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rd;k acgifrrI wdik rf D a0iSay;cJyh gonf/ ¤if;onf tcrJjh zefaY 0ay; rsm;\ vlaerItajctae? oD;ESHtajctaeESifh a'oukef
jcif ; r[k w f a omf v nf ; &S d o if h a ps;xuf a vsmh e nf ; aom aps;EIe;f rsm;tm; tcsed rf eS af y;ydoYk mG ;&efponfjzifh ol\t&m&Srd sm;
EIef;xm;jzifh jzefYa0ay;cJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ ¤if;twGuf qHk;½IH;rI xHoYkd tao;pdwñ f eT Mf um;csurf sm; xkwjf yefcyhJ gonf/ 1574-
wefzdk;udk csrf;omaomolaX;rsm;xHrS zefwD;&,lcJhygonf/ 75 ckESpf *l*sm&wfjynfe,ftESHUtjym;ü ul;pufa&m*gab;
¤if;&Sm½Syt f cGerf Sm tufbmpnf;MuyftcGefuJhodkYaom 'g&S&D tBu;D tus,u f sa&mufNy;D aemuf tvGeq f ;kd 0g;aom tiwfab;
tcGe\ f a&SUajy;tjzpf odomEdik yf gonf/ zma&mpf&mS ;wlv*f tEÅ&m,fESifh &ifqdkifcJh&ygonf/ xdktcgwGif bk&ifonf
uJhodkY&Sm&Sm;onfvnf; ol\&nfrSef;csufudk tqifajypGm u,fq,fa&;tzGJUrsm; zGJUpnf;aqmif&Guf&eftrdefYxkwfcJh
aqmif&Gufvdkpdwf &SdcJhygonf/ ol\v,f,mwpfckwGif ygonf/ olonf tiwfab;rSu,fwifEdkif&ef tNrJwrf;
]] rdk;rvHkavmufrIaMumifh oD;ESHrsm; ysufpD;aomESpfwGif vk y f i ef ; tjzpf ae&ma'owd k i f ; wG i f pyg;*d k a 'gif r sm;
qif ; &J o m;rsm;tm; ysufpD;jcif;0JuawmhrS u,fwifEdkif wnfaqmufcyhJ gonf/ ¤if;*dak 'gifrsm;tm; 'gq&DtcGerf sm;jzifh
20 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 21
xde;f odr;f jyKjyif rIrsm; aqmif&u
G cf yhJ gonf/ ¤if;*dak 'gifrsm;onf a&cef;oGm;jcif;udk pkd;&drfpdwfjzifh apmifhMunfhcJhygonf/
tpdk;&\arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf vdktyfaom qefpyg; bHak b'Duifqnfajrmif;pepf (1896 ckEpS w f iG f qnfa&aomuf
rsm;tm; axmufyHhay;cJhojzifh tpdk;&taejzifh aps;rSay;acs {u 113000) onf tm;vHk;eD;yg; NydKuGJysufpD;cJh&onf/
0,f,&l ef rvdck ahJ y/ ¤if;tjyif 'kw, d tcsutf aejzifh rsK;d pyg; (1900 jynfEh pS w f iG f {u 3000 om&Sad wmhonf/) refcsupf wm
rsm;tm; vkdtyfaomqif;&Jom;rsm;xH ay;a0EdkifcJhygonf/ *g'D,ef;\ owif;axmuf (abmufcrf;ewf½)S þ&Sm;yg;uyfab;
(at-t,fvf&Smpx&D twGJ-2) \ aMumuf½UHG xdwv f efrY I A[dak qmif;yg;wGif ]]a&iwfr;kd acgifrI
1.2.3/ NAd w d o Qtk y f p k d ; pOf u mv aMumifh awGUBuKH &aom qd;k usK;d rsm;udk vdrn f mazmfjyjcif;onf
NAdwdoQtkyfpdk;pOfumv NAdwdoQtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf tpma&pmtiwf a b;ES i f h aMumuf ½ G H Y w k e f v I y f j cif ; ud k
vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;wGif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,ftajctaeudk t"GefY&SnfpGmjzpfay:aponf}} [kazmfjyxm; ygonf/
pdwf0ifpm;rIr&SdbJ vGJrSm;pGmudkifwG,fcJhrIaMumifh vlom;rsm; t[kr'f bwf? udik &f mESihf yefrY [Jvpf w f wYkd iG f 1902
xH o d k Y uyf a b;tjzpf ajymif ; vJ q d k u f a &muf c J h o nf u d k ckEpS w
f ikd af tmif jzpfymG ;cJah om rd;k acgifrBI u;D onf wpfurÇmvH;k ü
pm&Gupf mwrf; taxmuftxm;rsm;t& od&Sd&ygonf/ jzpfymG ;cJah om 0gESihf Buo H Mum;wdaYk ps;usraI Mumifh pdwyf surf u I kd
1987 ckESpf? rwfvtiwfab;wGif qif;&Jom; jzpfapcJhNyD; pdkufysKd;a&;udk tajccHaom pD;yGm;a&;u@tm;
4.5 oef; aoausysupf ;D cJ&h aMumif; t,f*siu f ,
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ygonf / tif ' D , ef ; pywf w uf w mrS trsKd ; om;a&; rd;k pyg;tenf;i,fjzifh pdu k yf sK;d ae&aom awmifov l ,form;
pdwxf ufoefol t,f'w D mbm&rf*syD gvpm&Du yvdyaf &m*gab; rsm;tm; yvdyaf &m*g uyfy;kd udu k sa&mufaponfh <uufrsm;ESihf
aMumifh aoausorl sm;tygt0if trSew f u,faoqH;k olO;D a& usKdif;aumifrsm;\ zsufqD;rIxufydkrdkrsm;jym;ygonf/ EdkYxGuf
rSm 18 oef;eD;yg;&SdaMumif;? tdE´d,vlrsKd;rsm;onf ,cifu ypön;f rsm;udk pm;oH;k avh&adS om *l*sm&wfjynfe,fol jynfe,f
a&&S m ;yg;rI t m; awG U BuH K cJ h z l ; jcif ; r&S d o jzif h awmif o l om;rsm;onf ¤if;wdyYk ikd f uREJ mG ;rsm; aoqH;k rI? ajrMoZm<u,f0
v,form;rsm;ESifh c½dkift&m&Sdrsm;onf wl;ajrmif;rsm;ESifh aom v,fajrrsm;usyfwnf;ajrtjzpf ajymif;vJvmrIwdkYudk
a&ajrmif;rsm;½kwfw&uf cef;ajcmufjcif;ESifh a&wGif;rsm; yxrü pdk;&drfaMumifhMuBuD;pGmjzifh apmifhMunfhcJhMuygonf/
22 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 23
tpma&pmiwfrw G af cgif;yg;rIuyfab;onf yvdyf cJyh gonf/ *l*sm&wfjynfe,fwiG f aEGr;kd t0ifaemufusí txGuf
a&m*gESihf iSuzf sm;a&m*g uyfq;kd Bu;D wdEYk iS t hf wl tdE, ´d ü use&f dS apmcJhNyD; aqmif;rdk;rSmvnf; vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm;acgifcJhygonf/
aeao;aom *l*sm&wfjynfe,fodkY xyfrH0ifa&mufvmcJhyg jyif;xefonfh yvdyaf &m*gudjk zpfapaom <uufrsm;? usKid ;f aumif?
onf/ a&ay;a0a&;pepftwGi;f rS xGu&f adS om tnpftaMu; jrufckwfaumifESifh tjcm;tif;qufrsm;\ 'PfESifh rdk;acgifrI
rsm;aMumifh roefY&Sif;aoma&rsm;udk toHk;jyK&onfhtwGuf aMumifh jzpfay:aom ysupf ;D qH;k ½H;I rIukd ykí d qd;k &Gm;apcJyh gonf/
1900 jynhEf pS ?f azazmf0g&DvwGif *l*sm&wfjynfe,fü iSuzf sm; ¤if;jzpf&yfonf *l*sm&wfc½dik t f wGi;f &Sd 'DuifEiS hf umrwfwuf
a0'emonf rsm;pGmwd;k yGm;vmygonf/ aq;½Hrk sm;\ tpD&ifcH a'owdkYudkyg ½dkufcwfcJhojzifh ¤if;a'orsm;wGif tenf;i,f
csuft& ¤if;a0'emonfrsm; 90 &mcdkifEIef;onf aoqHk; iwfrGwfacgif;yg;rIuyfab;om usa&mufcJhaomfvnf; ydkí
cJhMuNyD; pcef;wpfckwGif 4 &uftwGif; aoqHk;ol 3000 OD; jyif;xefpmG xdwv f efaY pcJyh gonf/ oJuEÅm&a'otpdwt f ydik ;f
&SdcJhaMumif; od&Sd&ygonf/ ½k&Sm;? 'gar;eD;,m;ESifh usL;bm; jzpfaom omESihf yguma'owdw Yk iG f tqH;k pGeq
f ;kH txd rd;k acgif
ta&;ay: tiwfab;pcef;rsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhol cJNh y;D *l*sm&wfjynfe,fukd aemufq;kH wGif pm;p&maumufyo J ;D ESH
c&pf&eS o f wif;pm (c&pf&eS [ f m&,f) rSa'gufwmvl;0pfuavmhpu f vH;k 0r&So d nfh tajctaeodYk qdu k af &mufapcJyh gonf/ 1901-
NAdwdoQt&m&Sdrsm;\ at;pufpufoabmxm;aerIonf 1902 ckEpS o f nf ,cifEpS u f mvrsm;uxuf ydrk q kd ;kd &Gm;pGmpdwf
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vGecf o
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ordik ;f ü rd;k acgifczhJ ;l jcif;r&So
d jzifh 1902 ckEpS w f iG vf nf; yHrk eS f zG i f h q d k c suf
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vmvdrrhf nf[k trsm;uarQmv f ifvh su&f ydS gonf/ odaYk omfvnf; (Avdwf-1994) wGif atmufygtwdkif; t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkxm;
1901-1902 &moDwGif xyfrHpdwfysufcJh&aMumif; w&m;0if ygonf/ ¤if;onf tqdkygudpöwGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufaom
xkwjf yefaom bHak biwfrw G rf aI b;'kut © pD&ifcpH mwGif azmfjy vlw\Ykd vkyef nf;vky[ f efjzpfNy;D &So
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24 ]vif;udu
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rsm;onf ¤if;wd\ Yk tawGUtBuKH ? vlraI &;b0yHpk EH iS hf &&SEd ikd o
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t&if;tjrpfrsm;ay: tajccHí ¤if;wdkYudk vdktyfovdk t& od&SdEdkifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fu,f
aygif;pyfaqmif&GufEdkifonfh pGrf;aqmifcsufyifjzpfygonf/ wifjcif; vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;onf a&S;,ciftawGUtBuKH rsm;
(rmrDESifh rdka&&wD - 1976) wGifvnf; ab;'ku© \ vkyfenf;vkyf[efrsm; tvGefvTrf;rdk;vsuf&Sdygonf/
tEÅ&m,fajz&Sif;jcif;qdkonfrSm usa&mufaeonfhab;'ku© rm*&ufuDzm (1997) u u,fq,fa&;vkyfxHk;
tEÅ&m,f rnfrQq;kd &Gm;onfukd owfrw S q
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rsm;udk aygif;pyfprD cH efcY jJG cif;yifjzpfaMumif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ (u) aumif;pGm&Sio f efBu;D jyif;rI (tm[m&jynf0h rI
taetxm;? ½kyyf ikd ;f ESihf pdwyf ikd ;f use;f rma&;
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ESifh ajymif;vJa&G;cs,fEdkifrI? tjcm;t&nf
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26 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 27
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Edik if aH wmftpk;d &onf Edik if o H m;rsm;\tcGit hf a&;udk vk y f e nf ; rsm;ud k em;vnf o abmayguf a pEd k i f
Edik if aH wmf\ zGUJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya't& tmrcHru I kd wm0ef,l onf h tjcm;quf E T , f a om Oya'orsm;
apmifah &Smuf&ef ta&;Bu;D aMumif; zGUJ pnf;yHOk ya'wGif azmfjy pG r f ; aqmif E d k i f r I p G r f ; &nf E S i f h vl r I 0 ef x rf ;
xm;ygonf/ Edik if o H m;rsm;onf ¤if;wd\ Yk tcGit hf a&;udk azmfjy tusKd ; jyKaqmif & G u f r I p G r f ; &nf t m; tuJ j zwf q ef ; ppf r I
awmif;qdEk ikd o f nfh taetxm;wGif r&Sad omfvnf; ¤if;wd\ Yk ab;tEÅ&m,faMumifh ysupf ;D qH;k ½I;H rItm;vH;k tm; rSww f rf;wif
vlUtcGit hf a&;tm; tpk;d &taejzifh tusK;d oufa&mufr&I pdS mG xm;ygonf/ ¤if;rSwfwrf;wGif vlUtzGJUtpnf;vHkNcHKpdwfcs&rI
umuG,fEdkifa&;twGuf csOf;uyfNyD; wuf<upGmaqmif&Guf r&So
d nfh tajctaersm;yg azmfjyxm;onfh tqdyk gtajctae
30 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 31
rsm;\ taMumif;w&m;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf - ESpof rd *hf P
k ,f rl &I adS p&eftwGuf ½kyyf ikd ;f qdik t
f &if;tjrpfrsm;udk
ÄÄ pGrf;aqmifEdkifrItuJjzwfcsufwGif vlwdkY\pGrf; ydkifqdkifMuygonf/ ¤if;wdkYwGif aiGaMu;rsm;? ajr,mrsm;?
aqmifEikd rf /I u,fq,fa&;r[mAsL[mESihf BuKd wif ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;? pm;aomufukefrsm;? tvkyftudkif
jyifqifEdkifrI? oufomapjcif;ESifh wkHYjyefYrIwdkYudk rsm;? pGrf;tift&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh ay;&ef^&&efydkfifqdkifrIrsm;
aqmif&GufEdkifatmif avhusifhxm;onfh vlom; yg0ifygonf/
t&if ; tjrpf r sm;yg0if o nf / ¤if ; wG i f tqd k y g vlrIa&;ESifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;/ / touf&Sifoef
vlYt&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; pDrHcefYcGJjcif;? toHk;csjcif; vGwaf jrmuf&eftwGuf vdt k yfonfth csed t f wGi;f ½kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m
azmfjycsurf sm;yg&So d nf/ t&if;tjrpfrsm; axmufyahH y;rnfh vlraI &;uGe&f ufrsm; zGUJ pnf;
ÄÄ ab;tEÅ&m,fjzpfay:apvG,rf /I ¤if;tajctae NyD; teD;uyfaqmif&Gufonfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzpfygonf/
ud k tzG J U tpnf ; wpf c k ? vl w pf p k (ok d Y r [k w f ) apwemESihf uRr;f usirf /I / ynma&;tajccHaumif;
oD;jcm;wpfO;D onf apwemh0efxrf; u,fq,fa&; rGefNyD; uRrf;usifrIESifh A[kokw<u,f0aomolrsm;taejzifh
wm0efxrf;&ef qifq h jkd cif;cH&aomtcg (okrYd [kw)f u,fq,fa&;enf;vrf;rsm;tm; ydkrdka&G;cs,fEdkifNyD; ¤if;wdkY\
tEÅ & m,f E S i f h &if q d k i f & aomtcg (okdYr [k w f ) pGrf;aqmif&nfudk ydkrdkwdk;wufrI&Sdatmif aqmif&GufEdkifrnf
jyif;xefonfh uyfab;'Pfudk qdk;&Gm;pGmcH&aom jzpfygonf/ (wGpfa*s - 2001)
tcgESifh edrfhusaomu,fq,f a&;pGrf;tifjzifh
1.3.
1.3.44 / u,f q ,f a &;vk y f i ef ; rsm; onf qH k ; ½I H ; rI E S i f h
rsm;onf
aoa&;&Siaf &;wrQjzpfaeaom uyfqu kd u
f mvudk
rqH k ; ½I H ; rI r sm;ud k jzpf a pEd k i f o nf
awGUBuHK&aomtcgrsm;wGif od&SdEdkifygonf/
u,fq,fa&;vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;onf ab;tEÅ&m,f
1.3.3/ ypönf;? vlrItzGJUtpnf;ESifh uRrf;usifrItay: usa&mufaeaom vlom;rsm;tm;az;rjcif;? ajcmufvSefYjcif;
tajccHaom u,fq,fa&;vkyfief;rsm; enf;vrf;rsm;udk toH;k jyKí ¤if;wd\ Yk touf&iS o f efrEI iS hf b0
½kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mESihf ½kyyf pön;f rsm;/ / vlom;wdYk onf rsm;udk ulnaD qmif&u G rf rI sm;yifjzpfonf/ u,fq,fa&;r[m
touf&SifrItay: trSDjyKEdkif&efESifh ¤if;wdkY\b0udk auseyf AsL[mrsm; (od)Yk vkyef nf;vky[ f efonf a'otvdu k ?f vlrt I zGUJ
32 ]vif;uduk }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 33
tpnf ; tvd k u f ? toH k ; taqmif ? vd i f ? touf t &G , f ? 1.3.
1.3.55 / nH h z sif ; aomu,f q ,f a &;pG r f ; &nf (uG y f c sf )
&moDOwkESifh tcsdeftcgtvdkuf ajymif;vJvsuf&SdaMumif; uGycf scf ½dik of nf *l*sm&wfjynfe,f\ taemufajrmuf
ordik ;f wGiaf wGU&S&d ygonf/ ¤if;vkyef nf;vky[
f efonf vlom; ydik ;f &Sd 45ç652 pwk&ef;uDvrkd w D m us,0f ef;aoma'ojzpfNy;D
wd\ Yk ,ciftawGUtBuKH rsm;\ vTr;f rd;k rIrsm;pGm&Sad Mumif; awGU Edik if tH wGi;f &Sd 'kw, d tBu;D qH;k c½dik jf zpfygonf/ tqdyk ga'o
&S&d ygonf/ onf qdu k pf rpfwikd ;f wmcsut f & tdE, ´d Edik if \
H tEÅ&m,ft&Sd
qH k ; ½I H ; rI r &S d a om u,f q ,f a &;enf ; qH;k Zket f wGi;f ü wnf&ydS gonf/ Ny;D cJah om umvrsm;wGif t"du
tmrcHvkyfief;? tEÅ&m,fudkavsmhenf;apjcif;? pDrH ivsifBuD;rsm;jzpfay:cJhNyD; Oyrmtm;jzifh 1819 ckESpf? 1845
cefYcGJrIr&Sdjcif;? acs;aiGrsm;? tm[m&auR;arG;rIavQmhcsjcif;? ckEpS Ef iS hf 1956 ckEpS w f wYkd iG f ivsiBf u;D rsm; vIycf wfcMhJ uygonf/
aps;aygaom pm;aomufukefrsm;ay;a0jcif;? pm;aomufrI tqdkyga'oonf rdk;acgifvG,faoma'ojzpfNyD; teD;pyfqHk;
tBurd af &avQmch sjcif;? rxkwv f yk Ef ikd af om ydik q
f ikd rf yI pön;f rsm; cefYrSef;csuft& (5) ESpfwm umvwdkif;wGif (2) ESpf rdk;acgif
ESihf odak vSmifxm;aomypön;f rsm; tenf;i,fa&mif;csay;jcif; avh&Sdygonf/ tylydkif;rkefwdkif;rsm;vnf; yHkrSef0ifa&mufavh
wdyYk g0ifygonf/ &SdNyD;? NyD;cJhaom 1998 ckESpfwGif vwfwavm 0ifa&muf
cJyh gonf/
qHk;½IH;rI&Sdaom u,fq,fa&;enf;vrf; (tqifh 1 ESifh
(uGyfcsfc½dkif\ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI tpD&ifcHpmaumuf
tqif h 2)
Ekwfcsuf)
tqifh (1)/ / xkwfvkyfukefypönf;rsm;a0iSjcif;?
rdk;&GmoGef;rIyHkpHajymif;vJjcif;? a&pDrHcefYcGJrIyHkpHESifh
twd;k Bu;D aomacs;aiGrsm;? arG;jrLa&;ypön;f rsm; tBu;D tus,f
pdu
k yf sK;d a&;zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufrI yHpk rH sm; acwfrpD mG toH;k jyKvmjcif;wdYk
a&mif;csjcif;? ajr,mESihf ud&, d mwefqmyvmrsm;? pmcsKycf sKyf
aMumifh rdk;acgifrItEÅ&m,fonf a'otwGif; BuD;xGm;vmcJh
xm;onfh vkyfom;BuD;MuyfrIrsm;? uav;vkyfom;rsm;/
ygonf/ tqdyk gtaMumif;t&mrsm;teuf ajratmuf a&t&if;
tqifh (2)/ / cku d ;dk &mrJjh cif;? apwem&Sirf sm;tay:
tjrpfrsm; avsmhyg;vmjcif;? ukef;ajrrsm;qm;aygufjcif;ESifh
rScD akd e&jcif;? t&yfrpS eG cYf mG jcif;? jynfw h efqmrIEiS hf uav;a&mif;
oJuEÅm&rsm; us,fjyefYvmjcif; ponfhtaMumif;w&m;rsm;
0,fjcif;/
34 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 35
wdk;wufvmrIonf rdk;acgifrIudk qufvufjzpfay:aponfh ( c ) tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf xdawGUaqmif&u G &f ef uefY
taMumif;w&m;rsm;yif jzpfonf/ owfrI (tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;\ jc,fv, S vf rT ;f rd;k rI)?
tcif;jzpfa'orsm;onf omreftcsdefrsm;wGifyif ( * ) o,HZmwt&if;jrpfrsm;odkY csOf;uyf&mwGif
o,HZmwt&if;tjrpf qif;&JNyD; vlrIa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;t& uefYowfrI?
trSm;rcHEdkifaom pGrf;&nfrsm; jrifhrm;pGmaygif;pyfjzpfay:ae (C) EdkifiHa&;pepfyHkpH?
aMumif; awGU&S&d ygonf/ qd;k &Gm;aom qif;&JrEI iS hf vlraI &;ñTe;f ( i ) pD;yGm;a&;pepfyHkpH/
udef;rsm; edrfhusrIonf *l*sm&wfjynfe,f\ tjcm;a'orsm; 2/ jyif;xefaom zdtm;rsm;
xufjrifhrm;aeNyD; vlom;wdkY\obm0ab;tEÅ&m,faMumifh (u) a'o"avhxHk;pHtm;enf;csuf
qH;k ½H;I rI'Pfukd jyefvnfwjYHk yefrI pGr;f &nfonfvnf; uefo Y wf ( c ) avhusifhrItm;enf;csuf
rI&adS Mumif; awGU&S&d ygonf/ pku d yf sK;d a&;vkyif ef;? qm;xkwv f yk f ( * ) a'owGif;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItm;enf;csuf
jcif;vkyif ef;ESihf vufryI nmvkyif ef;paom t"dutoufarG; (C) a'oaps;uGuftm;enf;csuf
0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;onf ajrivsif'PfESifh rdk;acgifrI'Pf ( i ) vlx\ k vlru I si0hf wftqift h wef; tm;enf;
ESpcf ak ygif;\ tusK;d oufa&mufru I kd cHpm;&Ny;D vlaygif;ajrmuf csuf
jrm;pGm aoaus'Pf&m&NyD; BuD;rm;aom pdwfaomursm;udk ( p ) vlO;D a&wd;k yGm;rI EIe;f vsijf refpmG Bu;D xGm;vmjcif;
cHpm;&ojzifh vlaerItzGJUtpnf;ESifh qufET,faerI tm;vHk; (q) NrdKUjypepfvsifjrefpGmBuD;xGm;vmjcif;
ysufpD;qdwfokOf;rI jzpfcJh&ygonf/
( Z ) opfawmjyKe;f wD;rIvsijf refpmG Bu;D xGm;vmjcif;
tm;enf ; aom u,f q ,f a &;vk y f i ef ; aqmif & G u f r I \ (ps) ajrqDvTmjzpfxGef;rI edrfhusjcif;
oauF w rsm; 3/ vHkNcKHrIr&Sdaom tajctaersm;
1/ tajccHtaMumif;&if;rsm; (u) xdcdkufvG,faom ½kyfydkif;qdkif&mywf0ef;usif
(u) tmPmykdifrsm;ESifh xdawGU&ef uefYowfrI? ( c ) tEÅ&m,f&Sdaom wnfae&m
36 ]vif;udu
k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 37
( * ) umuG,frIr&Sdaom taqmufttHkrsm;ESifh aqmif&uG &f mwGif a&SUaemufqufE,
T rf &I adS om vkyif ef;pOfrsm;
tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Guf&efvdkaMumif; t"dyÜm,fyifjzpfygonf/
(C) xdcdkufvG,faom toufarG;0rf;ausmif; 1.4.1/ jyef v nf x l a xmif j cif ; vk y f i ef ; (wpf e nf ; )
vkyfief;rsm; xd c d k u f qH k ; ½I H ; vG , f r I E S i f h pG r f ; aqmif E d k i f & n nff
( i ) 0ifaiGenf;yg;jcif; wd k Y \ quf E T , f r I
( p ) "avhxHk;pHtm;enf;csuf obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f\ twdik ;f twmudk obm0
(q) ab;tEÅ&m,fumuG,fa&;BudKwifjyifqifrI ab;tEÅ&m,frusa&mufru D xdcu kd q
f ;kH ½I;H vG,rf EI iS hf pGr;f aqmif
tm;enf;csuf (vlxktoGif) Edik &f nfw\Ykd qkw, f w k rf ?I wd;k yGm;rIwjYkdzifv
h nf;aumif;? owfrw S f
( Z ) usef;rma&;todtjrif (A[kokw) enf;yg; xm;onfh obm0tEÅ&m,fudk wkHYjyefrIrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
jcif; oG,f0dkufí wdkif;wmEdkifayonf/
1.4/ jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;tm rsm;tm;; jyefvnf oD;jcm;obm0tEÅ&m,frsm;\ tqifhwdkif;ESifh
owf r S w f j cif ; ¤if;tajctaeudk ajymif;vJjzpfay:aponfh enf;vrf;rsm;ü
aygif;pyfrEI iS hf tiftm;&Srd wI yYkd g0ifaom u,fq,f yg&So d nfx
h cd u
kd q f ;kH ½H;I vG,rf EI iS hf pGr;f aqmifEikd &f nfw\ Ykd ta&;ygrI?
jcif;enf;vrf;jzifh obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fudk ¤if;tcsufonf yrmPESifh jzwfawmufrI? ajymif;vJrIwdkYudk qef;ppfMunfh½I
tqH;k tqr&Sad omfvnf; &nfreS ;f csuu f kd taumiftxnfazmf &efvdktyfygonf/ ¤if;tqifhrsm;rSm -
Edik rf I tñTe;f oauFwrsm;jzifh wdik ;f wmEdik yf gonf/ ausmv f mT ; (1) omreftajctae (obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f
apEdkifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ab;tEÅ&m,ftajctaeonf oufa&mufrIr&Sdcsdef)
u,fq,fa&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufaepOf tawmtwGif; (2) ta&;ay:tajctae (obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f
vkyfief;pOfwpfckESifhwpfckrnfodkY tusKd;oufa&mufrI &Sdae usa&mufcsdef? tEÅ&m,fusa&mufNyD; &uf
onfqdkonfh toGifoP²mefudk qef;ppf&efvdktyfygonf/ tenf;i,f (odrYk [kw)f vtenf;i,fMumNy;D
þonfrmS tqifhwdkif;\ Mum;umvESifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwf tcsdef txd)
38 ]vif;udu
k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 39
(3) jyefvnfu,fq,fa&;tqifhrS jyefvnf tod t rS w f j yKxm;aom u,f q ,f a &;vk y f i ef ; rsm;\
xlaxmifjcif;tqift h xd ul;ajymif;aqmif&u G f xd c d k u f v G , f r I p G r f ; &nf E S i f h uG J j ym;jcm;em;csuf r sm;
rI t qif h q if h (jzpf y G m ;NyD ; vtenf ; i,f u,fq,fa&;tzGJUtcsKdUtm; tjcm;tzGJUrsm;xuf
(odkYr[kwf) wpfESpfMumtcsdeftxd) ydkrdkxdcdkufapaom tajccHtcsufBuD; (3) csuf&Sdygonf -
(4) jyefvnfjyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;tqifh «jyefvnf
(1) eD;pyfrEI iS hf rsuEf mS vdu k jf cif;/ / obm0ab;
jyKpyk sK;d axmifjcif;vkyif ef;rsm; tom;usonf
tEÅ&m,fusa&mufaom a'owGif aexdkif
txd - (ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm)»
(5) umv&SnfjyefvnfjyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;tqifh olrsm; (odkU) a'oteD;wGifaexdkifolrsm;
tNy;D tajctae (obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fveG f onf tjcm;ol r sm;xuf u,f q ,f a &;
umv&Sd tusK;d oufa&mufru I kd qef;ppf&ef) pGr;f &nfrsm; edrfhusrI&Sdygonf/
(2) qif;&Jr/I / a&G;cs,&f efenf;yg;rIEiS hf t&ef
u,f q ,f a &;vk y f i ef ; ud k taES m if h t ,S u f j yKaeonf [ k
enf;vrf;enf;yg;aom qif;&Jom;rsm;onf
tod t rS w f j yKxm;aom t"d u tcsuf r sm;
ajrivsirf sm;? rkew f ifkd ;f rsm;? rd;k acgifrEI iS hf a&ab;'ku© <u,f0csrf;omolrsm;xufydkí tEÅ&m,f
paom obm0w&m;rsm;tay: tajccHygonf/ ¤if;obm0 tpGef;odkY a&muf&SdvG,fygonf/
w&m;rsm;tay: trSjD yKíay:aygufvmaom t"du½kP;f rsm; (3) oD;jcm;^tqifch jJG cm;cH&jcif;/ / bmoma&;?
(Oyrm - ppfyGJrsm;? Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;? vufa&mufrIrsm; vlrsK;d pkta&;vdiEf iS fh tjcm;tcsurf sm;aMumifh
(odkYr[kwf) vdifydkif;qdkif&mxdcdkufrIrsm;) vnf;yg0ifonf/ vlr0ifqHhjcif; (odkU) pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIa&;
¤if;wdkYonf qdk;½Gm;aom ,dk,Gif;rIrsm;jzpfonf/ usef;rma&;? pepfajymif; z,fMuOfc&H olrsm;onf u,fq,f
ynma&;ES i f h tjcm;vl r I 0 ef a qmif r I v k y f i ef ; ? ul ; oef ; a&;vk y f i ef ; rsm;\ tusKd ; ouf a &muf r I
a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh tpdk;&rl0g'rsm;usqif;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) tenf;i,fom&&Syd gonf/
obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;jcif;wdkY yg0ifygonf/
40 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 41
1.5/ ab;tEÅ&m,fusa&muf&ma'o&Sd tzGJUtpnf; txufygtacstwifajymqdrk rI sm;onf oufqikd f
rsm;\ tcef ; u@ onfha'orsm;tm; jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfaqmif&mwGif
oDt&dk t
D ,ltqrsm;pGm&So d nft h euf uDepD , D rfEiS hf ydí
k &Si;f vif;wdusapygonf/ þuJo h Ykd aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;vkyjf cif;
aemufvu kd rf sm;\ pD;yGm;a&;0g'? axmufyahH y;Edik o f nfh pD;yGm;a&; tm;jzifh vktd yfaom jyefvnfxal xmifa&;vkyif ef;ESihf xda&muf
tajctaeESihf ab;tEÅ&m,frusa&mufru D &Scd ahJ om pD;yGm;a&; aom vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;tm; &&SEd ikd Nf y;D 'kuo
© nfrsm;vdt k yf
zGUH NzKd ;rItajctaersm;onf tqdyk ga'o\ta&;ygrItwGuf aom ypö n f ; ud & d , mrsm;tm; zef w D ; jzef Y j zL;ay;Ed k i f r nf
ta&;Bu;D aom tajctaersm;jzpfygonf/ tqdyk goDt&dk rD sm; jzpfygonf/
xJwGif aps;uGuftajctaeusqif;rIrsm;udk todtrSwfjyK 1.
1.66 / Ed k i f i H a wmf t pd k ; &\ tcef ; u@
apmifMh unfNh y;D ,if;tajctaeudk tpd;k &rSyg0ifí jyKjyifaqmif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fjzpfNyD;aemuf usef&Sdonfh
&Gufay;&ef wdkufwGef;xm;ygonf/ 1970 jynfhESpfrsm;rS ta&;Bu;D aomtcsurf sm;? vlUtzGUJ tpnf;tm; umuG,af pmifh
acwfopfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;jzpfaom rpfxGef a&Smuf&eftwGuf u,fq,fa&;vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm; jzefaY 0
z&ufrif;? tD&efvpfw,fEiS hf t,fEckd ½k*smwdrYk S tqdyk g vkyif ef; ay;jcif;? tedrq hf ;kH trSew
f u,f vdt k yfcsut f m; tajccHuspmG
rsm;wGif tpd;k &yg0ifpu G zf ufygu bufvu kd o f nf[k vltrsm;rS wkHYjyefaqmif&Gufray;EdkifrIonf vlrIa&;qdkif&mvHkNcKHrIudk
rSwf,lEdkifonf/ tpdk;&yg0ifywfoufrIudk qefYusif&ef wm0ef,lxm;aom EdkifiHawmftpdk;&\tcef;u@tm;
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f sK;d &Sm Edik if aH &; ,kwfavsmhapygonf/ vlrIa&;tumtuG,ftm; axmufyHh
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\rjynfhpHkonfh obm0w&m;rsm;\ tusKd;quftjzpf obm0\tEÅ&m,fudkvnf; todtrSwfjyK&rnf jzpfonf/
tpkd;&\ us½IH;jcif;udk jzpfay:apEdkifNyD; ¤if;qHk;½IH;rIonf oD;jcm;pDzw
YJG nfxm;aom Edik if aH wmftpd;k &? aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;
pD;yGm;a&;t& aps;uGuf us½IH;rIxufydkí BuD;rm;ygonf/ ESifh vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;? vlrIa&;uGef&ufrsm;? tpdk;&r[kwf
(yefyef'&D,dk - 1994) aom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? toif;0ifrsm;udk tajcjyKzGJUpnf;xm;
42 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 43
aom tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;onf twlwuGpak ygif;í ta&;ygaom ( * ) tajccH v l r I a &;0ef a qmif r I E S i f h tajccH
jyefvnfxal xmifa&;vkyif ef;udk aqmif&u G Mf uygonf/ tdE, ´d taqmufttHkrsm;tm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif;?
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azmf a qmif & G u f r I o nf pd e f a c:rI w pf & yf j zpf N yD ; vl r I a &; 1.7/ tjcm;Ed k i f i H r sm;rS obm0ab;tEÅ & m,f
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t&if;tjrpfrsKd;pHktm; taumif;qHk;toHk;csí tzGJUtpnf; t&mrsm;
toD;oD;rS a&muf&v dS maom twdtvif;today;xm;onfh 1.7.1/ a'otmPmyd k i f r sm;\ qH k ; jzwf c suf
pmemrI taxmuftyHhrsm;jzifh ulnDjcif;? tm;ay;jcif;wdkYudk tkycf sKyaf &;wGif atmufajcvlwef;pmtvTmrsm;onf
tEÅ&m,fusa&mufonfha'otESHYodkY ay;ydkYulnD&ygonf/ ta&;Bu;D onft h wGuf tcsKUd aomjynfyEdik if rH sm;wGif tqdyk g
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txl;ojzifh ab;tEÅ&m,f'PfcHvlxktMum;wGif tpdk;&\ udv k bH , D mESihf uae'gEdik if w H \ Ykd ta&;ay:tajctaeOya'
taumif;qH;k tcef;u@rS OD;aqmifyg0ifaqmif&u G af y;rIonf wGif a'ocHtmPmydkifrsm;\ vuf0,fwGif&Sdaom qHk;jzwf
tusK;d &Sad om jyefvnfxal xmifa&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif&u G &f ef ydkifcGifh\ ta&;ygyHkudk txl;azmfjyxm;&ygonf/ a'o
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Ykd nf ta&;ay:tajctaeay:aygufrnf^ jzpf
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aumif;rGeaf om tkycf sKyrf t I ajccHausm½d;k rlBu;D (5) csuf tm; taeaMunmydik cf iG u hf kd vkyyf ikd cf iG jh fyKxm;ygonf/ (EPW -2006)
atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ *syefEdkifiH\ obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fu,fq,fa&;
(u) Oya'a&;qGJjy|mef;jcif;? Oya' (1947) u,fq,fa&;vkyif ef;rsm;ukd vsijf refpmG aqmif
( c ) tBuD ; pm;pD ; yG m ;a&;wnf N id r f r I t ygt0if &GuEf ikd &f eftwGuf tpd;k &tBu;D tuJonf ¤if;\u,fq,fa&;
obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&; rl0g'? vkyif ef;rsm;aqmif&u G yf ikd cf iG hf wpfpw d w
f pfa'oudk jrLeDpyD ,f
44 ]vif;uduk }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I
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ab;'ku©onfrsm;tm; umuG,fay;NyD; vlrIa&;vdktyfcsuf
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tae pDrHcefYcGJrIOya'wGif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,ftygt0if wefzdk;udk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh tdEd´,EkdifiHonf urÇmay:wGif
ta&;ay:tajctaersm;udk wkHYjyefaqmif&u G &f ef jy|mef;xm; ab;tEÅ&m,f tusa&mufqHk;ae&mjzpfaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGm
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ausmif;rsm;ESifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf trsKd;om;tqifhESifh eD;yg;&Sdonfh vlta&twGufrsm;\ vlaerIb0rsm; xdcdkuf
atmufajctqifh ab;tEÅ&m,fpDrHcefYcGJrIvkyfief;rsm;wGif cJ&h ygonf/
yg0if&ef jy|mef;xm;ygonf/ 2/ 1980 jynf h E S p f a emuf y d k i f ; wG i f u,f q ,f a &;
awmiftmz&duEdkifiH\ Oya'wGifvnf; obm0 pGr;f aqmifEikd rf EI iS hf ab;tEÅ&m,fusa&mufv, G rf I tvm;tvm
ab;tEÅ&m,f pDrcH efcY &JG mwGif yg0ifonfh yk*v ¾ ud u@? tzGUJ wdkYudk qef;ppfonfhvkyfief; xGef;um;vmygonf/ tqdkyg
tpnf;ESihf oD;jcm;tzGUJ u@rsm;wGif wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;? tpd;k &\ pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIESifh ab;tEÅ&m,ftvm;tvmqef;ppfcsuf
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wm0efrsm;yg0ifaom trsK;d om;ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I rl0g'tm; vkyif ef;rsm;tm; vkyif ef;&nfreS ;f csut f wdik ;f taumiftxnf
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45
46 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 47
umvwG i f ab;tEÅ & m,f a vsmh e nf ; ouf o mapa&;ES i f h onf vHNk cKH rrI &Sad om taqmufttHk (od)Yk u,fq,fa&;yHpk u H kd
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aom u,fq,fa&;enf;vrf;rsm;tm; uRefawmfwdkUonf
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49
50 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 51
qufET,faeaom a0g[m&toHk;tEIef;rsm;tm; em;vnf wpfae&mwnf;wGif ,SOfwGJay:aygufonfh tjzpftysuf
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jcm;em;onfhpnf;urf;csufrsm; 50 cefY vuf0,fwGif½SdNyD; ysufpD;qHk;½HI;rIrsm;tm; cHpm;&avsmhenf;ap&efESifh vlUtzJGU
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obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fEiS hf ywfoufonfh tqdt k rdet Yf rsm;pkrmS jzpfpOftjzpf azmfjyxm;ygonf/
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]]obm0}} ab;tEÅ&m,f[laom tqifajyonfh
1995)
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0ufpwmtbd"mefwGif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f wpfa,mufaMumihfjzpfonfh ab;tEÅ&m,frsm; (okdYr[kwf)
[laom t"dyÜm,fudk BuD;rm;aom ysufpD;rI? qHk;½IH;rIudkjzpf jiif;y,fí r&onfh obm0jzpfpOfrw S pfqifh vlom;wdUk twGuf
apaom ½kwfw&ufay:aygufonfh ab;'ku©[k azmfjyxm; tEÅ&m,f ydkrdkjzpfay:vmaponfh jzpfpOftaetxm;rsm;udk
ygonf/ rdu k ½ú akd qmhpmtkypf if (1998) wGirf l ysupf ;D qH;k ½H;I jcif; obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f[í l a0g[m&vJrT mS ;pGm owfrw S af eMu
us,fjyefYpGmjzpfay:aponfh jzpfysufrI[kazmfjyxm;ygonf/ ygonf / obm0ab;tEÅ & m,f [ l a om a0g[m&onf
(z&pfpf - 1998) wGif ab;tEÅ&m,fqo kd nfrmS wpfcsed w
f nf; wpfpHkwpfckvTJrSm; aeaMumif;qdkvdkygonf/ taMumif;rSm
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54 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 55
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odkYaomfvnf; oDtdk&Dt& xdcdkufjzpfysufEdkifajc pGrf;&nftm; tcsed wf tkd wGi;f taxmuftyHjh yKEikd jf cif; wdyYk g0ifygonf/ (ykpH H
us,jf yefpY mG t"dymÜ ,fziG qYf ckd iG hf jyKxm;ygonf/ xdcu kd jf zpfysuf tm;jzifh ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH suf BuKdwifjyifqifjcif;? tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;
EdkifajcESifh qufpyfaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk ykHrSeftm;jzifY \ vkyfief;wm0efrsm;tm; twnfjyKjcif;? u,fq,fa&;
t"dyÜm,fzGifYqdk&mwGif vGwfvyfaomtawG;tac:rsm;ESifY vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;tm; a&;qGJjcif;? tpm;taomufESifh
y#dyu©rsm;\ ta&;BuD;rIudkrlwnfí t"dyÜm,fzGifYqdkMuyg axmufyaYH &;ypön;f rsm;tm; pkyo Hk akd vSmifjcif;ESiYf u,fq,fa&;
onf/ (wm½Snf qif;&Jrt I pDtpOf Website) t&if;tjrpfrsm; vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif½u G rf nfh tzGt YJ m; avhusio hf ifMum;ay;jcif;
udk pDrHxdef;odrf;cGifYtmPmcGJa0&mwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ESihf vdt
k yfaom ud&, d mwefqmyvmypön;f rsm; wyfqifjcif;wdYk
tm;enf;csuu f kd t"dutaMumif;jyKí y#dyu© jzpfMuygonf/ yg0ifygonf/)
('DvDESifYabmuf&mpf 2001) (wGpf-2001)
2.2.2/ Bud K wif j yif q if r I 2.2.3/ wk H U jyef r I
BudKwifjyifqifrIqdk&mwGif ab;tEÅ&m,fqdkif&m wk H Y j yef r I q d k o nf r S m ab;tEÅ & m,f u sa&muf
pDrHcsuf jyKvkyfjcif;ESifY ab;tEÅ&m,fjzpfonfh ae&mwGif NyD;aemuf ta&;,laqmif½Gufcsufudk qdkvdkygonf/ tqdkyg
u,fq,fa&;aqmif½Guf&efvdktyfonfh o,HZmwt&if; aqmif½u G cf surf sm;wGif &Jwyfz0YJG ifrsm;? rD;owftzG0YJ ifrsm;ESiYf
tjrpfrsm;pkyjHk cif; wdyYk g0ifygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifY ab;tEÅ&m,f aq;bufqikd &f mtzG0YJ ifrsm;\ ab;tEÅ&m,fusa&mufaepOf
jzpfymG ;rItay:vdu k í f ta&;ay:pDrcH surf sm; BuKd wifjyifqif ESiuYf sa&mufNy;D ptcsed f vIy½f mS ;aqmif½u G rf rI sm;yg0ifygonf/
jcif;? vdt
k yfaomukeyf pön;f rsm; pkyo kH akd vSmifjcif; wdyYk g0ifygonf/ þowfrSwfrIonf uGyfuJa&;½kH;cef;zGifYvSpfjcif;? ta&;ay:
pDrHcsufrsm; aqmif½Gufjcif;ESifY aiGaMu;axmufyHhay;a0jcif;
56 ]vif;udu
k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 57
paom ab;tEÅ&m,fuyfrsKd;pHkudk wkHYjyefonfh yxrtqifY yifjzpfonf/ þvkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif taumiftxnfjrifEdkif
vkyif ef;pOfrsm;yg0ifygonf/ onfY a&vTr;f rd;k rIukd umuG,o f nfY wmwrHwnfaqmufrrI sm;?
2.2.4/ tajctae jyef v nf x d e f ; od r f ; wnf a qmuf awmifw Y if;onft Y aqmufttHrk sm; aqmufvyk jf cif; wdt Yk jyif
jcif ; taumiftxnfrjrif&onfY avYusifYoifMum;jcif;rsm;?
tajctaejyefvnf xdef;odrf;wnfaqmufjcif; ajrtoH;k csrq
I ikd &f mvkyx
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;? Oya'rsm;jy|mef;jcif;?
qd k o nf r S m vl Y t zG Y J t pnf ; \ obm0ab;tEÅ & m,f pD;yGm;a&;vnfywfrI,EÅ&m;rsm;ESifY vlxktm;wdk;jrS§ifYí
rus a&mufrD tajctaeodjYk yefvnfa&muf½adS p&ef jyefvnf today;jcif; vkyfief;rsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf/ oufomaprI
wnfaqmuf&onfY a&½Snv f yk if ef;pOfrsm; tusK;H 0ifvsu½f ydS g vkyfief;tm; ab;tEÅ&m,frusa&mufrDusa&mufqJESifY
onf/ ¤if;onf tem*wfumvwGif ysupf ;D qH;k ½I;H xdcu kd Ef idk rf I usa&mufNy;D umvrsm;wGif tcsed rf a½G;aqmif½u G Ef ikd yf gonf/
tajctaetm; avQmcY sEikd &f efEiS Yf ab;tEÅ&m,fusa&mufru I kd 2.2.6/ ab;tEÅ & m,f ½ S d r I
oufomaponfY vkyaf qmifcsurf sm; yg0ifygonf/ ¤if;wdrYk mS ab;tEÅ&m,f½SdrIqdkonfrSm vlom;wdkYESifY ¤if;wdkY
awmifYwif;cdkifrmonfY taqmufttHkrsm; aqmufvkyf&ef ydik qf ikd o
f nfh taxmuftyHyY pön;f rsm;tm; xdcu kd af pEdik o
f nfh
jy|mef;jcif;ESifYtEÅ&m,f½Sdaomajrae&m toHk;csrIqdkif&m pGr;f tifyifjzpfaMumif; t"dymÜ ,fziG q
Yf Ekd ikd yf gonf/ ab;tEÅ&m,f
rl0g'rsm; csrSwfjcif;wdkYyg0ifonf/ twdwfumvü BudKwif
qdo k nfrmS obm0tavsmuf (Oyrm- ajrivsiaf b;? rd;k acgifr)I
jyifqifr?I wkjYH yefrEI iS Yf jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif; vkyif ef;rsm;udk
ESihf vlw\ Ykd ya,m*aMumifY (Oyrm-pufrI qdik &f mrawmfwq
tajcjyKí aqmif ½ G u f c J Y o jzif Y ab;tEÅ & m,f ' k u © E S i f h
jzpfrI) wdkYaMumifY ay:aygufEdkifygonf/
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onf/ 2.3/ qif ; &J r G J a wrI E S i f Y o bm0ab;tEÅ & m,f r sm;
2.2.5/ ouf o maprI qif ; &J r G J a wrI q d k o nf r S m pmoH k ; rI ? ynma&;?
tif t m;½S d o nf h obm0ab;tEÅ & m,f r sm;\ usef ; rma&;u@rsm;\ rvH k a vmuf r I u d k q d k v d k y gonf /
tusKd;oufa&mufrIudk tedrfYqHk;jzpfatmif aqmif½Gufjcif; qif ; &J o m;rsm;\ id k a <u;oH r sm; ay:xG u f v mrI o nf
58 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 59
tem*wftwGuf pdk;&drfajcmufvSefYzG,f&mrsm;yifjzpfygonf/ twwfynmwwfodvdr®mrI tay:rlwnfí csOf;uyfonfh
y#dyu©jyóemrsm;onf tcsdefra&G;ay:aygufvmEdkifNyD; pdw0f ifpm;zG,t f csujf zpfonf/ wwfov d rd m® rI udk tajcjyKí
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b0tpd w f t yd k i f ; jzpf a eygonf / rsm;aomtm;jzif h &ifqdkif&mwGif wwfodvdr®mrItm;toHk;jyKrIESifY tusKd;ouf
qif ; &J o m;rsm;onf y d k í ab;'k u © u sa&muf v G , f a om a&mufrw I u
Ykd kd avYvm&mwGif toH;k jyKygonf/ ab;tEÅ&m,f
vlUtodkuft0ef;tMum;wGif aexdkifMu&ygonf/ tb,f t&if;tjrpf\ qdk;usKd;onf wwfodvdr®mrI\ wefzdk;ESifY
aMumifhqdkaomf ¤if;wdkYonfrsm;jym;vSaom tEÅ&m,frsm; xkwfvkyfrIrsm; (wefzdk;ESifYxkwfvkyfrIykHpHtrsKd;rskKd;tygt0if)
Mum;wGif wnf&adS eíjzpfygonf/ olw\ Ykd 0ifaiGenf;yg;rIonf yg0ifaom toHk;taqmifypönf;rsm; tay:odkY oufa&muf
ypönf;Opömydkifqdkif pkaqmif;EdkifrIudk avsmYusapygonf/ vsuf½Sdygonf/ (rdkqm-1988)
obm0tEÅ&m,frsm; usa&mufaomtcg þtcsufonf 2.4/ uRrf ; usif v d r ® m rI u d k tajccH í u,f q ,f a &;
tqd k y g jyóemtm; &if q d k i f E d k i f r nf h p G r f ; &nf r sm;ud k aqmif ½ G uf & ef c sOf ; uyf j cif ;
uefYowfonfY uefYowfcsufrsm;jzpfapygonf/ qif;&JrGJawrIonf 0ifaiGay:rlwnfí rSwf,lEdkif
qif;&JrGJawrIonf wwfodvdr®mrIedrfYusrIay:wGif aomfvnf; ¤if;wdt Yk wGuf ta&;Bu;D aom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;
tajcjyKaeNyD; twwfynmrsm; oif,lrIudkvnf; edrfYus twwfynmwefzdk;tay: rlwnfaeaMumif; us,fjyefYpGm
apygonf/ qif;&JraJG wrI axmifacsmuftwGi;f usqif;aeaom pOf ; pm;jcif ; jzif Y r S w f , l E d k i f y gonf / qif ; &J r G J a wrI o nf
¤if;wd\ Yk ysupf ;D qH;k ½I;H vG,rf EI iS Yf ab;tEÅ&m,fukd &ifqikd Ef ikd rf I ½kyfydkif;qdkif&m tajctae? aiGa&;aMu;a&; tajctae?
pGrf;&nfonf twwfynmoifMum;rI ta&twGufESifY vlraI &;ESihf ywf0ef;usirf sm;qdik &f m tajctaersm; yg0ifonfh
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xdcu kd yf supf ;D vG,rf w
I o Ykd nf cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmrIukd csO;f uyf&mwGif EdkifpGrf;½Sdonfh us,fjyefYaomt&if;tjrpfrsm; ab;tEÅ&m,f
60 ]vif;udu
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jyóemudk ajz½Si;f &eftwGuf tcsed rf v D t
kd yfrnfY ½ky0f w¦Krsm;? 2.4.1/ cH p m;yd k i f c G i f Y r sm;ES i f Y u ,f q ,f j cif ; vk y f i ef ; rsm;
vlrIa&;vdktyfcsufrsm;? wpfOD;csif;ESifY tzGJYtpnf;tvdkuf csrf;om<u,f0rIonf oD;jcm;owfrSwfxm;onfh
vd k t yf r nf h t &mrsm; yg0if y gonf / (e[m&rf ; -2000) tEÅ&m,frsm;udk ausmfvTm;Edkifrnfh tpDtrHrsm;udk xl;jcm;pGm
u,fq,fjcif;enf;vrf;wGif t"duxkwfjyef&rnfhtcsufrSm ay;acs0,f,El ikd rf jI yKEikd yf gonf/ (Oyrm- ivsiaf b;tEÅ&m,f
vSL'gef;axmufyHYrnfholrsm;\<u,f0rI (wdk;wufvmrnfh Zket f wGi;f ü ivsi'f PfcH BuchH ikd af omtdrrf sm;aqmufvyk jf cif;)
wefz;k d rsm;ponf) ESih f ab;tEÅ&m,fuk d &ifqik d &f mwGif tok;H jyKonfh ¤if;tjyifypön;f rsm;ESiYf aiGrsm;ay;a0jcif;onfvnf; qufE, T f
a'ooHk;ukefypönf;rsm; yg0if&rnfjzpfonf/ vlwpfpk\ aeaom ab;tEÅ&m,fudk avsmYyg;oufomapygonf/
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm; vHkNcHKrItajctaeudk ypön;f rsm;a0iSjcif;onf wpfenf;tm;jzifY tcGit Yf a&;ydik q f ikd f
avYvm&mwGif vlrb I 0qdak oma0g[m&\ ,cifrv l t"dymÜ ,fukd rIoabmudk vTJajymif;ay;jcif;yifjzpfygonf/ tcGifhta&;
tajccHí þuJYodkY csOf;uyfavYvmEdkifygonf/ pGrf;aqmif ydik qf ikd rf o
I nf avmavmq,f0ifaiGvrf;aMumif;udk taxmuf
EdkifrIypönf;rsm; (odkavSmifa&;Xmersm;? t&if;tjrpfrsm;? tulrjyKaomfvnf; vlaerIb0wefzdk;trsKd;rsKd; (tajccH
owif;ESifY csOf;uyf&mvrf;aMumif;rsm;) ESifY vlaerI½Sifoef vdt k yfcsurf sm;? vlaerIb0 vHNk cKH a&;tajctaeESiYf oufqikd f
a&;qdkif&m vdktyfaomaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk qdkvdkygonf/ onfrsm;ponfh) udk a½S;½IEdkifonfh tcGifYtvrf;rsm;udkrl
,cktcg vlrItzGJYtpnf; twGif;ESifhtjyifwdkYwGif vlYtzGJY axmufyHhay;ygonf/ cHpm;ydkifcGifhrsm;udk csOf;uyfjcif;onf
tpnf;ESipYf yfvsO;f onfY vlraI &;? "avYx;kH pHEiS Yf Edik if aH &;udpw ö Ykd jzpfvwåUH ESihf jzpfysuaf eaom iwfrw G rf rI sm;udk u,fq,fa&;
qufET,faqmif&GufrIrsm;udk ydkítav;ay; aqmif&Guf aqmif&GufcJhonfh tzGJYtpnf;trsKd;rsKd;\ ,cifutoHk;jyKcJY
vmMuygonf/ (rdq k m 1998? abmufyef;ESiYf qif[m 2001) aomenf;vrf;rsm;tm; t"dymÜ ,fziG q Yf &kd mwGif taxmuftul
(Oyrmtm;jzif-Y vdirf q I ikd &f mywfoufr?I vlraI &; aESmifzGJYrIESifh jyKygonf/ cHpm;ydik cf iG rYf sm;udk (trwfMw&qif;ESihf 'Jq h ikd f 1990)
uGef&ufrsm;? vlYtzGJYtpnf;\ nDnGwfrI? vkyfydkifcGifYtmPm wdkYrS atmufygtwdkif; tao;pdwfowfrSwfxm;ygonf/
yg0ifaqmif&Gufaom toif;tzGJYrsm;ESifY pkzGJY aqmif&u G cf suf aps;uGufqdkif&mcHpm;ydkifcGifY (a&mif;0,fazmufum;EdkifonfY
rsm;\ tusK;d oufa&mufrrI sm;wdjYk zpfygonf/) tiftm;ESifYtcpm;tvkyftudkifrsm;cefYxm;rI) wdkuf½kduf
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cHpm;cGifYrsm; (xyfqifYxkwfvkyfcGifY? toHk;taqmifrsm; r[mAsL[mudk cGJjcm;owfrSwfcJYygonf/ olronfwkefvIyfrI
xkwfvkyfonfYtvkyf)? vlxkcHpm;ydkifcGifYrsm; (tpdk;&\ ray:aygufrDBudKwifpGefYpm;jcif;[lí xyfwljyKwifpm;cJYjcif;
vTJajymif;ay;rIrsm;? tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm;)? vlUusifY0wf jzpfygonf/ BuKd wifí ae&m,lonfY r[mAsL[mrSm wkev f yI f
qdik &f m cHpm;cGirYf sm; (a'ocHtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;\ aqmif&u G cf su?f acsmufcsm;rIjzpfpOfukd wkjYH yef aqmif&u
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cGifhjyKxm;onfY Oya'ydkif;qdkif&m cHpm;cGifYrsm;[lí owfrSwf AsL[mrsm;ESifYtnDydkrdkí vdkufavsmnDaxG jyKrlvmEdkifMu
xm;ygonf/ rnfjzpfygonf/ vdkufavsmnDaxG usifYoHk;rI r[mAsL[m
cHpm;ydkifcGifYrsm; cGJa0ay;jcif;onf obm0ab; oDtdk&Donf vlYabmifavmu\ awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrI r@dKif
tEÅ&m,frsm;ay:aygufrIESifY qufET,fvsuf&Sdygonf/ Oyrm tjzpf tpOfjzpfwnfaevdrfYrnf jzpfygonf/ þt&monf
tm;jzifY 1976 ckESpf *GmwDrmvmivsifBuD;wGif vlaygif; tqifYtwef;? touft&G,f? vdif? vlrsKd;pktEG,fESifY
22000 aoausysufpD;cJYygonf/ ¤if;wGif tqdkygaoausrI roefrpGrf;rIrsm;udktajccHí cGJjcm; owfrSwfrI\ t&if;cH
onf vlOD;a&tm;vHk;ay:wGif wpforwfwnf; rusa&muf tjzpfajymif;vJwnf&Sdrnfjzpfygonf/
bJ qif;&Jom;trsm;pkay:wGif wpfzufapmif;eif;usa&mufchJ
2.4.3/ ab;tEÅ & m,f u ,f q ,f a &;r[mAsL[m
ygonf/ (txl;ojzifYysufpD;vG,faom taqmufttHk
(tES;D *kywÜ m;ESiYf ADa*s;y&mwyfqif;) wdo Yk nfujJG ym;
tpk t a0;tm; ajrivsif \ ouf a &muf r I u d k q d k v d k o nf )
jcm;em;aom ab;tEÅ&m,fu,fq,fa&; r[mAsL[mrsm;\
xdkYaMumifh tqdkygajrivsifBuD;udk ]]tqif Y t wef ; cG J j cm;
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f tmrcHxm;onft Y &mrsm;?
aomivsif}} tjzpfowfrSwfazmfjycJYMuygonf/
wm;qD;ausmfvTm;onfh tcsufrsm;udk pkHprf;avYvmcJY Muyg
2.4.2/ tEÅ & m,f t ay:tajccH o nf h u,f q ,f a &; onf/ ¤if;wdkYrSmyk*¾vdu (odkY) (ESifY) vlxk\rpkaqmif;edkifrI?
vk y f x k H ; vk y f e nf ; acs;iSm;rI? vTJajymif;vufcHrIponftcsufrsm;jzpfygonf/
(a';rD ; pf 1996 )rS Bud K wif í pG e f Y p m;jcif ; ES i f Y ¤if;wd\
Yk ud,k af wGrY sujf rif tawGt Y MuKH t& vTaJ jymif;rIrsm;onf
BudKwifíae&m,ljcif;wdkYtMum;ü u,fq,fa&;qdkif&m
64 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 65
tEk w f v u© P maqmif a om xd w f v ef Y r I r sm;twG u f jynfe,fwGif a,bk,stm;jzifY u,fq,fa&;r[mAsL[m
tusKd;r&SdaMumif;ESifY txl;ojzifY yl;wGJaexdkifolrsm;\ trsm;pkrmS aiGaMu; (od)Yk tpm;tpmudk tdref ;D em;csi;f rsm;xHrS
toHk;taqmifrsm;udpöwGif ydkqdk;aMumif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ acs;iSm;jcif;? aps;aygaomtpm;tpmrsm;udk 0,f,ltoHk;jyK
tvm;wlyif tEÅ&m,fu,fq,fa&;qdkonfrSm ajrivsif jcif;ESifh tpm;tpmpm;aomufrI tBudrfavQmYcsjcif;wdkY
uJYodkYaom obm0aMumifY qHk;&IH;rIrsm;udk txl;jyKaeaMumif; usio Yf ;kH cJMY uygonf/
avYvmawGY&SdcJYMuygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifY ypönf;Opömrsm; *l*sm&wfjynfe,fwGifvnf; aps;aygaomtpm;
tenf;i,fysupf ;D qH;k &I;H rItwGuf &&Sad om epfemaMu;rsm;tjzpf tpmrsm;udk 0,f,t l oH;k jyKjcif;? tdref ;D em;csi;f rsm;xHrS aiGaMu;
rvHkavmufrIrsm;tm; toHk;cscJYMuojzifY taqmufttHk (odkY) tpm;tpmrsm; acs;iSm;jcif;? pm;aomufrIEIef;xm;
ysupf ;D qH;k ½H;I rIrsm;Mum;wGif tdrtf ok;H aqmifypön;f rsm; acs;iSm; avQmcY sjcif;wdu Yk kd aqmif&u G jf cif;tm;jzifh tpm;taomufEiS hf
toH;k jyKro I nf us,jf yefpY mG jzpfay:cJyY gonf/ csKUd wJrY rI pS wifí aiGaMu;pkaqmif;jcif;wdkYonf t"dur[mAsL[mjzpfvm
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aps;uGurf sm;? qE´raJ y;ykid cf iG rhf sm;) tvku d f oD;jcm;ukeyf pön;f jzpfygonf/
(ok)Yd 0efaqmifrv I yk if ef;wpfck xkwv f yk ?f jzefjY zL;? 0efaqmifrI txuf y g uk e f u sp&d w f r sm;xJ r S tcsKd U tm;
jyK&mwGif ukeu f scohJ nfh tyku d ek u f sp&dwrf sm;tm; avQmch sEidk f vwfwavmwGif vG,u f pl mG wGucf suEf idk af omfvnf; trsm;pk
98 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 99
rS m wG u f c suf í r&atmif zk H ; uG , f a evsuf &S d y gonf / owif;tcsuftvuf n§dEIdif;rIp&dwftm; wGufcsufrIukd
jyefvnfxal xmifjcif; vkyif ef;pOft& þoabmwlnrD o I nf tefwedk ,D adk umf'v
D mESihf ukid af twku
Yd azmfjycJyh gonf/ tqkyd g
rlvae&mwGif tvkyftukdifrsm; jyefvnfxlaxmifEkdifa&; ukefusp&dwfjzifh tokH;jyKonfh enf;ynmtusKd;w&m; ykdí
twGuf ykHpHrsKd;pkHjzifh axmufyHhaom avsmfaMu;rsm;&&Sda&; aumif;rGecf ahJ omfvnf; tjcm;wpfzufwiG f aps;Bu;D rIEiS hf tjcm;
twGuf xda&mufr&I o dS nfh ueOD;tp axmufyrhH rI sm;ukd &&S&d ef qkd;usKd;rsm;vnf; jzpfay:apEkdifygonf/
aqmif&Gufay;&rnf jzpfonf/
2.15/ vd i f c J G j cm;rI E S i f h ¤ if ; \tm;enf ; csuf
2.14/ n§ d E I d i f ; rI p &d w f E S i f h jyef v nf x l a xmif j cif ; ajrivsiaf b;ESihf qkid u f vke;f rkew f idk ;f ab;'PfwYdk
vk y f i ef ; usa&mufaomtcgwGif trsKd;orD;wkdY\ aoqkH;rIEIef;onf
enf;ynmtopfrsm; wifoiG ;f vmrIonf a,bk,s wpfcgwpf&H ¤if;wk\ Yd touftykid ;f tjcm;tvku d f owfrw S f
tm;jzifh tzJUG tpnf;wpfcw k iG f tyku d ek u
f srrI sm; avsmeh nf;vm csufxuf tcsKd;ruspGm aoqkH;aeonfukd awGU&Sd&ygonf/
aponfh t"dyÜm,faqmifygonf/ ¤if;tjyif ajrivsif'PfcH Oyrm vwfwavmBuKHawGU&onfh tdE´d,ajrivsifab;BuD;
Ekdifonfh enf;ynmrsm; tygt0if jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; wGif trsKd;orD;&mckdifEIef;onf ivsifab;'PfcH vlOD;a&\
vkyfief;pOfwGif tokH;jyKaom enf;ynmESifh pepfykHpHtopf 48 &mcdik Ef eI ;f &Scd yhJ gonf/ okaYd omfvnf; trsK;d om;rsm;enf;wl
rsm;aMumifh jyefvnfxal xmifa&;vkyif ef; taumiftxnfazmf taqmufttkHrsm;\ tjyifbufwGiftdyfaom trsKd;orD;
aqmif&Guf&mwGif wpfcgwpf&Hü tykdukefusp&dwfrsm; ykdí 55 &mckid Ef eI ;f onf aovkajrmyg; xdcu dk cf o
hJ jzifh tysut f pD;
jrifhwufonfh tusKd;w&m;rsm; jzpfay:apygonf/ þt&m NyKu
d srrI S vGwaf jrmufoOl ;D a&onf ykí d &mckid Ef eI ;f rsm;cJyh gonf/
onf tb,hfaMumifh wpfOD;csif;ESifh tzJGUtpnf;tvkduf (c&pf em&wf*sf -1997) avhvmrIrsm;t& trsK;d orD;rsm;onf
wk;d wufru
I dk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif owif;tcsut f vuf wuf<uaom wkHYjyefjyKrIwwfolrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ trsKd;
wefzkd; rnfrQvkdonfukd od&SdEkdifygonf/ þtcsufonf om;rsm; vTrf;rkd;vsuf&Sdonfh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;qkdif&m
owif;tcsut f vuf 0efyrd t I usK;d ukd jzpfay:apEkid yf gonf/ tvkyt f ukid ?f rdom;pkEiS hf vlUtzJUG tpnf;\ tpOftvmt&
100 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 101
obm0ab;'Pf wkHYjyefrIwGif epfjrKyfjcif; cHae&ygonf/ jzpfaom use;f rma&; tEÅ&m,f&rdS o I nf rD;zGm;pOfumvtwGi;f
þtaMumif;w&m;rsm;t& trsK;d orD;rsm;ESihf uav;rsm;onf tvkyfjywfawmufrIESifh xkwfvkyfEkdifrI pGrf;&nfukd xdckdufap
obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f avQmhcsa&; EkdifiHwumq,fpkESpf\ ygonf/ ½k;d &m"avhqidk &f m arQmv f ifch surf sm;ESihf tdrw
f iG ;f tvkyf
]]umuG , f a pmif h a &S m uf j cif ; qk d i f & maomh c suf r sm;}} wGif wm0efrsm;onf trsK;d orD;rsm;\ pGr;f aqmifru I dk uefoY wfvsuf
todtrSwfjyKjcif; cH&ygonf/ &Syd gonf/ xkaYd Mumifh Ekid if aH &;u@wGif yg0ifEidk rf I tcGit hf a&;?
obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fukd&ifqkdif&mwGif ynma&;? owif;tcsuftvufpHkprf;a&;? aps;uGufrsm;ESifh
trsKd ; orD ; rsm;tm; yk d r k d x d c k d u f v G , f a prnf h tjcm;tcGifhta&;rsm;ponfhwdkYwGif tcGifhtvrf; edrfhus
tajccH t aMumif ; w&m;rsm; ae&NyD; rdef;rom;wkdY\ tm;enf;csuftay: tajccHonfh
a,bk,stm;jzifh urÇmwpf0ef;wGif trsKd;orD; twif;tusyfrIrsm;aMumifh qkH;½IH;rIrsm; awGUae&ygonf/
rsm;onf trsK;d om;rsm;xufyí kd qif;&JMuonf/ ykrH eS rf [kwf 2.16/ obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fqkdif&moifcef;pmrsm;
aom pD;yGm;a&;u@rsm;ESihf vkycf r&rI? vkycf avsmeh nf;&&Srd I ivsif a b;usa&muf N yD ; aemuf BuD ; rm;aom
ponfh tvkyftukdifae&mrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;pGmwkdYonf t&if;tjrpfrsm;onf wm0ef&o dS rl sm;ukd tusK;d jyKapaomfjim;
tcsKd;tpm;vJGrSm;pGm yg0if vkyfukdifvsuf &Sdygonf/ tarG vnf; tpk;d & taejzifrh l Bu;D rm;aom qk;H ½I;H rIudk &&Scd yhJ gonf/
qufcHrI Oya'rsm;ESifh ½kd;&m"avhxkH;wrf;rsm;? vufxyf ¤if;rSm ivsiaf b;tEÅ&m,f tjrifq h ;Hk a'ojzpfaom *l*sm&wf
xdrf;jrm;jcif;qkdif&m pDrHcefYcJGrIrsm;? bPfpepfrsm;ESifh vlaerI jynfe,f\ ab;tEÅ&m,f'Pfc&H aom jynfe,f tpdwt f ykid ;f
pepfypHk H trsK;d trsK;d wkw
Yd iG f cJjG crf;pdwjf zmay;a0rIrsm;? ypön;f Opöm wko Yd nf aemufq;Hk tajctae owif;rsm;&&Srd I tm;enf;jcif;ESihf
rsm; ykdifqkdifrI&&Sd&ef aqmif&Guf&rnfh tqifrajyonfh vlaY bmiftzJUG tpnf;\ tvTmtoD;oD;wGif jypfrrI sm; jzpfymG ;
enf;vrf;rsm;? jiif;qefEkdifrI tiftm;enf;yg;jcif; ponfh jcif;yifjzpfonf/ (qif[m 2002) vlaerItokid ;f t0kid ;f taejzifh
trsKd ; orD ; rsm; vG w f v yf r I t ay: ¤if ; wk d Y \ zcif r sm;? awGUBuKHcJh&onfh ab;'PfyrmPukd &ifqkdif&ef BuKdwif
vifa,musmf ;rsm;ESihf om;rsm;u twif;tusyv f rT ;f rk;d vsuf jyifqifrIr&SdcJhonfh tusKd;qufaMumifhvnf; jzpfygonf/
&Sdygonf/ Budrfa&rsm;pGm rD;zGm;jcif;\ tusKd;oufa&muf ¤if;tjyif ab;tEÅ&m,fvGefumv pDrHcefYcJGrI tpDtpOfrsm;
102 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 103
tm;enf;rIvnf; yg0ifygonf/ ¤if;wkw Yd iG f ypön;f rsm; jyefvnf axmufyHhay;jcif;jzifh wefzkd;&Sdaom aiGt&if;tjrpfrsm;onf
cJGa0 vSL'gef;rI? ta&;BuD;onfh qufoG,frI? yl;aygif; tv[óqk;H ½I;H jcif; cH&ygonf/ trsK;d rsK;d aom epfemaMu;ykpH H
aqmif&GufrIESifh BuD;Muyf aqmif&GufrIwkdYwGif csKdU,Gif;csuf rsm;tm; xkwfay;&mwGif aESmifhaES;rIrStpjyKí epfemaMu;
jzpfay:rIrsm; yg0ifygonf/ tpk;d &\ vkyif ef;tpDtpOfrsm; ay;&mwGif cJjG cm;qufqrH rI sm;? jyefvnfxal xmifa&;vkyif ef;rsm;
twGuf cGijhf yKxm;aom aiGpm&if;rsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í tpk;d &\ aqmif&Guf&mwGif AsL½kdua&pDpepf usifhokH;jcif;paom
vkyif ef;pOfrsm;wGif wm0efcH aqmif&Gufaeaom jynfe,f? ½Iaxmift
h jrifrsK;d pkjH zifh tqkyd g okawoejyKrwI iG f tav;xm;
c½kid Ef iS hf NrKUd e,f (tkypf )k tqifh rsm;wGif 0da&m"drsm; jzpfymG ;Ny;D aygif;pyfazmfjyxm;ygonf/
BuD;rm;aom t½IyftaxG;rsm; jzpfay:cJhygonf/ ÄÄ ÄÄ ÄÄ ÄÄ ÄÄ
Ekid if w
H um wm0ef,l aqmif&u G rf EI iS t
hf wl awGU&S&d
onfh t"dujyóemrSm tem*wfab;tEÅ&m,f u,fq,fa&;
vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf yl;aygif;aqmif&u G rf I pGr;f &nfEiS hf a'ocH
wk\ Yd pGr;f &nfudk wnfaqmufay;&ef ysuu f u G rf yI if jzpfygonf/
aiGaMu;wefzkd; owfrSwfrIESifhywfoufí tdE´d,EkdifiHwGif
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif wnf&SdaecJhaom tzJGUrsm;onf ,ckrS
tdE, d´ Ekid if oH Ydk a&muf&o dS uJo
h Ydk jyKral ecJMh uNy;D tpDtpOfrsm;
a&;qJjG cif;? taumiftxnfazmfjcif; vkyif ef;rsm;wGif rdwzf uf
tzJGUtpnf;rsm;tjzpf aqmif&Gufaeaom? vkdtyfonfxuf
ydrk zkd UGJ pnf;xm;aom? wk;d wufaom? tdE, d´ tpk;d &r[kwaf om
tzJUG tpnf;rsm;tm; taumif;qk;H tok;H csEidk af tmif raqmif&u G f
Edkifjcif;yif jzpfygonf/ (ref½kd 2001 pmrsufESm 45) a'o
twGif;rS &&SdEkdifonfh u,fq,fa&; ypönf;rsm;tm; 0,f,l
&nfñeT ;f csurf sm;
105
106 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 107
2/ oifah vsmaf om tdrt f ok;H taqmifrsm;tm; vGwv f yfpmG 5/ a'otwGi;f ü tvkyt f ukid tf opf zefw;D Ekid rf I r&Sd jcif;
a&G;cs,fcGifhtwkdif;twmonf pnf;pdrfOpömrsm; &ydkifcGifhrsm; jzpfygonf/ tqkdyg tajctaeonf a'ocHtvkyform;
twGuf pdwq f ;Hk jzwfcsO;f uyf&mwGif ta&;Bu;D ygonf/ rdr\ d rsm;ukd ay;&onfv h yk cf xuf oufomaomvkycf jzifh vkyu f idk f
qE´rygbJ 0ifaiGzefw;D rI? vlaerIb0 r[mAsL[mponfh rdom;pk rnfh a&TUajymif;vkyfom; trsm;tjym; uGyfcsfc½kdiftwGif;okdY
trSDjyK&yfwnfae&onfh bwf*suaf iGpm&if;tay: rlwnfí a&TUajymif;vmrIudk azmfjyygonf/ þtcsuo f nf uGycf saf 'o&Sd
tdrtf ok;H taqmifypön;f rsm;ukd qk;H jzwfa&G;cs,&f jcif;ukd qkv d dk tvkyform;rsm;twGuf tvkyftukdif&&SdrI tcGifhtvrf;
ygonf / wnf N id r f r I r &S d b J wuf v k d u f u svk d u f j zpf aeNyD ;? enf;yg;jcif;? tvkyfvufrJhjyóemESifh pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;rI
uefYowfcsuf&Sdaom 0ifaiGom &&Sdaomtcg ¤if;aiGukd rsm;ukd OD;wnfvsuf &Sdygonf/
touf&iS af exkid Ef idk af tmif rnfoYdk ok;H pJ&G rnf/ ¤if;aiGuek o f mG ; 6/ þavhvmcsurf S ref'[my&ma'h&yS Ef iS hf ae&mtrsm;
aomtcg rnfokdY&yfwnf&rnfukd qkH;jzwfcsufcs&jcif; tjym;wGif a&mif;cGeaf umufcrH I rufv;Hk ay;rIaMumifh a&mif;cGef
jzpfygonf/ u@wGif 7 &mcdik Ef eI ;f rS 10 &mcdik Ef eI ;f txd qk;H ½I;H cJ&h aMumif;
3/ uGycf st
f jzpfysut f m; avhvmcsut f aejzifh ajrivsif ppfaq;awGU&Sd &ygonf/ olw\ Ydk tao;pm;ESihf tBu;D pm;puf½Hk
'PfcH&NyD;aemuf wif&Sdaeaom ta<u;trsm;pkonf ivsif trsm;tjym;tay: avhvmok;H oyfcsurf sm;onf a&mif;0,fceG f
'PfccH &hJ onfh ¤if;wk\ Yd tk;d tdrrf sm;ukd jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef rufvkH;ay;onfhpepftm; tNrJtokH;jyKaejcif;onf &if;ESD;
twGuf ta<u;wifjcif;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyaeygonf/ jr§KyfESHrItqifh wufvmap&ef tokH;jyKonfh oifhavsmfaom
4/ ,m,Dtaqmufttkq H odk nfrmS tNrwJ rf; taqmuf tpDtrHr[kwaf Mumif;ESihf aemufyidk ;f üvnf; tusK;d r&Sad Mumif;
ttkH aqmufvyk Nf y;D onfh tcsed t f xd Mum;jzwfppD Ofay;xm; ñTefjyaeygonf/
onfh taqmufttkrH sm;ukd qkv d ydk gonf/ uGycf scf ½kid t
f wGi;f &Sd 7/ uGyfcsfa'o&Sd ivsif'Pfusa&mufNyD;umv puf½kH
taqmuf t tk H r sm;onf tpk d ; &\ tk d ; td r f r sm;twG u f rsm;ukd avhvmjcif;onf tjcm;tvm;wl odjrifEkdifonfh
avsmaf Mu;ay;rIEiS hf NrKUd e,f\ tpDtpOfrsm; nHzh si;f vpf[mrI t&mrsm;ukd twnfjyKay;ygonf/ a'ocHjynforl sm;ukv d nf;
aMumifw h pfyidk ;f tNrw J rf; taqmufttkrH sm; jzpfaeygonf/ tcGerf ufv;Hk ay;rIumv ukeq f ;Hk aomtcg tqkyd gpuf½rHk sm;
108 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I
xGucf mG oGm;vdrrhf nfjzpfaMumif; odrw S af pygonf/ ¤if;tjyif
tqkyd gpuf½rHk sm; wnfaxmifjcif;rS ½ly;D aiGuak #aygif; rsm;pGm
&&Scd ahJ omfvnf; tvkyt f ukid o
f pf zefw;D Ekid rf o
I nf 15 &mcdik Ef eI ;f
xuf rykdaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/
ÄÄ ÄÄ ÄÄ ÄÄ ÄÄ tcef; (3)
uGyfcsfc½kdif\vlrIpD;yGm;a&;? umvuyfab;qkdif&m
ykH&dyfrsm;tay: okH;oyfcsufwpfck
odyÜHenf;usawG;ac:ajrmfjrif,lqcsuf
109
110
yg&So
]vif;udu k }kd
3.1/ uG y f c sf c ½k d i f \ tk y f c sKyf a &;yk H p H
tef* sm
9 tef* sm 554 16 75 69 6 2
*ef[ pf[ ef
10 uGy fc sfc ½kdi f 4 602 239 949 884 65 10
udk;um;csu/f pDru
H ed ;f vrf;ñTef uyfcsf 1997 pD;yGm;a&;ESihf pm&if;tif; ñTeMf um;a&;rSL;½k;H ?
111
*l*sm&wf tpkd;&
112 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 113
43.3 52.8
36.6 44.9
56.4 66.5 49.5 34.9 49.6 59.6 45.9 58.4 70.2
9.5 34.9 43.7
7.6 32.3 40.7
9.7 25.1 31.7 19.3 40.3 50.8
1991
pkp ka ygif;
twGi;f ü ta&;ygaom pD;yGm;a&;&mESihf vlraI &;&m tm;enf;
9
csuw f pf&yftjzpf odomapygonf/ (tifemqGe-f 2001) tdE, d´
1961 trsKd;orD;rsm;onf trsKd;om;rsm;xuf 30 &mcdkifEIef;
25
20
8 avsmeh nf;í toufarG;0rf;ausmif; tvkyv f yk u
f idk f Muygonf/
pmaywwfa jrmufr I& mckdi fE Ie f;
uGyfcsfZmwfedrfh
aus;vuf
1
NrKdUjy
tvGeo f o
xl;jcm;aom tpdwt
]vif;udu k }kd
vlrIqufqHa&;e,fy,fwGif jyif;xefaom zkd0g'BuD;pkd;rI
ud;k um;csu/f 2001 ck E S p f ? oef ; acgif p m&if ; tcsuf t vuf r sm;uk d tok H ; jyKí
uGycf scf ½kid t
f wGuf 2002 ckEpS ?f oef;acgifpm&if; tcsurf sm;ukd jyKpx
k m;
ygonf/
119
120 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 121
3.6/ uG y f c sf c ½k d i f E S i f h *l * sm&wf j ynf e ,f w k d Y & S d ajr
13.6
14.4
12.2
12.3
52.4
51.6
50.9
49.4
vuf& Sd tjcm; tom;
r&aom ysKd; aom aeaom usuf zke f; qkd; zke f; qkd; pkdu fy sKd;
{&d, m
13
51
tok H ; csrI
-
4.4
2.5
1.4
0.5
2.4
2.1
1.8
0.3
0.1
uGyfcsfc½kdifwGif v,f,majr us,fjyefYpGm&Sdaomf
ajr
vnf; trsm;pkrSm v,f,mpkdufysKd;&eftwGuf oifhavsmfrI
1.7
0.5
0.9
4.1
1.9
1.9
2.9
5.5
r&Sday/ rkd;&GmoGef;rIrSmvnf; enf;yg;ygonf/ ysrf;rQrkd;a&csdef
ajr
4
onf 350 rS 400 rDvrD w D m twGi;f &SNd y;D ¤if;xuf 30 &mcdik Ef eI ;f
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.1
4.3 0.1
10.5 0.2
rpkdu f avvGi fh pm;
ajr
xd yk d r d k a jymif ; vJ &G m oG e f ; Ek d i f y gonf / rk d ; &G m onf h & uf
33.8
35.1
36.4
36.7
10.5
10.5
10.5
ta&twGufonf 10 &ufrS 30 &uftMum; &Sdygonf/
ajr
6
Z,m; 3.6/ uG y f c sf c ½k d i f & S d ajrtok H ; csrI y k H p H
rk;d acgifrrI sm;onf rMumcPay:aygufojzifh c½kid \ f e,fajr
0.8
0.8
1.5
1.6
1.6
2.3
4.1
5.7
6.1
trsm;pkonf oJuEÅm&uJo h Ydk jzpfaeygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh oD;ESrH sm;
ajr
6
pku
d yf sK;d &ef taxmuftul rjyKEidk b f J jzpfaeygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh
67.8
44.6
37.8
37.4
37.6
25.6
16.3
13.3
13.6
13.8
pkdu fy sKd;
c½kdif twGif; vlOD;a&odyfonf;rI edrfhusaejcif; jzpfygonf/
ajr
uGycf scf ½kid t
f wGi;f &Sd ajrqDvmT rSmvnf; a,bk,s
10.4
awm
4.6
2.2
7.3
6.3
6.2
5.1
8.4
9.9
opf
10
tm;jzifh tyifrsm;vkdtyfaom tm[m&rsm; enf;yg;vsuf
&maygif; )
([ufw m
&Sdygonf/ xkdYaMumifh c½kdiftwGif;&Sd tpdwftykdif;tcsKdUüom
pkp ka ygif;
179221
188158
188220
188219
188113
42439
45612
45612
45612
45612
qkdi f& m
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1970-71
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1990-91
1996-97
1970-71
1980-81
1990-91
1996-97
1960-61
1960-61
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100
100
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100
100
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pkp ka ygif;
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23 &mckdifEIef;cefYtxd &Sdygonf/ pm;aomuf&efr[kwfonfh
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oD;ESHrsm;wGif qDBudwfoD;ESHrsm;rSm wk;d yGm;vmNy;D 0gpku d yf sK;d rI
ta&twGufonf 1960 jynfhESpfrSpwifí wkd;wufrI&Sdvm
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126 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 127
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