THE STRUCTURE OF LiVING MATTER

is •According
The
exhibited
The forces
chaotic onoftothe
disorder
attractíon
X-ray
macroscopic
in
determinations,
between.
\vhidh scale
water
the
in
the
moiecuies
moiecuies
form
average ofesist
indistance
snowflakes.
ice
in the or between
liquid
water
Each state
prodtice
the
moiecuie
iscen
difE- ater
is
strong
of
cultsurrounáed
one
to inward
picrure.
oxygenby pressure.
Theii"
atom
four andnearest
arrangement
As the weneighbors.
shall
center síiiíts
see.of
so
this
the
continually.
that
accounts
riext
the group
inThe
forthesome
has
an£i?
iceone
ofbetween
crvstal
molecule
water's is peculiar
tiie
at2.72
two
the
center
properties.
Angstrom
hydrosen andatoms
units
the
In the other
(an.
infonn
Ansstrom
the
fourofwater
atice,
thebeing
its
moiecuie
corners
oper¿
one
of
stracture
hundred-niillionth
no alonser
• tetrahedron.
resembles
remainsofaThe £:;ed
abridge
centímeter),
moiecuies
near
arcfa 3. under
^ and
risnt
;
hen
groups
heavy
ice
anglemelísbut
of
dowmvard
to'liquid
moiecuies
becomes water, variable,
stress.
are joined
theWhen
so
hy-together
that
cli-ogen
the
the
by
temperatura
bonds
moiecuie
hydrogen
areisstretched
bonds.
flexible.
of the and Each
ice therises
oxvgenmolecules
to atorn
zero
centigrade.
move
now attracts
fartherthe by
apart:
thermai
electrícal
the dis agitation
torces
tance not between
of nvc
the
molecules
oxygens
extra hvdrosen isis sufficient
increased
atoms as in toto
ice.
causeabout
bu: the three
'2.9
iceor
structure
Anssiroms
more. Thus to we collapse,
onrnavthe finaandan
averaee.
the
oxv-waters.en be-
aiom
This
comes
stretching
surrounded fluid.
bvwould
It
£\'eisorwell
open
si:-; known
hvdrogens
the strucrure
thatand the a
application
further
ivárosenand átcmof
makepressure
sur-water
rounded
from
less outside
dense
b'~ aswere will
man-
raake
it
as not
íhreeice
forc.:_.'gení.
melt
the fact at athatIn
lower
the
in thetempsraíure;
cióse!'.-
fluid knit.
the
e\ádently
molecules
flexible structure
this
crowdreinforces
the
together inthe more interna!
com-
pressure
pact groups. within Eachthemolecule
ice andisassists now sur- its
coliapse.
rounded CoDtrariwise,
by fíve or inore we cannsishborsassume
that
insteadif the
of oalv
intemal four.pressure is reduced in
some way, the melting point of ice will
rise. Galculations indícate that if this
pressure were entirelv eliminated. ice
would noi melt until its temperature
reached 15 desrees or more centigrade
(59 degrees 'Fahrenheit).

ICE consistí of water molecules in this arrangement. The top drawing shows a model of ice seen
írom one direction. The bottoni dra-wing shows the same model se«n as if the reader liad turned
the top drawing forward on a horizontal axis in the plañe of the page. Some hyd-ogens have
.been omitted from the molecules which touch the grid. Each hydrogen in each molecuie is
joined to an oxygen in a neighboring molecule by a hydrosen bond { r ods i . In actuality the
molecules of ice are packed more closely together: here they have been pnlied apart to show the
structure. In a similar model of liquid water the molecules would be much more looseiy
oreanized, farther apart and joined by more hydrogen bonds.