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ü vIyfcwfcJhaom ajrivsifonf &pfcsyfwmpau; 7.9 aus;vufa'o&Sd use;f rma&;aq;cef; 1200? rlvwef;ausmif;
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1987 ckESpf? rwfvtiwfab;wGif qif;&Jom; jzpfapcJhNyD; pdkufysKd;a&;udk tajccHaom pD;yGm;a&;u@tm;
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pdwxf ufoefol t,f'w D mbm&rf*syD gvpm&Du yvdyaf &m*gab; rsm;tm; yvdyaf &m*g uyfy;kd udu k sa&mufaponfh <uufrsm;ESihf
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rsm;aMumifh roefY&Sif;aoma&rsm;udk toHk;jyK&onfhtwGuf aMumifh jzpfay:aom ysupf ;D qH;k ½H;I rIukd ykí d qd;k &Gm;apcJyh gonf/
1900 jynhEf pS ?f azazmf0g&DvwGif *l*sm&wfjynfe,fü iSuzf sm; ¤if;jzpf&yfonf *l*sm&wfc½dik t f wGi;f &Sd 'DuifEiS hf umrwfwuf
a0'emonf rsm;pGmwd;k yGm;vmygonf/ aq;½Hrk sm;\ tpD&ifcH a'owdkYudkyg ½dkufcwfcJhojzifh ¤if;a'orsm;wGif tenf;i,f
csuft& ¤if;a0'emonfrsm; 90 &mcdkifEIef;onf aoqHk; iwfrGwfacgif;yg;rIuyfab;om usa&mufcJhaomfvnf; ydkí
cJhMuNyD; pcef;wpfckwGif 4 &uftwGif; aoqHk;ol 3000 OD; jyif;xefpmG xdwv f efaY pcJyh gonf/ oJuEÅm&a'otpdwt f ydik ;f
&SdcJhaMumif; od&Sd&ygonf/ ½k&Sm;? 'gar;eD;,m;ESifh usL;bm; jzpfaom omESihf yguma'owdw Yk iG f tqH;k pGeq
f ;kH txd rd;k acgif
ta&;ay: tiwfab;pcef;rsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhol cJNh y;D *l*sm&wfjynfe,fukd aemufq;kH wGif pm;p&maumufyo J ;D ESH
c&pf&eS o f wif;pm (c&pf&eS [ f m&,f) rSa'gufwmvl;0pfuavmhpu f vH;k 0r&So d nfh tajctaeodYk qdu k af &mufapcJyh gonf/ 1901-
NAdwdoQt&m&Sdrsm;\ at;pufpufoabmxm;aerIonf 1902 ckEpS o f nf ,cifEpS u f mvrsm;uxuf ydrk q kd ;kd &Gm;pGmpdwf
]]pdk;&drfxdwfvefYzG,f tajctaejzpfaMumif;}} ajymMum;cJh aomuBuHKawGUcJh&onfhESpf jzpfygonf/ (bHkabtiwfab;
ygonf/ (c&pf&Sef[m&,f owif;pm) 'ku©qdkif&mw&m;0iftpD&ifcHpm-1902)
vGecf o
hJ nfh (2) ESpaf usmu f mvtwGi;f tdE, ´d Edik if H 1.3/ ab;'k u © t EÅ & m,f ajz&S i f ; jcif ; t"d y Ü m ,f
ordik ;f ü rd;k acgifczhJ ;l jcif;r&So
d jzifh 1902 ckEpS w f iG vf nf; yHrk eS f zG i f h q d k c suf
rkwfokHav0ifa&mufNyD; pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm; yHkrSefjyefjzpf ab;'k u © t EÅ & m,f a jz&S i f ; jcif ; \ t"d y Ü m ,f u d k
vmvdrrhf nf[k trsm;uarQmv f ifvh su&f ydS gonf/ odaYk omfvnf; (Avdwf-1994) wGif atmufygtwdkif; t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkxm;
1901-1902 &moDwGif xyfrHpdwfysufcJh&aMumif; w&m;0if ygonf/ ¤if;onf tqdkygudpöwGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufaom
xkwjf yefaom bHak biwfrw G rf aI b;'kut © pD&ifcpH mwGif azmfjy vlw\Ykd vkyef nf;vky[ f efjzpfNy;D &So
d nfyh pön;f t&if;tjrpfrsm;
24 ]vif;udu
k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 25
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enf;vrf;rsKd;pHkjzifh aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfygonf/ tcuftcJrsm; enf;vrf;rSm ab;'kut © EÅ&m,frt S ouf&iS u f se&f pforl sm;ESihf
ajz&S i f ; jcif ; r[mAsL[monf ab;'k u © t jyif ; txef ¤if;wd\Yk pk;d &drx
f w d vf efaY e&aom vlaerIb0udk ndE§ iId ;f az;r
usa&mufaepOf yg0ifaqmif&u G Mf uonfh vltzGUJ tpnf;rsm;\ u,fwifay;onfh aqmif&u G rf Iyifjzpfygonf/ u,fq,fa&;
xdtk csed wf iG f &&So d nft
h &if;tjrpfrsm;jzifh taumiftxnfazmf r[mAsL[m (od)Yk vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rSm a'ovlaerItzGUJ tpnf;?
aqmif&Gufjcif; yifjzpfygonf/ tcuftcJajz&Sif;&efenf; vlraI &;tkypf ?k toH;k taqmifypön;f ? vdi?f touf? &moDOwkEiS hf
rsm;onf ¤if;wd\ Yk tawGUtBuKH ? vlraI &;b0yHpk EH iS hf &&SEd ikd o
f nfh tcsdefrsm;udkvdkufí uGJjym;jcm;em;rI&SdaMumif; ordkif;aMumif;
t&if;tjrpfrsm;ay: tajccHí ¤if;wdkYudk vdktyfovdk t& od&SdEdkifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fu,f
aygif;pyfaqmif&GufEdkifonfh pGrf;aqmifcsufyifjzpfygonf/ wifjcif; vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;onf a&S;,ciftawGUtBuKH rsm;
(rmrDESifh rdka&&wD - 1976) wGifvnf; ab;'ku© \ vkyfenf;vkyf[efrsm; tvGefvTrf;rdk;vsuf&Sdygonf/
tEÅ&m,fajz&Sif;jcif;qdkonfrSm usa&mufaeonfhab;'ku© rm*&ufuDzm (1997) u u,fq,fa&;vkyfxHk;
tEÅ&m,f rnfrQq;kd &Gm;onfukd owfrw S q
f ;kH jzwfNy;D oufqikd f vkyef nf;rsm;onf taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&u G rf nfo
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kd yf g0ifaeonfukd atmufyg
tay: tajccHrw l nfNy;D ¤if;\ (okrY d [kw)f ¤if;wd\ Y k pGr;f aqmif&nf twdkif; awGU&Sd&aMumif;azmfjyxm;ygonf -
rsm;udk aygif;pyfprD cH efcY jJG cif;yifjzpfaMumif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ (u) aumif;pGm&Sio f efBu;D jyif;rI (tm[m&jynf0h rI
taetxm;? ½kyyf ikd ;f ESihf pdwyf ikd ;f use;f rma&;
(&mydkaygh - 1984) wGifvnf; ab;'ku©tEÅ&m,f
tajctaeESifh pdwf"mwf)?
ajz&Si;f jcif;qdo k nfrmS vlaerItzGUJ tpnf;wpfc?k tdrw f pfaqmif?
( c ) vlaerIb0ESihf tMurf;cHEikd rf I (uRr;f usiv f rd m®
rdom;pkwpfct k m; ab;'kur© usa&mufatmif umuG,jf cif;ESihf
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¤if;wd\ Yk vlaerIb0udjk yefvnfxal xmifay;Edik o f nfh pGr;f &nf
ESifh ajymif;vJa&G;cs,fEdkifrI? tjcm;t&nf
yifjzpfaMumif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
tcsif;rsm;)?
26 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 27
( * ) rdrud ,
dk rf rd u
d muG,rf I (umuG,Ef ikd rf pI rG ;f &nf? obm0ab; tEÅ&m,fwdkYudk ausmfvGef&SifoefEdkifcJhMuonf/
a'ocHrsm;\ vHNk cKH r&I adS om tdrrf sm;aqmuf vlom;wdkY\ obm0ab;tEÅ&m,ftay: ajz&Sif;ausmfvTm;
vky&f ef qE´&rdS EI iS hf pGr;f aqmifEikd &f nf? tum wkHYjyefEdkifrI pGrf;&nfonf vlom;wdkY\NrdKUjyvlaerIpepftm;
tuG,f,lEdkifrI)? bufaygif;pHk xGef;um;wdk;wufvmapcJhygonf/
(C) taqmufttHkrsm;xHk;pH? oufomaponfh a&S;umvwGijf zpfymG ;cJo h nfh obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f
twdkif;txGmrsm;? aexdkifp&mrsm;? BudKwif wdkYudk a&;qGJazmfjyxm;cJhaom yHkrsm;tm; pm&Gufpmwrf;
jyifqifrIrsm;ponfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;twGuf taxmuftxm;rsm;wGif awGU&Sd&NyD; ¤if;tcsufrsm;onf
vdtk yfaom BudKwifjyifqifrrI sm;jzifh tEÅ&m,f vlaerItzGJUtpnf;tay: tusKd;oufa&mufaeonfudk
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uGReaf wmfwo Ykd nf rdak [m (Moghal) acwfwiG f jzpfysucf o hJ nfh
1.3.1/ u,fq,fa&;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk jyefvnf
obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;taMumif;udk od&&dS ygonf/ NAw d o d Q
owf r S w f j cif ;
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kd nf;
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ajymif;vJrjI zpfpOfwpfavQmufonf omwlnrD Qjcif;? vGwv f yf
tjzpf NrdKUjyajymif;vJroI rdik ;f wGif awGU&SEd ikd yf gonf/ vl\arG;&myg
jcif;? arG;&myg'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;wdt Yk ay: vufc, H MkH unf
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0wå&m;rsm;ESihf vlxt k ay:jznfq h nf;ay;&rnfh vlrzI v
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usifhoHk;&rnfhtawG;tac:rsm;udk ajymif;vJwdk;wufjzpfay:
obm0ab;tEÅ & m,f w d k Y u d k ausmf v T m ;Ed k i f c J h M uonf /
apcJhygonf/ ,cktcg uRefawmfwdkYonf obm0ab;
xdktcsdefumvwGif aq;ynmodyÜHESifh twwfynmrsm;
tEÅ&m,fu,fq,fa&;u@wGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&\tcef;
ray:aygufao;aomfvnf; vlom;wdkYonf jzpfysufcJhonfh
u@ESifh vlxk\yg0ifpGrf;aqmifrIu@udk vlxk\arG;&myg
28 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 29
tcGit fh a&;ESiq hf ufpyfí owfrw S Mf uygonf/ u,fq,fa&; ay;&ef azmfjyxm;ygonf/ SC taejzifh zGUJ pnf;yHOk ya'ed'gef;
vkyif ef;rsm;aqmif&u G &f mwGif Edik if aH wmftpd;k &\ tcef;u@ wGifazmfjyaom yk'fr 38? 39 ESifh 39(u) yg vrf;ñTefcsuf
onf vlxk\yg0ifaqmif&GufrIpGrf;&nfudk wdk;wufaponf rsm;wGif tqdyk gwm0eftm;xrf;aqmif&ef vrf;ñTex f m;ygonf/
(odrYk [kw)f ,kwaf vsmah ponfukd A[djk yKíavhvmvmMuygonf/ ¤if;onf twnfjyKxm;aom vlrzI v l akH &;pepftm; umuG,f
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tjyifydkif;zJGUpnf;rItjzpf tqifhcGJjcm;owfrSwf Edkifygonf/ xdaYk Mumifh ¤if;tcsurf sm;tay: tESpcf sKyMf unfyh gu
tdE´d,EdkifiH\ zGJUpnf;yHkOya'yk'fr 21 wGif EdkifiH u,fq,fa&;vkyfief;qkdonfrSm oD;jcm;zGJUpnf;xm;aom
om;wdik ;f \b0ESihf yk*Kd¾ vaf &;vGwv f yfru I kd tumtuG,af y; rdom;pk? tpktzGJUtpnf;wpfck\ ab;tEÅ&m,fusa&mufrI
&ef tmrcHxm;ygonf/ ivsiaf b;? a&ab;? rD;ab;? rkew f ikd ;f tay: wkHYjyefaqmif&GufEdkifaom pGrf;&nfyifjzpfaMumif;
ESifh tvm;wl obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fuyfab;rsm; usa&muf rS w f , l E d k i f y gonf / ¤if ; pG r f ; &nf w G i f 'k u © o nf r sm;tm;
aomtcgwGif obm0ab;'PfcHvlom;rsm;\toufudk ab;tEÅ&m,frusa&mufpOfu tajctaetwdkif; oD;jcm;
u,fwifEdkif&eftwGuf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf vlxk\tBuD; &yfwnfEikd o f nftxd tcsed w f t kd wGi;f jyefvnfysK;d axmifay;Edik rf I
tuJtaejzifh ulnaD xmufyjhH cif;? taxmuftuljyKjcif;wdu Yk kd pGrf;&nfvnf; yg0ifygonf/
aqmif&Guf&efwm0ef&Sdayonf/ 1.3.
1.3.22 / obm0ab;tEÅ & m,f u ,f q ,f a &; vk y f x H k ;
Edik if aH wmftpk;d &onf Edik if o H m;rsm;\tcGit hf a&;udk vk y f e nf ; rsm;ud k em;vnf o abmayguf a pEd k i f
Edik if aH wmf\ zGUJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya't& tmrcHru I kd wm0ef,l onf h tjcm;quf E T , f a om Oya'orsm;
apmifah &Smuf&ef ta&;Bu;D aMumif; zGUJ pnf;yHOk ya'wGif azmfjy pG r f ; aqmif E d k i f r I p G r f ; &nf E S i f h vl r I 0 ef x rf ;
xm;ygonf/ Edik if o H m;rsm;onf ¤if;wd\ Yk tcGit hf a&;udk azmfjy tusKd ; jyKaqmif & G u f r I p G r f ; &nf t m; tuJ j zwf q ef ; ppf r I
awmif;qdEk ikd o f nfh taetxm;wGif r&Sad omfvnf; ¤if;wd\ Yk ab;tEÅ&m,faMumifh ysupf ;D qH;k ½I;H rItm;vH;k tm; rSww f rf;wif
vlUtcGit hf a&;tm; tpk;d &taejzifh tusK;d oufa&mufr&I pdS mG xm;ygonf/ ¤if;rSwfwrf;wGif vlUtzGJUtpnf;vHkNcHKpdwfcs&rI
umuG,fEdkifa&;twGuf csOf;uyfNyD; wuf<upGmaqmif&Guf r&So
d nfh tajctaersm;yg azmfjyxm;onfh tqdyk gtajctae
30 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 31
rsm;\ taMumif;w&m;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf - ESpof rd *hf P
k ,f rl &I adS p&eftwGuf ½kyyf ikd ;f qdik t
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aqmifEikd rf /I u,fq,fa&;r[mAsL[mESihf BuKd wif ud&d,mwefqmyvmrsm;? pm;aomufukefrsm;? tvkyftudkif
jyifqifEdkifrI? oufomapjcif;ESifh wkHYjyefYrIwdkYudk rsm;? pGrf;tift&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh ay;&ef^&&efydkfifqdkifrIrsm;
aqmif&GufEdkifatmif avhusifhxm;onfh vlom; yg0ifygonf/
t&if ; tjrpf r sm;yg0if o nf / ¤if ; wG i f tqd k y g vlrIa&;ESifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;/ / touf&Sifoef
vlYt&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; pDrHcefYcGJjcif;? toHk;csjcif; vGwaf jrmuf&eftwGuf vdt k yfonfth csed t f wGi;f ½kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m
azmfjycsurf sm;yg&So d nf/ t&if;tjrpfrsm; axmufyahH y;rnfh vlraI &;uGe&f ufrsm; zGUJ pnf;
ÄÄ ab;tEÅ&m,fjzpfay:apvG,rf /I ¤if;tajctae NyD; teD;uyfaqmif&Gufonfh vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzpfygonf/
ud k tzG J U tpnf ; wpf c k ? vl w pf p k (ok d Y r [k w f ) apwemESihf uRr;f usirf /I / ynma&;tajccHaumif;
oD;jcm;wpfO;D onf apwemh0efxrf; u,fq,fa&; rGefNyD; uRrf;usifrIESifh A[kokw<u,f0aomolrsm;taejzifh
wm0efxrf;&ef qifq h jkd cif;cH&aomtcg (okrYd [kw)f u,fq,fa&;enf;vrf;rsm;tm; ydkrdka&G;cs,fEdkifNyD; ¤if;wdkY\
tEÅ & m,f E S i f h &if q d k i f & aomtcg (okdYr [k w f ) pGrf;aqmif&nfudk ydkrdkwdk;wufrI&Sdatmif aqmif&GufEdkifrnf
jyif;xefonfh uyfab;'Pfudk qdk;&Gm;pGmcH&aom jzpfygonf/ (wGpfa*s - 2001)
tcgESifh edrfhusaomu,fq,f a&;pGrf;tifjzifh
1.3.
1.3.44 / u,f q ,f a &;vk y f i ef ; rsm; onf qH k ; ½I H ; rI E S i f h
rsm;onf
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f mvudk
rqH k ; ½I H ; rI r sm;ud k jzpf a pEd k i f o nf
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u,fq,fa&;vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;onf ab;tEÅ&m,f
1.3.3/ ypönf;? vlrItzGJUtpnf;ESifh uRrf;usifrItay: usa&mufaeaom vlom;rsm;tm;az;rjcif;? ajcmufvSefYjcif;
tajccHaom u,fq,fa&;vkyfief;rsm; enf;vrf;rsm;udk toH;k jyKí ¤if;wd\ Yk touf&iS o f efrEI iS hf b0
½kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f mESihf ½kyyf pön;f rsm;/ / vlom;wdYk onf rsm;udk ulnaD qmif&u G rf rI sm;yifjzpfonf/ u,fq,fa&;r[m
touf&SifrItay: trSDjyKEdkif&efESifh ¤if;wdkY\b0udk auseyf AsL[mrsm; (od)Yk vkyef nf;vky[ f efonf a'otvdu k ?f vlrt I zGUJ
32 ]vif;uduk }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 33
tpnf ; tvd k u f ? toH k ; taqmif ? vd i f ? touf t &G , f ? 1.3.
1.3.55 / nH h z sif ; aomu,f q ,f a &;pG r f ; &nf (uG y f c sf )
&moDOwkESifh tcsdeftcgtvdkuf ajymif;vJvsuf&SdaMumif; uGycf scf ½dik of nf *l*sm&wfjynfe,f\ taemufajrmuf
ordik ;f wGiaf wGU&S&d ygonf/ ¤if;vkyef nf;vky[
f efonf vlom; ydik ;f &Sd 45ç652 pwk&ef;uDvrkd w D m us,0f ef;aoma'ojzpfNy;D
wd\ Yk ,ciftawGUtBuKH rsm;\ vTr;f rd;k rIrsm;pGm&Sad Mumif; awGU Edik if tH wGi;f &Sd 'kw, d tBu;D qH;k c½dik jf zpfygonf/ tqdyk ga'o
&S&d ygonf/ onf qdu k pf rpfwikd ;f wmcsut f & tdE, ´d Edik if \
H tEÅ&m,ft&Sd
qH k ; ½I H ; rI r &S d a om u,f q ,f a &;enf ; qH;k Zket f wGi;f ü wnf&ydS gonf/ Ny;D cJah om umvrsm;wGif t"du
tmrcHvkyfief;? tEÅ&m,fudkavsmhenf;apjcif;? pDrH ivsifBuD;rsm;jzpfay:cJhNyD; Oyrmtm;jzifh 1819 ckESpf? 1845
cefYcGJrIr&Sdjcif;? acs;aiGrsm;? tm[m&auR;arG;rIavQmhcsjcif;? ckEpS Ef iS hf 1956 ckEpS w f wYkd iG f ivsiBf u;D rsm; vIycf wfcMhJ uygonf/
aps;aygaom pm;aomufukefrsm;ay;a0jcif;? pm;aomufrI tqdkyga'oonf rdk;acgifvG,faoma'ojzpfNyD; teD;pyfqHk;
tBurd af &avQmch sjcif;? rxkwv f yk Ef ikd af om ydik q
f ikd rf yI pön;f rsm; cefYrSef;csuft& (5) ESpfwm umvwdkif;wGif (2) ESpf rdk;acgif
ESihf odak vSmifxm;aomypön;f rsm; tenf;i,fa&mif;csay;jcif; avh&Sdygonf/ tylydkif;rkefwdkif;rsm;vnf; yHkrSef0ifa&mufavh
wdyYk g0ifygonf/ &SdNyD;? NyD;cJhaom 1998 ckESpfwGif vwfwavm 0ifa&muf
cJyh gonf/
qHk;½IH;rI&Sdaom u,fq,fa&;enf;vrf; (tqifh 1 ESifh
(uGyfcsfc½dkif\ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI tpD&ifcHpmaumuf
tqif h 2)
Ekwfcsuf)
tqifh (1)/ / xkwfvkyfukefypönf;rsm;a0iSjcif;?
rdk;&GmoGef;rIyHkpHajymif;vJjcif;? a&pDrHcefYcGJrIyHkpHESifh
twd;k Bu;D aomacs;aiGrsm;? arG;jrLa&;ypön;f rsm; tBu;D tus,f
pdu
k yf sK;d a&;zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufrI yHpk rH sm; acwfrpD mG toH;k jyKvmjcif;wdYk
a&mif;csjcif;? ajr,mESihf ud&, d mwefqmyvmrsm;? pmcsKycf sKyf
aMumifh rdk;acgifrItEÅ&m,fonf a'otwGif; BuD;xGm;vmcJh
xm;onfh vkyfom;BuD;MuyfrIrsm;? uav;vkyfom;rsm;/
ygonf/ tqdyk gtaMumif;t&mrsm;teuf ajratmuf a&t&if;
tqifh (2)/ / cku d ;dk &mrJjh cif;? apwem&Sirf sm;tay:
tjrpfrsm; avsmhyg;vmjcif;? ukef;ajrrsm;qm;aygufjcif;ESifh
rScD akd e&jcif;? t&yfrpS eG cYf mG jcif;? jynfw h efqmrIEiS hf uav;a&mif;
oJuEÅm&rsm; us,fjyefYvmjcif; ponfhtaMumif;w&m;rsm;
0,fjcif;/
34 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 35
wdk;wufvmrIonf rdk;acgifrIudk qufvufjzpfay:aponfh ( c ) tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf xdawGUaqmif&u G &f ef uefY
taMumif;w&m;rsm;yif jzpfonf/ owfrI (tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;\ jc,fv, S vf rT ;f rd;k rI)?
tcif;jzpfa'orsm;onf omreftcsdefrsm;wGifyif ( * ) o,HZmwt&if;jrpfrsm;odkY csOf;uyf&mwGif
o,HZmwt&if;tjrpf qif;&JNyD; vlrIa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;t& uefYowfrI?
trSm;rcHEdkifaom pGrf;&nfrsm; jrifhrm;pGmaygif;pyfjzpfay:ae (C) EdkifiHa&;pepfyHkpH?
aMumif; awGU&S&d ygonf/ qd;k &Gm;aom qif;&JrEI iS hf vlraI &;ñTe;f ( i ) pD;yGm;a&;pepfyHkpH/
udef;rsm; edrfhusrIonf *l*sm&wfjynfe,f\ tjcm;a'orsm; 2/ jyif;xefaom zdtm;rsm;
xufjrifhrm;aeNyD; vlom;wdkY\obm0ab;tEÅ&m,faMumifh (u) a'o"avhxHk;pHtm;enf;csuf
qH;k ½H;I rI'Pfukd jyefvnfwjYHk yefrI pGr;f &nfonfvnf; uefo Y wf ( c ) avhusifhrItm;enf;csuf
rI&adS Mumif; awGU&S&d ygonf/ pku d yf sK;d a&;vkyif ef;? qm;xkwv f yk f ( * ) a'owGif;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItm;enf;csuf
jcif;vkyif ef;ESihf vufryI nmvkyif ef;paom t"dutoufarG; (C) a'oaps;uGuftm;enf;csuf
0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;onf ajrivsif'PfESifh rdk;acgifrI'Pf ( i ) vlx\ k vlru I si0hf wftqift h wef; tm;enf;
ESpcf ak ygif;\ tusK;d oufa&mufru I kd cHpm;&Ny;D vlaygif;ajrmuf csuf
jrm;pGm aoaus'Pf&m&NyD; BuD;rm;aom pdwfaomursm;udk ( p ) vlO;D a&wd;k yGm;rI EIe;f vsijf refpmG Bu;D xGm;vmjcif;
cHpm;&ojzifh vlaerItzGJUtpnf;ESifh qufET,faerI tm;vHk; (q) NrdKUjypepfvsifjrefpGmBuD;xGm;vmjcif;
ysufpD;qdwfokOf;rI jzpfcJh&ygonf/
( Z ) opfawmjyKe;f wD;rIvsijf refpmG Bu;D xGm;vmjcif;
tm;enf ; aom u,f q ,f a &;vk y f i ef ; aqmif & G u f r I \ (ps) ajrqDvTmjzpfxGef;rI edrfhusjcif;
oauF w rsm; 3/ vHkNcKHrIr&Sdaom tajctaersm;
1/ tajccHtaMumif;&if;rsm; (u) xdcdkufvG,faom ½kyfydkif;qdkif&mywf0ef;usif
(u) tmPmykdifrsm;ESifh xdawGU&ef uefYowfrI? ( c ) tEÅ&m,f&Sdaom wnfae&m
36 ]vif;udu
k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 37
( * ) umuG,frIr&Sdaom taqmufttHkrsm;ESifh aqmif&uG &f mwGif a&SUaemufqufE,
T rf &I adS om vkyif ef;pOfrsm;
tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm; csrSwfaqmif&Guf&efvdkaMumif; t"dyÜm,fyifjzpfygonf/
(C) xdcdkufvG,faom toufarG;0rf;ausmif; 1.4.1/ jyef v nf x l a xmif j cif ; vk y f i ef ; (wpf e nf ; )
vkyfief;rsm; xd c d k u f qH k ; ½I H ; vG , f r I E S i f h pG r f ; aqmif E d k i f & n nff
( i ) 0ifaiGenf;yg;jcif; wd k Y \ quf E T , f r I
( p ) "avhxHk;pHtm;enf;csuf obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f\ twdik ;f twmudk obm0
(q) ab;tEÅ&m,fumuG,fa&;BudKwifjyifqifrI ab;tEÅ&m,frusa&mufru D xdcu kd q
f ;kH ½I;H vG,rf EI iS hf pGr;f aqmif
tm;enf;csuf (vlxktoGif) Edik &f nfw\Ykd qkw, f w k rf ?I wd;k yGm;rIwjYkdzifv
h nf;aumif;? owfrw S f
( Z ) usef;rma&;todtjrif (A[kokw) enf;yg; xm;onfh obm0tEÅ&m,fudk wkHYjyefrIrsm;jzifhvnf;aumif;
jcif; oG,f0dkufí wdkif;wmEdkifayonf/
1.4/ jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;tm rsm;tm;; jyefvnf oD;jcm;obm0tEÅ&m,frsm;\ tqifhwdkif;ESifh
owf r S w f j cif ; ¤if;tajctaeudk ajymif;vJjzpfay:aponfh enf;vrf;rsm;ü
aygif;pyfrEI iS hf tiftm;&Srd wI yYkd g0ifaom u,fq,f yg&So d nfx
h cd u
kd q f ;kH ½H;I vG,rf EI iS hf pGr;f aqmifEikd &f nfw\ Ykd ta&;ygrI?
jcif;enf;vrf;jzifh obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fudk ¤if;tcsufonf yrmPESifh jzwfawmufrI? ajymif;vJrIwdkYudk qef;ppfMunfh½I
tqH;k tqr&Sad omfvnf; &nfreS ;f csuu f kd taumiftxnfazmf &efvdktyfygonf/ ¤if;tqifhrsm;rSm -
Edik rf I tñTe;f oauFwrsm;jzifh wdik ;f wmEdik yf gonf/ ausmv f mT ; (1) omreftajctae (obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f
apEdkifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh ab;tEÅ&m,ftajctaeonf oufa&mufrIr&Sdcsdef)
u,fq,fa&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufaepOf tawmtwGif; (2) ta&;ay:tajctae (obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f
vkyfief;pOfwpfckESifhwpfckrnfodkY tusKd;oufa&mufrI &Sdae usa&mufcsdef? tEÅ&m,fusa&mufNyD; &uf
onfqdkonfh toGifoP²mefudk qef;ppf&efvdktyfygonf/ tenf;i,f (odrYk [kw)f vtenf;i,fMumNy;D
þonfrmS tqifhwdkif;\ Mum;umvESifh qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwf tcsdef txd)
38 ]vif;udu
k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 39
(3) jyefvnfu,fq,fa&;tqifhrS jyefvnf tod t rS w f j yKxm;aom u,f q ,f a &;vk y f i ef ; rsm;\
xlaxmifjcif;tqift h xd ul;ajymif;aqmif&u G f xd c d k u f v G , f r I p G r f ; &nf E S i f h uG J j ym;jcm;em;csuf r sm;
rI t qif h q if h (jzpf y G m ;NyD ; vtenf ; i,f u,fq,fa&;tzGJUtcsKdUtm; tjcm;tzGJUrsm;xuf
(odkYr[kwf) wpfESpfMumtcsdeftxd) ydkrdkxdcdkufapaom tajccHtcsufBuD; (3) csuf&Sdygonf -
(4) jyefvnfjyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;tqifh «jyefvnf
(1) eD;pyfrEI iS hf rsuEf mS vdu k jf cif;/ / obm0ab;
jyKpyk sK;d axmifjcif;vkyif ef;rsm; tom;usonf
tEÅ&m,fusa&mufaom a'owGif aexdkif
txd - (ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm)»
(5) umv&SnfjyefvnfjyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;tqifh olrsm; (odkU) a'oteD;wGifaexdkifolrsm;
tNy;D tajctae (obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fveG f onf tjcm;ol r sm;xuf u,f q ,f a &;
umv&Sd tusK;d oufa&mufru I kd qef;ppf&ef) pGr;f &nfrsm; edrfhusrI&Sdygonf/
(2) qif;&Jr/I / a&G;cs,&f efenf;yg;rIEiS hf t&ef
u,f q ,f a &;vk y f i ef ; ud k taES m if h t ,S u f j yKaeonf [ k
enf;vrf;enf;yg;aom qif;&Jom;rsm;onf
tod t rS w f j yKxm;aom t"d u tcsuf r sm;
ajrivsirf sm;? rkew f ifkd ;f rsm;? rd;k acgifrEI iS hf a&ab;'ku© <u,f0csrf;omolrsm;xufydkí tEÅ&m,f
paom obm0w&m;rsm;tay: tajccHygonf/ ¤if;obm0 tpGef;odkY a&muf&SdvG,fygonf/
w&m;rsm;tay: trSjD yKíay:aygufvmaom t"du½kP;f rsm; (3) oD;jcm;^tqifch jJG cm;cH&jcif;/ / bmoma&;?
(Oyrm - ppfyGJrsm;? Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;? vufa&mufrIrsm; vlrsK;d pkta&;vdiEf iS fh tjcm;tcsurf sm;aMumifh
(odkYr[kwf) vdifydkif;qdkif&mxdcdkufrIrsm;) vnf;yg0ifonf/ vlr0ifqHhjcif; (odkU) pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIa&;
¤if;wdkYonf qdk;½Gm;aom ,dk,Gif;rIrsm;jzpfonf/ usef;rma&;? pepfajymif; z,fMuOfc&H olrsm;onf u,fq,f
ynma&;ES i f h tjcm;vl r I 0 ef a qmif r I v k y f i ef ; ? ul ; oef ; a&;vk y f i ef ; rsm;\ tusKd ; ouf a &muf r I
a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh tpdk;&rl0g'rsm;usqif;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) tenf;i,fom&&Syd gonf/
obm0ywf0ef;usifysufpD;jcif;wdkY yg0ifygonf/
40 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 41
1.5/ ab;tEÅ&m,fusa&muf&ma'o&Sd tzGJUtpnf; txufygtacstwifajymqdrk rI sm;onf oufqikd f
rsm;\ tcef ; u@ onfha'orsm;tm; jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfaqmif&mwGif
oDt&dk t
D ,ltqrsm;pGm&So d nft h euf uDepD , D rfEiS hf ydí
k &Si;f vif;wdusapygonf/ þuJo h Ykd aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;vkyjf cif;
aemufvu kd rf sm;\ pD;yGm;a&;0g'? axmufyahH y;Edik o f nfh pD;yGm;a&; tm;jzifh vktd yfaom jyefvnfxal xmifa&;vkyif ef;ESihf xda&muf
tajctaeESihf ab;tEÅ&m,frusa&mufru D &Scd ahJ om pD;yGm;a&; aom vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;tm; &&SEd ikd Nf y;D 'kuo
© nfrsm;vdt k yf
zGUH NzKd ;rItajctaersm;onf tqdyk ga'o\ta&;ygrItwGuf aom ypö n f ; ud & d , mrsm;tm; zef w D ; jzef Y j zL;ay;Ed k i f r nf
ta&;Bu;D aom tajctaersm;jzpfygonf/ tqdyk goDt&dk rD sm; jzpfygonf/
xJwGif aps;uGuftajctaeusqif;rIrsm;udk todtrSwfjyK 1.
1.66 / Ed k i f i H a wmf t pd k ; &\ tcef ; u@
apmifMh unfNh y;D ,if;tajctaeudk tpd;k &rSyg0ifí jyKjyifaqmif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fjzpfNyD;aemuf usef&Sdonfh
&Gufay;&ef wdkufwGef;xm;ygonf/ 1970 jynfhESpfrsm;rS ta&;Bu;D aomtcsurf sm;? vlUtzGUJ tpnf;tm; umuG,af pmifh
acwfopfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;rsm;jzpfaom rpfxGef a&Smuf&eftwGuf u,fq,fa&;vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm; jzefaY 0
z&ufrif;? tD&efvpfw,fEiS hf t,fEckd ½k*smwdrYk S tqdyk g vkyif ef; ay;jcif;? tedrq hf ;kH trSew
f u,f vdt k yfcsut f m; tajccHuspmG
rsm;wGif tpd;k &yg0ifpu G zf ufygu bufvu kd o f nf[k vltrsm;rS wkHYjyefaqmif&Gufray;EdkifrIonf vlrIa&;qdkif&mvHkNcKHrIudk
rSwf,lEdkifonf/ tpdk;&yg0ifywfoufrIudk qefYusif&ef wm0ef,lxm;aom EdkifiHawmftpdk;&\tcef;u@tm;
wdu k w f eG ;f cJyh gonf/ ¤if;wdrYk S tpd;k &onf ud, k u
f sK;d &Sm Edik if aH &; ,kwfavsmhapygonf/ vlrIa&;tumtuG,ftm; axmufyHh
orm;rsm;ESifh udk,fusKd;&SmtzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ vufatmufcH ay;onfah ps;uGu\ f Bu;D xGm;vmaomta&;ygt&m a&mufrI
AsL½du k &ufwjYkdzifh aqmif&u G rf nfukd a0zefcMhJ uygonf/ jynfe,f tm; &Sif;vif;pGm todtrSwfjyK&rnfjzpfygonf/ ¤if;tjyif
\rjynfhpHkonfh obm0w&m;rsm;\ tusKd;quftjzpf obm0\tEÅ&m,fudkvnf; todtrSwfjyK&rnf jzpfonf/
tpkd;&\ us½IH;jcif;udk jzpfay:apEdkifNyD; ¤if;qHk;½IH;rIonf oD;jcm;pDzw
YJG nfxm;aom Edik if aH wmftpd;k &? aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;
pD;yGm;a&;t& aps;uGuf us½IH;rIxufydkí BuD;rm;ygonf/ ESifh vlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;? vlrIa&;uGef&ufrsm;? tpdk;&r[kwf
(yefyef'&D,dk - 1994) aom tzGJUtpnf;rsm;? toif;0ifrsm;udk tajcjyKzGJUpnf;xm;
42 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 43
aom tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;onf twlwuGpak ygif;í ta&;ygaom ( * ) tajccH v l r I a &;0ef a qmif r I E S i f h tajccH
jyefvnfxal xmifa&;vkyif ef;udk aqmif&u G Mf uygonf/ tdE, ´d taqmufttHkrsm;tm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHjcif;?
Edik if u
H o
hJ aYkd om pD;yGm;a&;zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufqEJ ikd if rH sm;wGif tpk;d &rS (C) jzpfysuv
f ,G af om udprö sm;tm; umuG,jf cif;?
vlrIa&;jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm; taumiftxnf ( i ) obm0ywf0ef;usiu f kd xde;f odr;f umuG,jf cif;/
azmf a qmif & G u f r I o nf pd e f a c:rI w pf & yf j zpf N yD ; vl r I a &; 1.7/ tjcm;Ed k i f i H r sm;rS obm0ab;tEÅ & m,f
w&m;rQwrI&SdaMumif; tpdk;&rStmrcHcJhygonf/ o,HZmw u,fq,fa&; Oya'ygta&;BuD;aomtaMumif;
t&if;tjrpfrsKd;pHktm; taumif;qHk;toHk;csí tzGJUtpnf; t&mrsm;
toD;oD;rS a&muf&v dS maom twdtvif;today;xm;onfh 1.7.1/ a'otmPmyd k i f r sm;\ qH k ; jzwf c suf
pmemrI taxmuftyHhrsm;jzifh ulnDjcif;? tm;ay;jcif;wdkYudk tkycf sKyaf &;wGif atmufajcvlwef;pmtvTmrsm;onf
tEÅ&m,fusa&mufonfha'otESHYodkY ay;ydkYulnD&ygonf/ ta&;Bu;D onft h wGuf tcsKUd aomjynfyEdik if rH sm;wGif tqdyk g
þod k Y t m;jzif h us,f j yef Y a omvl x k t zG J U tpnf ; tMum; vlwef;pm;udk tajcjyKí Oya'rsm;jy|mef;Muygonf/ NAw d o d Q
txl;ojzifh ab;tEÅ&m,f'PfcHvlxktMum;wGif tpdk;&\ udv k bH , D mESihf uae'gEdik if w H \ Ykd ta&;ay:tajctaeOya'
taumif;qH;k tcef;u@rS OD;aqmifyg0ifaqmif&u G af y;rIonf wGif a'ocHtmPmydkifrsm;\ vuf0,fwGif&Sdaom qHk;jzwf
tusK;d &Sad om jyefvnfxal xmifa&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif&u G &f ef ydkifcGifh\ ta&;ygyHkudk txl;azmfjyxm;&ygonf/ a'o
OD;wnfa&muf&rd S nfjzpfygonf/ urÇmb h Pf\ tpd;k &ta&;ygrIrsm; tmPmydik w f o
Ykd nf ta&;ay:tajctaeay:aygufrnf^ jzpf
tpD&ifcHpm (1997- pmrsufESm 41-60) wGif tpdk;&\ ay:awmhrnf[k ,HkMunfygu a'oqdkif&mta&;ay: tajc
aumif;rGeaf om tkycf sKyrf t I ajccHausm½d;k rlBu;D (5) csuf tm; taeaMunmydik cf iG u hf kd vkyyf ikd cf iG jh fyKxm;ygonf/ (EPW -2006)
atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ *syefEdkifiH\ obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fu,fq,fa&;
(u) Oya'a&;qGJjy|mef;jcif;? Oya' (1947) u,fq,fa&;vkyif ef;rsm;ukd vsijf refpmG aqmif
( c ) tBuD ; pm;pD ; yG m ;a&;wnf N id r f r I t ygt0if &GuEf ikd &f eftwGuf tpd;k &tBu;D tuJonf ¤if;\u,fq,fa&;
obm0ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&; rl0g'? vkyif ef;rsm;aqmif&u G yf ikd cf iG hf wpfpw d w
f pfa'oudk jrLeDpyD ,f
44 ]vif;uduk }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I
tBuD;tuJxHodkY vTJtyfEdkifonf[k azmfjyxm;ygonf/ *syef
Edik if w
H iG f jy|mef;xm;aomOya'\ yk'rf 1 wGif tqdyk gOya'\
&nf&, G cf suu f kd &Si;f vif;wduspmG azmfjyxm;ygonf/ ¤if; yk'rf 1
wGif ta&;ay:tajctaetay: tajccHí vdktyfaom
u,fq,fa&;vkyif ef;rsm;tm; A[dt k pk;d &rSaqmif&u G f Edik &f ef &nfñTef;csufrsm;
ab;'ku©onfrsm;tm; umuG,fay;NyD; vlrIa&;vdktyfcsuf
rsm;tm; tpDtpOfwus aqmif&u G af y;&efazmfjyxm;ygonf/ 1/ aiGaMu;"eOpömESifh vlom;rsm;\ touftdk;tdrf
e,l;ZDvefEikd if \
H 2002 ckEpS f NrKd Ujyta&;ay:tajc pnf;pdrrf sm;yg0ifaom obm0tEÅ&m,faMumifh qH;k ½H;I &onfh
tae pDrHcefYcGJrIOya'wGif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,ftygt0if wefzdk;udk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh tdEd´,EkdifiHonf urÇmay:wGif
ta&;ay:tajctaersm;udk wkHYjyefaqmif&u G &f ef jy|mef;xm; ab;tEÅ&m,f tusa&mufqHk;ae&mjzpfaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGm
ygonf/ tqdyk gOya't& a'oqdik &f mtmPmydik rf sm;? tpd;k & od&ES d idk yf gonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh 2002 ckEpS w f iG f rd;k acgifr'I PfaMumifh
r[kwfaomat*sifpDrsm;? vkyftm;ay;rsm;? c&pf,mefbk&m; ,lEdkifwufuif;'ef;wGif aexdkifaom vlOD;a& oef; 50
ausmif;rsm;ESifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf trsKd;om;tqifhESifh eD;yg;&Sdonfh vlta&twGufrsm;\ vlaerIb0rsm; xdcdkuf
atmufajctqifh ab;tEÅ&m,fpDrHcefYcGJrIvkyfief;rsm;wGif cJ&h ygonf/
yg0if&ef jy|mef;xm;ygonf/ 2/ 1980 jynf h E S p f a emuf y d k i f ; wG i f u,f q ,f a &;
awmiftmz&duEdkifiH\ Oya'wGifvnf; obm0 pGr;f aqmifEikd rf EI iS hf ab;tEÅ&m,fusa&mufv, G rf I tvm;tvm
ab;tEÅ&m,f pDrcH efcY &JG mwGif yg0ifonfh yk*v ¾ ud u@? tzGUJ wdkYudk qef;ppfonfhvkyfief; xGef;um;vmygonf/ tqdkyg
tpnf;ESihf oD;jcm;tzGUJ u@rsm;wGif wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;? tpd;k &\ pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIESifh ab;tEÅ&m,ftvm;tvmqef;ppfcsuf
jynfe,fESifh jrLeDpDy,ftzGJUrsm;\ &yfwnfaqmif&Gufrnfh (CVA) tm; xdk;xGif;BuHqí ab;tEÅ&m,fu,fq,fa&;
wm0efrsm;yg0ifaom trsK;d om;ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I rl0g'tm; vkyif ef;rsm;tm; vkyif ef;&nfreS ;f csut f wdik ;f taumiftxnf
txl;tav;jyKazmfjyxm;onf/ azmf&mwGif toH;k jyKcMhJ uygonf/ ¤if; (CVA) tm; aemufyikd ;f
45
46 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 47
umvwG i f ab;tEÅ & m,f a vsmh e nf ; ouf o mapa&;ES i f h onf vHNk cKH rrI &Sad om taqmufttHk (od)Yk u,fq,fa&;yHpk u H kd
pDrcH surf sm; BuKd wifjyifqifapa&;wdw Yk iG f wGiu f s,pf mG toH;k cs xdcu
kd v
f ,G af paom taMumif;w&m;rsm;jzpfonfh atmufyg
cJhMuygonf/ t½d;k &Si;f qH;k toH;k jyKrrI mS qufpyfvsuf &Sad om tcsufrsm;tm;vHk; (odkY) tcsKdUudk jzpfay:apEdkifygonf -
½kyyf ikd ;f ^ ypönf;e,fy,f? vlrIa&;^tzGJUtpnf; e,fy,fESifh (u) qif;&Jjcif;ESifh csKdUwJhrI
taMumif ; &if ; ^ jzpf y suf [ ef e ,f y ,f p onf h vl r sm;\ ( c ) ajrydkif&Sifrsm;\ ajrpDrHcefYcGJrI
ab;tEÅ&m,f tvm;tvmESihf pGr;f aqmifEikd rf q I ikd &f m ta&;Bu;D ( * ) t*wdvdkufpm;rI
aom t"due,fy,fBu;D (3) &yftm; cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm avhvm&m (C) ynma&;csKdUwJhrI
wGif toHk;jyKjcif;yifjzpfygonf/ ÄÄ ÄÄ ÄÄ ÄÄ ÄÄ
3/ tNrJwrf;pdk;&drfae&NyD; ab;tEÅ&m,fusa&mufvk
qJqw J iG f 0ifaiGenf;yg;aom tvTmrSvrl sm;\ vlaerIb0tm;
obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fjzpfvG,frI qufvufwnf&Sdaeaomf
vnf; a&&Snw f iG f ydrk akd umif;rGevf map&eftwGuf vlaerIpepf
csucf si;f ajymif;vJapEdik rf nfh jyefvnfxal xmifa&;vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf
jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk BuD;rm;aom r[m
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aemufq;kH ü jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;ESihf xlaxmifa&;vkyif ef;\
&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifonf vlom;rsm;\zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI
jzpfpOftwGuf tusK;d &Sad p&efvt kd yfNy;D a&&Snw f iG v f nf; obm0
ab;tEÅ&m,fjzpfvG,frIudk avsmhenf;ap&efvdktyfygonf/
4/ tpDtpOftrsm;pkonf ab;'kuu © okd m ukpm;ay;Edik Nf y;D
taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk ukpm;rIray;Ekid af y/ ¤if;ab;'kuv © u©Pm
tcef; (2)
pmayrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif ½SmazGqef;ppfjcif;

obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f\ tusKd;oufa&mufrIudk
cHMu&onfY u,fq,fa&;tzGUJ 0ifrsm;onfu@aygif; pHt k m;
jyKpkavYvm&rnfjzpfygonf/ u,fwifjcif;? u,fq,fjcif;?
jyefvnfxlaxmifjcif;paom tqifYrsm;tm; u,fq,fa&;
vkyif ef;tjzpf tpd;k &rSo;D jcm; owfrw
S o
f nft
Y cgrSpí u@
aygif;pHktm;avYvm&ef pmayrsm;ESifY xdawGYvmcJY&ygonf/
tueft Y owfrsm;udk jzwfoef;íavYvmrSwo f m;Ny;D
obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f'PfcHvlom;rsm;twGuf ta&;BuD;
aom u,fq,fa&;enf;vrf;rsm;tm; uRefawmfwdkUonf
BuKd ;pm;vrf;jycJyY gonf/
2.1/ obm0ab;tEÅ & m,f a0g[m&rsm;tm;
oabmayguf em;vnf rI
pmayrSwfwrf;tm;avYvm&mwGif tpueOD;ü
obm0ab; tEÅ&m,frsm;\ oabmobm0ESifY ¤if;\
49
50 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 51
qufET,faeaom a0g[m&toHk;tEIef;rsm;tm; em;vnf wpfae&mwnf;wGif ,SOfwGJay:aygufonfh tjzpftysuf
oabmayguf&ef vdktyfygonf/ a0g[m&rsm;rSma,bk,s wpfcjk zpfNy;D tqdyk gae&m&St d zGUJ tpnf; (odrYk [kw)f qufE, T f
tm;jzifY twnfjyKxm;onfY t"dyÜm,fowfrSwfcsufrsm; aeaom todkif;t0kdif;tm; jyif;xefaomtEÅ&m,fjzpfaprI
r½S d a omf v nf ; tvm;wl oabmouf a &muf r I ½ S d o nf Y avsmeh nf;ap&efEiS hf ¤if;ae&m&Sv d rl sm;\ ½kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f m qH;k ½I;H rI
a0g[m&rsm;pGm½Sdygonf/ pmjzifY a&;om;xm;aom uGJjym; ESifhtwljzpfay:aom vlrItodkif;t0dkif; wnfaqmufrI
jcm;em;onfhpnf;urf;csufrsm; 50 cefY vuf0,fwGif½SdNyD; ysufpD;qHk;½HI;rIrsm;tm; cHpm;&avsmhenf;ap&efESifh vlUtzJGU
tzGJYtpnf;rSmvnf; ½kyf0wåKrsm;aygif;pyf zGJUpnf;&ojzifh tpnf;\ vdktyfcsufrsm;tm;vHk; (odkYr[kwf) tcsKdUtm;
¤if;wdkYudkoihfavsmfonhf u@wpf&yfowfrSwf oifhygonf/ jznh f q nf ; ay;&ef E S i f h umuG , f a pmif h a &S m uf a y;&rnf h
obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fEiS hf ywfoufonfh tqdt k rdet Yf rsm;pkrmS jzpfpOftjzpf azmfjyxm;ygonf/
twdtus t"dymÜ ,fowfrw S rf I tm;enf;csu&f NdS y;D t"dymÜ ,f
2.1.2/vG J r S m ;pG m oH k ; EI e f ; aeaom obm0ab;
zGiq
hf o kd rl sm;\ uGjJ ym;jcm;em;aom OD;wnfcsuEf iS hf oabmxm;
tEÅ&m,f[laom a0g[m&
tjrift&t"dymÜ ,fziG q hf jkd cif; cHae&ygonf/ (uGm,rfw,fvD
]]obm0}} ab;tEÅ&m,f[laom tqifajyonfh
1995)
a0g[m&toHk;tEIef;udk jynfhpHkonfh t*Fg&yfrsm;ESifh tnD
2.1.1/ t"d y Ü m ,f z G i f h q d k c suf t csKd U owfrSwf&efta&;BuD;ygonf/ ¤if;\ t*Fg&yfrsm;wGif wpfpHk
0ufpwmtbd"mefwGif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f wpfa,mufaMumihfjzpfonfh ab;tEÅ&m,frsm; (okdYr[kwf)
[laom t"dyÜm,fudk BuD;rm;aom ysufpD;rI? qHk;½IH;rIudkjzpf jiif;y,fí r&onfh obm0jzpfpOfrw S pfqifh vlom;wdUk twGuf
apaom ½kwfw&ufay:aygufonfh ab;'ku©[k azmfjyxm; tEÅ&m,f ydkrdkjzpfay:vmaponfh jzpfpOftaetxm;rsm;udk
ygonf/ rdu k ½ú akd qmhpmtkypf if (1998) wGirf l ysupf ;D qH;k ½H;I jcif; obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f[í l a0g[m&vJrT mS ;pGm owfrw S af eMu
us,fjyefYpGmjzpfay:aponfh jzpfysufrI[kazmfjyxm;ygonf/ ygonf / obm0ab;tEÅ & m,f [ l a om a0g[m&onf
(z&pfpf - 1998) wGif ab;tEÅ&m,fqo kd nfrmS wpfcsed w
f nf; wpfpHkwpfckvTJrSm; aeaMumif;qdkvdkygonf/ taMumif;rSm
52 ]vif;udu
k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 53
obm0w&m;\ vTrJ mS ; rIuakd zmfjyaeaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ 2.2/ obm0ab;tEÅ & m,f r sm;? ¤if ; ES i f Y q uf E T , f
txufygtcsurf sm;udk MunfyY gu vlom;wdaY k qmufvyk x f m;aom aomtqd k t rd e f Y r sm;
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wnf½o dS nfh ae&mwGif vlw\ Ykd zefw;D rIrsm; ryg½Sb
d J jzpfysuv f ,
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wpfzo YJG ?Ykd vlrpI ;D yGm;tzGt YJ pnf;wpfcak y:odYk usa&mufEikd af om
jzpfay:vmvdrfYrnfr[kwfaMumif;azmfjyygonf/ [m&Dudef;?
(BudKwifpDpOfEdkifrIpGrf;&nf? u,fq,fa&;? tEÅ&m,fus
a&vTr;f rd;k rI? ajrivsirf sm;ESiY f avqifEmS armif;ponfh obm0ab;
a&mufru I ckd EH ikd pf rG ;f ESiYf umuG,Ef idk rf u
I kd xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;xm;
tEÅ&m,frsm;onf vlom;rsm;\touf pnf;pdrfOpömudk onf)h tEÅ&m,fusa&mufEikd rf I yrmPyifjzpfonf/ wpfenf;
Bu;D rm;pGm Ncrd ;f ajcmufEikd pf rG ;f ½Sad om tEÅ&m,fyif jzpfonf/ tm;jzifY ab;tEÅ&m,fudkwGef;vSef&yfwnfEdkifonfY ½kyfydkif;
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usa&mufaom tEÅ&m,fonf vlw\ Ykd u,fq,fa&; pGr;f &nf Ed k i f r I p G r f ; &nf o nf vl o m;wd k Y a wG Y B uH K &onf Y u yf a b;
udk vTrf;rdk;oGm;aomtcg obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f tjzpf (ajrivsif? ajrjydKrI) ponfjzifYcHpm;&NyD;aemuf ¤if;wdkY\
ajymif ; vJ ay:ayguf v mygonf / (a';Apf t uf u if E S i f h b0&yfwnfrt I ajctae? ab;tEÅ&m,f tay:wGe;f vSerf EI iS Yf
tD&efbmwGef) txd w f w vef Y j zpf o l w d k Y \ vl r I p D ; yG m ;tod k u f t 0ef ; rsm;
obm0ab;tEÅ & m,f ta&;ud p ö r sm;onf tajctaeay: aygif;pyfrlwnfí owfrSwfjcif;jzpfygonf/
tzGJYtpnf;rsm;ESifYEdkifiHa&;udpörsm;\ vTrf;rdk;rIudk BuD;pGmcH xdcu kd jf zpfysuEf ikd pf rG ;f onf qif;&Jjcif;ESirYf wlay/ odaYk omfvnf;
Mu&ygonf/ wpfcgwpf&H blr-d ½lyqdik &f mynm½Sif tzGt YJ pnf; ¤if ; vl t csKd U onf a0g[m&ud k jzpf v G , f y suf v G , f
owfrw S rf sO;f tajctaewGi½f adS om tpktzG\ YJ tajctaeudk
rsm;\BuKd wiftBujH yKcsurf sm;udyk if vlraI &; tzGt YJ pnf;rsm;\
ydrk ekd m;vnf oabmaygufap&ef a0g[m&zvS,f toH;k jyKavh
taetxm;uydkívTrf;rdk;cJYayonf/
½S d y gonf / vd i f y d k i f ; qd k i f & muG J j ym;rI t ay: tajcjyKí
54 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 55
avYvm&mwGif uRrf;usifrItwwfynm xdef;odrf;a&;u@ ¤if ; tjyif ab;tEÅ & m,f r usa&muf r D xl ; jcm;onf h
wGif rnDrQro I nf tjrpfw, G v f su½f adS Mumif; awGU½S&d ygonf/ pm&if;Z,m;rsm; aumuf,ljcif;? xHk;pHtm;jzifYab;tEÅ&m,f
¤if;tjyifvkyfom;aps;uGufwGif cGJjcm;owfrSwfjcif;cH&NyD; BuKd wifcefrY eS ;f owday;jcif;? pd;k &drx f w
d v
f efrY I BuKH awGUaeaom
ta&;qdkEdkifrIrsm; tm;enf;vsuf½SdaMumif; awGY½Sd&ygonf/ umvwG i f Bud K wif u muG , f r I r sm; aqmif & G u f a y;jcif ; ?
odkYaomfvnf; oDtdk&Dt& xdcdkufjzpfysufEdkifajc pGrf;&nftm; tcsed wf tkd wGi;f taxmuftyHjh yKEikd jf cif; wdyYk g0ifygonf/ (ykpH H
us,jf yefpY mG t"dymÜ ,fziG qYf ckd iG hf jyKxm;ygonf/ xdcu kd jf zpfysuf tm;jzifh ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH suf BuKdwifjyifqifjcif;? tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;
EdkifajcESifh qufpyfaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk ykHrSeftm;jzifY \ vkyfief;wm0efrsm;tm; twnfjyKjcif;? u,fq,fa&;
t"dyÜm,fzGifYqdk&mwGif vGwfvyfaomtawG;tac:rsm;ESifY vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;tm; a&;qGJjcif;? tpm;taomufESifh
y#dyu©rsm;\ ta&;BuD;rIudkrlwnfí t"dyÜm,fzGifYqdkMuyg axmufyaYH &;ypön;f rsm;tm; pkyo Hk akd vSmifjcif;ESiYf u,fq,fa&;
onf/ (wm½Snf qif;&Jrt I pDtpOf Website) t&if;tjrpfrsm; vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif½u G rf nfh tzGt YJ m; avhusio hf ifMum;ay;jcif;
udk pDrHxdef;odrf;cGifYtmPmcGJa0&mwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;\ ESihf vdt
k yfaom ud&, d mwefqmyvmypön;f rsm; wyfqifjcif;wdYk
tm;enf;csuu f kd t"dutaMumif;jyKí y#dyu© jzpfMuygonf/ yg0ifygonf/)
('DvDESifYabmuf&mpf 2001) (wGpf-2001)
2.2.2/ Bud K wif j yif q if r I 2.2.3/ wk H U jyef r I
BudKwifjyifqifrIqdk&mwGif ab;tEÅ&m,fqdkif&m wk H Y j yef r I q d k o nf r S m ab;tEÅ & m,f u sa&muf
pDrHcsuf jyKvkyfjcif;ESifY ab;tEÅ&m,fjzpfonfh ae&mwGif NyD;aemuf ta&;,laqmif½Gufcsufudk qdkvdkygonf/ tqdkyg
u,fq,fa&;aqmif½Guf&efvdktyfonfh o,HZmwt&if; aqmif½u G cf surf sm;wGif &Jwyfz0YJG ifrsm;? rD;owftzG0YJ ifrsm;ESiYf
tjrpfrsm;pkyjHk cif; wdyYk g0ifygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifY ab;tEÅ&m,f aq;bufqikd &f mtzG0YJ ifrsm;\ ab;tEÅ&m,fusa&mufaepOf
jzpfymG ;rItay:vdu k í f ta&;ay:pDrcH surf sm; BuKd wifjyifqif ESiuYf sa&mufNy;D ptcsed f vIy½f mS ;aqmif½u G rf rI sm;yg0ifygonf/
jcif;? vdt
k yfaomukeyf pön;f rsm; pkyo kH akd vSmifjcif; wdyYk g0ifygonf/ þowfrSwfrIonf uGyfuJa&;½kH;cef;zGifYvSpfjcif;? ta&;ay:
pDrHcsufrsm; aqmif½Gufjcif;ESifY aiGaMu;axmufyHhay;a0jcif;
56 ]vif;udu
k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 57
paom ab;tEÅ&m,fuyfrsKd;pHkudk wkHYjyefonfh yxrtqifY yifjzpfonf/ þvkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif taumiftxnfjrifEdkif
vkyif ef;pOfrsm;yg0ifygonf/ onfY a&vTr;f rd;k rIukd umuG,o f nfY wmwrHwnfaqmufrrI sm;?
2.2.4/ tajctae jyef v nf x d e f ; od r f ; wnf a qmuf awmifw Y if;onft Y aqmufttHrk sm; aqmufvyk jf cif; wdt Yk jyif
jcif ; taumiftxnfrjrif&onfY avYusifYoifMum;jcif;rsm;?
tajctaejyefvnf xdef;odrf;wnfaqmufjcif; ajrtoH;k csrq
I ikd &f mvkyx
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;? Oya'rsm;jy|mef;jcif;?
qd k o nf r S m vl Y t zG Y J t pnf ; \ obm0ab;tEÅ & m,f pD;yGm;a&;vnfywfrI,EÅ&m;rsm;ESifY vlxktm;wdk;jrS§ifYí
rus a&mufrD tajctaeodjYk yefvnfa&muf½adS p&ef jyefvnf today;jcif; vkyfief;rsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf/ oufomaprI
wnfaqmuf&onfY a&½Snv f yk if ef;pOfrsm; tusK;H 0ifvsu½f ydS g vkyfief;tm; ab;tEÅ&m,frusa&mufrDusa&mufqJESifY
onf/ ¤if;onf tem*wfumvwGif ysupf ;D qH;k ½I;H xdcu kd Ef idk rf I usa&mufNy;D umvrsm;wGif tcsed rf a½G;aqmif½u G Ef ikd yf gonf/
tajctaetm; avQmcY sEikd &f efEiS Yf ab;tEÅ&m,fusa&mufru I kd 2.2.6/ ab;tEÅ & m,f ½ S d r I
oufomaponfY vkyaf qmifcsurf sm; yg0ifygonf/ ¤if;wdrYk mS ab;tEÅ&m,f½SdrIqdkonfrSm vlom;wdkYESifY ¤if;wdkY
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f nfh taxmuftyHyY pön;f rsm;tm; xdcu kd af pEdik o
f nfh
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Yf Ekd ikd yf gonf/ ab;tEÅ&m,f
rl0g'rsm; csrSwfjcif;wdkYyg0ifonf/ twdwfumvü BudKwif
qdo k nfrmS obm0tavsmuf (Oyrm- ajrivsiaf b;? rd;k acgifr)I
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jzpfrI) wdkYaMumifY ay:aygufEdkifygonf/
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onf/ 2.3/ qif ; &J r G J a wrI E S i f Y o bm0ab;tEÅ & m,f r sm;
2.2.5/ ouf o maprI qif ; &J r G J a wrI q d k o nf r S m pmoH k ; rI ? ynma&;?
tif t m;½S d o nf h obm0ab;tEÅ & m,f r sm;\ usef ; rma&;u@rsm;\ rvH k a vmuf r I u d k q d k v d k y gonf /
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58 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 59
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aoauscaYJ omvlO;D a& 90 &mcdik Ef eI ;f ESiYf ysupf ;D qH;k ½I;H rI\ 85 EIe;f rSm 27 OD;om &Syd gonf/ ,if;tcsuo f nf a'o\ pD;yGm;a&;
&mcdkifEIef;onf uGyfcsfjynfe,frSjzpfcJYygonf/ ¤if;ysufpD; rckdifrmrIukd ñTefjyvsuf&Sdygonf/ ¤if;\tusKd;quftjzpf
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3 'or 5 bDv, D &H adS Mumif; qef;ppfcsuw f pfct k & od&&dS ygonf/ pmrsufESm 5) *l*sm&wfjynfe,f\ ajcmufaoGUaoma'o
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(ausmufcsyv f mT ) ay:wGif vGecf ahJ om &mpk (2) cktwGif; xuf0ufausm&f adS om ajrjyifonf qm;aygufaom &TUH ajrrsm;
ajrivsif'PfaMumifh rawmfwqrI wpfodef;ausmf jzpfyGm;cJh jzpfygonf/ (the Great and Little Ranns) ¤if;a'o\
tawGUtBuKt H & ,cktcg ESppf Of tqkyd g qm;ajraygufonfh
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tjzpftysufuJhokdY toufaygif;rsm;pGm qkH;½IH;cJh&onfh
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a'opkdufysKd;a&;ESifh arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;ESpfck aygif;pyfrIESifh
awGU&ygonf/ (tkdif&if*smESifh &Smr - 1998)
uJGjym;jcm;em;vsuf &Sdygonf/
70 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 71
2.6.2/ vl a erI p epf y k H p H (rsKd;EG,fpkta&;) t& pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIa&;u@rsm;wGif
vlOD;a&trsm;pk\ pD;yGm;a&;onf ½kd;&mpkdufysKd;a&; z,fMuOfjcif; cHae&ygonf/ txufyg orkdif;aMumif;qkdif&m
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Ekid if aH wmf\ pufrzI UHG NzK;d rI &mckid Ef eI ;f xuf 2 &mcdik Ef eI ;f avsmeh nf; EkdifiHawmf\ csrSwfusifhokH;aom rl0g'tay: EkdifiHa&;
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ao;i,faom v,f,majrrsm;ay:wGif rk;d a&aomuf pku d yf sK;d a&; ab;tEÅ&m,f vGeaf jrmufNy;D aemuf tajctaersm;onfvnf;
vkyif ef;rsm; vkyu f idk jf cif;? uREJ mG ;rsm;arG;jrLjcif;ESihf Ekx
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vkyaf &;vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf NrKUd jywGif oGm;a&mufvyk u f idk o
f w l x Ydk rH S u@ESifh rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;tay: u,fq,fa&; aqmif&GufrI
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2.6.3/ vl r I a &;Ek d ; Mum;rI
rsK;d EG,pf rk sm;ESihf ZmwfcjGJ cm;rIrsm;ukd todtrSwjf yKxm;jcif;ukd
uGycf scf ½kid wf iG f bmoma&;qkid &f mESihf rsK;d EG,pf Ek idk if aH &;
pOf;pm;vsuf &Sdygonf/ (BSE 2001)
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tqkyd ga'owGif trnfpm&if;ayguf rsK;d EG,pf Ek iS hf ZmwfcjGJ cm;rI 2.7/ atmif j rif o nf h ivsif ' Pf t vG e f jyef v nf
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ta&twGuf jrifrh m;vsuf &Syd gonf/ okaYd omfvnf; *l*sm&wf pH ñ T e f ; rsm;
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72 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 73
a&;vkyfief;rsm; jyefvnfwnfaqmufonfhpepfESifh ¤if;wkdY aqmif&u G Nfy;D NyD qko
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ab;'PfcpH m;&olrsm;tm; vlaerItqift h wef; zGUH NzK;d wk;d wuf aqmif&Gufaom tcgwGif vlYtzJGUtpnf;\ ,Ofaus;rIukd
rI taetxm;okYd jyefvnfa&muf&adS tmif ponfh bufpt Hk cGihf csO;f uyfaqmif&u G f &efvydk gonf/ ¤if;wkrYd mS tqkyd gvlrsm;ESihf
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74 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 75
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jyefvnfxal xmifa&;tqifh (od)Yk ta&;ay:vdt k yfcsurf sm;ESihf
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jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;pOfrsm;twGuf vdt k yfcsuf
Edik &f eftwGuf ta&;ay:aqmif&u G rf I (odYk ) t&Sed jf ri§ hf aqmif&u G f
rsm;udk wpfNydKifeufwnf; jznfhqnf;ay;vsuf &Sdygonf/
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76 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 77
tpm;taomuf? a&ESiahf exdik &f efae&mrsm; axmufyahH y;jcif; us,jf yefpY mG &ifqkdifMu&ygonf/ ysHusvkyfom;rsm;onf ykHrSef
onf vHkNcKHrIumuG,fay;jcif;ESifh 0ifaiG&&Sdonfh toufarG; r[kwfaom pD;yGm;a&;u@rS vkyfom;rsm; &ifqkdifae&aom
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vHNk cKaH &;twGuf pdwcf s&onfah e&mrsm;udk qdv k ykd gonf/ NrKd Ujy jzpfygonf/ pdwfrcs&rI aemufwpfrsKd;rSm ab;tEÅ&m,f
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tuG,af y;jcif;onf tem*wfumvü ydik q f ikd x
f m;Ny;D jzpfonfh wpfa,muf\ wnfaqmufykHukd azmfjycsufyifjzpfygonf/
"eOpömrsm;udak umif;pGm wd;k wufvmapa&;twGuf a&S;½Ionfh ¤if;wGif touft&G,?f tdraf xmifa&;tajctae? vdit f rsK;d
vHkNcKHrIay;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ ¤if;wdkYydkifqdkifaom "eOpömrsm;? tpm;? uREJ mG ;ESihf "eOpömykid q
f idk rf w
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pD;yGm;a&;ta&;tay: tajctaeESihf ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;ukd ykHrSef pD;yGm;a&; ykHpHrusaom tvkyform;rsm;twGuf
78 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 79
ta&;Bu;D aom tcsufvu©Pm jzpfygonf/ pdwfrcs&rIykHpH yg0ifygonf/ ¤if;tjyif tvkyftukdif tcGifhtvrf; wkd;yGm;
ESprf sK;d vk;H wGif vlraI &; tumtuG,&f &Srd o I nf ta&;Bu;D aom vmap&ef csrSwfxm;onfh r[mAsL[mwGif yg0ifaom
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82 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 83
olYtvkdvkd ray:aygufEkdifay/ ¤if;wkdYukd tpDtpOfwus 2.8.6/ 1990 jynf h E S p f r sm;uwnf ; u pk d u f y sKd ; a&;
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zGHUNzKd;wkd;wufrIonf aus;vuftvkyftukdif zefwD;rItay:
vlraI &;tzJUG tpnf;rsm;? avhusiyhf nmay; pcef;rsm;ESihf tjcm;
tenf;i,fom tusK;d oufa&mufr&I adS Mumif; rSw, f El idk yf gonf/
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tusKd;w&m;rsm; ykdifqkdifEkdif&rnf jzpfygonf/ pm&if; tpD&ifcpH m? a*smph ;D yGm;a&;ESihf pm&if;tif;ñTeMf um;a&;
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84 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 85
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ukd em;vnf&eftwGuf NrKdUa&m aus;vufyg yg0ifonfh
topfjzpfaom awmif*l*sm&wfjynfe,fwGif 2004 ckESpfrS
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2006 ckESpftwGif; jzpfysufcJhonfh ,ckykHpHrsm;ukd tajccHí
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onf/ aqmif&Gufay;&ef oD;jcm;tpDtpOfr&Sday/ (ygyif'*l 1994)
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pepfypHk H trsK;d trsK;d wkw
Yd iG f cJjG crf;pdwjf zmay;a0rIrsm;? ypön;f Opöm wko Yd nf aemufq;Hk tajctae owif;rsm;&&Srd I tm;enf;jcif;ESihf
rsm; ykdifqkdifrI&&Sd&ef aqmif&Guf&rnfh tqifrajyonfh vlaY bmiftzJUG tpnf;\ tvTmtoD;oD;wGif jypfrrI sm; jzpfymG ;
enf;vrf;rsm;? jiif;qefEkdifrI tiftm;enf;yg;jcif; ponfh jcif;yifjzpfonf/ (qif[m 2002) vlaerItokid ;f t0kid ;f taejzifh
trsKd ; orD ; rsm; vG w f v yf r I t ay: ¤if ; wk d Y \ zcif r sm;? awGUBuKHcJh&onfh ab;'PfyrmPukd &ifqkdif&ef BuKdwif
vifa,musmf ;rsm;ESihf om;rsm;u twif;tusyv f rT ;f rk;d vsuf jyifqifrIr&SdcJhonfh tusKd;qufaMumifhvnf; jzpfygonf/
&Sdygonf/ Budrfa&rsm;pGm rD;zGm;jcif;\ tusKd;oufa&muf ¤if;tjyif ab;tEÅ&m,fvGefumv pDrHcefYcJGrI tpDtpOfrsm;
102 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 103
tm;enf;rIvnf; yg0ifygonf/ ¤if;wkw Yd iG f ypön;f rsm; jyefvnf axmufyHhay;jcif;jzifh wefzkd;&Sdaom aiGt&if;tjrpfrsm;onf
cJGa0 vSL'gef;rI? ta&;BuD;onfh qufoG,frI? yl;aygif; tv[óqk;H ½I;H jcif; cH&ygonf/ trsK;d rsK;d aom epfemaMu;ykpH H
aqmif&GufrIESifh BuD;Muyf aqmif&GufrIwkdYwGif csKdU,Gif;csuf rsm;tm; xkwfay;&mwGif aESmifhaES;rIrStpjyKí epfemaMu;
jzpfay:rIrsm; yg0ifygonf/ tpk;d &\ vkyif ef;tpDtpOfrsm; ay;&mwGif cJjG cm;qufqrH rI sm;? jyefvnfxal xmifa&;vkyif ef;rsm;
twGuf cGijhf yKxm;aom aiGpm&if;rsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í tpk;d &\ aqmif&Guf&mwGif AsL½kdua&pDpepf usifhokH;jcif;paom
vkyif ef;pOfrsm;wGif wm0efcH aqmif&Gufaeaom jynfe,f? ½Iaxmift
h jrifrsK;d pkjH zifh tqkyd g okawoejyKrwI iG f tav;xm;
c½kid Ef iS hf NrKUd e,f (tkypf )k tqifh rsm;wGif 0da&m"drsm; jzpfymG ;Ny;D aygif;pyfazmfjyxm;ygonf/
BuD;rm;aom t½IyftaxG;rsm; jzpfay:cJhygonf/ ÄÄ ÄÄ ÄÄ ÄÄ ÄÄ
Ekid if w
H um wm0ef,l aqmif&u G rf EI iS t
hf wl awGU&S&d
onfh t"dujyóemrSm tem*wfab;tEÅ&m,f u,fq,fa&;
vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf yl;aygif;aqmif&u G rf I pGr;f &nfEiS hf a'ocH
wk\ Yd pGr;f &nfudk wnfaqmufay;&ef ysuu f u G rf yI if jzpfygonf/
aiGaMu;wefzkd; owfrSwfrIESifhywfoufí tdE´d,EkdifiHwGif
ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif wnf&SdaecJhaom tzJGUrsm;onf ,ckrS
tdE, d´ Ekid if oH Ydk a&muf&o dS uJo
h Ydk jyKral ecJMh uNy;D tpDtpOfrsm;
a&;qJjG cif;? taumiftxnfazmfjcif; vkyif ef;rsm;wGif rdwzf uf
tzJGUtpnf;rsm;tjzpf aqmif&Gufaeaom? vkdtyfonfxuf
ydrk zkd UGJ pnf;xm;aom? wk;d wufaom? tdE, d´ tpk;d &r[kwaf om
tzJUG tpnf;rsm;tm; taumif;qk;H tok;H csEidk af tmif raqmif&u G f
Edkifjcif;yif jzpfygonf/ (ref½kd 2001 pmrsufESm 45) a'o
twGif;rS &&SdEkdifonfh u,fq,fa&; ypönf;rsm;tm; 0,f,l
&nfñeT ;f csurf sm;

1/ obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f&adS oma'oESihf vkNH cKrH rI &Sad om


aetdrt f aqmufttkrH sm;wGif aexkid af om rdom;pkrsm;tm;
qif;&JrIjzpfaponfh tiftm;rsm; - ¤if;wkdYonf pD;yGm;a&;ESifh
Ekid if aH &;zdtm;rsm;aMumifh pdwcf s&aom a&G;cs,rf u I dk &ykid cf iG hf
r&Sday/ rMumcPyif zGHUNzKd;qJEkdifiHrsm;\ tpkd;&rsm;onf
ab;tEÅ&m,f Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm;ukd ukdifwG,fajz&Sif;&mwGif
obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd pDrcH efcY o GJ nfh enf;vrf;rsm;twGuf
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrjyKvkyfEkdifjcif;? ¤if;wkdYrSm opfawmjyefvnf
ysKd;axmifjcif;tpDtpOf? aumif;rGefaom ajrtokH;csrI?
jrpfacsmif;ESifhurf;ajca'otm; aumif;rGefpGm pDrHcefYcJGjcif;
vkyfief;rsm; yg0ifygonf/ Oyrm-qif;&JrJGawrIonf vlom;
rsm;tm;ykí d ab;tEÅ&m,f'Pfc&H vG,rf u I dk jzpfay:apygonf/
ab;tEÅ&m,fusa&mufrI xyfcgxyfcgjzpfjcif;onf vlom;rsm;
tm; emwm&Snq f if;&JraGJ wrI 0J'u
k t
© wGi;f okYd wGe;f ykaYd pygonf/

105
106 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 107
2/ oifah vsmaf om tdrt f ok;H taqmifrsm;tm; vGwv f yfpmG 5/ a'otwGi;f ü tvkyt f ukid tf opf zefw;D Ekid rf I r&Sd jcif;
a&G;cs,fcGifhtwkdif;twmonf pnf;pdrfOpömrsm; &ydkifcGifhrsm; jzpfygonf/ tqkdyg tajctaeonf a'ocHtvkyform;
twGuf pdwq f ;Hk jzwfcsO;f uyf&mwGif ta&;Bu;D ygonf/ rdr\ d rsm;ukd ay;&onfv h yk cf xuf oufomaomvkycf jzifh vkyu f idk f
qE´rygbJ 0ifaiGzefw;D rI? vlaerIb0 r[mAsL[mponfh rdom;pk rnfh a&TUajymif;vkyfom; trsm;tjym; uGyfcsfc½kdiftwGif;okdY
trSDjyK&yfwnfae&onfh bwf*suaf iGpm&if;tay: rlwnfí a&TUajymif;vmrIudk azmfjyygonf/ þtcsuo f nf uGycf saf 'o&Sd
tdrtf ok;H taqmifypön;f rsm;ukd qk;H jzwfa&G;cs,&f jcif;ukd qkv d dk tvkyform;rsm;twGuf tvkyftukdif&&SdrI tcGifhtvrf;
ygonf / wnf N id r f r I r &S d b J wuf v k d u f u svk d u f j zpf aeNyD ;? enf;yg;jcif;? tvkyfvufrJhjyóemESifh pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf;rI
uefYowfcsuf&Sdaom 0ifaiGom &&Sdaomtcg ¤if;aiGukd rsm;ukd OD;wnfvsuf &Sdygonf/
touf&iS af exkid Ef idk af tmif rnfoYdk ok;H pJ&G rnf/ ¤if;aiGuek o f mG ; 6/ þavhvmcsurf S ref'[my&ma'h&yS Ef iS hf ae&mtrsm;
aomtcg rnfokdY&yfwnf&rnfukd qkH;jzwfcsufcs&jcif; tjym;wGif a&mif;cGeaf umufcrH I rufv;Hk ay;rIaMumifh a&mif;cGef
jzpfygonf/ u@wGif 7 &mcdik Ef eI ;f rS 10 &mcdik Ef eI ;f txd qk;H ½I;H cJ&h aMumif;
3/ uGycf st
f jzpfysut f m; avhvmcsut f aejzifh ajrivsif ppfaq;awGU&Sd &ygonf/ olw\ Ydk tao;pm;ESihf tBu;D pm;puf½Hk
'PfcH&NyD;aemuf wif&Sdaeaom ta<u;trsm;pkonf ivsif trsm;tjym;tay: avhvmok;H oyfcsurf sm;onf a&mif;0,fceG f
'PfccH &hJ onfh ¤if;wk\ Yd tk;d tdrrf sm;ukd jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&ef rufvkH;ay;onfhpepftm; tNrJtokH;jyKaejcif;onf &if;ESD;
twGuf ta<u;wifjcif;jzpfaMumif; azmfjyaeygonf/ jr§KyfESHrItqifh wufvmap&ef tokH;jyKonfh oifhavsmfaom
4/ ,m,Dtaqmufttkq H odk nfrmS tNrwJ rf; taqmuf tpDtrHr[kwaf Mumif;ESihf aemufyidk ;f üvnf; tusK;d r&Sad Mumif;
ttkH aqmufvyk Nf y;D onfh tcsed t f xd Mum;jzwfppD Ofay;xm; ñTefjyaeygonf/
onfh taqmufttkrH sm;ukd qkv d ydk gonf/ uGycf scf ½kid t
f wGi;f &Sd 7/ uGyfcsfa'o&Sd ivsif'Pfusa&mufNyD;umv puf½kH
taqmuf t tk H r sm;onf tpk d ; &\ tk d ; td r f r sm;twG u f rsm;ukd avhvmjcif;onf tjcm;tvm;wl odjrifEkdifonfh
avsmaf Mu;ay;rIEiS hf NrKUd e,f\ tpDtpOfrsm; nHzh si;f vpf[mrI t&mrsm;ukd twnfjyKay;ygonf/ a'ocHjynforl sm;ukv d nf;
aMumifw h pfyidk ;f tNrw J rf; taqmufttkrH sm; jzpfaeygonf/ tcGerf ufv;Hk ay;rIumv ukeq f ;Hk aomtcg tqkyd gpuf½rHk sm;
108 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I
xGucf mG oGm;vdrrhf nfjzpfaMumif; odrw S af pygonf/ ¤if;tjyif
tqkyd gpuf½rHk sm; wnfaxmifjcif;rS ½ly;D aiGuak #aygif; rsm;pGm
&&Scd ahJ omfvnf; tvkyt f ukid o
f pf zefw;D Ekid rf o
I nf 15 &mcdik Ef eI ;f
xuf rykdaMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/
ÄÄ ÄÄ ÄÄ ÄÄ ÄÄ tcef; (3)
uGyfcsfc½kdif\vlrIpD;yGm;a&;? umvuyfab;qkdif&m
ykH&dyfrsm;tay: okH;oyfcsufwpfck
odyÜHenf;usawG;ac:ajrmfjrif,lqcsuf

jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd qkd;0g;aom ½kdufcwfrIrsm; tcH&


qkH;aom uGyfcsfc½kdiftwGif;rS vlaerIb0onf ivsifab;
tEÅ&m,f rusa&mufru D mvuyif vlraI &;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;zdtm;
rsm; 'PfcHaecJh&ygonf/ uGyfcsfa'oonf rkd;acgifa&&Sm;
ajcmufaoGUNy;D vlaeusí J ab;tEÅ&m,f usa&mufv, G af om
a'o jzpfygonf/ tqkdyga'oonf rkd;acgifrIjzpfyGm;jcif;?
iSuzf sm;a&m*gab;usa&mufjcif;ESihf ajrivsiv f yI jf cif; ponfh
ab;tEÅ&m,frsm; rMumcPusa&mufonfh orkdif;aemufcH
&Syd gonf/ ¤if;a'oonf 1999 ckEpS Ef iS hf 2000 jynfEh pS w f wYdk iG f
rkd;acgifrI ESpf ESpfqufwkduf jzpfyGm;rIukd cHcJhMu&ygonf/

109
110

yg&So
]vif;udu k }kd
3.1/ uG y f c sf c ½k d i f \ tk y f c sKyf a &;yk H p H

tkyfcsKyfrIykHpHrSm wpfzufygtwkdif; jzpfygonf-


&GmESihf yefcsm&wftpk (239) pk jzpfygonf/ 1997 ckEpS t f xd
d nfh tkypf k (10) pk &Syd gonf/ ¤if;wkrYd mS yefcsm&wf (602)
vuf&SdwGifuGyfcsfc½kdifü &Gmaygif; (884) &Gm

Z,m; 3.1/ tk y f c sKyf a &;tzG J U zJ G U pnf ; yk H


*&rf yefc sm&yf aus;&Gm ta&twGu f NrdKUjya'o
em*g em*g
pOf NrKdU rsm; yefc sm&yf tpk twnfw us twnfw us
ygvdu yefc sm&yf
ta&twGu f ta&twGu f pkp ka ygif; aexkdi fo l raexkdi fo l
1 bl* sf bl* sf 103 45 158 145 13 2
2 rE´& m - rE´& m 41 12 60 58 2 1
3 refA D refA D 74 21 91 89 2 1
4 tb´u fp m emvD, m 85 41 195 151 14 1
5 vm*fy uf 33 25 100 84 1 -
6 e[wfMwmem 75 35 132 122 10 -
7 &myg &myg 78 27 97 97 - 1
8 bwfacsm bwfacsm 59 17 71 69 2 1
obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I

tef* sm
9 tef* sm 554 16 75 69 6 2
*ef[ pf[ ef
10 uGy fc sfc ½kdi f 4 602 239 949 884 65 10

udk;um;csu/f pDru
H ed ;f vrf;ñTef uyfcsf 1997 pD;yGm;a&;ESihf pm&if;tif; ñTeMf um;a&;rSL;½k;H ?
111

*l*sm&wf tpkd;&
112 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 113

tuk;d tum;/ 1961 ckESpfESifh 1991 ckESpf? c½kdifoef;acgif pm&if;vufpJGpmapmifESifh


3.2? 1961 ckESpf? 1991 ckESpfESifh 2002 ckESpfrS
uG y f c sf c ½k d i f E S i f h *l * sm&wf j ynf e ,f w k d Y ½ S d
tvk y f t uk d i f tajctae

Z,m; 3.2/ tvk y f t uk d i f r sm;vk y f u k d i f r I tajctaejyZ,m;


a'opm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd
pufrIu@rS tvkyftukdif&mckdifEIef;onf 2 &mckdifEIef;xuf
avsmhenf;aeNyD; vlOD;a&trsm;pkonf ½kd;&mykHpHrsKd;pkH&Sdonfh
pkdufysKd;a&;qkdif&m vkyfief;rsm;tay:wGif ,cktcsdeftxd
trSDjyKae&aMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/ a'otwGif;&Sd trsm;pk

2002 ckESpf oef;acgifpm&if;½kH;rSwfwrf;


tm; tpktzJGYcJGjcm;zJGUygu ykdifqkdifonfhv,fajr tenf;ay:
wGif rk;d a&aomuf v,f,mpku d yf sK;d onft
h zJUG ? uREJ mG ;rsm;arG;jrL
jcif;ESifh EkdYxGufypönf;rsm; xkwfvkyfonfhtzJGU? qm;csufvkyf
onfh tzJGUESifh NrKdUjyokdY&moDtvkduf a&TUajymif;oGm;a&muf
vkyu f idk o
f nfh tzJUG rsm;[lí pkzUGJ xm;onfudk awGU&S&d ygonf/
(urÇmhbPf? tm&SzGHUNzKd;a&;bPf 2001)
114 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 115
3.3/ uG y f c sf c ½k d i f & S d p m&if ; 0if Z mwf E S i f h p m&if ; 0if 3.4/ uGyfcsfc½kdifwGifpm&if;0if Zmwfrsm;tMum;rS
vl O D ; a& pmaywwf a jrmuf r I t ajctae
uGycf scf ½kid w f iG v
f nf; tvm;wlyif bmoma&;ESihf uGyfcsfc½kdifwGif pm&if;0if[dE´LZmwfedrfhrsm;\
vlrsK;d pkEidk if aH &;wkt Yd m; NyKid af ecJMh uygonf/ pm&if;0ifZmwfEiS hf vlOD;a&onf trsm;pkjzpfaomfvnf; pmaywwfajrmufrI
rsKd;EG,fpkOD;a&onf *l*sm&wfjynfe,fü wpfEkdifiHvkH;&Sd yQrf;rQ rsufESmpmwGifrl edrfhusvsuf&Sdygonf/ 1961 ckESpfESifh 1991
EIef;xuf enf;yg;aeaomfvnf; tqkdyga'owGif pm&if;0if ckESpftMum;wGifrl usm;? r ESifh vlOD;a& pkpkaygif;wkdYtMum;
ZmwfESifh rsKd;EG,fpkta&twGufwkdYonf jynfe,ftwGif;&Sd
jcm;em;rIonf xl;qef;pGm usO;f ajrmif;vsuf &Syd gonf/ (2001
ysr;f rQta&twGux f uf xl;jcm;pGm jrifw h ufvsuf &Syd gonf/
(urÇmb h Pf^tm&SzUHG NzK;d a&;bPf 2001) tqkyd g vlt Y zJUG tpnf; ckESpf? uGyfcsfc½kdif\ zGHUNzKd;wkd;wufrIrSwfwrf;) NrKdUjyESifh
rsm;onf aemufaygufrsK;d qufrsm;ukv d nf; vlraI &;ESiphf ;D yGm;a&; aus;vufa'oESpfckpvkH;wGif [dE´LZmwfedrfh trsKd;om;onf
qkdif&m u@rsm;wGifvnf; cJGjcm;qufqHjcif; cH&vsuf &SdMu trsKd ; orD ; rsm;xuf y k d í pmayoif , l r I jyKMuygonf /
ygonf/ txufygorkdif;aMumif;t& vlrIa&;ywfoufrI? tusK;d w&m;tm;jzifh tvTmwkid ;f wGif NrKUd jya'oESihf aus;vuf
tcsed u f mv? ae&mwko Yd nf vlxq k idk &f mrl0g'rsm; csrw
S &f mwGif a'o uGm[csuo f nf edru hf svmcJyh gonf/ þtcsurf sm;t&
EkdifiHa&;oabmxm; uJGjym;rIukd jzpfay:aponfhtcsufrsm; trsKd;orD;rsm;onf pmayqkdif&mu@wGif tqifhedrfhus
jzpfonf/ vsuf&SdNyD; Zmwfedrfh[dE´L trsKd;orD;rsm;wGifrl ykdí qkd;usKd;ukd
Z,m; 3.3 / pm&if;0ifrsKd;EG,fpkESifh ZmwfvlOD;a& jzpfapcJyh gonf/
pm&if; 0ifZ mwfE Si fh pm&if; 0ifr sKd; EG,fp kvlO D; a&&mckdi fE Ie f;
ESp fr sm;
pm&if; 0ifZ mwf pm&if; 0ifr sKd; EG,fp k
1961 8.11 5.33
1971 7.64 3.85
1981 10.65 6.03
1991 11.9 6.95
ukd;um;csuf/ uGyfcsfc½kdif\wkd;wufrIrSwfwrf; tusOf; 1996
116 ]vif;udu
k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 117
Z,m; 3.4/ uG y f c sf c ½k d i f r S [ d E ´ L Zmwf e d r f h r sm;\pmay wwf a jrmuf r I t ajctae 3.5/ usm;^r pmaywwf a jrmuf r I

43.3 52.8
36.6 44.9
56.4 66.5 49.5 34.9 49.6 59.6 45.9 58.4 70.2
9.5 34.9 43.7
7.6 32.3 40.7
9.7 25.1 31.7 19.3 40.3 50.8

tuk;d tum;/ 1961 ckESpfESifh 1991 ckESpf? c½kdifoef;acgif pm&if;vufpJG pmapmif


10
vdiyf idk ;f qkid &f mt& omwlnrD QrI &Sd jcif;onf a'o

1991
pkp ka ygif;
twGi;f ü ta&;ygaom pD;yGm;a&;&mESihf vlraI &;&m tm;enf;

9
csuw f pf&yftjzpf odomapygonf/ (tifemqGe-f 2001) tdE, d´
1961 trsKd;orD;rsm;onf trsKd;om;rsm;xuf 30 &mcdkifEIef;

25
20
8 avsmeh nf;í toufarG;0rf;ausmif; tvkyv f yk u
f idk f Muygonf/
pmaywwfa jrmufr I& mckdi fE Ie f;

33.4 52.6 46.1 16.9 33.7 40.9


27.6 46.1 66.5 12.8 26.9 32.8

2.5 19.5 24.4


1.1 17.1 21.3
trsKd;orD; tm;vkH;\ wpf0ufonf aoG;tm;enf;a&m*gukd
7
1991

cHpm;ae&ygonf/ &Hzef&HcgwGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf ypönf;


ykdifqkdifcGifhyif r&SdbJ jzpfaeygonf/ *l*sm&wfjynfe,fwGif
r

trsKd;orD; 54 &mcdkifEIef; onf touf 18 ESpf ra&mufrD


1961

tdraf xmifjyKMuNy;D tdE, d´ trsK;d orD; trsm;pkenf;wl zGUH NzK;d rIudk


5

trnfcH a&G;cs,cf iG o hf m &&Sjd cif; (okrYd [kw)f t&G,af &mufru I dk


16.6 49.5 47.4
14.2 47.4 54.2
29.1 54.2 68.3
a&G;cs,fcGifhr&jcif;rsm; jzpfygonf/ ¤if;tjyif trsKd;orD;rsm;
4
1991

onf uav;oli,frsm;tm; atmufajcodr;f jyKpak pmifah &Smuf


usm;

jcif;? tdrftokH;taqmifrsm; 0,f,l&eftwGuf vkdtyfaom


3

aiGaMu;&&Sd&eftwGuf tcpm; tvkyfvkyf&ef Budrfzefrsm;pGm


1961

twif;tusyf ckdif;aprIcH&jcif;? tm[m&"mwfcsKdUwJhjcif;?


2

wif ; usyf a omzk d 0 g' (a,muf s m;BuD ; pk d ; aom 0g') ES i f h


uGyfcsft axGa xG
c½kdi f^ jynfe ,f

uGyfcsfZmwfedrfh

xdyw f u dk &f ifqidk af e&jcif;? Ekid if aH &;udprö sm;wGif yg0ifaqG;aEG;


aus;vuf

aus;vuf
1

wifjyEkdifrI r&Sdjcif;paom 0efxkyf0efykd;rsm; ydvsuf&Sdygonf/


NrKdUjy

NrKdUjy

þtcsuf o nf txl ; ojzif h uG y f c sf c ½k d i f uJ h o k d Y a om


118

tvGeo f o

xl;jcm;aom tpdwt
]vif;udu k }kd
vlrIqufqHa&;e,fy,fwGif jyif;xefaom zkd0g'BuD;pkd;rI

trsKd;orD;rsm;onf ab;tEÅ&m,fusa&muf jzpfwnfrI\


d mxif&mS ;pGm use&f adS eonfh a'o e,fajrrsm;wGif

f ykid ;f wpf&yftjzpf jzpfwnf apygonf/

Z,m; 3.5/ a,muf s m;^rd e f ; rpmwwf a jrmuf r I


pmwwfa jrmufr I& mckdi fE Ie f; %
c ½kdi f^
usm; r pkp ka y gi f;
jynfe ,f
1 961 199 1 20 01-20 02 1 961 199 1 20 01-20 02 1 961 199 1 20 01-2 002
uGyfcsfc½kdif 33.4 52.6 64.3 59.8 71 16.9 33.7 40.9 41.5 49.1 25 43.3 52.8 51 60.4
aus;vuf 27.6 46.1 56.9 54.6 65.6 12.8 26.9 32.8 34.7 41.5 20 36.6 44.9 44.5 53.8
NrKdUjy 56.4 66.5 79.9 72 82.9 34.9 49.6 59.6 57.7 66.3 45.9 58.4 70.2 65.2 74.9
*l*sm&wf 41.1 61 73.1 68.8 80.5 19.1 40.6 48.6 50.5 58.6 30.5 51.1 61.3 60 70
aus;vuf 34.5 55.3 66.8 63.2 75 13.2 32.1 38.6 41.2 48.5 24.1 44 53.1 52.5 62.1
NrKdUjy 39.6 71.6 84.6 57.3 89 36.7 64.8 67.7 77.8 75.3 48.8 66.4 76.5 72.5 82.6
obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I

ud;k um;csu/f 2001 ck E S p f ? oef ; acgif p m&if ; tcsuf t vuf r sm;uk d tok H ; jyKí
uGycf scf ½kid t
f wGuf 2002 ckEpS ?f oef;acgifpm&if; tcsurf sm;ukd jyKpx
k m;
ygonf/
119
120 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 121
3.6/ uG y f c sf c ½k d i f E S i f h *l * sm&wf j ynf e ,f w k d Y & S d ajr

13.6
14.4
12.2
12.3
52.4
51.6
50.9
49.4
vuf& Sd tjcm; tom;
r&aom ysKd; aom aeaom usuf zke f; qkd; zke f; qkd; pkdu fy sKd;
{&d, m

13

51
tok H ; csrI

-
4.4
2.5
1.4
0.5

2.4
2.1
1.8
0.3
0.1
uGyfcsfc½kdifwGif v,f,majr us,fjyefYpGm&Sdaomf

ajr
vnf; trsm;pkrSm v,f,mpkdufysKd;&eftwGuf oifhavsmfrI

1.7
0.5
0.9

4.1
1.9
1.9
2.9
5.5
r&Sday/ rkd;&GmoGef;rIrSmvnf; enf;yg;ygonf/ ysrf;rQrkd;a&csdef

ajr

4
onf 350 rS 400 rDvrD w D m twGi;f &SNd y;D ¤if;xuf 30 &mcdik Ef eI ;f

-
-
-
-

-
-
-
0.1

4.3 0.1
10.5 0.2
rpkdu f avvGi fh pm;

ajr
xd yk d r d k a jymif ; vJ &G m oG e f ; Ek d i f y gonf / rk d ; &G m onf h & uf

33.8
35.1
36.4
36.7

10.5
10.5
10.5
ta&twGufonf 10 &ufrS 30 &uftMum; &Sdygonf/

ajr

6
Z,m; 3.6/ uG y f c sf c ½k d i f & S d ajrtok H ; csrI y k H p H
rk;d acgifrrI sm;onf rMumcPay:aygufojzifh c½kid \ f e,fajr

0.8
0.8
1.5
1.6
1.6
2.3
4.1
5.7

6.1
trsm;pkonf oJuEÅm&uJo h Ydk jzpfaeygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh oD;ESrH sm;

ajr

6
pku
d yf sK;d &ef taxmuftul rjyKEidk b f J jzpfaeygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh

67.8
44.6
37.8
37.4
37.6
25.6
16.3
13.3
13.6
13.8
pkdu fy sKd;
c½kdif twGif; vlOD;a&odyfonf;rI edrfhusaejcif; jzpfygonf/

ajr
uGycf scf ½kid t
f wGi;f &Sd ajrqDvmT rSmvnf; a,bk,s

10.4
awm

4.6
2.2
7.3
6.3
6.2
5.1
8.4

9.9
opf

10
tm;jzifh tyifrsm;vkdtyfaom tm[m&rsm; enf;yg;vsuf

&maygif; )
([ufw m
&Sdygonf/ xkdYaMumifh c½kdiftwGif;&Sd tpdwftykdif;tcsKdUüom

pkp ka ygif;

179221
188158
188220
188219
188113
42439
45612
45612
45612
45612
qkdi f& m
{&d, m
yx0D
pkud yf sK;d a&;vkyuf idk &f ef tcGit hf vrf; &Syd gonf/ ¤if;wGirf efA;D ?
ref'&m? tef*sm? emcwfx&memESifh bk*sfNrKdUe,ftkyfpkrsm;rS

1970-71
uGy fc sfc ½kdi f 1980-81
1990-91
1996-97

1970-71
1980-81
1990-91
1996-97
1960-61

1960-61
ESSp f
a'otpdwt f ykid ;f rsm; yg0ifygonf/ use&f adS eaom pku d yf sK;d a&;
vkyif ef;rsm;ukd ½k;d &m"avhtwkid ;f qufvuf vkyu f idk af eMuyg

*l* sm&wf
jynfe ,f
a'o
onf/ ¤if;pkdufysKd;a&;vkyfief;onf rlv&SdNyD;tajctae
taxmuftyHhESifh pkdufysKd;a&;enf;ynmtopfrsm; aygif;pyf
jcif;jzifh ykdíaumif;rGefaomaps;uGuf jzpfay:&&Sdvmrnf
jzpfygonf/
122 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 123
tuk;d tum;/ qef;'&m&SrftD&if*g\ obm0ywf0ef;usif
qkdif&m tajccHtcsuftvufrsm;twGuf
wifoiG ;f aom ajrtoH;k csrI pm&if;Z,m;rsm;

(103644)

(669134)

(125259)

(718640)

(152949)

(774484)
pkp ka ygif;
ykdi fq kdi fr I
100

100

100

100

100

100
pmapmiftrSwf 97? GIDR trD'gbufESifh

uk d ; um;csuf / uG y f c sf c ½k d i f z G H Y N zKd ; wk d ; wuf r I r S w f w rf ; tusOf ;


vlrpI ;D yGm;a&;qef;ppfcsu?f 2001-2002 ckEpS ?f

54.8

85.15

51.38

81.73

45.19

76.9
uGycf scf ½kid \
f zGUH NzK;d a&;tpD&ifcpH m 2001 ckEpS ?f

[ufw m
>4
*l*sm&wfNrKdUe,f tpkd;&pD;yGm;a&;ESifh pm&if;
Z,m; ñTefMum;a&;rSL;½kH;/

24.38

10.94

26.81

13.53

29.61

16.87
[ufw m
2-4
3.7/ ajrtok H ; csrI y k H p H
Ekid if EH iS hf jynfe,ftwGi;f wGif a,bk,s tawGUtBuKH
t& ysrf;rQajrykdifqkdifrI t&G,ftpm;onf tcsdefESifhtrQ

[ufw m

13.82

17.89
3.21

1519

3.99

5.32
1-2
avsmhusvsuf &Sdygonf/ uGyfcsfc½kdifwGifvnf; >cif;csufr&Sd

Z,m; 3.7/ ajryk d i f r I y k H p H


tvm;wlyif jzpfygonf/ ¤if;tjyif ykdifqkdifonfhajruGuf\

[ufw m
ysr;f rQt&G,tf pm;onf jynfe,ftwGi;f &Sd tjcm;c½kid rf sm;xuf

6.62

0.75

7.31

0.91
0.7
<1

7
ykí
d Bu;D aeygonf/ tb,fah Mumifq h adk omf uke;f ajrtrsm;pkonf
ajcmufaoGUNy;D rk;d acgifa&&Sm;a'orsm; jzpfaeí jzpfygonf/

{
e

{
ESp f

1970-71

1980-81

1990-91
6.46

5.74

5.06
yy

yy

yy
124 ]vif;udu
k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 125
e = ta&twGuf 3.8/ uG y f c sf c ½k d i f ü "mwf o wå K ok d u f r sm;wnf & S d r I
{ = ajrtrsKd;tpm;tvkduf{&d,m ([wfwm) t"duowåK t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm; vuf[myuf?
yy = ysrf;rQykdifqkdifrI ([wfwm) tuf'gomESihf e[wf&meNrKUd e,ftyk pf rk sm;wGif &SmazGawGU&S&d
( ) = {&d,m[wfwm ygonf/ abmufq'dk Ef iS hf vpfEu dk w
f t
Ydk m; *l*sm&wfowåK zGUH NzK;d
þtykdif;wGif 2 [wfwm rS 4 [wfwmtwGif; a&;aumfydka&;&Sif; (GMDC) rS wl;azmf xkwfvkyfygonf/
tjcm;owåK½kdif;trsm;pkudkvnf; yk*¾vduvkyfief;rsm;rS
ykid qf idk rf I twef;tpm;onf trsm;qk;H jzpfygonf/ 1991 ckEpS f
xkwfvkyfvsuf&SdNyD; ¤if;wkdY\ ta&twGufrSm 3000 txd
ESifh 2002 ckESpftMum;wGif vlOD;a&wkd;wufvmrIonf
&Syd gonf/
aemufykdif;ü pkdufysKd;ajr wkd;wufvmrItwGuf zdtm;jzpfvm
Z,m; 3.8/ owå K ok d u f r sm;
ygonf/ tpm;tpmr[kwfonfh oD;ESH{&d,monf tvGef
wd;k yGm;vmygonf/ ¤if;wkt Yd euf trsm;pkrmS txl;ojzifh 1980 uGy fc sfc ½kdi f\ xkw fv ky fE kdi f
pkp ka ygif;
jynfhESpf ESifh 1990 jynfhESpfaemufykdif;rsm;wGif uRJEGm;pm owåK *l* sm&wfj ynfe ,f onfh
yrmP
pku d cf if;rsm; {&d,monf ykrd sm;vmí jzpfygonf/ ¤if;tvSnhf tay:wnf& Sdo nfh% yrmP
tajymif;\ tusK;d quftm; pm;aomufp&moD;ESrH sm;rS cHpm;cJh xkH;ausmuf 7765 74 r½Sd
&ygonf/ pm;p&maumufyJoD;ESH pkdufysKd;EIef;avsmhusrIonf vpfEkdu f 312 45 217
1980 jynfh ESpaf ESmif;ydik ;f ESihf 1990 jynfEh pS f ESpOf ;D ykid ;f rsm;wGif abmufq kd'f 42.4 44 31
15 ode;f rS 2 ode;f [wfwmeD;yg;ceft Y xd avsmu h scyhJ gonf/ bifw kdEdku f 180 r½Sd r½Sd
¤if;onf tom;wif oD;ESHpkdufysKd;{&d,m pkpkaygif;\ 19 rS
3.9/ uG y f c sf c ½k d i f & S d p uf r I v k y f i ef ; rsm;
23 &mckdifEIef;cefYtxd &Sdygonf/ pm;aomuf&efr[kwfonfh
uGyfcsfc½kdifwGif rSwfykHwifxm;aom puf½kHrsm;\
oD;ESHrsm;wGif qDBudwfoD;ESHrsm;rSm wk;d yGm;vmNy;D 0gpku d yf sK;d rI
ta&twGufonf 1960 jynfhESpfrSpwifí wkd;wufrI&Sdvm
{&d,mrSm avsmu h svmcJyh gonf/
aomf v nf ; puf r I u @onf a'otvk y f o rm;rsm;uk d
126 ]vif;udu k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 127
odompGm tvkyfay;ekdifjcif;r&Sday/ 1960 jynfhESpfwGif uRefawmf\ tawGUtBuKHrsm;t& &&SdcJhonfh t&nf
c½kdiftwGif;&Sd puf½kH 39 ckonf ysrf;rQtm;jzifh wpfaeYvQif taoG;jynfrh ND y;D bufaygif;pkrH S jznfq
h nf;xm;onfh ud,
k yf idk f
tvkyform; 3751 OD;ukd tvkyfay;Ekdifaomfvnf; 1999 enf;ynmrsm;tm; atmufygtwkdif; azmfjytyfygonf-
ckEpS w f iG f puf½Hk aygif; 364 ½ko H nf ysr;f rQtm;jzifh wpfaeYvQif 3.10.1/ aus;vuf e nf ; ynm
tvkyo f rm; 11861 OD; tvkyaf y;Ekid cf o hJ nf/ ysr;f rQtao;pm; þokawoeonf ppfwrf;xkwf,ljcif;? awGUqkH
pufrv I yk if ef; 92^93 tpD&ifcpH mt& puf½aHk ygif; 145 ½ko H nf ar;jref;jcif;ESifh uGif;qif;avhvmjcif; enf;vrf;rsm;ukd
pm;aomufuek w f efz;dk ½ly;D 988 'or 4 uka#zk;d xkwv f yk cf hJ aygif;pyfxm;ygonf/
ygonf/ csnfrQifESifh txnftvdyf? a&mfbm? yvwfpwpf? ppf w rf ; ar;cG e f ; enf ; ynm
a&eHEiS hf ausmufr;D aoG; xkwu f ek rf sm;onf trsm;pk xkwu f ek f þenf;ynmESihf ywfoufí bufacsm? tef*smESihf
rsm; jzpfygonf/ 1980 jynfhESpf tapmykdif;wGif tao;pm; bk*sfNrKdUe,ftkyfpkrsm;tMum;&Sd aus;&Gm 15 &Gmukd a&G;cs,fcJh
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cHpm;cJ&h ygonf/ 1981 ckEpS f wGif tao;pm;pufrI 135 ckom ¤if;\ aus;&Gmrsm;onf ivsif'Pfukd trsm;qkH;cHpm;&onfh
&Scd ahJ omfvnf; 2000 jynfEh pS f wGif 4780 txd jrifhwufcJh twGuf jzpfygonf/ tvm;wlyif bk*so f nfvnf; uGycf scf ½kid \ f
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wGif vlom;tygt0if okawoejyKonfh t&mtm;vkH; jzpfygonf/ tef*smonfvnf; NrKUd jyvlaerIXmezGUH NzK;d wk;d wuf
touf&SifoefrItm; rQa0ay;jcif;rsm; paom xl;qef;onfh vmaeí jzpfygonf/
taMumif;t&mrsm;tm; owif;tcsut f vuf pkaqmif;jcif;? aus;&Gmwpf&mG pDrS ppfwrf;ajzMum;ol 24 OD;pDtm;
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128 ]vif;udu
k }kd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fprD cH efcY rJG I 129
þavhvmcsufrS tvkyftukdif tajctaeESifh ( i ) tywfpOfpm;okH;onfh [if;oD;[if;&Guf
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tBuD;pm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;? tao;pm;? tvwfpm;ESifh txufygajymif;vJrIrsm;tm; Oyrmukd,fpm;jyK
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