International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-6, Nov-Dec- 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.6.46 ISSN: 2456-1878

Review Study on Larvicidal and Mosquito

Repellent Activity of Volatile Oils Isolated from
Medicinal Plants
Prabakaran P1, Sivasubramanian C2, Veeramani R3 and Prabhu S4
1,3
Ph.D., Research Scholar, Department of Environmental and Herbal Science, Faculty of Science, Tamil University, Thanjavur,
Tamil Nadu, India.
2
Associate Professor and Head, Department of Environmental and Herbal Science, Faculty of Science, Tamil University,
Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.
4
Ph.D., Research Scholar, Department of Siddha Medicine, Faculty of Science, Tamil University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.

Abstract – Mosquito is a vector for serious human diseases I. INTRODUCTION

like dengue fever, hemaorrhagic dengue fever and
chikungunya, .yellow fever, malaria, filaria and encephalitis
among these dengue, hemaorrhagic dengue and
chikungunya are highly endemic diseases in Southeast
Asian and African countries, causing millions of deaths
each and every year. Mosquito repellents thus play a major
role in preventing man-mosquito contact and there by
minimize the chance of infections and its adverse effects.
The development of resistance to chemical insecticides,
results rebounding vectorial capacity. Synthetic repellents
are chemicals which used worldwide for protection against
mosquito-borne diseases and it adversely affects the
environment by contaminating water, soil and air. There is
an urgent need to find alternatives to the synthetic
insecticides. Plants are rich source of alternative agents for
control of mosquitoes and its vectors. Extracts and isolated
compounds from different plant families have been
evaluated for their promising larvicidal and mosquito
repellent activities. Literature has documented that
essential oils and extracts have been traditionally used as
effective repellents. The essential oils whose repellent
activities have been demonstrated, as well as the
importance of the synergistic effects among their
components are the main focus of this review study.
Essential oils are volatile mixtures of hydrocarbons with a
diversity of functional groups, and their repellent activity
has been linked to the presence of monoterpenes and
sesquiterpenes. The present review study focused the
larvicidal potential and mosquito repellent activity of
different volatile oils of medicinal plants. From an
economical point of view synthetic chemical is still more
frequently used as repellents than essential oils; these
essential oils have the potential to provide efficient and can
be used as a cheap, eco-friendly, safer for humans and the
environment and also efficient alternative to the chemical
larvicides.
Keywords— Essential oils, Larvicidal activity, Medicinal
Plants, Mosquito repellents, Volatile oils.
Mosquitoes transmit serious human diseases, causing
millions of deaths every year and the development of
resistance to chemical insecticides, resulting in rebounding
vectorial capacity. Mosquito has approximately 3500
species and present in tropical and subtropical regions of the
world [1].Major genera of mosquitoes that act as vector for
various disease including dengue, chikungunya, malaria,
yellow fever, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, Lyme
disease, andepidemic polyarthritis [2, 3]. Among these
mosquito borne diseases dengue, fever dengue
hemaorrhagic fever, yellow fever and chikungunya are
endemic in Southeast Asian countries [4]. These are
transmitted by Aedes aegypti (Linn.) [5] Anopheles
stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Mosquito repellents
thus play a major role in preventing man-mosquito contact
and there by minimize the chance of infectious diseases.
Synthetic repellents, such as DEET (Diethyl-meta-
toluamide or N, N- diethyl-3-methyl benzamide (IUPAC
Name)), are used worldwide for protection against
mosquito-borne diseases. However, DEET has an
unpleasant odor, can damage plastics and synthetic rubber
and exhibits a high level of skin penetration [6]. Moreover,
concerns have been raised over the safety of DEET and
other synthetic compounds [7]; one of the methods available
for controlling the mosquitoes is use of synthetic
insecticides. Synthetic insecticides adversely affect the
environment by contaminating water, soil and air. There is
an urgent need to find alternatives to the synthetic
insecticides.
Plants and its isolated compounds are alternative agents for
control of mosquitoes, because they possess bioactive
chemicals, which act against limited number of species
including specific target-insects and are eco-friendly
[8].Traditionally plant based products have been used in
human communities for many centuries for managing
insects. Several secondary metabolites present in plants
serve as a defense mechanism against insect attacks. These
bioactive chemical may act as insecticides, repellents, anti-
feedants, moulting hormones, juvenile hormone mimics,
growth inhibitors, anti-moulting hormones as well as

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International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB)
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.6.46
attractants. Plant based pesticides are less toxic, delay the
development of resistance because of its new structure and
easily biodegradable [9].
Several plant extracts and isolated compounds from
different plant families have been evaluated for their
promising larvicidal activities [10]. About 2000 species of
terrestrial plants have been reported for their insecticidal
properties [11]. Medicinal plants are more potent, eco-safe
and low-cost which is easily available and have become
increasingly popular as safe and biodegradable mosquito
repellents [12], it is less or no adverse effect to the
environment.
Plant based products does not have any hazardous effect on
ecosystem. Recent research has proved that effectiveness of
plant derived compounds, such as saponine [13], steroids
[14, 15], isoflavonoids [16], essential oils [17], alkaloids
and tannins [18] has potential mosquito larvicides. Plant
secondary metabolites and their synthetic derivatives
provide alternative source in the control of mosquito [19,
20].
1.1. Mode of action of essential oils
Essential oils being complex mixtures of volatile organic
compounds are generally produced as secondary
metabolites in plants. They are constituted by hydrocarbons
(terpenes and sesquiterpenes) and oxygenated compounds
(alcohols, esters, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, lactones and
phenols). Essential oils have high repellency against
arthropod species [21]. Literature has documented that
essential oils and extracts have been traditionally used as
effective repellents. The metabolites like the monoterpenes
such as α-pinene, cineole, eugenol, limonene, terpinolene,
citronellol, citronellal, camphor and thymol are the common
constituents in a number of essential oils presenting
mosquito repellent activity [22]. Literature cites that hairs
on the mosquito antennae are temperature and moisture
sensitive. The repellent molecules thus interacts with the
female mosquito olfactory receptors thereby blocking the
sense of smell which therefore comes as an hurdle in the
recognition of host by the mosquitoes [23].
Elucidation of the mode of action of essential oils and their
constituents is of practical importance for insect control
because it may give useful information on the most
appropriate formulation and delivery means. Volatile oil can
disrupt communication in mating behavior of insect by
blocking the function of antennal sensilla and unsuccessful
mating could lead to a lower fecundity and ultimately lower
the population of insect pest [24]. Rapid action of essential
oils or its constituents against insect pests is an indicative of
neurotoxic actions. The present review study carried out to
validate the larvicidal potential and mosquito repellent
activity of different volatile oils of medicinal plants.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
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Manimaran et al., evaluated larvicidal efficacy of the most
promising oils such as mentha (Mentha piperita), clove
(Myrtus caryophyllus) and calamus oils (Acorus calamus)
which recorded low LC50 and LC90 values with 95%
confidence lower and upper limits. Eucalyptus oil showed
the least larvicidal activity with LC50and LC90 values for
larvicidal activity against Anopheles stephensi. Some plant
oils also tested against Culex quinquefasciatus, the most
promising oils were calamus, mentha and lemon oils which
recorded LC50andLC90values with 95% confidence lower
limits and upper limits for larvidial activity. Citronella oil
showed least larvicidal activity with LC50and LC90 values.
Among the oils against Aedes aegypti, Mentha, citronella
and clove oils showed the most potent larvicidal activity
and recorded LC50and LC90values with 95% confidence
lower and upper limits. Eucalyptus oil showed the least
effective larvicidal activity with LC50and LC90values [25].
Cavalcanti et al., reported the most active essential oils
against third instar larvae of A. aegypti were those of O.
gratissimun (LC50 60 ppm), O. americanum (LC50 67 ppm),
L. sidoides (LC50 63 ppm), and C. citrates (LC50 69 ppm).
They finally concluded the essential oils of O. americanum
and O. gratissimun showed as potent as L. sidoides and C.
citrates in the larvicidal activity against A. aegypti and
caused 100% mortality at a concentration of 100 ppm [17].
Sukumar et al., reported that C. citrates causes significant
growth inhibition and mortality in later developmental
stages of A. aegypti [26].
One research study revealed that the essential oils from
Mentha longifolia L., and Lavandula dentata L. were
evaluated for their insecticidal and repellent activity against
adult females of Culex pipiens L. This study concludes
Lavandula dentata oil showed higher repellent activity than
Mentha longifolia oil against adults of Culex pipiens;
paraffin oil significantly prolonged the time of protection
for the two oils. The longest time of protection was
recorded 165 min for L dentata oil, at 1 μl/cm2, when the
tested oils were applied in paraffin oil. The researcher
suggested the two oils were effective as repellent substances
when compared with commercial materials and also
recommended further studies to isolate the most effective
mosquito control agents from these oils [27].
Using a GC/MS, 24, 17, 20, 21, and 12 compounds were
determined by Nataya Sutthanont et al., from essential oils
of Citrus hystrix, Citrus reticulata, Zingiber zerumbet,
Kaempferia galanga, and Syzygium aromaticum,
respectively. The author analysed the principal constituents
found in peel oil of C. hystrix were β-pinene and d-
limonene, followed by terpinene-4-ol. Compounds in C.
reticulata peel oil consisted mostly of d-limonene and γ-
terpinene. The oils obtained from Z. zerumbet rhizome had
α-humulene and zerumbone as major components. The most
abundant compounds in K. galanga rhizome oil were 2-
propeonic acid, pentadecane, and ethyl-p-ethoxycinnamate.
The main component of S. aromaticum bud oil was eugenol,
with minor amounts of trans-caryophyllene. The researcher
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assessed larvicidal efficacy and demonstrated that all
essential oils were toxic against both pyrethroid-susceptible
and resistant Ae. aegypti laboratory strains at LC50, LC95,
and LC99 levels. They conclude and documented the
promising larvicidal potential of essential oils from edible
herbs, which used in controlling vectors of mosquito borne
disease [28].
Pavela et al., documented twenty samples of essential oils
obtained from Mentha aquatica, M. longifolia, M. spicata,
M. suaveolens, M. piperita, M. piperita var. crispa, M.
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villosa, and Pulegium vulgare were tested for larvicidal
activity against Culex quinquefasciatus. Essential oils
obtained via hydro-distillation and subsequently analysed
by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The
researcher analysed the concentrations causing 50% or 90%
larval mortality. Finally they conclude essential oils of M.
longifolia and M. suaveolens, which were containing a
majority of piperitenone oxide, and also had the highest
larvicidal effects [29].

Table.1: Essential Oils that have shown Larvicidal and Mosquito Repellent Activity.
Vector’s Scientific Plant Species Family Name Plant Parts Used Reference
name
Aedes aegypti Mentha piperita Lamiaceae Commercial Manimaran et al., (2012)
Aedes aegypti Myrtus caryophyllus Myrtaceae Commercial Manimaran et al., (2012)
Aedes aegypti Acorus calamus Acoraceae Commercial Manimaran et al., (2012)
Aedes aegypti Cinnamomum Lauraceae Commercial Manimaran et al., (2012)
Aedes aegypti zeylanicum Cardiopteridaceae Commercial Manimaran et al., (2012)
Aedes aegypti Citronella mucronata Myrtaceae Commercial Manimaran et al., (2012)
Aedes aegypti Eucalyptus tereticornis Rutaceae Commercial Manimaran et al., (2012)
Aedes aegypti Citrus limon (L.) Rutaceae Commercial Manimaran et al., (2012)
Aedes aegypti Citrus sinensis Rutaceae Dried Fruits Choochote et al., (2007)
Aedes aegypti Zingiber piperitum Compositae N.A Gillij et al., (2008)
Aedes aegypti Baccharis spartioides Verbenaceae N.A Gillij et al., (2008)
Aedes aegypti Aloysia citriodora Poaceae Fresh aerial parts Oyedele et al., (2002)
Aedes aegypti C. citratus Lamiaceae Leaves Prajapati et al., (2005)
Aedes aegypti O. basilicum Lamiaceae Shoot Prajapati et al., (2005)
Aedes aegypti Rosmarinus offinalis Lauraceae Bark Prajapati et al., (2005)
Aedes aegypti Cinnamomum Lamiaceae Commercial Trongtokit et al., (2005)
Aedes aegypti zeylanicum Myrtaceae Commercial Trongtokit et al., (2005)
Aedes aegypti Pogostemon cablin Rutaceae Leaves Trongtokit et al., (2005)
Aedes aegypti Syzygium aromaticum Poaceae Leaves Trongtokit et al., (2005)
Aedes aegypti Z. limonella Caryophyllaceae Flowers Tunon et al., (2006)
Aedes aegypti C. nardus Caryophyllaceae Flowers Tunon et al., (2006)
Aedes aegypti D. caryophyllum Lamiaceae Leaves with Cavalcanti et al., (2004)
Aedes aegypti D. caryophyllum Lamiaceae Bloom Cavalcanti et al., (2004)
Aedes aegypti Ocimum gratissimum Geraniaceae Leaves with Cavalcanti et al., (2004)
Aedes aegypti O. americanum Poaceae Bloom Cavalcanti et al., (2004)
Aedes aegypti Pelargonium sidoides Poaceae Leaves Sukumar et al., (1991)
Aedes aegypti C. citratus Rutaceae Leaves Nataya et al., (2010)
Aedes aegypti C. citratus Rutaceae Leaves Nataya et al., (2010)
Aedes aegypti Citrus histrix Zingiberaceae Fruits Nataya et al., (2010)
Aedes aegypti Citrus reticulata Zingiberaceae Fruits Nataya et al., (2010)
Aedes aegypti Zingiber zerumpet Myrtaceae Rhizome Nataya et al., (2010)
Anapheles stephensi Kaemferia galanga Lamiaceae Rhizome Manimaran et al., (2012)
Anapheles stephensi Syzygium aromaticum Myrtaceae Flower Manimaran et al., (2012)
Anapheles stephensi Mentha piperita Acoraceae Commercial Manimaran et al., (2012)
Anapheles stephensi Myrtus caryophyllus Lauraceae Commercial Manimaran et al., (2012)
Anapheles stephensi Acorus calamus Cardiopteridaceae Commercial Manimaran et al., (2012)
Anapheles stephensi Cinnamomum Myrtaceae Commercial Manimaran et al., (2012)
Anapheles stephensi zeylanicum Rutaceae Commercial Manimaran et al., (2012)
Anapheles stephensi Citronella mucronata Rutaceae Commercial Manimaran et al., (2012)
Anapheles stephensi Eucalyptus tereticornis Lamiaceae Commercial Prajapati et al., (2005)
Anapheles stephensi Citrus limon (L.) Lamiaceae Commercial Prajapati et al., (2005)
Anapheles stephensi Citrus sinensis Lauraceae Leaves Prajapati et al., (2005)

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Culex. quinquefasciatus O. basilicum Lamiaceae Shoot Pavela et al., (2014)

Culex. quinquefasciatus Rosmarinus offinalis Lamiaceae Bark Pavela et al., (2014)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Cinnamomum Lamiaceae Stage of full Pavela et al., (2014)
Culex. quinquefasciatus zeylanicum Lamiaceae Bloom Pavela et al., (2014)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Mentha aquatica Lamiaceae Stage of full Pavela et al., (2014)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Mentha longifolia Learuophullaceae Bloom Pavela et al., (2014)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Mentha spicata Lamiaceae Stage of full Pavela et al., (2014)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Mentha suaveolence Lamiaceae Bloom Manimaran et al., (2012)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Mentha piperita Myrtaceae Stage of full Manimaran et al., (2012)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Mentha villosa Acoraceae Bloom Manimaran et al., (2012)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Mentha pulegium Lauraceae Stage of full Manimaran et al., (2012)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Mentha piperita Cardiopteridaceae Bloom Manimaran et al., (2012)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Myrtus caryophyllus Myrtaceae Stage of full Manimaran et al., (2012)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Acorus calamus Rutaceae Bloom Manimaran et al., (2012)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Cinnamomum Rutaceae Stage of full Manimaran et al., (2012)
Culex. quinquefasciatus zeylanicum Lamiaceae Bloom Ansari et al., (2000)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Citronella mucronata Lamiaceae Commercial Prajapati et al., (2005)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Eucalyptus tereticornis Lauraceae Commercial Prajapati et al., (2005)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Citrus limon (L.) Graminae Commercial Pushpanathan et al., (2006)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Citrus sinensis Zingiberaceae Commercial Pushpanathan et al., (2008)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Mentha piperita Lamiaceae Commercial Rajkumar and Jebanesan
Culex. quinquefasciatus O. basilicum Solanaceae Commercial (2005)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Cinnamomum Poaceae Commercial Rajkumar and Jebanesan
Culex. quinquefasciatus zeylanicum Lamiaceae Commercial (2005)
Culex. quinquefasciatus C. citratus Rutaceae Fresh leaves Tawatsin et al., (2001)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Zingiber officinalis Lamiaceae Leaves Tawatsin et al., (2001)
Culex. quinquefasciatus Moschosma Myrtaceae Bark Trongtokit et al., (2005)
polystachyum N.A Trongtokit et al., (2005)
Solanum Rhizomes Trongtokit et al., (2005)
xanthocarpum Fresh Leaves
C. winterianus Fresh Leaves
O. americanum Leaves
Z. limonella Leaves
Pogostemon cablin Leaves
Syzygium aromaticum Commercial
Commercial
N.A – Not Available, Commercial – Essential oil purchased commercially.

One study revealed that the essential oil of Allium
macrostemon bulbs and its two major constituents
demonstrate strong larvicidal activity against Aedes
albopictus mosquito larvae. The results suggested that the
essential oil of A. macrostemon and the two major
constituents may be recommended effectively in mosquito
control, they also suggested further evaluation for safety in
humans and to enhance their activity [30].
Rajkumar and Jebanesan, analysed essential oil obtained by
steam distillation of leaves of Clausena dentata. Researcher
observed the appearance of essential oil is colourless and a
pleasant odour. The mean protection period of Clausena
dentata essential oil at different concentrations against bite
of Aedes aegypti was assessed by them. The results
suggested that the organic solvent ethanol used in dilution
of essential oil in protection period test did not showed
positive irritant reaction. Both protection period and skin-
irritant tests recommend essential oil could be used as
natural repellent that prevent man-dengue vector contact
[31].
Manzoor et al., investigated five essential oils from various
parts of five plant species such as Acorus calamus, Mentha
arvensis, Ocimum basilicum, Saussrea lappa and
Cymbopogan citratus for their larvicidal property against
Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex quinquefaciatus (Say) larvae
and their results are the highest larvicidal activity was
documented in the essential oil from O. basilicum against
Ae. Aegypti (L.) and Cx. quinquefaciatus (Say) with LC50
values. Finally they concluded that essential oils had
potential for controlling mosquito larvae [32].
Essential oil hydrolates of four plants such as Zanthoxylum
limonella, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa and
Cymbopogon citratus were evaluated for their larvicidal
activity against two laboratory reared mosquito species -
Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus. The
researcher revealed that the hydrolate of Z. limonella was

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most effective against both Ae. albopictus and Cx.
quinquefasciatus with LC50values. The larvicidal activity of
hydrolates of Z. officinale, C. longa and C. citratus were
also found promising with LC50valuesagainst Ae. albopictus
and Cx. quinquefasciatus [33].
Larvicidal bioassay carried out by Sarita Kumar et al., with
the seed oil against early IVth instars of Ae. aegypti caused
LC50 and LC90 values after an exposure to 24 hours. The
larvicidal effect of the celery seed oil augmented by 1.2-
fold; after an exposure to 48 hours; revealed LC50 values.
The seed oil did not cause immediate larval mortality;
researchers suggested a delayed toxicity against the larval
stage [34].
Larvicidal activity of essential oils from Blumea mollis [35]
and Zingifer officinalis [36] has been reported against Cx.
quinquefasciatus. Larvicidal activity of essential oils from
Melaleuca leucadendron, Litsea cubeba and Litsea
salicifolia [37], Ocimum suave and O. kilimandscharicum
[38] have been reported against Anopheles arabiensis, A.
gambiae and Cx. quinqefasciatus. Larvicidal activities of
essential oils from Zanthoxylum armatum [39] and Ocimum
canum [40] have been reported against Cx.
Quinquefasciatus, Ae. aegypti and An. Stephensi [41].
Enan suggested that toxicity of constituents of essential oil
is related to the octopaminergic nervous system of insects.
Relatively few studies have been done on insecticidal
activity or fumigant toxicity of caryophyllene oxide. Its
high toxicity may result from the inhibition of the
mitochondrial electron transport system because changes in
the concentration of oxygen or carbon dioxide may affect
respiration rate of insect, thus eliciting fumigant toxicity
effects [42, 43]. Several reports indicate that essential oils
and monoterpenoids cause insect mortality by inhibiting
acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) activity. Effects of
furanocoumarins and pthalides isolated from Angelica
acutiloba Kitagawa var. sugiyame Hikino against
Droshophila melanogaster revealed the hypothesis that the
insecticidal properties of the plant extracts are connected
with the AChE (Acetylcholinesterase) inhibition [44].
Further studies on ethanolic extract from the fruits of
Pimpinella anisoides V Brig. exhibited activity against
AChE and BChE (Butyrylcholinesterase), with IC50 values.
The most abundant constituents of the extract were trans-
anethole that exhibited the high activity against AChE and
BChE with IC50 values [45]. It is confirmed that the
insecticidal activity of essential oils and/or mono terpenes is
due to several mechanisms that affect multiple targets.
III. CONCLUSION
The most attractive aspect of using essential oils and/or
their constituents for pest control is their favorable
mammalian toxicity because many essential oils and their
constituents are commonly used as culinary herbs and
spices and as medicines. It is found that the use of
biopesticides will help in preventing the discarding of
thousands of tons of pesticides on the earth and provide the
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ISSN: 2456-1878
residue free food and a safe environment to live [46]. The
present review study shows a range of essential oils and
phytochemicals from varieties of families that exhibit
interesting insecticidal properties against several insects and
pests [47].
Essential oils are complex mixtures of various molecules.
Their biological effects might be either the result of a
synergism of all molecules or could reflect only those of the
main molecules. Almost literature cases analyses only the
main constituents of essential oils. In that sense, for
biological purposes, it could be more informative to study
the entire oil rather than some of its components because the
concept of synergism seems to be important.
Conclusion of our review study suggests that the
development of natural or biological insecticides will help
to decrease the negative effects of synthetic chemicals.
Negative effects refer to residues in products and insect
resistance. The utility of plant’s essential oils and
phytochemicals analysed by many research studies and also
others support the Biopesticidal nature of the plant derived
essential oils. These oils can be used as a cheap, eco-
friendly safe and efficient alternative to the chemical
larvicides.
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