AIR TRAFFIC

CONTROL SERVICES
Air traffic management
Mariam Alkaabi
1059594
 Air Traffic Control Services

Air traffic control is a service performed by a ground crew of air traffic controllers to direct
aircraft on the ground and in the air. Moreover, Air traffic controllers in the control towers guide
the aircraft as they land, take off and take them to the loading yard or to the barn. Observers are
working to ensure that traffic is smooth, fast and safe. Observers should be able to operate
quietly during periods of heavy air traffic; their task becomes particularly difficult in times of
peak holidays or when fog or other weather conditions affect visibility. Observers rely mainly on
radar to locate and guide the aircraft's location.

distinguishing between IFR and VFR flights

VFR stands for Visual Flight Rules, is the flight in which the pilot uses the vision with the naked
eye to estimate distance, avoid collision, locate and see the objects on the ground and in front of
him, as well as airports.

IFR stands for instrument flight rules, is the flight in which the pilot uses navigation equipment
and equipment inside the cabin in the plane by 90%

allocation of airspace classes and their purpose

the ICAO airspace classification purpose is to introduce basic airspace classifications that will
assist pilots while flying online. we have 7 airspaces classes 5 of them are controlled airspace
and 2 uncontrolled airspaces.

The controlled airspace:

1. class A
IFR flight only are allowed, all flights are provided with air traffic control service and are
separated from each other. There is no specific speed limit for this class and two
communication way required.
2. class B
IFR and VFR flights are allowed, all flights are provided with air traffic control service
and are separated from each other. There is no specific speed limit for this class and two
communication way required.

2
 3. class C
IFR and VFR flights are allowed, all flights are provided with air traffic control service.
VFR flights are separated from IFR flights and receive traffic information in respect of
other VFR flights. IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights and from VFR flights.
The speed limit is 250 kts below 10000 ft. for the both and there are two communication
way required.

4. class D
IFR and VFR flights are allowed and all flights are provided with air traffic control
service, IFR flights are separated from other IFR flights and receive traffic information in
respect of VFR flights, VFR flights receive traffic information in respect of all other
flights. The speed limit is 250 kits below 10000 ft. for the both.
5. class E
IFR and VFR flights are allowed, IFR flights are provided with air traffic control service
and are separated from other IFR flights. All flights receive traffic information as far as is
practical. Class E shall not be used for control zones. The speed limit is 250 kits below
10000 ft. for the both.
The uncontrolled airspace:
6. class F
IFR and VFR flights are permitted, all participating IFR flights receive an air traffic
advisory service and all flights receive flight information service if requested. The speed
limit is 250 kits below 10000 ft. for the both.
7. class G
IFR and VFR flights are allowed and receive flight information service if requested. The
speed limit is 250 kts below 10000 ft.. for the both.
principles of separation to ensure safety
There are many rules that are governing the separation and spacing between the flight according
to Air Traffic Control. For the IFR flight the separation is made essential with identification of
the safe bubble in the airspace to ensure that IFR is not in obstruction and it is in safe distance
with VRF flights. In the VMC, it is noticed that IFR pilots are appreciative to check and sidestep
VFR flights. In brief, there are four main separation principles for safety.