INTRODUCTION

Thermodynamics learn about the interchange of warmth and work between a

framework and the surroundings which happens when the framework undergoes a
procedure. Thermodynamic additionally concerned about the changes in the
properties of liquid. Most thermodynamics substances, for example, gases and vapors
are frequently alluded as P-V-T substances. An ideal gas complies with the equation
of state that relates the pressure, specific volume or density, and absolute temperature
with mass of particle and the gas constant. However, real gas does not completely
comply with the equation of state. A couple of alterations on the ideal gas equation of
state permit its application in the properties of real gas. At the point when energy is
included inside water, the increasing activities among the particles cause on the
increase in the number of molecules escape from the surface until the equilibrium
state is reached. The state of equilibrium relies on upon the pressure between the
water surface and steam. The lower the pressure, the less demanding the atoms
leaving the water surface and subsequently less energy is required to accomplish the
state of equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature where equilibrium happens at an
given pressure level is called saturated temperature. The pressure where equilibrium
happens at an given temperature is called saturated pressure.Marcet Boiler is utilized
to investigate the relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated
steam in equilibrium with water at all temperature levels between the environmental
pressure and 16 bars.

OBJECTIVE
 To investigate the temperature variation in a boiler as the pressure is increased.
APPARATUS AND MATERIALS
-Marcet boiler
-Stopwatch
-Distilled water
-Master switch
-Temperature sensor
-Steam boiler
-Overflow valve
-Electric heater

PROCEDURE

1. The boiler is first filled with water. Before doing this, the drain valve is
closed and the overflow valve is opened after a tube is attached to it.
2. The filler opening plug is then removed and water is poured into the boiler
until it reaches the overflow mark. The filler opening is then closed with
the plug.
3. The master switch and then the heater switch are switched on to start the
experiment. In order to prevent excess pressure build-up inside the boiler,
the heater control is limited to a temperature of 200°C.
4. The saturated pressure and temperature values of the boiler are then
recorded in increments stated. The pressure scale on the manometer refers
to the gauge pressure.
5. A few measurements are taken after the heater is turned off in order to
study the cooling trend of the water boiled.
 RESULTS
Tsat, Percentage
Psat, bar Psat, bar Tsat, °C °C Error
Time, s
(Gauge) (Absolute) (Experimental) (Table A-5) (%)

0.5 1.5 297 96.8 111.35 13.07

1 2 427 113.4 120.21 5.67
1.5 2.5 515 123.4 127.41 3.15
2 3 588 130.4 133.52 2.34
2.5 3 648 135.5 138.86 2.42
3 4 694 140.0 143.61 2.51
4 5 784 147.7 151.83 2.72
5 6 868 154.8 158.83 2.54
6 7 939 160.8 164.95 2.52
7 8 1003 166.2 170.41 2.47
8 9 1055 171.1 175.35 2.42
9 10 1119 175.4 179.88 2.50
10 11 1172 179.4 184.06 2.53
11 12 1222 183.3 187.96 2.48
12 13 1270 186.8 191.60 2.51
13 14 1300 190.1 195.04 2.53
14 15 1356 193.3 198.29 2.52
15 16 - - 201.26 -

Table 1: Results

Psat, bar Tsat, °C

Time, s
(Gauge) (Experimental)
14 53 194.4
13 121 191.8
12 197 188.4

Table 2: Cooling down process of Boiler

DISCUSSION
1. Plot the following graphs and discuss the results:
A. Experimental Tsat versus Tsat from the steam table

Figure 1: Experimental Tsat vs Steam table Tsat

From Fig. 3 above, we can see the experimental Tsat follows a similar pattern as off the
Tsat vales obtained from the steam table. There are slight differences in terms of values
between both experimental and the theoretical values due to the inaccuracy of the
instruments used during experiment. Therefore we can expect 2-14% errors between
both values.

B. Experimental Tsat versus Psat

Figure 2: Experimental Tsat versus Psat

C. Experimental Tsat versus time

 Figure 3: Experimental Tsat versus time

D. Psat versus time

Figure 4: Psat versus time

1. From Table 2, we can see that the time taken for the boiler to cool down is
much slower than the time taken for the boiler to heat up. This is because
during heating process, the heating element which is the electric heater inside
the boiler directly forces the water to heat up; therefore resulting in a faster
temperature increase. However during cooling down process, the insulator
inside the boiler prevents the heat inside the boiler from escaping to the
surroundings. Hence the boiler takes longer time to cool down as compared to
heating up.
2. After the readings were recorded, the Marcet Boiler is left to cool. At this
time, the temperature of upper part of Marcet Boiler was higher than the lower
part. This is because the steam were accumulated in the upper part. This is
because the internal energy of gaseous is always greater than the internal
energy of liquid, ug > uf.
3. The sponge is attached to the wire connected with Marcet Boiler to prevent the
wire from melting because of high temperature.
4. To improve the data taken, the stopwatch should be lapped immediately once
the pressure desired is achieved. Besides that, the Marcet Boiler should not be
used before the experiment is conducted.

CONCLUSION
We set out to test the temperature variation in a boiler as the pressure is
increased. Temperature should increase as pressure in the boiler increases. In
conclusion, the temperature and pressure are dependent properties, where Tsat
increases with Psat and vice versa, in which is defined by the equation Tsat =
f(Psat) .

PRECAUTIONS
The pressure should not exceed more than 15 bar so that the boiler does not
explode

REFERENCES
Boles, M & Cengel, Y, "Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach", 7th
edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.