MECH 3492 Fluid Mechanics and Applications Univ.

of Manitoba Fall Term, 2017

Assignment 1

Problem 1 (Purpose: understanding basic concepts – gradient, divergence and curl)

Verify the following identity in a rectangular coordinate system:
∇ × (∇ × A) = ∇(∇ · A) − ∇2 A.

Problem 2 (Purpose: understanding the cylindrical coordinate system)

In a cylindrical coordinate system, for a scalar function φ = r 3 z 4 sin 2θ and a vector function A =
z 2 êr + 2êθ + r k̂:
(1) derive the expressions for ∇φ and ∇2 φ, and evaluate their values at point r = 1êr + π4 êθ + 1k̂,
respectively;
(2) derive the expressions for ∇ · A and ∇ × A, and evaluate their values at point r = 1êr + π4 êθ + 1k̂,
respectively.

Problem 3 (Purpose: understanding the gradient of a vector field (a 2nd-order tensor))

In a rectangular coordinate system, for a velocity field V = y 2 z 2 î + 2ĵ + x2 yz 2 k̂
(1) derive the expressions for ∇V and ∇2 V, respectively;
(2) evaluate their values at point r = 1î + 0ĵ + 2k̂, respectively.

Problem 4 (Purpose: understanding mass conservation)

(1) 5.2(b)–8e [or, 5.1(b)–9e]
(2) 5.18(b)–8e [or, 5.15(b)–9e]
(3) 5.18(c)–8e [or, 5.15(c)–9e]

Problem 5 (Purpose: understanding mass conservation)

(1) 5.6–8e [or, 5.6–9e]
(2) 5.20–8e [or, 5.16–9e]

1
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
Problem 4 (1) Problem 5.2 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Velocity fields

Find: Which are 3D incompressible

Solution: We will check these flow fields against the continuity equation

Governing
Equation:

u    v    w    0 (Continuity equation)
x y z t
Assumption: Incompressible flow (ρ is constant)

  
Based on the assumption, the continuity equation reduces to: u  v  w0
x y z
This is the criterion against which we will check all of the flow fields.

2 2 2 2 3 4
a) u ( x y z t)  2  y  2  x  z v ( x y z t)  2  y  z  6  x  y  z w( x y z t)  3  x  z  x  y

  2  2
u ( x y z t)  2  z v ( x y z t)  6  x  z  2  z w( x y z t)  6  x  z
x y z

  
Hence u  v  w0 NOT INCOMPRESSIBLE
x y z

b) u ( x y z t)  x  y  z t v ( x y z t)  x  y  z t

2 2  2
w( x y z t)  z  x  t  y  t 

u ( x y z t)  t y  z
 2
v ( x y z t)  t  x  z
 2
w( x y z t)  2  z t  x  t y 
x y z

  
Hence u  v  w0 NOT INCOMPRESSIBLE
x y z

2 2 2
c) u ( x y z t)  x  2  y  z v ( x y z t)  x  2  y  z w( x y z t)  2  x  z  y  2  z

  
u ( x y z t)  2  x v ( x y z t)  2 w( x y z t)  2  2  x
x y z

  
Hence u  v  w0 INCOMPRESSIBLE
x y z
 Problem 4(2) and 4(3) Problem 5.18 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: The list of velocity fields provided above

Find: Which of these fields possibly represent incompressible flow
Solution: We will check these flow fields against the continuity equation

Governing
Equations:
1 
rVr   1  V    V z     0 (Continuity equation)
r r r  z t
Assumptions: (1) Incompressible flow (ρ is constant)
(2) Two dimensional flow (velocity is not a function of z)
 rVr  V
Based on the two assumptions listed above, the continuity equation reduces to:  0
r 
This is the criterion against which we will check all of the flow fields.

 rVr  V
(a) Vr  U cos( θ)
  U cos     U cos    0
Vθ  U sin( θ) r 
This could be an incompressible flow field.
q
(b) Vr  
2  π r  rVr  V
K  00 0
Vθ  r 
2  π r This could be an incompressible flow field.
 2
(c) Vr  U cos( θ)  1   a 
 
  r   rVr  V   a 2    a 2 
  U cos  1      U cos  1      0
  a   r 
2
Vθ  U sin( θ)  1    r     r  
 
  r 
This could be an incompressible flow field.
Problem 5(1) Problem 5.6 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: The x-component of velocity in a steady, incompressible flow field

Find: The simplest y-component of velocity for this flow field
Solution: We will check this flow field against the continuity equation
Governing
Equations:

u    v    w    0 (Continuity equation)
x y z t
Assumptions: (1) Incompressible flow (ρ is constant)
(2) Two dimensional flow (velocity is not a function of z)
u v
Based on the two assumptions listed above, the continuity equation reduces to:  0
x y
u A v u A
The partial of u with respect to x is:   2 Therefore from continuity, we have   2
x x y x x


 A Ay
Integrating this expression will yield the y-component of velocity: v dy  f ( x)   f ( x)
 2 2
 x x


Ay
The simplest version of this velocity component would result when f(x) = 0: v
2
x
 Problem 5(2)
Problem 5.20
Problem 5.16 [Difficulty: 3]

5.16

Given: r component of velocity

Find: θ component for incompressible flow; How many θ components

Solution:
1  1   
Basic equation:
r r
 
 ρ r Vr  
r θ

ρ Vθ 
z
  
ρ Vz  ρ  0
t

Assumptions: Incompressible flow

Flow in r-θ plane

1  1    
Hence
r r
 
 r Vr   V 0
r θ θ
  or
θ r
 
Vθ   r Vr   ( r U cos( θ) )  U cos( θ)
r


Integrating Vθ( r θ)   U cos( θ) dθ  U sin( θ)  f ( r)


Vθ( r θ)  U sin( θ)  f ( r)

There are an infinite number of solutions as f(r) can be any function of r

The simplest form is Vθ( r θ)  U sin( θ)