
very planned and systematic activity.
5.1 Flame Test
5.2 Borax-Bead Test
5.3 Microcosmic Bead Test In this chapter you will find all the clues
5.4 Charcoal Cavity Test
and confirmatory test that will help you
6. Answers to Exercises
detect the radicals and hence the salt.
7. Solved Problems
7.1 Subjective
7.2 Objective
8. Assignments
(Subjective Problems)
9. Assignments
(Objective Problems)
10. Answers to Objective

Assignments
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-1
1. IIT—JEE Syllabus
Systematic analysis of various cations and anions excluding interfering radicals.
2. Introduction
The purpose of chemical analysis is to establish the composition of naturally or artificially
manufactured substances. For the purpose of systematic qualitative analysis cations are classified
into five groups on the basis of their behaviour with some reagents. Similarly the anions are also
classified as class A or B depending on their behaviour with certain reagents. You know that the
qualitative analysis involves the detection of the anions and the cations present in an inorganic
mixture. Sometimes the knowledge of anions present in a mixture provide important clues about the
cations which may be present in a mixture and the scheme of analysis to be followed. Therefore, it is
desirable to first detect the presence of anions and after that the cations. In this unit, we will discuss
the scheme of detection of anions which will be followed by the scheme of analysis of cations.
3. Classification Of Anions
Methods available for the detection of anions are not much systematic as described for the
detection of cations. Furthermore anions are classified essentially on the basis of process
employed.
3.1 Class A
Take a small amount of the substance and add a little volume of dil. HCl (or) dil. H 2SO4.
Observe the reaction in cold. Warm the contents gently and infer the reactions.
Observation Inference Confirmatory Tests
Brisk effervescence in cold Pass the gas in a test tube containing small
CO32–
with evolution of colourless quantity of lime water. It turns milky.
(carbonate)
and odourless gas
A colourless gas with Moisten a piece of filter paper with acidified
SO32–
suffocating odour having K2Cr2O7 and put it on the mouth of the test
(sulphite)
smell of burning sulphur tube. It turns green.
Moisten a piece of filter paper with lead
A colourless gas with smell S2–
acetate solution and place it on the mouth of
of rotten eggs (sulphide)
the test tube. It turns black.
a) Pass the evolved gas through FeSO4
solution. It turns brown.
b) Mix the given salt (or) mixture with a little
NO2– of KI and dil. H2SO4. Evolution of violet
A light brown gas
(nitrite) vapours
c) Place a piece of filter paper on the mouth
of test tube moistened with solutions of
starch, KI and acetic acid. It turns blue.
a) To the aqueous solution of substance
Colourless vapours with the CH3CO2–
add neutral FeCl3 solution. A blood red
smell of vinegar (Acetate)
colour is formed.
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RSM79-P5-CH-QA-2
b) Rub the moistered salt (or) mixture with

dry oxalic acid. Smell of vinegar is
obtained.
Take a small amount of the substance and add some conc. H2SO4 warm gently, observe the
changes and draw interference as follows.
Observation Inference Confirmatory Tests

a) Bring a glass rod dipped in NH4OH on
the mouth of the test tube; white fumes
are formed.
b) Bring a glass rod dipped in AgNO3
solution on the mouth of the test tube;
Colourless gas with pungent
white curdy precipitate is formed on the
smell which fumes in air.
Cl– rod.
Add a pinch of MnO2 in the
(chloride) c) To the substance in a dry test tube add
solution and a pale green
gas is evolved. three times its weight of powdered
K2Cr2O7 and conc. H2SO4. Heat the
contents. Red vapours are evolved. Pass
the vapour in a test tube containing
NaOH solution. A yellow precipitate
appears.
a) Take aqueous extract of the substance
(or) extract with dil. HNO3 and add.
AgNO3 solution. A light yellow precipitate
Reddish brown fumes which appears.
intensify on addition of Br–
MnO2. Vapours passed in (Bromide) b) To a small amount of the substance add
water make it yellow dil. H2SO4. Warm and cool. Add 1 mL of
CHCl3 (or) CCl4 and then chlorine water
with constant shaking. The chloroform
layer becomes orange brown.
a) Place a piece of filter paper moistered
with starch solution on the mouth of the
test tube. The paper turns blue.
Violet pungent fumes b) Take aqueous extract of the substance
evolved which may and add AgNO3 solution. Yellow
condense as black specks
I– precipitate is formed which is insoluble in
on the cooler parts of the NH4OH solution.
(Iodide)
test tube. The violet fumes
intensify on addition of c) To the small amount of the substance
add dil. H2SO4 and 1 mL of either CHCl3
MnO2.
(or) CCl4 and then Cl2 water with
constant shaking. Chloroform layer
attains violet colour.
Light brown vapours having NO3– Take an aqueous extract of the substance in
pungent smell. It intensifies (Nitrate) a test tube and add freshly prepared FeSO4
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-3
on adding copper turnings. solution. Add conc. H2SO4 by the side of the
test tube without disturbing the solution. A
brown ring is formed at the junction of two
liquids.
Colourless, odourless gas Take the substance, add dil. H2SO4 and heat
which burns with blue flame C2O42– till there are no more effervescences. Now
at the mouth of the test tube (Oxalate) add MnO2 (solid) and brisk effervescences is
and turns time water milky obtained.
Let us study the reactions in detailed now.
Class A (i): Anions which evolve gases on reaction with dil. HCl/dil. H2SO4.
It includes - CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2–, CH3COO-, S2O32-
1. Carbonate (CO32- ) :
i) Dilute HCl : gives effervescence, due to the evolution of carbon dioxide

CO32- + 2H+  CO2 + H2O
The gas gives white turbidity with lime water and baryta water
CO2 + Ca2+ + 2OH-  CaCO3  + H2O
CO2 + Ba2+ + 2OH-  BaCO3  + H2O
On prolonged passage of carbon dioxide in lime water, the turbidity slowly

disappears due to the formation of soluble hydrogen carbonate.
CaCO3  + CO2 + H2O  Ca(HCO3)2
ii) Barium chloride or Calcium chloride solution : White ppt of barium or

Calcium carbonate is obtained, which is soluble in mineral acid.
CO32- + Ba2+  BaCO3 

CO32- + Ca2+  CaCO3 
iii) Silver nitrate solution : White ppt. of silver carbonate is obtained.

CO32- + 2Ag+  Ag2CO3
The ppt. so obtained is soluble in nitric acid and in ammonia and the ppt. becomes
yellow or brown on addition of excess reagent and same may also happen if the
mixture is boiled, due to the formation of silver oxide
Ag2CO3  Ag2O  + CO2 
2. Sulphites (SO32-) :
i) Dilute HCl or Dilute H2SO4 : decomposes with the evolution of sulphur dioxide
SO32- + 2H+  SO2 + H2O
The gas has suffocating odour of burning sulphur.
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-4
ii) Acidified potassium dichromate solution : Turns filter paper moistened with
acidified potassium dichromate solution, green due to the formation of Cr3+ions.
SO2 + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4  K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
green
iii) Lime water : On passing the gas through lime water, a milky ppt is formed.
SO2 + Ca(OH)2  CaSO3  + H2O

milky
Precipitate dissolves on prolonged passage of the gas, due to the formation of
hydrogen sulphite ions.
CaSO3  + SO2 + H2O  Ca(HSO3)2.
iv) Barium chloride or Strontium chloride solution : Gives white ppt of barium or
strontium sulphite.
SO32   Ba 2   BaSO 3 
SO32   Sr 2   SrSO3 
3. Sulphide (S-2) :
i) Dil. HCl or Dil. H2SO4 : Pungent smelling gas (smell of rotten eggs) H2S is evolved
S2- + 2H+  H2S
ii) Turns lead acetate paper black

(CH3COO)2Pb + H2S  PbS  + 2CH3COOH
black
iii) Gives yellow ppt.with CdCO3
Na2S + CdCO3  CdS + Na2CO3

Yellow
Na2S + Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]  Na 4 [Fe(CN) 5 NOS]
(Purple)
iv) Silver nitrate solution: black ppt. of silver sulphide insoluble in cold but soluble in
hot dil. nitric aicd.
S2– + 2Ag+  Ag2S
v) Sodium nitroprusside solution: Turns sodium nitroprusside solution purple

Na2S + Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]  Na 4 [Fe(CN )5 NOS ]
( purple)
4. Nitrites (NO2-):
i) Dil. HCl and Dil. H2SO4 : Adding to solid nitrite in cold yields pale blue liquid (due to
the presence of free nitrous acid (HNO2) or its anhydride N2O3) & the evolution of
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-5
brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide, the latter being largely produced by combination of
nitric oxide with the oxygen of air
NO2- + H+  HNO2
2HNO2  H2O + N2O3
3HNO2  HNO3 + 2NO + H2O
2NO + O2  2NO2
ii) Silver nitrate solution : White crystalline ppt. is obtained

NO2- + Ag+  AgNO2
iii) Turns acidified KI - starch paper blue

2KI + 2NO2  2KNO2 + I2 
Starch + I2  Blue Colour
iv) Brown ring test : When the nitrite solution is added carefully to a conc. solution of
Iron(II) sulphate acidified with dil. acetic acid or with dilute sulphuric acid, a brown
ring, due to the formation of [FeNO]SO4 at the junction of the two liquids.
NO2- + CH3COOH  HNO2 + CH3COO-

3HNO2  H2O + HNO3 + 2NO
Fe2+ + NO  [FeNO]2+
5. Acetate (CH3COO-) :
i) Dilute Sulphuric Acid : Smell of vinegar

CH3COO- + H+  CH3COOH 
ii) Iron (III) Chloride Solution : Gives deep - red colouration

CH3COONa + FeCl3  (CH3COO)3Fe + 3NaCl
Blood red colour
6. Thiosulphates ( S2O32  ) :
i) Dil Hydrochloric acid : Gives sulphur & sulphur di oxide
S2O 32  + 2H+  S  + SO2 + H2O
ii) Iodine Solution : Decolourise due to the formation of tetrathionate ion

I2 + 2S2O 32   2I- + S4O62-
iii) Barium chloride solution : White ppt. of barium thiosulphate is formed
S2O 23  + Ba2+  BaS2O3 

But no ppt. is obtained with CaCl2 solution.
iv) Silver nitrate solution : Gives white ppt. of silver thiosulphate.

S2O 23  + 2Ag+  Ag2S2O3 
The ppt. is unstable, turning dark on standing, when silver sulphide is formed.
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-6
Ag2S2O3 + H2O  Ag2S + H2SO4
v) Lead acetate or Lead nitrate solution : Gives white ppt.
S2O32  + Pb2+  PbS2O3 
On boiling it turns black due to the formation of PbS.
PbS2O3  + H2O  PbS  + 2H+ + SO42-
Class A (ii): Gases or acid vapours evolved with conc. Sulphuric acid
It includes - Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-.
1. Chloride (Cl-) :
i) Conc. H2SO4 : decomposes with the evolution of HCl.
Cl- + H2SO4  HCl + HSO 4
Gas so produced (1) Turns blue litmus paper red
2) Gives white fumes of NH4Cl when a glass rod moistened with ammonia solution
is brought to the mouth of test tube.
ii) Manganese dioxide and conc. sulphuric acid :When a solid chloride is treated
with MnO2 and conc. H2SO4, yellowish green colour is obtained.
MnO2 + 2H2SO4 + 2Cl-  Mn2+ + Cl2 + 2SO42- + 2H2O
iii) Silver nitrate solution : White, curdy ppt. of AgCl insoluble in water & in dil. nitric
acid, but soluble in dilute ammonia solution.
Cl- + Ag+  AgCl 
AgCl  + 2NH3  [Ag(NH3)2]Cl
Ag(NH3)2Cl + 2H+  AgCl + 2NH4+.
iv) Lead acetate solution : White ppt. of lead chloride is formed
2Cl- + Pb+2  PbCl2 
v) Chromyl chloride test : When a mixture containing chloride ion is heated with
K2Cr2O7 and conc. H2SO4 orange red fumes of chromyl chloride (CrO2Cl2) are
formed.
K2Cr2O7 + 4NaCl + 6H2SO4  2KHSO4 + 4NaHSO4 + 2CrO2Cl2  + 3H2O

orange - red
fumes
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-7
Chlorides of mercury, owing to their slight ionization, do not respond to this test and
only partial conversion to CrO2Cl2 occurs with the chlorides of lead, silver, antimony
and tin.
When chromyl chloride vapours are passed into sodium hydroxide a yellow solution
of sodium chromate is formed which when treated with lead acetate gives yellow ppt.
of lead chromate.
CrO2Cl2 + 2NaOH  Na2CrO4 + 2HCl

Yellow solution
Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2 Pb  2CH3COONa + PbCrO4 
(yellow ppt.)
2. Bromide (Br-)
i) Conc. H2SO4 : Gives reddish brown vapours of bromine accompanied by hydrogen

bromide
2KBr + H2SO4  K2SO4 + 2HBr
2HBr + H2SO4  2H2O + SO2  + Br2
(reddish brown)
ii) Manganese dioxide and conc. sulphuric acid : When a mixture of solid bromide,
MnO2 and conc. H2SO4 is heated, reddish brown vapours of bromine are evolved.
2KBr + MnO2 + 2H2SO4  Br2  + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O
iii) Silver nitrate solution : Curdy pale yellow ppt. of silver bromide is obtained. This
ppt. is sparingly soluble in dil. but readily soluble in conc. ammonia solution and
insoluble in dil. HNO3.
Br- + Ag+  AgBr
iv) Lead acetate solution : White crystalline ppt. of lead bromide which is soluble in
boiling water.
2Br- + Pb+2  PbBr 2 
( White)
v) Chlorine water : When this solution is added to a solution of bromide it liberates free
bromine, which colours the solution orange - red, if CHCl3 is added.
2KBr + Cl2 (water)  2KCl + Br2
Br2 + Chloroform  Orange red colour
vi) Potassium dichromate & conc. H2SO4 : When a mix of solid bromide, K2Cr2O7, and
conc. H2SO4 is heated and passing the evolved vapours into water, a yellowish
brown solution is obtained.
2KBr + K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4  3Br2  + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4K2SO4 + 7H2O.
3. Iodide (I-) :
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-8
i) Conc. H2SO4 : Gives violet vapours of iodine

2I- + 2H2SO4  I2 + SO42- + 2H2O + SO2 
violet vapours
ii) Silver nitrate solution : Yellow, curdy ppt. of silver iodide AgI, very slightly soluble
in conc. ammonia solution and insoluble in dil. nitric acid.
I- + Ag+  AgI
iii) Lead acetate solution : Yellow, curdy ppt. of lead iodide soluble in much hot water
forming a colourless solution & yielding golden yellow plates (spangles) on cooling.
2I- + Pb2+  PbI2
iv) Potassium dichromate & conc. sulphuric acid : Iodine is liberated
6I- + Cr2O7-2 + 7H2SO4  3I2  + 2Cr3+ + 7SO42- + 7H2O.
v) Chlorine water : Iodine is liberated, by the dropwise addition of chlorine water to

iodide, and on addition of CHCl3 violet solution is obtained.
2I- + Cl2  I2 + 2Cl-
I2 + chloroform  violet coloured compound.
vi) Copper sulphate solution : Gives brown ppt. consisting of a mixture of copper (I)
iodide & iodine and on additon of hypo solution brown ppt changes to white ppt.
4I- + 2Cu2+  2CuI + I2
I2 + 2S2O32-  2I- + S4O62-.
vii) Mercury (II) chloride solution : Forms scarlet ppt. of HgI2

2I- + HgCl2  HgI2  + 2Cl-.
This ppt. dissolves in excess of KI, forming tetraiodo mercurate (II) complex.
HgI2 + 2I-  [HgI4]2-
4. Nitrate (NO3- ) :
i) Conc H2SO4 : - Gives reddish - brown vapours of nitrogen dioxide

4NO3- + 2H2SO4  4NO2 + 2SO42- + 2H2O + O2
ii) Brown ring test : When freshly prepared saturated solution of iron (II) sulphate is
added to nitrate solution & on addition of conc. H2SO4 slowly down the sides of the
test - tube, a brown ring is obtained.
2NO3- + 4H2SO4 + 6Fe2+  6Fe3+ +2NO + 4SO4–2 + 4H2O

Fe2+ + NO  [Fe(NO)]2+
On shaking and warming the mix, the brown colour disappears, nitric oxide is
evolved and a yellow solution of Iron(III) ions remains.
Action of heat : The result varies with the metal
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-9
1) Nitrates of sodium and potassium evolve oxygen (test with glowing splint) &
leave solid nitrites (brown fumes with dilute acid)
2NaNO3  2NaNO2 + O2.
2) Ammonium nitrate yields dinitrogen oxide & steam

NH4NO3  N2O  + 2H2O.
3) Nitrates of the noble metals leave a residue of the metal and a mixture of
nitrogen dioxide and oxygen is evolved.
2AgNO3  2Ag + 2NO2  + O2.
4) Nitrates of other metals, such as those of lead and copper, evolve oxygen and
nitrogen dioxide and leave a residue of the oxide.
2Pb(NO3)2  2PbO + 4NO2 + O2.
3.2 Class B
Includes anions that are identified by their reaction in solutions. It is subdivided into two
groups:
(i) Precipitation reactions (ii) Oxidation and reduction in solution

2-
Class B i) Precipitation reaction : SO4
ii) Oxidation and reduction in solution - CrO42 - ,Cr2O 72 , MnO4-
1. Sulphate (SO42-): All sulphates except those of Ba, Pb, Sr are soluble in water.
Sulphates of calcium and mercury(II) are slightly soluble.
i) Barium chloride solution : White ppt. of barium sulphate BaSO4 insoluble in warm
dil. hydrochloric acid and in dilute nitric acid, but moderately soluble in boiling, conc.
hydrochloric acid.
SO42- + Ba2+  BaSO4 
ii) Mercury (II) nitrate solution : Gives yellow ppt. of basic mercury (II) sulphate.
SO42- + 3Hg2+ + 2H2O  HgSO4.2HgO  + 4H+
2. Chromate CrO42 -and Dichromate (Cr2O 72  )
Metallic chromates give yellow solution when dissolved in water. In the presence of H+
chromates are converted into dichromates (orange-red solution).
2CrO 42 + 2H+ Cr2O 72 + H2O

Cr2O 72 + 2OH- 2CrO 42 + H2O
It may also be expressed as :
2CrO 42 + 2H+ 2HCrO4- Cr2O7-2 + H2O
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-10
i) Barium chloride solution : Pale - yellow ppt. of barium chromate soluble in dilute
mineral acids but insoluble in water and acetic acid.
CrO 42 + Ba2+  BaCrO4 
Dichromate ions also gives the same ppt. but due to the formation of strong acid
precipitation is partial.
Cr2O 72 + 2Ba2+ + H2O 2 BaCrO4  + 2H+
If sodium hydroxide or sodium acetate is added, precipitation becomes quantitative.
ii) Silver nitrate solution
Brownish - red ppt. of silver chromate Ag2CrO4 which is soluble in dil. nitric acid & in
ammonia solution, but is insoluble in acetic acid.
CrO42- + 2Ag+  Ag2CrO4 
2 Ag2CrO4 + 2H+  4 Ag+ + Cr2O72- + H2O
Ag2CrO4  + 4NH3  2[Ag(NH3)2]+ + CrO42-
Ag2CrO4  + 2Cl-  2AgCl + CrO42-
A reddish brown ppt. of silver dichromate Ag2Cr2O7 is formed with a conc. solution
of a dichromate.
Cr2O72- + 2Ag+  Ag2Cr2O7
iii) Lead acetate solution : Yellow ppt. of lead chromate PbCrO4 insoluble in acetic
acid, but soluble in dil. nitric acid
CrO42- + Pb2+  PbCrO4 .

2PbCrO4  + 2H+ 2Pb2+ + Cr2O72- + H2O.
iv) H2O2 : If an acidic solution of a chromate is treated with H2O2 a deep blue solution of
chromium penta oxide is obtained.
CrO42- + 2H+ + 2H2O2  CrO5 + 3H2O

CrO5 is unstable and it decomposes yielding oxygen and a green solution of a Cr+3
Salt.
3. Permanganate MnO 4
i) Hydrogen peroxide : It decolourises acidified potassium permanganate solution

2MnO4- + 5H2O2 + 6H+  5O2  + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O.
ii) Iron (II) sulphate, in the presence of sulphuric acid, reduces permanganate to
manganese (II). The solution becomes yellow because of the formation of iron (III)
ions
MnO4- + 5Fe2+ + 8H+  5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
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iii) Action of heat : On heating a black residue of potassium manganate K2MnO4 and
manganese dioxide remains behind. Upon extracting with water and filtering, a green
solution of potassium manganate is obtained.
2KMnO4  K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2.
Exercise 1: A compound A forms an unstable pale blue coloured solution in water which
rapidly decomposes even in the cold. The solution acts as reducing agent and
decolourises bromine water and an acidified solution of KMnO 4. It also
oxidises SnCl2 in dil. HCl solution. Identify it.
4. Classification of Cations
For the purpose of systematic qualitative analysis, cations are classified into five groups on
the basis of their behaviour against some reagents and classification is based on whether a
cation reacts with these reagents by the formation of precipitates or not (solubility difference)
4.1 Basis of Classification
The division of different cations in different analytical groups depends on the principle of
solubility product. These divisions into groups are altogether different from the groupings in
the Periodic Table. To understand fully the application of the principle of solubility product in
analytical chemistry we should consider the principles of the Law of Mass Action and
Common Ion Effect.
Precipitation of Pb++, Ag+ and Hg22+ ions as their chlorides in group (I): The metals of the
Gr. I are precipitated by adding chloride ions (from dil HCl). Solubility products at laboratory
temperature are
PbCl2 = 2.4  10–4, AgCl = 1.6  10–10 and Hg 2Cl2 = 3.5  10–18
Let us consider the precipitation of AgCl. From the equilibrium of AgCl in a saturated solution.
AgCl Ag  Cl 

Solution
CAg CCl  Ks AgCl .
By adding dil. HCl, which dissociates into H+ and Cl– ions, the concentration of Cl– is
increased, thus momentarily. CAg  CCl becomes greater than the solubility product of AgCl
K s AgCl  and hence some Ag +
ions and Cl– ions combine together to form solid AgCl until the
product of the concentrations of Ag+ and Cl– ions, i.e., C Ag . C Cl becomes equal to KsAgCl.
KsAgCl is a constant quantity, the larger is the concentration of Cl– ions the smaller is the
concentration of Ag+ ions and hence by adding excess of Cl– ions it is possible to remove Ag+
ions as AgCl. (That is why it is always necessary to add a slight excess of the precipitating
reagent). It should be remembered that by increasing the amount of Cl– ions the value of C Ag 
never becomes equal to zero since the product of the concentrations CAg CCl  is always equal
to KsAgCl but it becomes smaller and smaller and approaches towards zero).
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-12
Similarly by adding dil. HCl i.e., by increasing Cl– ions concentration, the products of the
concentrations of Pb++ and Cl– ions and Hg 2 and 2Cl– ions exceed the respective solubility
product of PbCl2 and Hg2Cl2 and hence PbCl2 and Hg2Cl2 are precipitated in group I. But this
increased concentration of Cl– ions cannot exceed the solubility product of the chlorides of the
metals of subsequent analytical Groups, and that is why their chlorides remain in solution.
Precipitation of Sulphides of Group (II) and (IIIB): The sulphides of Gr. II are precipitated
by passing H2S in dil. HCl medium whereas those of Gr. III (B) are precipitated by passing H2S
in NH4OH medium. Let us select for the sake of convenience, a representative member from
two groups, CuS from Gr. II and ZnS from Gr. III (B). Others will follow similarly.
The solubility product of CuS = 1  10–14 and that of ZnS = 1  10–23. According to our previous
discussions, sulphides of the metals can occur only when the product of the concentration of
metal ions and sulphide ions i.e., C M  . C S   exceeds the solubility product of the metal
sulphide, MS.
Now H2S in aqueous solution behave like a weak acid, feebly dissociating into H+ ions and S– –
ions. H2S 2H++S– –
This dissociation is still further depressed by the addition of HCl, which being a strong
electrolyte dissociates as HCl H+ + Cl–.
H+ ions, being common to both HCl and H2S, depress the dissociation i.e., the concentration
of sulphide ions is decreased by the addition of common ions H+ from the strong electrolyte
HCl. But this decreased value of sulphide ion concentrations is sufficient to exceed the low
solubility products of the sulphide of Gr.II but insufficient to exceed the comparatively high
solubility products of the sulphide of the metals of Gr. III (B). Or in other words with this
decreased S– – ions concentrations
CM CS  KsMS of Gr.II
but CM CS  KsMS of Gr. III (B).
That is why sulphide of Gr.(III) (B) are not precipitated in presence of dil. HCl.
In the presence of NH4OH, which dissociates into NH4OH NH 4 + (OH)– the (OH) ions
combine with H+ ions from H2S giving un-ionised H2O and since some H+ ions are removed in
this way from the equilibrium the reaction will proceed in the forward direction, i.e., more H2S
will dissociate giving H+ and S– – ions and the concentration of S– – ions will be eventually
increased. This increased value of the concentration of sulphide ions is now sufficient to
exceed the solubility product of the sulphides of Gr. III (B) and hence the precipitation of the
sulphides of Gr. III (B) occurs in the presence of NH4OH.
Precipitation of Hydroxides of Gr. (III A): The hydroxides of Gr. III (A) metals are
precipitated by adding NH4Cl and NH4OH. The latter being a weak base dissociates to a small
extent according to
NH4OH NH 4  OH 
In presence of NH4Cl which being a strong electrolyte dissociates into
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-13
NH4Cl NH 4  Cl 
The dissociation of NH4OH is still further depressed due to common ion effect (NH4+ ion being
common) i.e., some OH– ions and NH4+ ions recombine together to form undissociated
NH4OH thereby decreasing the (OH)– concentrations. With this decreased value of the (OH)–
ion concentration the solubility product of the hydroxides of Al. Fe and Cr alone is reached.
i.e., CM3  .COH   KsM(OH )3 and under this condition hydroxides of Gr. III (A) are precipitated.
But with this low value of C OH the comparatively high value of the solubility product of the
hydroxides of the metals of the subsequent groups e.g. Zn, Mn, Ni, Co, Mg etc. are not
reached and hence these are not precipitated as their hydroxides in presence of NH4Cl. If
NH4Cl were not added, then with the undiminished value of C OH (as a result of dissociation of
NH4OH) all these metals of Grs. III (A), III (B) and IV were precipitated as their hydroxides
because the solubility products of their hydroxides were reached. This is why NH4Cl is added
to decrease the (OH)– concentration due to common ion effect so as to reach the solubility
products of the hydroxides of Gr. III (A) only but not to reach the solubility product of the
hydroxides of Gr. III (B) IV and V.
Precipitation of Carbonates of Gr. (IV): NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3 are added to precipitate the
carbonates of Gr. IV (Ba, Sr and Ca). By the addition of NH4Cl and NH4OH such conditions
are maintained so as to render the CO 3  ion concentrations to be approximately equal to 1.6 
10–3 and the lowest limit of concentration of the metal ion necessary for obtaining an
appreciable ppt. is 10–4(M), the solubility product of the metal carbonate will be 1.6  10–3 
10–4 = 1.6  10–7. This value is greater than the solubility product of the carbonates of Ba, Ca
and Sr but less than the solubility product of MgCO3. Hence, the carbonates of Ba, Ca and Sr
are precipitated in Gr. IV.
Mg++ remains in solution. By the addition of Na2HPO4. Mg(NH4)PO3 being insoluble is

precipitated.
4.2 Separation of Cations
Group reagent: Hydrochloric acid, hydrogen sulphide, ammonium sulphide and

ammonium carbonate.
Basic Composition and Colour
Group Group reagent
Radical of Precipitate
Ag+ AgCl; White
1 dil. HCl Pb2+ PbCl2; White
Hg22+ Hg2Cl2; White
2+
Hg HgS; Black
2+
Pb PbS: Black
Bi3+ Bi2S3; Black
2+
2 H2S Cu CuS; Black
2+
Cd CdS; Yellow
As3+ As2S3; Yellow
3+
Sb Sb2S3; Orange
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-14
Sn2+ SnS; Brown

4+
Sn SnS2; Yellow
3+
Fe Fe(OH)3; Reddish brown
3. NH4OH in presence of NH4Cl Cr3+ Cr(OH)3; Green
3+
Al Al(OH)3; White
Zn2+ ZnS; Greenish White
2+
Mn MnS; Buff
4. H2S in presence of NH4OH 2+
Co CoS; Black
Ni2+ NiS; Black
2+
Ba BaCO3; White
2+
5 (NH4)2CO3 in presence of NH4OH Sr SrCO3; White
Ca2+ CaCO3; White
2+
6 Na2HPO4 Mg Mg(NH4)PO4; White
7 NaOH NH4+ Ammonia gas is evolved
4.3 Physical Examination of Salt / Mixture
Observation Inference
1. Substance is coloured
i) Blue Copper salt
ii) Dark green Chromium salt
iii) Green Salts of Fe, Ni, Cu or Cr
iv) Light yellow or brown Salts of Fe(ic)
v) Dark brown PbO2,Bi2S3
vi) Light pink Salts of Mn
vii) Pink Salts of Co
viii) Red HgO, HgI2,Pb3O4
ix) Orange red Sb2S3
2. Substance is wet CaCl2,ZnCl2,MgCl2, MnCl2, nitrites, nitrates
3. Substance is heavy Salts of Pb, Hg and Ba
4. Substance is light Carbonates of Bi, Mg, Al, Zn, Ca, Sr
4.4 Effect of Heating
1. Substance melts Salts of alkali metals and salts having water
crystallisation.
2. Substance decrepitates (craking NaCl, KI, Pb(NO3)2 and Ba(NO3)2
noise)
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-15
3. Substance swells (due to loss of Alums, borates and phosphates

water of crystallisation)
4. The substance sublimes and the
colour of sublimate is
i) White HgCl2, Hg2Cl2,NH4X, AlCl3, As2O3, Sb2O3

ii) Yellow As2S3 and HgI2 (turns red when rubbed with
glass rod).
iii) Blue black and violet vapours Iodides
5. A residue (generally oxide) is left
and its colour is
i) Yellow (hot) and white (cold) ZnO
ii) Reddish brown (hot); yellow PbO

(cold)
iii) Black (hot); Red (cold) HgO, Pb3O4
iv) Black (hot); Red brown (cold) Fe2O3
6. Gas is evolved
(A) Colourless and odourless
i) O2 - rekindles a glowing Alkali nitrates (2KNO3  2KNO2 + O2)
splinter
ii) CO2 - turns lime water milky Carbonates and oxalates (CaCO3  CaO +
CO2)
iii) N2 Ammonium nitrite (NH4NO2  N2 + 2H2O)
(B) Colourless gas with odour
i) NH3 - Turns red litmus blue Ammonium salts (NH4)2SO4  NH4HSO4 +
and mercurous nitrate paper NH3
black
ii) SO2 - Smell of burning Sulphites and thiosulphates
sulphur, turns acidified
CaSO3  CaO + SO2
K2Cr2O7 paper green
iii) HCl - Pungent smell, white Hydrated chlorides CaCl2.6H2O  Ca(OH)2 +
fumes with ammonia 4H2O + 2HCl
iv) H2S - smell of rotten eggs, Sulphides
turns lead acetate paper
Na2S + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2S
black
(C) Coloured gas
i) NO2 - Brown, turns starch Nitrites and nitrates of heavy metals
iodide paper blue
2Cu(NO3)  2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
ii) Br2 - Reddish brown Bromides
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-16
2CdBr2 + O2  CdO + 2Br2

(A) Turns starch paper yellow
(B) turns starch iodide paper
blue
iii) I2 - Violet, turns starch paper Iodides 2CdI2 + O2  2CdO + 2I2
blue
iv) Cl2 - Greenish yellow Chlorides
(A) bleaches moist litmus paper CuCl2 + H2O  CuO + 2HCl
CuO + 2HCl  Cu + H2O + Cl2
(B) bleaches indigo solution
(C) turns starch iodide paper blue
 Points to Remember
1. Group I radicals (Ag+, Pb+2 Hg22+) are precipitated as chlorides because the solubility
product of these chlorides (AgCl, PbCl2, Hg2Cl2) is less than the solubility products of all
other chlorides which remain in solution.
2. Group II radicals are precipitated as sulphides because sulphides of other metals remain
in solution because of their low solubility products, HCl acts as a source of H+ and thus
decreases the conc. of S2- due to common ion effect. Hence decreased conc. of S2- is
only sufficient to precipitate the Group II metal only.
3. Group III A radicals are precipitated as hydroxides and the NH4Cl suppresses the
ionisation of NH4OH so that only the group III A metal are precipitated because of their
low solubility product.
Note : i) Excess of NH4Cl should be added otherwise manganese will ppt. as MnO2.H2O.
ii) (NH4)2SO4 can't be used in place of NH4Cl because the SO42- will ppt. barium as BaSO4.
iii) NH4NO3 can't be used in place of NH4Cl because NO3- ions will oxidise Mn2+ to Mn3+ and
thus Mn(OH)3 will be precipitated in III A group.
iv) Only Al(OH)3 is soluble in excess of NaOH followed by boiling to form sodium meta
aluminate while Fe(OH)3 and Cr(OH)3 are insoluble.
4. Ammonium hydroxide increases the ionisation of H2S by removing H+ from H2S as

unionised water
H2S 2H+ + S2-. H+ + OH-  H2O

Now the excess of S2- ions are available and hence the ionic product of Group III B
exceed their solubility product and ppt. will be obtained.In case H2S is passed through a
neutral solution, incomplete precipitation will take place due to the formation of HCl
which decreases the ionization of H2S.
MnCl2 + H2S  MnS + 2HCl
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-17
Identification of Basic Radicals
1. Group I (Pb2+, Ag+, Hg+)
A) PbCl2 gives a yellow ppt. with K2CrO4. The ppt. is insoluble in acetic acid but soluble
in NaOH
PbCl2 + K2CrO4  PbCrO4  + 2KCl

Yellow ppt.
PbCrO4 + 4NaOH  Na2[PbO2] + Na2CrO4 + 2H2O
B) PbCl2 + 2KI  PbI2  + 2KCl

(Yellow)
PbCl2 + 2KI (excess)  K2[PbI4]
AgCl is soluble in NH4OH forming a complex while Hg2Cl2 forms a black ppt. with
NH4OH.
AgCl + 2NH4OH  Ag(NH3)2Cl + 2H2O

Hg2Cl2 + 2NH4OH  H2N  Hg  Cl + Hg + NH4Cl + 2H2O
Amino mercuric chloride
2. Group II A (Hg2+, Cu2+, Bi3+, Cd2+)
i) Hg+2ions in solution, on addition of SnCl2, give white precipitate turning black.
2Hg+2 + SnCl2  Sn+4 + Hg2Cl2 

White
Hg2Cl2 + SnCl2  SnCl4 + 2Hg 
Black
ii) Cu+2 ions in solution give deep blue colour with excess of NH4OH
Cu+2 + 4NH4OH  [Cu(NH3)4 ]+2 + 4H2O
Deep blue in colour
Cu+2 ions give chocolate precipitate with K4Fe(CN)6.
2Cu+2 + K4Fe(CN)6  Cu2[Fe(CN)6] + 4K+
iii) Bi+3 ions in solution of HCl on addition of water give white cloudy precipitate.
BiCl3 + H2O  BiOCl  + 2HCl
White ppt.
When treated with sodium stannite a black ppt. is obtained.

2BiCl3 + 3Na2SnO2  2Bi  + 3Na2SnO3 + 6NaCl + 3H2O
black
iv) Cd+2 ions in solution, with H2S give yellow precipitate.
Cd+2 + H2S  CdS  + 2H+
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-18
Yellow
3. Group II B (As3+, As5+, Sb3+, Sb5+, Sn2+, Sn4+)
i) As+3 ions in solution give yellow precipitate with ammonium molybdate and HNO3.
As3+ 
  As5+
3 HNO
Oxidation
H3AsO4 +12(NH4)2MoO4 +21HNO3  (NH4)3 AsMo12O40+ 21NH4NO3 + 12H2O

Yellow ppt.
iii) Sn2+ ions in solution as SnCl2 give white ppt. with HgCl2 ,which turns black on
standing.
SnCl2 + 2HgCl2  SnCl4 + Hg2Cl2 

White
Hg2Cl2 + SnCl2 SnCl4 + 2Hg 
Black
iii) Sb+3 ions in solution as SbCl3 , on addition of water give white precipitate.
SbCl3 + H2O  SbOCl + 2HCI

White
4. Group III A (Al3+, Fe3+, Cr3+)
i) White precipitate of Al(OH)3 is soluble in NaOH
Al(OH)3 + NaOH  NaAlO2 + 2H2O
ii) Precipitate of Cr(OH)3 is soluble in NaOH + Br2 water and addition of BaCl2 to this
solution gives yellow precipitate.
Br2 + H2O  2HBr + (O)
2Cr(OH)3 + 4NaOH + 3(O)  2Na2CrO4 + 5H2O
Na2CrO4 + BaCl2  BaCrO4  + 2NaCl

Yellow ppt.
Fe(OH)3 is insoluble in NaOH
iii) Brown precipitate of Fe(OH)3 is dissolved in HCl and addition of KCNS to this
solution gives blood red colour.
Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl  FeCl3 + 3H2O

FeCl3 + 3KCNS  Fe(CNS)3 + 3KCl
blood red colour
Also on addition of K4Fe(CN)6 to this solution, a prussian blue colour is obtained.
FeCl3 + 3K4Fe(CN)6  Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 + 12KCl

prussian blue colour
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-19
5. Group III B (Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Zn+2)
i) Ni+2 and Co+2 ions in solution, on addition of KHCO3 and Br2 water give apple green
colour if Co+2 is present and black precipitate if Ni+2 is present.
CoCl2 + 6KHCO3  K4[Co(CO3)3] + 2KCl + 3CO2 + 3H2O
2K4[Co(CO3)3] + 2KHCO3 + [O]  2K3[Co(CO3)3] + 2K2CO3 + H2O

Apple green colour
NiCl2 + 2KHCO3  NiCO3 + 2KCl + H2O + CO2
2NiCO3 + 4NaOH + [O]  Ni2O3  + 2Na2CO3 + 2H2O

Black ppt.
ii) Zn+2 ions in solution give white precipitate with NaOH, which dissolve in excess of
NaOH.
Zn+2 + 2NaOH  Zn(OH)2  + 2Na+

White
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH  Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O
Soluble
iii) Mn+2 ions in solution give pink precipitate with NaOH turning black or brown on
heating.
Mn+2 + 2NaOH Mn(OH)2 + 2Na+

Pink
Δ
Mn(OH)2 + [O]  MnO2 + H2O
Brown or black
Exercise 2: An inorganic compound A in its aqueous solution produced a white precipitate

with NaOH, which dissolves in excess of NaOH. The aqueous solution of A also
produced white precipitate with NH4OH which also dissolves in excess NH4OH.
Also its aqueous solution produced light yellow precipitate with AgNO 3
solution, soluble in dill. HNO3. Identify A.
Exercise 3: An aqueous solution of a compound a when treated with BaCl 2 solution gives a
white precipitate insoluble in conc. HCl. Another sample of A when treated with
NaOH gave a white precipitate first which dissolved in excess of NaOH;
yielding a colourless solution. When H2S was passed into the solution, white
precipitate was obtained. Identify A.
6. Group IV (Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+)
i) Ba+2 ions in solution give
A) Yellow precipitate with K2CrO4
Ba+2 + K2CrO4  BaCrO4  + 2K+

Yellow
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-20
B) White precipitate with (NH4)2SO4

Ba+2 + (NH4)2 SO4  BaSO4 + 2 NH 4
White
C) White precipitate with (NH4)2 C2O4

Ba+2 + (NH4)2C2O4  BaC2O4 + 2 NH 4
White
ii) Sr+2 ions give white precipitate with (NH4)2SO4 and (NH4)2C2O4
Sr+2 + (NH4)2SO4  SrSO4 + 2 NH 4
White ppt.
Sr+2 + (NH4)2C2O4  SrC2O4 + 2 NH 4

White
+2
iii) Ca ions give white precipitate with only (NH4)2 C2O4.
Ca+2 + (NH4)2C2O4  CaC2O4  + 2 NH 4
White
7. Group V (NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg+2)
i) All ammonium salts on heating with alkali say NaOH give smell of NH3
NH4Cl + NaOH  NaCl + NH3  + H2O

A) Gas evolve gives white fumes with HCl
NH3 + HCl  NH4Cl 
White fumes
B) Paper soaked in CuSO4 solution, becomes deep blue by NH3 due to complex
formation
CuSO4 + 4NH3  [Cu(NH3)4]SO4
deep blue
C) With Hg2 (NO3)2 , a black colour is obtained

Hg2(NO3)2 + 2NH3  Hg  + Hg(NH2)NO3  + NH4NO3
black
D) With Nesslers reagent(alkaline solution of potassium tetraiodomercurate(II) ), a

brown ppt. is obtained
Hg
NH4Cl + 2K2HgI4 + 3KOH  O

NH2I + 4KI + 2H2O + 3NaI
Hg
(Brown)
(Iodide of million's base)
ii) Potassium salts gives yellow ppt. with sodium cobalt nitrite
Na3[Co(NO2)6] + 3KCl  K3[Co(NO2)6] + 3NaCl
yellow
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-21
iii) Sodium salts gives heavy white ppt. with potassium dihydrogen antimonate
KH2SbO4 + NaCl  NaH2SbO4  + KCl

White ppt.
iv) Mg2+ gives white gelatinous ppt. of magnesium hydroxide with sodium hydroxide
Mg2+ + 2NH3 + 2H2O  Mg(OH)2  + 2NH4+
ppt. obtained is sparingly soluble in water but readily soluble in ammonium salt.
Exercise 4: A colourless crystalline solid A, deliquescent in nature is obtained from

kieserite. It loses 6H2O at 150°C and becomes anhydrous at 200°C. On strong
heating it gives a white residue and a suffocating gas which is purgative.
Identify A.
5. Dry Tests
Dry tests are of great importance as these tests give clear indications of the presence of
certain radicals. The following tests are performed in dry state.
i) Flame test
ii) Borax-bead test
iii) Micro-cosmic bead test
iv) Charcoal cavity test
5.1 Flame Test
Some volatile salts impart characteristic colour to the non-luminous flame. The chlorides of
the metals are more volatile in comparison to other salts. The metal chloride volatilises and
its thermal ionisation takes place.
NaCl Na++ Cl–

CaCl2 Ca2+ + 2Cl–
The cations impart a characteristic colour to the flame as these absorb energy from the
flame and transmit the same as light as characteristic colour.
Colour of flame Inference

Golden Yellow Sodium
Violet Potassium
Brick Red Calcium
Crimson Red Strontium
Apple Green Barium
Green with a blue centre Copper
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-22
Exercise 5: A white compound A gave a golden yellow flame colour on performing flame
test. The aqueous solution of A produced a precipitate with AgNO 3 solution. On
heating with conc. H2SO4 dense brown fumes come out. Identify A.
5.2 Borax Bead Test
On heating borax the colourless glassy bead formed consist of sodium metaborate and boric
anhydride.
Δ Δ
Na2B4O7.10H2O  Na2B4O7  2NaBO2 + B2O3
Glassy bead
On heating with a coloured salt, the glassy bead forms a coloured metaborate in oxidising
flame.
CuSO4  CuO + SO3
CuO + B2O3  Cu (BO 2 )2
( Coppermetaborate )
(Blue)
The metaborates posses different characteristic colours. The shade of the colour gives a
clue regarding the presence of the radical. However in reducing flame the colours may be
different due to different reactions. For example copper metaborate may be reduced to
colourless cuprous metaborate or to metallic copper, which appears red and opaque.
2Cu(BO2)2 + C  2CuBO2 + B2O3 + CO

2Cu(BO2)2 + 2C  2Cu + 2B2O3 + 2CO
Colour of Flame in
Metal Oxidizing Flame Reducing Flame
Hot Cold Hot Cold
Copper Green Blue Colourless Brown-Red
Iron Brown-Yellow Pale-Yellow Bottle Green Bottle Green
Chromium Green Green Green Green
Cobalt Blue Blue Blue Blue
Manganese Violet Amethyst Red Grey Grey
Nickel Violet Brown Grey Grey
5.3 Microcosmic Salt Bead Test
This test is similar to borax bead test. When microcosmic salt is heated, a colourless
transparent bead of sodium metaphosphate is formed.
Na(NH4)HPO4  NaPO 3 + NH3 + H2O
( sodium meta
phosphate)
Sodium metaphosphate combines with metallic oxides to form ortho phosphates which are
usually coloured. The shade of the colour gives a due regarding the presence of metal. Like
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-23
borax bead test, colours are noted both in oxidizing and reducing flames in hot and cold
conditions.
Colour of the bead in

Metal Oxidizing Flame Reducing Flame
Hot Cold Hot Cold
Copper Green Blue Colourless Red
Iron Yellow Yellow Yellow Colourless
Chromium Green Green Green Green
Cobalt Blue Blue Blue Blue
Manganese Violet Violet Colourless Colourless
Nickel Brown Brown –– Grey
5.4 Charcoal Cavity Test
This test is carried out on a charcoal block in which a small cavity has been made by a knife.
When a metallic salt is heated with Na2CO3, the metal carbonate is formed which
decomposes into oxide. The carbon of the block reduces the oxide into metal.
CuCl2 + Na2CO3  CuO3 + 2NaCl
CuCO3  CuO + CO2
CuO + C  Cu + CO
1. Formation of metallic bead
a) Lustruous white, malleable Ag
b) Greyish white, marks paper Pb
c) White, does not mark paper Sn
d) Red Cu
2. In crustation with metal

a) White incrustation, brittle metal Sb
b) Yellow incrustation, brittle metal Bi
c) Yellow incrustation, malleable metal Pb
3. In crustation without metal

a) White and yellow when hot ZnO, SnO
b) Yellow and orange when hot BiO
c) Brown CdO
d) White As2O3
Some Important Observations During Qualitative Analysis
1. Residue and Its Colour
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-24
S. No. Colour Residue

i) Yellow (hot) and white (cold) ZnO
ii) Reddish brown (hot) and yellow (cold) PbO
iii) Black (hot) and Red (cold) HgO, Pb3O4
iv) Black (hot) and Red brown (cold) Fe2O3
2. Gases
S. No. Nature Gases
i) Colourless and odourless gases O2, CO2, N2
ii) Colourless gases with odour NH3, SO2, HCl, H2S
iii) Coloured gases NO2 (brown), Br2, (reddish brown),
I2 (violet) Cl2 (greenish yellow)
6. Answers to Exercise
Exercise 1: HNO2
Exercise 2: AlBr3
Exercise 3: Al2(SO4)3
Exercise 4: MgSO4.7H2O
Exercise 5: NaBr
7. Solved Problems
7.1 Subjective
Problem 1: A black mineral (A) on heating in presence of air gives a gas (B). The mineral
(A) on reaction with dilute H2SO4 gives a gas (C) and a solution of a compound
(D). On passing the gas (C) into an aqueous solution of (B) a white turbidity is
obtained. The aqueous solution of (D) on reaction with potassium ferricyanide
gives a blue compound (E). Identify (A) to (E) and give chemical equations for
the reactions involved.
Solution: A = FeS
B = SO2
C = H2S
D = FeSO4
E = Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-25
Problem 2: i) An alloy containing two metals ‘A’ & B is treated with dilute HCl. ‘A’
dissolves with evolution of hydrogen leaving behind B. B is separated from
the solution C.
ii) The residue B dissolves in concentrated nitric acid giving a blue solution
D.
iii) Mercuric chloride solution with solution C gives a silky white precipitate
which turns grey on addition of excess C.
iv) Addition of NH3 solution to D gives a blue precipitate which dissolves in
excess of NH3 giving a deep blue coloration. Name two metals A & B and
alloy. Give equations for the reaction (i) to (iv).
Solution: i) CuSn + 2HCl  Cu  SnCl 2  H2 

(B) ( C)
ii) Cu + 4HNO3  Cu (NO 3 )2  2NO 2  2H2O
Blue solution
(D )
iii) SnCl2 + 2HgCl2 SnCl4 + Hg2Cl2 (silky white ppt.)

Hg2Cl2 + SnCl2  2Hg + SnCl4
( grey)
iv) Cu(NO3)2 + 2NH4OH  Cu (OH)2 + 2NH4NO3
Blueppt
Cu(NO3)2 + 4NH4OH  [Cu(NH3)4(NO3)2] + 4H2O
Problem 3: A compound (A) when treated with KI gives a scarlet red precipitate (B) which
dissolves in excess of KI. This solution made akaline with NaOH and gave
brown precipitate (C) when NH3 gas is passed through it. When (A) is added
with small amount of SnCl2, it gives a white precipitate (D) but gives grey
precipitate with excess amount of SnCl 2. When H2S gas is passed through an
acidic solution of (A) a black precipitate (E) is obtained.
Identify (A) to (E) and write the reactions involved.
Solution: A = HgCl2 B = HgI2

Hg
C= O NH2I
Hg
D = Hg2Cl2, E = HgS
reactions are
HgCl 2 + 2KI  HgI 2  2KCl
(A) scarlet ppt(B)
HgI2 + 2KI  K 2HgI 4
( excess) ( so luble)
Hg
2K2HgI4 + 3NaOH + NH3  O NH2I + 4KI + 2H2O + 3NaI
Hg
(C) brown ppt.
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-26
2HgCl 2  SnCl 2  SnCl2 + Hg 2Cl 2

(A) White (D)
HgCl2 + SnCl 2  SnCl4 + 2Hg
( excess) grey
HgCl2 + H2S  HgS + 2HCl
(E)black ppt.
Problem 4: A finely powdered mineral of calcium 'A' was boiled with Na 2CO3 solution and
the precipitate was filtered off. The filtrate was cooled and after cooling another
precipitate 'B' produced which normally exists in the hydrated form. The
aqueous solution of 'B' is alkaline. When 'B' is strongly heated, it gives a
compound 'C' along with a glassy bead 'D'. 'C' was also present initially into
filtrate. 'D' is fused with one of the metal sulphate 'E' to give green colour both
in oxidising flame and reducing flame. Identify A to E with reaction and give the
explanation.
Solution: Clearly 'B' is Na2B4O7 which gives the glassy bead of B2O3 on strong heating
and Na2B4O7 absorbs water to form borax, Na2B4O7, 10H2O. Borax is also
less soluble in cold water but highly soluble in hot water. So after cooling a
precipitate of borax appears also the solution of 'B' is alkaline.
So, A = Ca2B6O11, B = Na2B4O7, C = NaBO2
D = B2O3, E = Cr2(SO4)3 F = Na2[(OH)2B(O—O)2B(OH)2].6H2O
So the reaction are
Ca 2B6O11  2Na 2CO 3  2CaCO 3   Na 2B4O7  2NaBO 2
(A) (B) (C)
'B' normally exists into hydrated from Na2B4O7.10H2O (borax)
Strong
Na2B4O7   2NaBO 2  B2O3
heating ( C) (D)
'E' is Cr2(SO4)3 which gives green colour both in oxidising flame and reducing
flame

Cr2 (SO 4 )3  Cr2O3
Cr2O3 + 2B2O3  2Cr (BO 2 )3
(D) (green in both flame)
2NaNO 2  6H2O  2H2O  Na 2 [(OH)2 B(O  O)2 B(OH)2 ]. 6H2O
( C) (F)
Sodiumpervoskite
Problem 5: A crystalline inorganic compound (A) when comes in contact with skin leaves a
black stain. (A) is freely soluble in water and when to this solution some
sodium chloride is added, a white ppt. appears which is insoluble in HNO 3 but
soluble in NH4OH. When hydrogen sulfide is passed through a solution of (A), a
black ppt. appears. When potassium chromate is added to the solution of (A), a
brick red ppt. results. To another portion of solution (A) mixed with ferrous
sulfate in a test tube concentrated H2SO4 is added, a brown ring results.
Identify the compound and give equations for the various reactions involved.
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-27
Solution: The compound can be AgNO3

Solution of A + NaCl  A white ppt. insoluble in HNO3 but dissolves in
NH4OH, indicating the presence of Ag+ ions in solution.
Solution of A + H2S  Ag2S  a black ppt. soluble in HNO3
Solution of A + K2CrO4  Ag2CrO4  a brick red ppt.
Presence of Ag+ is confirmed
Solution of A + FeSO4 + conc. H2SO4  brown ring indicates presence
of nitrate
The compound in therefore identified as AgNO3
2AgNO3 + H2SO4  Ag2SO4 + 2HNO3
6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3  3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O  [Fe(H2O)5 NO ]SO 4
brown ring
Problem 6: A colorless solid (A) on heating gives a white solid (B) and a colorless gas (C).
(B) gives off reddish brown fumes on treatment with dilute acids. Also when B
is heated with NH4Cl a colorless gas (D) and a residue (E) are obtained. When
(A) is heated with (NH4)2SO4 a colorless gas (F) is obtained along with a white
residue (G). Both (E) and (G) impart color to the Bunsen flame. The gas (C)
reacts with heated magnesium. The colorless gas (D) reacts with heated
calcium and the product on hydrolysis gives ammonia. Identify the compounds
(A) to (G). [8]
Solution:  2NaNO  O
2NaNO 3  2 2
(A) (B) ( C)
dilute
NaNO2  acid
 NO2 (brown gas)


NaNO 2 + NH4Cl  NaCl  N2 + 2H2O
(B) (E) (D)
2NaNO 3  (NH 4 )2 SO 4  Na 2SO 4  2N2O 4H2O

(A) (G) (F)
NaNO3 (A) and Na2SO4 (G) impart yellow colour to flame indicating presence
of Na.
 2MgO
2Mg  O2 
( C)

3Ca  N2  Ca3N2
(D)
Ca3N2 + 6H2O  3Ca(OH)2 + 2NH3

Problem 7: A certain inorganic compound (A) on heating loses water of crystallization. On
further heating, a blackish brown powder (B) and two oxides of sulphur (C) and
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-28
(D) are obtained. The powder (B) on boiling with HCl acid gives a yellow
solution (E). when H2S is passed in (E), a white turbidity (F) and an apple green
solution (G) is obtained. The solution (E) on treatment with thiocyanate ion
gives blood red compound (H). Identify (A) to (H).
Solution: A = FeSO4.7H2O
B = Fe2O3
C = SO2
D = SO3
E = FeCl3
F = S
G = FeCl2
H = Fe(CNS)3
Problem 8: i) An inorganic compound (A) is formed on passing a gas (B) through a

concentrated liquor containing sodium sulphide and sodium sulphite.
ii) On adding (A) into a dilute solution of silver nitrate, a white precipitate
appears which quickly changes into a black coloured compound (C).
iii) On adding two or three drops of ferric chloride into the excess of solution
of (A), a violet coloured compound (D) is formed this colour disappears
quickly.
iv) On adding a solution of (A) into the solution of cupric chloride, a white
precipitate is first formed which dissolves on adding excess of (A) forming
a compound (E).
Identify (A) to (E) and give chemical equations for the reactions at steps (i) to
(iv).
Solution: Let us summarise the given facts .

i) Na2SO3 + Na2S + Gas(B)  A
ii) A + AgNO3  White ppt.  C
(black)
iii) A + FeCl3  D  Disappears
violet
excess of A
iv) A + CuCl2  White ppt.   ppt. diisolves
(E)
The given set of reactions indicate that the compound is sodium thiosulphate
which can be formed from equation (i) when the gas (B) is either SO2 or I2
and thus the various reactions can be written as below:
i) Na 2SO3  2Na 2S  3SO 2  3Na 2S2O3
(B) (A)
or Na2SO3 + Na2S + I2  Na 2S2O3 + 2NaI
(B ) (A)
ii) Na2S2O3 + 2AgNO3  Ag2S2O3  + 2NaNO3
( white ppt)
Ag2S2O3 + H2O  Ag2S  + H2SO4
C(black)
iii) 3Na 2S2O3 + 2FeCl3  Fe 2 (S2O3 )3 + 6NaCl
(A) D( violet)
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-29
2Fe3+ + 2S2O32   2Fe 2   S4O26 

(colourless)
iv) 2Na 2S2O3 + 2CuCl2  2CuCl + Na2S4O6 + 2NaCl
(A)
2CuCl  Na 2S2O3  Cu 2S2O3  + 2NaCl ]  3
( white)
3Cu2S2O3 + 2Na2S2O3  Na 4 [Cu 6 (S2O3 )5 ]
So luble complex(E)
Problem 9: A compound (A) is greenish crystalline salt, which gave the following results.
i) Addition of BaCl2 solution to the solution of (A) results in the formation of a
white ppt. (B) which is insoluble in dil. HCl.
ii) On heating (A), water vapours and two oxides of sulphur (C) and (D) are
liberated leaving a red brown residue (E).
iii) (E) dissolves in warm conc. HCl to give a yellow solution (F).
iv) With H2S the solution (F) yields a pale yellow ppt. (G), Which when filtered,
leaves a greenish filtrate(H).
v) Solution (F) on treatment with thiocyanate ions gives blood red coloured
compound (I). Identify the substances from (A) to (I).
Solution: A = FeSO4.7H2O B = BaSO4

C = SO2 D = SO3
E = Fe2O3 F = FeCl3
Reaction: i) 4FeS + 7O2  2Fe2O3 + 4SO2
ii) FeS + H2SO4  FeSO4 + H2S
iii) 2H2S + SO2  2H2O + 3S
iv) 3FeSO4 + 2K3[Fe(CN)6]  Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2 + 3K2SO4
Problem 10: A colourless solid A on heating gives a white solid B and a colourless gas C; B
gives off reddish brown fumes on treatment with dilute acids. On heating with
NH4Cl, B gives a colourless gas D and a residue E.
The compound A also gives a colourless gas F on heating with ammonium
sulphate and white residue G. Both E and G impart bright yellow colour to
bunsen flame. The gas C forms white powder with strongly heated magnesium
metal. The white powder forms magnesium hydroxide with water. The gas D,
on the other hand, is absorbed by heated calcium which gives of ammonia on
hydrolysis.
Identify the substances A to G and give reactions for the changes involved.
Solution: It is advisable to summarise the given facts in the form of a chart

(NH ) SO heat
G  F 4
2
4  A  
 B  c
colourlessresidue colourlessgas heat Colurlesssolid colourlesssolid colourlessgas
NH4Cl dil.
D  E  B  Re ddish brow nfumes
colourlessgas residue heat acid
H2O
C + Mg  White powder  Mg(OH)2
colourlessgas
HO
D + Ca(heated) 2 NH3
colourlessgas
The above reactions lead to the following conclusions.
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-30
a) Gas D reacts with calcium forming a compound which on hydrolysis gives

ammonia indicating that D must be nitrogen.
b) Residues E and G give yellow flame on burning indicating that these are
sodium salts. Hence compounds B ( which give E) and A (which give G) must
be sodium salt.
c) The colourless solid B gives reddish brown fumes with dilute acids, the
reddish brown fumes are probably of NO2. Hence compound B must be nitrite
(recall that NO 3 ions are not attacked by dil. acids). Consequently, A must be
NO 3 which can give NO 2 (B) on heating.
Thus compound A is NaNO3 which explains all the given reactions as below.
i) 2NaNO 3  2NaNO 2 + O2 
(A) (B) (C)
ii) 2NaNO 2 + H2SO4(dil.)  Na2SO4 + 2HNO2
(B)
3HNO2  HNO3 + H2O + 2NO
2NO + O2  2NO 2 
Re ddish brown fumes
heat
iii) NaNO 2 + NH4Cl   NaCl + N2  + 2H2O
(B) (E) (D)
iv) 2NaNO 3  (NH 4 )2 SO 4  Na 2SO 4 + 2NH 3  + 2NHO3
(A) ( G) (F)
v) 2Mg + O 2  2MgO

(C ) white powder
MgO + H2O  Mg(OH)2
vi) 3Ca + N2  Ca 3N2

(D )
Ca3N2 + 6H2O  3Ca(OH)2 + 2NH3
Thus substance (A) to (G) can be represented as
(A) NaNO3 (B) NaNO2 (C) O2
(D) N2 (E) NaCl (F) NH3
(G) Na2SO4
7.2 Objective
Problem 1: A free metal is formed by the thermal decomposition of

(A) KNO3 (B) Pb(NO3)2
(C) Mg(NO3)2 (D) AgNO3
Δ
Solution: 2AgNO3  2Ag(s) + 2NO2(g) + O2(g)
Problem 2: The formula of the compound which gives violet colour in Lassiagne’s test for
sulphur with sodium nitroprusside is
(A) Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS] (B) Na3[Fe(CN)5NOS]
(C) Na2[Fe(CN)5S] (D) Na4[Fe(CN)4S]
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-31
Solution: Na2S + Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS]
Problem 3: When magnesium ammonium phosphate is heated, it is converted into

(A) Magnesium pyrophosphate (B) Magnesium oxide
(C) Magnesium phosphate (D) Magnesium nitride
Solution: 2MgNH.PO4.6H2O   2MgNH4PO4

380K
12H2O
1070K
Mg2P2O7 + 2NH3 + H2O
Problem 4: An acidic solution contains Cu2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+. If H2S(g) is passed through the
solution the precipitate will contain
(A) CuS and ZnS (B) PbS and ZnS
(C) CuS and PbS (D) CuS, PbS and ZnS
Solution: When H2S is passed in acidic solution the ionisation of H2S is suppressed,
because of the common ions, furnished by the strong acid. The conc. of S2–
ion is not sufficient for the precipitation of Zn2+ as ZnS. Only Cu2+ and
Pb2+ are precipitated because their solubility products are less.
Problem 5: When a small amount of HCl is added to an aq. Solution of BiCl 3 a white
precipitate is formed. This is due to
(A) Bi(OH)3 (B) Bi2O3
(C) BiOCl (D) None of the above
Solution: BiCl3 + 3H2O  BiOCl + 2HCl

Problem 6: White phosphorus when boiled with concentrated solution of KOH produces
(A) Na3P (B) Na3PO4
(C) PH3 (D) Red P
Solution: P4 + 3KOH + 3H2O PH3 + 3KH2PO2
Problem 7: When a fluoride is heated with conc. H2SO4 in a glass tube and if a drop of
water is held at the mouth of the glass tube, a white deposit formed is of
(A) H2SiF6 (B) SiO2
(C) H2SiO3 (D) SiF4 + H2F2
Solution: CaF2 + H2SO4  CaSO4 + H2F2

SiO2 + 2H2F2  SiF4 + 2H2O
3SiF4 + 3H2O  H2SiO 3 + 2H2SiF6
( silicicaci
d)
( gelatinous mass)
Problem 8: Which of the following compounds is formed, when a mixture of K 2Cr2O7 and
NaCl is heated with conc. H2SO4?
(A) CrO2Cl2 (B) CrCl3
(C) Cr2(SO4)3 (D) Na2CrO4
Solution: K2Cr2O7 + 2H2SO3  KHSO4 + 2CrO3 + H2O
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-32
KCl + H2SO4  KHSO4 + HCl

CrO3 + 2HCl  CrO 2Cl 2  HCl
(Re d oilyvapours )
Problem 9: A green mass is formed in charcoal cavity test when a colourless salt(X) is
fused with cobalt nitrate, (X) may contain
(A) Al (B) Cu
(C) Ba (D) Zn
Solution: ZnSO4 + Na2CO3  ZnCO3 + Na2SO4

ZnCO3  ZnO + CO2
2Co(NO3)2  2CaO + 4NO2 + O2
CaO + ZnO  CaZnO 2
( green )
Problem 10: Ammonium dichromate on heating gives

(A) NO (B) N2O
(C) NO2 (D) N2
Δ
Solution: (NH4)2Cr2O7  N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O
8. Assignments (Subjective Problems)

LEVEL- I
1. A mineral popularly known as appetite, is used to prepare a fertilizer, which provides

phosphorus element to the soil:
i) The fertilizer is obtained by treating appetite with H2SO4
ii) When heated with silica and cake, it yields white phosphorus and calcium
silicate. Suggest formula for appetite
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-33
2. The action of dil. Acid on an iron salt produces a gas with a strong odour. The gas
burns with a blue flame to produce moisture, a yellow residue and traces of another
gas, which has a familiar smell. Identify the gas produced from iron salt and dil. acid.
3. A white solid A was dissolved in HNO3. Its solution produced a white precipitate with
dil. HCl. The precipitate is insoluble in dil. HNO3 but is soluble in aqua-regia. Its
solution produced grey precipitate with copper turnings and a white precipitate with
aq. AgNO3. Identify the compound A.
4. Sodium hydroxide is hygroscopic, that is, it absorbs moisture when exposed to the
atmosphere. A student placed a pellet of NaOH on a watch glass. A few days later,
she noticed that the pellet was covered with a white solid. What is the identity of this
solid?
5. A white solid was added to sodium hydroxide solution and warmed. A colourless gas
with a characteristic odour evolved on heating, which turned moist red litmus to blue.
Identify the solid and gas.
6. A white compound A gave a golden yellow flame colour on performing flame test.
The aqueous solution of A produced a precipitate with AgNO3 solution. On heating
with conc. H2SO4 dense brown fumes come out. Identify A.
7. When a white powder A is strongly heated, it gives off a colourless, odourless gas B
which turns lime water milky C and if the passage of this gas is continued, the
milkiness disappears and gives a solution D. The solid residue E is yellow when hot
but turns white on cooling. Identify A to E.
8. Calcium burns in nitrogen to produce a white powder which dissolves in sufficient

water to produce a gas (A) and an alkaline solution. The solution on exposure to air
produces a thin solid layer of (B) on the surface. Identify the compounds (A) and (B).
9. A white amorphous powder (A) on strongly heating gives a colourless non-

combustible gas (B) and solid (C). The gas (B) turns lime water milky and turbidity
disappears with the passage of excess of gas.The solution of (C) in dilute HCl gives
a white ppt. with an aqueous solution of K4[Fe(CN)6]. The solution of (A) in dilute HCl
gives a white ppt. (D) on passing H2S in presence of excess of NH4OH. Identify (A)
to (D).
10. A gaseous mixture containing (X), (Y), (Z) gases, when passed into acidified K2Cr2O7
solution, gas (X) was absorbed and the solution was turned green. The remainder
gas mixture was then passed through lime water, which turns milky by absorbing gas
(Y). The residual gas when passed through alkaline pyrogallol solution, it turned
black. Identify gas (X), (Y), (Z).
11. When 20.02 g of a white solid (X) is heated, 4.4 g of an acid gas (A) and 1.8 g of a
neutral gas (B) are evolved leaving behind a solid residue (Y) of weight 13.8 g. (A)
turns lime water milky and (B) condenses into a liquid which changes anhydrous
copper sulphate blue. The aqueous solution of (Y) is alkaline to litmus and gives 19.7
g of white ppt. (Z) with barium chloride solution. (Z) gives carbon dioxide with an
\acid. Identify (A), (B), (X), (Y) and (Z).
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-34
12. When gas A is passed through dry KOH at low temperature, a deep red coloured
compound, B and a gas C are obtained. The gas A, on reaction with but -2-ene,
followed by treatment with Zn/H2O yields acetaldehyde. Identify A,B and C.
13. To a solution containing Ca2+, Ag+, Cu2+ and K+, 2M HCl is added when a white ppt.
(A) is obtained. After filteration H2S is passed through the filterate, a black ppt.(B) is
formed. On removing (B) by filteration it gave white ppt. (C) with conc. Na 2CO3
solution. Identify (A), (B) and (C).
14 An orange solid (A) on heating gave a green residue (B), a colourless gas (C) and
water vapour. The dry gas (C) on passing over heated Mg gave a white solid (D). (D)
on reaction with water gave a gas (E) which formed white fumes with HCl. Identify
(A) to (E).
15. When 16.8 gm of a solid X were heated, 4.4 gm of a gas A that turned lime water
milky was driven off together with 1.8 gm of a gas B which condensed to a colourless
liquid. The solid that remained Y, dissolved in water to give an alkaline solution,
which with excess of barium chloride solution gave white ppt. Z. The ppt. effervesced
with acid giving off carbon di-oxide. Identify A, B, X and Y.
LEVEL- II
1. A solution of a salt (A) gives white precipitate with AgNO3. When treated with
calculated quantity of NaOH, gave a green coloured precipitate (B) which dissolves
in excess of NaOH. (B) acts as a weak base and loses water on heating to give a
green powder (C). The green powder is used as refractory material. When (C) is
fused with alkali in presence of air (or) oxidising agent, a yellow coloured solution (D)
is obtained. Identify the compounds (A) to (D).
2. A solution of white solid (A) gave white precipitate (B) with water. On treatment with
HCl the precipitate (B) produced (A). When solution of (A) was treated with sodium
stannite and NaOH, it produced a black precipitate (C). With conc. H2SO4 the
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-35
compound A produced a colourless gas (D). The gas is soluble in H2O and its
aqueous solution produced a white precipitate (E) with Hg2(NO3)2 but no precipitate
with Hg(NO3)2. Identify (A) to (E).
3. A waxy crystalline solid (A) with a garlic odour is obtained by burning white
phosphorus in a steam of air. (A) reacts vigorously with hot water forming gas (B)
and an acid (C). Gas (B) has unpleasant odour of rotten fish and is almost neutral
towards litmus. When passed through CuSO4 solution, gas (B) produced a black
precipitate (D). Identify the compounds (A) to (B).
4. A metal chloride (A) gives white precipitate (B) in presence of NH4OH and
(NH4)3PO4. (B) on heating gives (C) and a pungent smelling gas (D) which turns red
litmus blue. Identify (A) to (D).
5. A solid (A), orange in colour, is fairly soluble in water. It evolves a gas (B) and a
residue (C) resembling green tea, on heating. When NaOH is added to the solution
of (A), a gas (D) is produced, which turns red litmus blue and the solution turns
yellow. Identify (A), (B), (C) and (D).
6. A brown black solid (A) on fusion with KNO2 in NaOH gives a green compound (B)
and a colurless gas (C). Gas (C) on exposure in air gives a brown gas (D), which
dissolves in water to produce nitric acid. Green compound (B) in aqueous solution on
electrolytic oxidation gives a violet compound (E), KOH and H2 gas. An aqueous
solution of (E) in cold reacts with ethylene to give glycol and its pink colour is
discharged due to precipitation of (A). What are (A) to (E)?
7. Gradual addition of KI solution to Bi(NO3)3 solution initially produces a dark brown

precipitate which dissolves in excess of KI to give a clear yellow solution. Write
chemical equations for the above reactions.
8. A colourless solid A liberates a brown gas B on acidification, a colourless alkaline

gas C on treatment with NaOH, and a colourless non-reactive gas D on heating. If
heating of the solid A is continued, it completely disappears. Identify A to D.
9. A compound (X) of S, Cl and O has vapour density of 67.5. It reacts with water to
form two acids, and reacts with KOH to form two salts (Y) and (Z). While (Y) gives
white precipitate with AgNO3 solution, (Z) gives white precipitate with BaCl2 solution.
Identify X.
10. i) An inorganic iodide (A) on heating with a solution of KOH gives a gas (B) and the
solution of a compound (C).
ii) The gas (B) on ignition in air gives a compound (D) and water
iii) Copper sulphate is finally reduced to the metal on passing (B) through its solution
iv) A precipitate of compound (E) is formed on reaction of (C) with copper sulphate
solution.
Identify (A) to (E) and give chemical equations for reactions at steps (i) to (iv)
11. A certain salt (X) gives the following tests:

i) Its aqueous solution is alkaline to litmus
ii) On strongly heating it swells to give a glassy material
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-36
iii) When concentrated sulphuric acid is added to a hot concentrated solution of (X)
white crystals of a weak acid separate out.
Identify (X) and write down the chemical equations for reactions at steps (i), (ii)
and (iii)
12. A certain compound (X) shows the following reactions :

i) When KI is added to an aq. suspension of (X) containing acetic acid, iodine is
liberated
ii) When CO2 is passed through an aq. suspension of (X) the turbidity transforms to
a ppt.
iii) When a paste of (X) in water is heated with ethyl alcohol a product of anaesthetic
use is obtained.
Identify (X) and write down chemical equations for reactions at step (i), (ii) and (iii).
13. An inorganic Lewis acid (X) shows the following reactions :

i) It fumes in moist air.
ii) The intensity of fumes increases when a rod dipped in NH4OH is brought near it.
iii) An acidic solution of (X) on addition of NH4Cl and NH4OH gives a precipitate
which dissolves in NaOH solution.
iv) An acidic solution of (X) does not give a precipitate with H2S. Identify (X) and give
chemical equation for steps (i) to (iii).
14. A yellow solid (A) is unaffected by acids and bases. It is not soluble in water. It
dissolves slowly in hot conc. HNO3 and brown gas (B) is released. The solid (A)
dissolves only in a boiling solution of sodium sulphite giving a clear solution (C).
Acidification of solution (C) causes a colourless gas (D) to be liberated, accompanied
by the appearance of a milky precipiate (E) in the solution. Identify (A) to (E)
15. Identify A,B, C and D in the following sequence of reactions:

i) A + NaOH  NaCl + NH3 + H2O
ii) NH3 + CO2 + H2O  B
iii) B + NaCl  C + NH4Cl
iv) C    Na CO + H O + D
2 3 2
LEVEL- III
1. An unknown inorganic compound (X) loses its water of crystallisation on heating and
its aqueous solution gives the following reactions.
i) It gives a white turbidity with dilute hydrochloric acid solution.
ii) It decolourises a solution of iodine in potassium iodide.
iii) It gives a white precipitate with silver nitrate solution which turns black on
standing.
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-37
Identify the compound (X) and give chemical equations for the reactions at steps(i),
(ii) and (iii).
2. The gas liberated, on heating a mixture of two salts with NaOH, gives a reddish
brown precipitate with an alkaline solution of K2HgI4. The aqueous solution of the
mixture on treatment with BaCl2 gives a white precipitate which is sparingly soluble in
conc. HCl. On heating the mixture of K2Cr2O7 and conc. H2SO4 red vapours of A are
produced. The aqueous solution of the mixture gives a deep blue colouration B with
potassium ferricyanide solution. Identify the radicals in the given mixture and write
the balanced equations for the formation of A and B.
3. When an orange coloured crystalline compound (A) was heated with common salt
and concentrated sulphuric acid an orange - yellow coloured gas (B) was evolved.
The gas (B) when passed through caustic soda solution gave a yellow solution (C)
which in turn gave following reactions.
i) Addition of silver nitrate solution to (C) gave first a white precipitate and then red.
Quantitatively, 0.155 g of the gas (B) required 2.0 m moles of AgNO 3 to produce
the first trace of red colour.
ii) Acidification of the solution (C) with dil. H2SO4 gave an orange solution which
contained chromium in +6 oxidation state. The solution liberated iodine from
aqueous potassium iodide, leaving a green solution containing chromium in +3
oxidation state. Quantitatively 0.155 g of the gas (B) liberated 1.5 m mole of
iodine.
Deduce the formula of A, B and C and explain the reactions.
4. A white amorphous powder (A) when heated, gives a colourless gas (B), which turns
lime water milky (which dissolves on passing excess of gas (B) and the residue (C)
which is yellow while hot but white when cold. The residue (C) dissolves in dilute HCl
and the resulting solution gives a white precipitate on addition of potassium
ferrocyanide solution. (A) dissolves in dil. HCl with the evolution of a gas which is
identical in all respects to gas (B). The solution of (A) in dil. HCl gives a white ppt.
(D) on addition of excess of NH4OH and on passing H2S gas. Another portion of this
solution gives initially a white ppt. (E) on addition of NaOH solution which dissolves
in excess of NaOH, the solution on passing again H2S gives back the white ppt. of
(E), the white ppt. on heating solution on passing again H2S gas gives back the white
ppt. of (E), the white ppt. on heating with dil H2SO4 give a gas used in II and IV
group analysis. What are (A) to (E)? Give balanced chemical equation of the
reaction.
5. A yellow fuming liquid (A) gives the following observations:
i) Its vapour undergoes partial dissociation into (B) and a gas chlorine.
ii) An passing H2S in aqueous solution of (B) in acidic medium gives an orange
precipitate (C).
iii) The orange precipitate © is soluble in yellow ammonium sulphide but solution on
treatment with dil. HCl again liberates (C).
iv) (C) on boiling with conc. HCl again produces (B) and a gas (D) which gives violet
colour with sodium nitroprusside and black precipitate with lead acetate solution.
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-38
v) (B) forms an unstable complex (E) with ammonium oxalate on passing H2S in
solution of (E), (B) is precipitate.
vi) (B) reacts with Fe powder to give black precipitate of a metalloid (F) which on
boiling with conc. HCl gives (B) an yellow liquid.
Identify (A) to (F)
6. A colourless solid (A) on heating gives a white solid (B) and a colourless gas (C). (B)
gives a reddish brown gas on treatment with dilute acids. When (B) is heated with
solid NH4Cl a colourless gas (D) and a residue (E) are obtained. When (A) is heated
with (NH4)2SO4 a colourless gas (F) is obtained alongwith a white residue (G). Both
(E) and (G) imports yellow colour to flame. The gas (C) reacts with Mg to give white
powder. The gas (D) is heated with calcium and the product on hydrolysis gives NH3.
Identify (A) to (G).
7. i) An inorganic compound (A) is formed on passing a gas (B) to a concentrated

liquor containing sodium sulphate.
ii) On adding (A) into a dilute solution of silver nitrate, a white precipitate appears
which quickly changes into a black coloured compound (C).
iii) On adding two (or) three drops of ferric chloride into excess of solution (A), a
violet coloured compound (D) is formed. This colour disappears quickly.
iv) On adding a solution of (A) into the solution of cupric chloride, a white precipitate
is first formed which dissolves on adding excess of (A) forming a compound (E).
8. (A) is binary compound of a univalent metal 1.422g of (A) reacts completely with
0.321 g of sulphur in an evacuated and sealed tube to give 1.743g of a white
crystalline solid (B) that formed a hydrated double salt (C) with Al2(SO4)3. Identify (A),
(B) and (C).
9. i) A black coloured compound (B) is formed on passing hydrogen sulphide through
the solution of a compound (A) in NH4OH.
ii) (B) on treatment with hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate gives (A)
iii) (A) on treatment with potassium cyanide gives a buff coloured precipitate which
dissolves in excess of this reagent forming a compound (C).
iv) The compound (C) is changed into a compound (D) when its aqueous solution is
boiled.
v) The solution of (A) was treated with excess of sodium bicarbonate and then with
bromine water. On cooling and shaking for some time, a green colour of
compound (E) formed. No change is observed on heating.
Identify (A) to (E) and give chemical equations for the reactions at steps (i) to (iv)
10. An aqueous solution of salt (A) gives a white crystalline precipitate (B) with NaCl
solution. The filterate gives a black precipitate (C) when H2S gas is passed through
it. Compound (B) dissolves in hot water and the solution gives yellow precipitate (D)
on treatment with KI and cooling, orange ppt. with K2CrO4 solution and white ppt.
with dil. H2SO4 solution which is insoluble in C2H5OH. The compound (A) does not
evolve any gas with dil. HCl, liberates a reddish brown gas on heating. Identify the
compounds (A) to (D) and explain the reactions involved.
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-39
11. A hydrated metallic salt (A), light green in colour, gives a white anhydrous residue
(B) after being heated gradually. (B) is soluble in H2O and its aqueous solution reacts
with NO to give a dark brown compound (C). (B) on strong heating gives a brown
residue and a mixture of two gases (E) and (F). The gaseous mixture, when passed
through acidified permanganate, discharges the pink colour and when passed
through acidified BaCl2 solution, gives a white precipitate. Identify (A), (B), (C), (D),
(E) and (F). Explain the reactions involved.
12. An inorganic compound (A) when heated, decomposes completely to give only two
gases (B) and (C). (B) is a neutral gas, fairly soluble in H2O and itself decomposes
on heating to different gases (D) and (E).
Compound (A) when warmed with NaOH gives another gas (F) which turns mercurous
nitrate paper black. After sometime the gas (F) ceases to evolve, however its supply is
restored by treating the residual solution with Al powder. Identify (A) to (F) giving the
equations involved.
13. A certain inorganic compound (X) shows the following reactions :

i) On passing H2S through an acidified solution of (X), a brown ppt. is obtained.
ii) The ppt. obtained in first step dissolves in excess of yellow ammonium sulphide.
iii) On adding an aq. solution of NaOH to solution of (X), first a white ppt. is obtained
which dissolves in excess of NaOH.
iv) The aq. solution of (X) reduces ferric chloride
Identify the cation of X and give chemical equations for the steps (i), (ii), (iii) and
(iv).
14. A mixture of two salts was treated as follows :

i) The mixture was heated with manganese dioxide and conc. sulphuric acid, when
yellowish green gas was liberated
ii) The mixture on heating with sodium hydroxide solution gave a gas which turned
red litmus blue.
iii) Its solution in water gave blue ppt. with potassium ferricyanide and red
colouration with ammonium thiocyanate.
iv) The mixture was boiled with potassium hydroxide and the liberated gas was
bubbled through an alkaline solution of K2HgI4 to give brown ppt. Identify the two
salts. Give ionic equations for reactions involved in the tests (i), (ii) and (iii).
15. A scarlet compound (A) is treated with conc. HNO3 to give a chocolate brown
precipitate (B). The precipitate is filtered and the filtrate is neutralised with NaOH.
Addition of KI to the resulting solution gives a yellow precipitate (C). The precipitate
(B) on warming with conc. HNO3 in the presence of Mn(NO3)2 produces a pink -
coloured solution due to the formation of (D). Identify (A), (B), (C) and (D). Write the
reaction sequence.
9. Assignments (Objective Problems)

LEVEL- I
1. Which of the following doesn’t give flame colouration?
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-40
(A) MgCl2 (B) BaCl2

(C) CaCO3 (D) SrCO3
2. A substance that burns even in atmosphere of CO2, with dazzling light is

(A) Na (B) K
(C) Ca (D) Mg
3. The colours emitted by excited atoms are characteristic of the element. The element
famous for the red emission of fireworks and warning flares is
(A) Pb (B) Mg
(C) Sr (D) Ba
4. Which of the following elements (M) reacts with HNO3 to form MO2?
(A) P4 (B) Mg
(C) Zn (D) Sn
5. When a small amount of HCl is added to an aq. Solution of BiCl3 a white precipitate
is formed. This is due to
(A) Bi(OH)3 (B) Bi2O3
(C) BiOCl (D) None of the above
6. A monobasic acid of phosphorus, which reduces HgCl2 to black Hg is

(A) Hypophosphorus acid (B) Phosphoric acid
(C) Metaphosphoric acid (D) Pyrophosphoric acid
7. FeSO4 gives brown ring with

(A) NO (B) N2O3
(C) NO2 (D) N2O5
8. A substance which gives a yellow precipitate when boiled with an excess of HNO 3
and ammonium molybdate and a red precipitate with silver nitrate is
(A) Orthophosphate (B) Pyrophosphate
(C) Metabosphate (D) Aresenate
9. Phosphine gives black precipitate with

(A) NaCl (B) AgNO3
(C) AlCl3 (D) CuSO4
10. When SO2 is passed through an aq. Solution of I2, it becomes colourless. This is due
to
(A) Bleaching action of SO2 (B) Formation of HI
(C) Combination of SO2 and I2 (D) Formation of HNO3
11. A reddish brown gas, obtained on heating an inorganic compound with K2Cr2O7 and
conc. H2SO4 was bubbled through dil. NaOH. The alkaline solution yielded a yellow
precipitate on addition of lead acetate. The inorganic compound is likely to be
(A) a chloride (B) a nitrate
(C) a bromide (D) a sulphide
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-41
12. A reagent used to distinguish between a chloride and a peroxide is

(A) H2O (B) dil. H2SO4
(C) KOH solution (D) NaCl
13. Ferric ion forms a prussian blue coloured precipitate due to the formation of
(A) K4[Fe(CN)6] (B) Fe4[Fe(CN)6]
(C) KMnO4 (D) Fe(OH)3
14. In the precipitation of the iron group in qualitative analysis ammonium chloride is
added before adding ammonium hydroxide to
(A) decrease concentration of OH– ions (B) prevent interference by phosphate ions
(C) increase concentration of Cl– ions (D) increase concentration of NH4+ ions
15. H2S gas on passing through an alkaline solution forms a white precipitate. The
solution contains ions is
(A) Pb (B) Zn
(C) Cu (D) Ni
16. Which salt has its aqueous solution, coloured?

(A) Zn(NO3)2 (B) LiNO3
(C) Co(NO3)2 (D) Potash Alum
17. Which gives violet colour with borax

(A) Fe (B) Pb
(C) Co (D) Mn
18. Yellow ammonium sulphide solution is a suitable reagent used for the separation of
(A) HgS and PbS (B) PbS and Bi2S3
(C) Bi2S3 and CuS (D) CdS and As2S3
19. When Cl2 water is added to an aq. Solution of potassium halide in the presence of
chloroform, a violet colour is formed. On adding more of Cl2 water, the violet colour
disappears and a colourless solution is obtained. The test confirms the presence of
____________ in solution
(A) Iodide (B) Bromide
(C) Chloride (D) Iodide and Bromide
20. The silver sulphate solution is used to separate

(A) Nitrate and bromide (B) Nitrate and chlorate
(C) Bromide and iodide (B) Nitrate and Nitrite
21. Fe(OH)3 can be separated from Al(OH)3 by addition of

(A) dil. HCl (B) NaCl solution
(C) NaOH solution (D) NH4Cl and NH4OH
22. Which sulphide is insoluble in dil. Acids but soluble in alkalies?

(A) PbS (B) CdS
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-42
(C) FeS (D) As2S3
23. An orange red precipitate obtained by passing H2S through an acidified solution of
an inorganic salt indicates the presence of
(A) Cadmium (B) Tin
(C) Antimony (D) Bismuth
24. The reagents NH4Cl and aq. NH3 will precipitate

(A) Ca2+ (B) Al3+
2+
(C) Mg (D) Zn2+
25. A white crystalline substance dissolves in hot water. On passing H2S in this solution,
a black precipitate is obtained. The black precipitate dissolves completely in hot
HNO3. On adding a few drops of conc. H2SO4 a white precipitate is obtained. This
substance is
(A) BaSO4 (B) SrSO4
(C) PbCl2 (D) CdSO4
26. The presence of NH4+ radical in solution can be detected
(A) Fehling’s solution (B) Benedict’s solution
(C) Schiff’s reagent (D) Nessler’s reagent
27. Chloride of which element will be coloured?

(A) Ag (B) Hg
(C) Zn (D) Co
28. Conc. NaOH can separate a mixture of

(A) Al3+ and Cr3+ (B) Cr3+ and Fe3+
3+ 3+
(C) Al and Zn (D) Zn2+ and Pb2+
29. Potassium thiocyanate solution reacts with ferric chloride to give

(A) Pink colour (B) Deep blue colour
(C) Green colour (D) Blood red colour
30. Ammonium molybdate is used to detect

(A) Fluoride ion (B) Sulphate ion
(C) Phosphate ion (D) Nitrate ion
LEVEL - II More than one choice
1. Nitrogen dioxide can be obtained by heating :

(a) KNO3 (b) Pb(NO3)2
(c) LiNO3 (d) AgNO3
2. The cation which gives yellow ppt. with K2CrO4 in acetic acid is:
(a) Ba2+ (b) Pb2+
2+
(c) Ca (d) K+
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-43
3. Which of the following anions is not easily removed by precipitation from its aqueous
solution :
(a) NO3 (b) CH3COO
(c) SO42 (d) I
4. When oxalic acid is heated with conc. H2SO4, it produces:

(a) CO (b) CO2
(c) SO2 (d) SO3
5. Iodine imparts brown colour to :

(a) Water (b) Ether
(c) Alcohol (d) Chloroform
6. Hydrogen iodide cannot be made by the action of concentrated sulphuric acid on potassium
iodide because :
(a) H2SO4 in an oxidizing agent (b) HI is stronger acid than H2SO4
(c) HI is strong reducing agent (d) H2SO4 is stronger acid then HI
7. A solution giving yellow ppt. with ammonium molybdate contains :
(a) PO43 (b) As 3
(c) Bi3+ (d) none of these
8. Addition of FeCl3 to K4[Fe(CN)6] gives :
(a) Prussian blue (b) Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
(c) Ferri-ferrocyanide (d) none of these
9. KCN is used for separating :

(a) Co2+ and Ni2+ (b) Mn2+ and Zn2+
(c) Ba2+ and Ca2+ (d) Cu2+ and Cd2+
10. An aqueous solution contains Hg2+, Hg22  , Pb2+ and Cd2+. The addition of HCl(6N) will
precipitate :
(a) Hg2Cl2 (b) PbCl2
(c) HgCl2 (d) CdCl2
LEVEL - III Other Engg. Exams
1. When a mixture of solid NaCl, solid K2Cr2O7 is heated with conc. H2SO4, orange red vapours
are obtained of the compound
(a) Chromous chloride (b) chromyl chloride
(c) Chromic chloride (d) Chromic sulphate
2. To an inorganic mixture dil. H2SO4 is added in cold; colourless, odourless gas is evolved.
The mixture contains.
(a) Sulphite (b) Acetate
(c) Nitrite (d) Carbonate
3. Ozone when reacts with potassium iodide solution liberates certain product, which turns
starch paper blue. The liberated substance is . . . . .
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-44
(a) Oxygen (b) Iodine

(c) Hydrogen iodide (d) Potassium hydroxide
4. A brown ring appears in the test for

(a) Nitrate (b) Nitrite
(c) Bromide (d) Iron
5. Which one of the following anions is not easily removed from aqueous solutions by
precipitation
(a) Cl (b) NO3
(c) CO32 (d) SO24
6. A precipitate of the following would be obtained when HCl is added to a solution of stannous
sulphide (SnS) in yellow ammonium sulphide
(a) SnS (b) SnS2
(c) Sn2S2 (d) (NH4)2SnS3
7. An aqueous solution contains the ions as Hg 22 , Hg2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+. The addition of dilute
HCl(6N) precipitates
(a) Hg2Cl2 only (b) PbCl2 only
(c) PbCl2 and HgCl2 (d) Hg2Cl2 and PbCl2
8. Which compound does not dissolve in hot dilute HNO3
(a) HgS (b) PbS
(c) CuS (d) CdS
9. When bismuth chloride is poured into a large volume of water, the white precipitate
produced is
(a) Bi(OH)3 (b) Bi2O3
(c) BiOCl (d) Bi2OCl3
10. Nessler’s reagent is used to detect

(a) CrO24 (b) PO43
(c) MnO4 (d) NH 4
11. Cu2+ ions will be reduced to Cu+ ions by the addition of an aqueous solution of
(a) KF (b) KCl
(c) KI (d) KOH
12. Which of the following basic radicals will not be precipated by H2S gas in the presence of
NH3
(a) Mn2+ (b) Ni2+
2+
(c) Cd (d) Ca2+
13. When calomel react with NH4OH solution the compound formed is
(a) NH2 – Hg – Cl (b) HgCl2NH3
(c) Hg(NH3)2Cl2 (d) HgCl2(NH3)
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-45
14. Copper sulphate solution react with KCN

(a) K3[Cu(CN)4] (b) CuCN
(c) Cu(CN)2 (d) K2[Cu(CN)4]
15. A metal nitrate reacts with KI to give a black precipitate which on addition of excess of KI
convert into orange colour solution. The cation of the metal nitrate is
(a) Hg2+ (b) Bi3+
2+
(c) Pb (d) Cu+
SECTION - III
A Matrix-Match Type
1. Column I Column II
(A) Precipitate with KCN which is soluble (p) Fe2+
in excess of KCN.
(B) Precipitate with NaOH and NH4OH (q) Hg2+
which is soluble in both excess of
reagent.
(C) Coloured precipitate with KI, which is (r) Pb2+
soluble in excess KI.
(D) Black precipitate with H2S, which is (s) Ag+
soluble in hot and dil. HNO3.
2. Column I Column II
(A) Canary yellow ppt. with (NH4)2MoO4 (p) NO3
(B) Brown Ring test (q) NO2
(C) Acid radical which evolves gas with (r) AsO34
conc. HCl
(D) Acid radical which gives gas with dil. (s) PO34
H2SO4
B Linked Comprehension Type
Comprehension - I
A compound (A) is greenish crystalline salt, which gave the following results.
i) Addition of BaCl2 solution to the solution of (A) results in the formation of white ppt. (B).
which is insoluble in dil HCl.
ii) On heating (A), water vapours and two oxides of sulphur, (C) and (D) are liberated leaving
a red brown residue (E).
iii) (E) dissolves in warm conc. HCl to give a yellow solution (F).
iv) With H2S, the solution (F) yields a pale yellow ppt. (G), which when filtered, leaves a
greenish filtrate (H).
v) Solution (F) on treatment with thiocynate ions gives blood red coloured compound (I).
1. Compound (A) is
(a) CuSO4 (b) MnSO4
(c) FeSO4 (d) Na2SO4
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-46
2. White ppt (B) is of

(a) K2SO4 (b) BaSO4
(c) FeSO4 (d) CuSO4
3. The yellow solution is of
(a) FeCl3 (b) CuCl2
(c) PbCl2 (d) MnCl2
4. The pale yellow ppt (G) is
(a) BaSO4 (b) PbCl2
(c) FeSO4 (d) S
Comprehension - II
A bluish green coloured compound ‘A’ on heating gives two products ‘B’ and ‘C’. A metal ‘D’
is deposited on passing H2 through heated ‘B’. The compound ‘A’ and ‘B’ are insoluble in
water. ‘B’ is black in colour, dissolves in HCl and on treatment with K4[Fe(CN)6] gives a
chocolate brown ppt of compound ‘E’. ‘C’ is colourless, odoulress gas and turns lime water
milkly.
5. Compound ‘A’ is
(a) CuSO4 (b) CuCO3
(c) FeSO4 (d) CrCl3
6. The compounds ‘B’ and ‘C’ are respectively
(a) CuS, SO2 (b) CuO, CO2
(c) FeO, H2S (d) Cr2O3, CO
7. The compounds ‘D’ and ‘E’ are respectively
(a) Cu, Cu2[Fe(CN)6] (b) Fe, Cu2[Fe(CN)6]
(c) Cr, CuCO3 (d) Zn, CuO
Comprehension - III
A well known orange crystalline compound (A) when burnt imparts violet colour to flame. (A)
on treating with (B) and conc. H2SO4 gives red gas (C) which gives red yellow solution (D)
with alkaline water. (D) on treating with acetic acid and lead acetate gives yellow precipitate
(E). (B) sublimes on heating. Also on heating (B) with NaOH, gas (F) is formed which gives
white fumes with HCl.
8. The red gas (C) would be
(a) Br2 (b) Cl2
(c) CrO2Cl2 (d) Cr(OCl)Cl
9. Yellow solution (D) is
(a) Na2CrO4 (b) Cr2O3
(c) PbCrO4 (d) Na2Cr2O7
10. The yellow ppt (E) is of
(a) Na2CrO4 (b) PbCrO4
(c) PbCr2O7 (d) K2Cr2O7
11. The compounds (A) and (B) are
(a) Na2CrO4 and NH4Cl (b) Na2Cr2O7 & NH4Cl
(c) K2Cr2O7 and NaCl (d) NH4Cl, Na2CrO4
RSM79-P5-CH-QA-47
10. Answers to Objective Assignments

LEVEL – I
1. (A) 2. (D)
3. (C) 4. (D)
5. (C) 6. (A)
7. (A) 8. (D)
9. (B) 10. (C)
11. (A) 12. (B)
13. (B) 14. (A)
15. (B) 16. (C)
17. (D) 18. (D)
19. (A) 20. (A)
21. (C) 22. (D)
23. (C) 24. (B)
25. (C) 26. (D)
27. (D) 28. (B)
29. (D) 30. (C)
LEVEL - II
1. (B), (C), (D) 2. (A), (B) 3. (A), (B) 4. (A), (B)

5. (B), (C) 6. (A), (C) 7. (A), (B) 8. (A), (B), (C)
9. (A), (D) 10. (A), (B)
LEVEL - III
1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5. (B)

6. (B) 7. (D) 8. (A) 9. (C) 10. (D)
11. (A) 12. (A) 13. (A) 14. (A) 15. (B)
LEVEL- IV
A B
Match the following Write-up
1. (A – p, s) 1. (C)
(B – p, q) 2. (B)
(C – q, r) 3. (A)
(D – r, s) 4. (D)
2. (A – r, s) 5. (B)
(B – p, q) 6. (B)
(C – p, q) 7. (A)
(D – q) 8. (C)
9. (A)
10. (B)
11. (B)

Qualitative Analysis Final

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Qualitative Analysis Final

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2. Introduction Welcome to this colourful zone. Visualize

10. Answers to Objective

b) Rub the moistered salt (or) mixture with

Observation Inference Confirmatory Tests

Let us study the reactions in detailed now.

i) Dilute HCl : gives effervescence, due to the evolution of carbon dioxide

On prolonged passage of carbon dioxide in lime water, the turbidity slowly

ii) Barium chloride or Calcium chloride solution : White ppt of barium or

CO32- + Ba2+  BaCO3 

iii) Silver nitrate solution : White ppt. of silver carbonate is obtained.

SO32- + 2H+  SO2 + H2O

The gas has suffocating odour of burning sulphur.

SO2 + Ca(OH)2  CaSO3  + H2O

ii) Turns lead acetate paper black

Na2S + CdCO3  CdS + Na2CO3

v) Sodium nitroprusside solution: Turns sodium nitroprusside solution purple

ii) Silver nitrate solution : White crystalline ppt. is obtained

iii) Turns acidified KI - starch paper blue

NO2- + CH3COOH  HNO2 + CH3COO-

i) Dilute Sulphuric Acid : Smell of vinegar

ii) Iron (III) Chloride Solution : Gives deep - red colouration

ii) Iodine Solution : Decolourise due to the formation of tetrathionate ion

iii) Barium chloride solution : White ppt. of barium thiosulphate is formed

S2O 23  + Ba2+  BaS2O3 

iv) Silver nitrate solution : Gives white ppt. of silver thiosulphate.

Ag2S2O3 + H2O  Ag2S + H2SO4

v) Lead acetate or Lead nitrate solution : Gives white ppt.

S2O32  + Pb2+  PbS2O3 

On boiling it turns black due to the formation of PbS.

PbS2O3  + H2O  PbS  + 2H+ + SO42-

It includes - Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-.

i) Conc. H2SO4 : decomposes with the evolution of HCl.

Cl- + H2SO4  HCl + HSO 4

Gas so produced (1) Turns blue litmus paper red

MnO2 + 2H2SO4 + 2Cl-  Mn2+ + Cl2 + 2SO42- + 2H2O

Cl- + Ag+  AgCl 

AgCl  + 2NH3  [Ag(NH3)2]Cl

Ag(NH3)2Cl + 2H+  AgCl + 2NH4+.

iv) Lead acetate solution : White ppt. of lead chloride is formed

2Cl- + Pb+2  PbCl2 

K2Cr2O7 + 4NaCl + 6H2SO4  2KHSO4 + 4NaHSO4 + 2CrO2Cl2  + 3H2O

CrO2Cl2 + 2NaOH  Na2CrO4 + 2HCl

i) Conc. H2SO4 : Gives reddish brown vapours of bromine accompanied by hydrogen

2KBr + MnO2 + 2H2SO4  Br2  + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O

2KBr + Cl2 (water)  2KCl + Br2

Br2 + Chloroform  Orange red colour

2KBr + K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4  3Br2  + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4K2SO4 + 7H2O.

i) Conc. H2SO4 : Gives violet vapours of iodine

2I- + Pb2+  PbI2

iv) Potassium dichromate & conc. sulphuric acid : Iodine is liberated

6I- + Cr2O7-2 + 7H2SO4  3I2  + 2Cr3+ + 7SO42- + 7H2O.

v) Chlorine water : Iodine is liberated, by the dropwise addition of chlorine water to

vii) Mercury (II) chloride solution : Forms scarlet ppt. of HgI2

i) Conc H2SO4 : - Gives reddish - brown vapours of nitrogen dioxide

2NO3- + 4H2SO4 + 6Fe2+  6Fe3+ +2NO + 4SO4–2 + 4H2O

Action of heat : The result varies with the metal

2) Ammonium nitrate yields dinitrogen oxide & steam

(i) Precipitation reactions (ii) Oxidation and reduction in solution

SO42- + Ba2+  BaSO4 

SO42- + 3Hg2+ + 2H2O  HgSO4.2HgO  + 4H+

2. Chromate CrO42 -and Dichromate (Cr2O 72  )

2CrO 42 + 2H+ Cr2O 72 + H2O

If sodium hydroxide or sodium acetate is added, precipitation becomes quantitative.