Catalogue05 08 2010

CATALOGUE of PUBLICATIONS
05 August 2010
Contents
The catalogue lists the publications which can be purchased from CIGRE, by both
members and non members. There are other documents, which are available for
CIGRE members only.
As part of membership benefits, CIGRE members may download most documents

from the site www.e-cigre.org free of charge.
The catalogue lists:

-The CIGRE Technical Brochures, which are comprehensive technical documents
issued by CIGRE Study Committees. They are usually available in hard copy and
electronic format, unless otherwise stated.
-The sets of papers or discussion contributions from the most recent CIGRE
Sessions and Symposia.
A set of 4 CDs in which are recorded the contents of ELECTRA from 1967 to 2000.
For each item in the Catalogue a short presentation of the contents is given, as well
as the selling price and some details such as number of pages, file size…
You can also search and order CIGRE publications on-line on:
www.e-cigre.org
Structure of the Catalogue
Documents in the Catalogue are in four categories.
Table of Contents
There is a table of contents at the beginning of the Catalogue, with a total of 22 lines
(19 for the Technical Brochures, 1 for the Sessions, 1 for Symposia and 1 for
ELECTRA). A hyperlink gives direct access to the related part of the catalogue, to
facilitate the search.
Technical Brochures
Within the overall area covered by CIGRE Study Committees (numbered A to D),
brochures are listed under the different fields of interest of the SCs, but a number of
brochures are relevant to more than one field.
The first group of brochures are those of more general character, within the scope of
CIGRE.
Two more lists are given: one in numerical order, giving: number, title of the
Technical Brochure and field of interest (through the related SCs, A1…; the other in
alphabetical order, giving: title, number and field of interest.
The second group are the brochures dealing with the specific area of the first Study
Committee, starting with the ‘A’ Committees. A1 - Rotating Electrical Machines); then
the group of brochures related to the field of A2 and so on up to D2 – Information
Systems and Telecommunications.
Two more lists are given: one in numerical order, giving: number, title of the
Technical Brochure and field of interest (through the related SCs, A1…; the other in
alphabetical order, giving: title, number and field of interest.
Set of Session Papers
In this category are the sets of Session Papers and Proceedings of recent Sessions,
given in chronological order. (Only the whole set can be bought, not an individual
paper )
Set of Symposia Papers

In this category are the sets of Papers presented at Symposia, and, when available,
the Proceedings (discussions record). These documents are given in chronological
(year) order.
ELECTRA Papers
4 CDs record of the contents of the journal ELECTRA from 1967 to 2000.
Ordering publications
You can still use the order form, available on the website, but it is now much easier
to use e-cigre (www.e-cigre.org).
VAT conditions:
Not applicable.
Special Mail:
Standard delivery is by air-mail. On request delivery can be by special mail (courier):
an extra charge of 15% will be added.
Means of payment (cheque, transfer, credit card) are specified on the Order Form.
- Enquiries should be directed to: publications@cigre.org,

secretary-general@cigre.org, membership@cigre.org (for membership
details)
Intellectual ownership of CIGRE documents.
All documents are protected by CIGRE © copyright.

Ownership of a CIGRE publication, whether in paper form or on electronic support
only infers right of use for personal purposes. Are prohibited, except if explicitly
agreed by CIGRE, total or partial reproduction of the publication for use other than
personal or transfer to a third party
Collective members are allowed to make the document available for internal use by
their staff, reproduction or circulation on intranet or other company network.
Commercial use or transfer outside the company is prohibited.
1 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 TABLE OF CONTENTS _________________________________________________ 3
2 TECHNICAL BROCHURES _____________________________________________ 4
2.1 CIGRE - General - CIGRE ________________________________________________ 4
2.2 A1 - Rotating Electrical Machines __________________________________________ 5
2.3 A2 - Transformers _______________________________________________________ 8
2.4 A3 - High Voltage Equipment _____________________________________________ 14
2.5 B1 - Insulated Cables ____________________________________________________ 23
2.6 B2 - Overhead lines _____________________________________________________ 31
2.7 B3 - Substations ________________________________________________________ 46
2.8 B4 - HVDC and Power Electronics ________________________________________ 56
2.9 B5 - Protection and Automation ___________________________________________ 69
2.10 C1 - System Development and Economics ___________________________________ 79
2.11 C2 - System Operation and Control ________________________________________ 88
2.12 C3 - System Environmental Performance ___________________________________ 94
2.13 C4 - System Technical Performance _______________________________________ 96
2.14 C5 - Electricity Markets and Regulation ___________________________________ 114
2.15 C6 - Distribution Systems and Dispersed Generation pages , file: MB ________ 117
2.16 D1 - Materials and Emerging Technologies_________________________________ 119
2.17 D2 - Information Systems and Telecommunications _________________________ 126
2.18 List in numerical order _________________________________________________ 139
2.19 List in alphabetical order _______________________________________________ 161
3 SET OF SESSION PAPERS ____________________________________________ 183
4 SET OF SYMPOSIA PAPERS __________________________________________ 186
5 ELECTRA PAPERS___________________________________________________ 196
2 TECHNICAL BROCHURES
2.1 CIGRE - General - CIGRE
REF. 001 1974

CIGRE CIGRE
25 CIGRE Sessions (1921-1974 ) - General Bibliographic Index
This document gives information about the first CIGRE Sessions 1921-1974. It is organized in three main parts :
List of papers from 1921-1974, List of authors and list of Papers published in ELECTRA.
Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros 181 pages , file: 11.4 MB
REF. 032 1972

CIGRE Ad Hoc WG
Final report of the UHV Ad Hoc Group
The report shows how the question was asked by the IEC, how the Ad Hoc Group was formed, how it worked,
and what were the main results. It has been worded from seven detailed reports by 7 CIGRE Study Committees,
which, in their own scope, have had the possibility of bringing parts of the answer to the specific problem.
REF. 231 2003

CIGRE JTF IEEE/CIGRE
Definition and classification of power system stability.
Addresses the issue of stability definition and classification in power systems from a fundamental viewpoint and
closely examines the practical ramifications. Aims to define power system stability more precisely; provide a
systematic basis for classifying power system stability; and discuss linkages to related issues such as power
system reliability and security.
REF. IAC 1998

CIGRE
White Book: Important Achievements of CIGRE
Resulting from the work of the Study Committees over the past 20 years, this brochure shows the contribution of
CIGRE to the development of electrical energy in the world. It includes an Executive Summary by the President of
CIGRE .
2.2 A1 - Rotating Electrical Machines
REF. 002 1988

SC 11 WG 11.01
Report on Large Turbine Generator Maintenance Practices.
Preventive maintenance of generators is an important contribution to the improvement of their availability. The
number and nature of the maintenance tasks as well as the periodicity depend largely upon the machine type, its
design and its duty type. These practices are generally agreed between the manufacturer and the user.
REF. 116 1997

SC 11/14 JWG 11/14.09
Guide for preliminary design and specification of hydro
stations with HVDC unit connected generators.
Several technical and economical reasons strongly suggest that in certain HVDC applications it is of great
advantage to simplify the rectifier station via a direct connection of hydro generating sets to 12 pulse converter
groups. The proposed arrangement is referred to in HVDC literature as "Unit Connection".
REF. 119 1997

SC 14 WG 14.05
Interaction between HVDC convertors and nearby synchronous
machines.Final report.
It is not uncommon that HVDC convertor stations and generators are situated electrically and geographically
close to each other. This follows from the fact that HVDC links are often built to transmit power from a generating
station to a load centre or another part of the power system. Examples of this are the Itaipu and IPP schemes. In
these cases the HVDC and generator stations are designed more or less in parallel which means that overall
good design can be achieved by appropriate coordination.
REF. 138 1999

SC 39/11 JWG 39/11
Exchange of services between large electricity generating
plants and high voltage electric power systems.
Public electricity supply systems have developed into very complex and interconnected systems, whose
components are highly dependent upon each other. Careful management of the relationship between the
components is crucial to the provision of a secure, reliable and economic supply of electricity to the end-user
customer.
REF. 257 2004
SC A1 WG A1.01.06
EL CID (Electromagnetic - Core Imperfection Detector) Testing
of Large Steam-Turbine-Driven Generators
EL CID technique was originally dvised in UK and developed as portable test equipment for inspection and repair
of rotating electric machine.
The paper briefly discusses the technique, its benefits and its limitations.
REF. 258 2004

SC A1 WG A1.01.06
Application of On-Line Partial Discharge Tests to Rotating
Machines
Partial Discharges (PD) is a phenomenon which has been known for more than 100 years, which applications
developed mainly in the 80s.
PD testing for rotating machines has now gained widespread acceptance as a maintenance decision support tool
and the purpose of this paper is to be a guidance document on the appropriate use of PD technology,for on-line
measurements.
REF. 386 2009

SC A1 WG A1.04
Generator Maintenance, Inspection and Test Programmes
The maintenance, inspection and testing of large hydrogen & water cooled turbo-generators is a significant cost of
the ownership of such assets. This study surveyed international practices, and in so doing attempted to identify
the reasons and justification for differences between recommended and actual practice. In addition, innovative
and/or best practice maintenance procedures and strategies were explored.
REF. 392 2009

SC A1 WG A1.10
Survey of Hydrogenerator Failures
A large-scale failure in Hydro-generators is always a setback that costs both time and money. In order to prevent
this or to reduce the consequences, the first step is to identify the most common failures, the extent of damage
and the root causes. Based on statistical information of real cases, the TB analyzes those aspects, including the
aid of monitoring systems.
REF. 397 2009
SC A1 WG A1.09
Guide for minimizing the damage from stator winding grounds on
turbogenerators
Stator earth faults are the most common anomaly in generators. The damage to the stator core depends on the
ground-ing system. In this guide the effects of a stator phase to earthfault, analyzing stator winding grounding
systems are reviewed,and calculation criteria of stator winding grounding is proposed,in order to reduce
damages.
2.3 A2 - Transformers
REF. 096 1995

SC 12 WG 12.09
Thermal aspects of transformers.
Contains chapters on : Heat run test procedure; Direct measurement of the hot-spot temperature; A survey of
facts and opinions; Lifetime evaluation; Dissolved gas analysis; Analytical determination of winding hot spot
factor; Experimental determination of power transformer hot spot factor; Survey of power transformer overload
field practices.
REF. 156 2000

SC 12 WG 12.15
Guide for customers specifications for transformers 100 MVA
and 123 kV and above.
This document has been prepared as an aid to customers and manufacturers of power transformers in the
preparation of specifications for purchasing transformers. Its aim is to highlight some of the important topics that
should be considered for includion in an enquiry document. Wherever possible guidance and other practical
information about such topics are provided to explain their purpose and significance in transformer enquiries.
Clearly it is not possible to address all the issues that may arise. Neither is the document in any way intended to
be a complete and applicable specification.
REF. 157 2000

SC 12 WG 12.17
Effect of particles on transformer dielectric strength.
The effect of particles on the dielectric strength of insulating oil has long been recognized by researchers and
much effort has been devoted in attempts to characterize this effect. However, only few experiments have been
carried out with insulated electrodes and even then, the extrapolation from test set-up to full-size transformers is
very difficult given the effect of the oil volume on the probability of breakdown.
REF. 170 2000

SC 12/15 JWG 12/15.13
Static electrification in power transformers
Interfacial phenomena; methods and devices including test set-ups with plane flow or rotating flow, filter methods;
CIGRE test cell : method and device, numerical flow calculation, time characteristic of leakage current, impact of
liquid and solid insulating components; mini-static tester : repeatability and reproducibility, impact of temperature
and moisture. Evaluation of methods. Standardisation of methods. References.
REF. 204 2002
SC 12 WG 12.22
Guidelines for conducting design reviews for transformers 100
MVA and 123 kV and above.
A guide to customers of power transformers for conducting design reviews with manufacturers. A design review is
a planned exercise to ensure there is a common understanding of the applicable standards and specification
requirements, and to provide an opportunity to scrutinise the design to ensure the requirements will be met, using
the manufacturer's proven materials and methodology. The document does not include design limits or
parameters.
REF. 209 2002

SC 12 WG 12.19
The short circuit performance of power transformers.
Service conditions-questionnaire et conclusions. Design calculations: magnetic field and force calculations;
mechanical stress calculations. Design review procedure; description of radial and axial forces; manufacturing
issues; references. Monitoring: winding movement detection techniques, standardisation and optimisation
techniques, problems of interpretation, winding slackness, on-line monitoring, recommendations, references.
Includes: questionnaire, summary of responses, detailed information on failures.
REF. 211 2002

SC 21/22/23/12/13 JTF 23/12/13/21/22.16
General overview on experience feedback methods in the field
of electrical equipment
The reliability of network components and systems is a major concern for manufacturers of electrical equipment
and utilities. Reliability techniques, derived from the aeronautical and nuclear industries have been used in the
field of electrical systems and have now reached maturity. Thus CIGRE Committees have considered reliability to
be an important characteristic of network components and reliability is still the subject of many discussions and
exchanges of experience.
REF. 227 2003

SC A2 WG A2.18
Life management techniques for power transformers.
Emphasis on common goals and benefits and a vocabulary of commonly used terms. A presentation of general
knowledge and theoretical issues: basic failure concepts, condition, classification,recommendations on failure
identification. Detailed appendices with examples and checklists, catalogue of defects and faults. A summary of
dangerous effect of degradations factors is proposed. Methodologies. Diagnostic and monitoring techniques …
REF. 240 2004
SC B4/A2 JTF B4.04/A2.01
Analysis of HVDC thyristor converter transformer performance
A presentation of performance summaries with failure areas described and classified as bushings, valve windings,
AC windings, static shields, load tap changers, core and magnetic shields or internal connections and leads
together with short descriptions of the failures. Present transformer test methods are also evaluated for adequacy.
Comparisons with the previous report are included.
REF. 248 2004

SC A2 WG A2.20
Economics of transformer management (Papers + CD)
Guide designed to help transformer and asset managers perform economic evaluations of proposed solutions. A
list of key parameters has been established covering technical, operational, economical, environmental and other
strategic aspects that arose during the early development of the guide. Some models and flow charts have been
included. Intended mainly for transformer managers/asset managers managing high-voltage electric systems.
Includes 4 parts : Risk management, Specification & Purchase, Operation & Maintenance, Repair vs.replacement.
Papier +CD
REF. 254 2004

SC D1 TF D1.01.09
Dielectric response methods for diagnostics of power
transformers.
The dryness and ageing state of the oil-paper insulation is a key factor in both the short and long term reliability of
a power transformer since moisture has deleterious effects on dielectric integrity and insulation ageing rates.
Today the water content of the cellulose of a transformer in service is determined indirectly via moisture
measured from oil samples according to IEC 60422.
REF. 296 2006

SC D1/A2 JTF D1.02/A2.11
Recent developments on the interpretation of dissolved gas
analysis in transformers.
Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is widely used for monitoring faults in insulating fluid-filled HV equipment in service.
New DGA laboratory extraction techniques have been introduced into revised IEC Publication 60567 and
interpretation of DGA results have been deeply revised in 1999 in IEC Publication 60599. Following questions
about the typical gas concentration and rates of increases observed in service, raised by IEC TC14
(transformers), a joint TF started in 2001 to clarify the isssue and examine other aspects of DGA interpretation
which needed clarifications or improvements.
REF. 298 2006
SC A2 WG A2.23
Guide on transformer lifetime data management
Transformer lifetime data management is important for a cost efficient, risk minimized and efficient asset
management and maintenance process in the utility. Based on transfromer engineering view an analysis is made,
a generic data model derived and the related information technology aspects shown. The guide should support
the interested professional and ease the decision of the utility regarding its lifetime data strategy.
REF. 323 2007

SC D1 TF D1.01.10
Ageing of cellulose in mineral-oil insulated transformers
The guide describes the normal ageing processes in the cellulose of oil impregnated insulation systems for
transformers. The various cellulose materials and their properties are described. New knowledge on oxidation and
hydrolysis and the influence of the chemical condition of oil and of paper together with thermal stresses are
described. Also possibilities for diagnostics and for maintenance of the cellulose are discussed.
REF. 342 2008

SC A2 WG A2.26
Mechanical-Condition Assessment of Transformer Windings using
Frequency Response Analysis (FRA)
The TB provides an introduction of the FRA test for detecting winding movement and presents recommendations
for standardisation of good measurement practices. It also gives a description of typical responses and controlling
factors, together with a collection of case examples, which illustrate how various types of winding movement can
be detected by FRA.
REF. 343 2008

SC A2 WG A2.27
Recommendations for Condition Monitoring and Condition
Assessment Facilities for Transformers
Transformer on-line condition monitoring has been the subject of significant research and development over the
past few years and it is becoming increasingly important that monitoring can be easily and safely applied to a
transformer at whatever point in its lifetime. The brochure considers the benefits of possible standardisation of the
interface between monitoring systems and the transformer with the aim to provide a guide to the specification of a
transformer intended to be "condition monitoring ready".
REF. 349 2008
SC A2 WG A2.30
Moisture Equilibrium and Moisture Migration within Transformer
Insulation Systems
This TB describes moisture equilibrium and migration in oil-pape rinsulated power transformers. It gives in-depth
knowledge of the main sources of moisture contamination, the solubility of water in oils, the adsorption in the
cellulose, the physical background for moisture equilibrium and bubble evolution. Practical advice for moisture
determination via equilibrium diagrams and for migration time constants, and moisture measurement techniques
are provided.
REF. 378 2009

SC A2 A2.32
Copper Sulphide in Transformer Insulation
This document deals with various aspects of the problem with copper sulphide in transformer insulation. Possible
mechanisms of copper sulphide formation and of failure are discussed, and also the influence of temperature,
oxygen content, ageing of the oil, etc. Experiences of mitigation techniques are shared, and recommendations for
owners of transformers and reactors are given.
REF. 393 2009

SC A2 WG A2.24
Thermal Performance of Transformers
The modern economics situation has made loading of large transformers beyond the name plate rating relatively
common. WG A2.24 was inaugurated to review how present knowledge, diagnostic tools, fibre optic sensors and
DGA can be utilized to improve the thermal design and assure better understanding
of the loading capabilities of transformers.
REF. 406 2010

SC A2/B4 JWG A2/B4.28
HVDC Converter Transformers - Design review, test procedures,
ageing evaluation and reliability in service
JWG A2/B4.28 monitored the reliability in service of HVDC Converter Transformers and the TB reports, over a
period 1971-2009, an encouraging decrease in the failure rate. It also reviewed existing standard test
specifications, with a view of representing the real service conditions. The importance of the Polarity Reversal
(PR) test and the effect of the oil conductivity and the polarization time are stressed. The conclusion is that at this
stage the existing test should not be modified.
REF. 407 2010
HVDC Converter Transformers - Guidelines for conducting design
reviews for HVDC converter transformers
A design review provides a common customer-manufacturer understanding of the applicable standards and
specification requirements. It is an opportunity to scrutinize the design to ensure the requirements will be met,
using the manufacturer’s proven materials and methodology. This document prepared by A2/B4.28, is based on
the existing guide (TB 204) while expanding to address specific aspects associated with the HVDC Converter
Transformer, such as higher harmonic or transient waveforms.
2.4 A3 - High Voltage Equipment
REF. 007 1980

SC 34 WG 34.03
Non-Conventional Current and Voltage Transformers.
For some years new concepts of current and voltage transformers for HV and EHV transmission systems have
been investigated and developed to the stages of laboratory models or prototype units installed for trials on
transmission systems. One of the aims of this development was to design measuring devices of improved
transient performance, as compared with the conventional CT's, CVT's and VT's in order to reliable and faster
fault clearance times.
REF. 023 1985

SC 38 TF 38.04.03
An annotated bibliography on UHV AC substation equipment.
(1968-1985).
Contains sections concerning : Insulation co-ordination; Switchgear; Shunt reactors; Surge arresters; Power
transformers; Current and voltage measuring equipment, Station design and operating experience, Testing
facilities, Index of authors.
REF. 034 1989

SC 33/14 JWG 33/14.05
Guidelines for the applications of metal oxide arresters
without gaps for HVDC converter stations.
This guide for metal oxide arresters without gaps for HVDC converter stations is a supplement to the application
guide for insulation coordination and arrester protection of HVDC converter stations published in Electra No.96
(Oct. 1984). It gives basic information about metal oxide material and basic arrester characteristics which will be
of value when designing and specifying an arrester protective scheme and specifying the arresters.
Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 38 pages , file: 3 MB
REF. 035 1989

SC 33/23 JWG 33/13.09
Monograph on GIS very fast transients.
With the introduction of GIS a new type of overvoltages called "fast transients" was created. They contain
frequencies far above those arising in conventional open-air substations and have thus caused unexpected
problems for the GIS insulation or the insulation of other equipment connected to it.
REF. 047 1996
SC 13 WG 13.04
Line-charging current switching of HV lines. Stresses and
testing. Parts 1 & 2.
The brochure deals mainly with line-charging current switching for voltages 72.5 kV and above, by circuit-
breakers and switches, provided the latter have a limited time spread between pole contact parting. The report
does not deal with medium-voltage line-charging current switching even if the basic phenomena are the same.
REF. 050 1995

SC 13 WG 13.02
Interruption of small inductive currents.
This brochure contains the ELECTRA articles prepared by WG13.02 and it aims at presenting the theoretical
background to IEC 1233. The test circuits and test procedures prescribed in the IEC report differ somewhat from
those proposed by 13.02. Since they are in principle equivalent, the IEC proposals have been adopted in this
brochure. When new experience is available this is taken into account.
REF. 057 1990

SC 23 WG 23.07
Paper-oil insulated measurement transformer.
The document is a set of papers issued in Electra expected to be complete enough and useful for manufacturers
or users of equipment : i.e. General considerations; Design and construction; Checking and monitoring; Failure
survey; Endurance - testing - life test; Non standardised stresses and Quality assurance.
REF. 059 1990

SC 15/33 JWG 15/33.08
Session 1990 : Dielectric diagnosis of electrical equipment
for AC applications and its effects on insulation
coordination. State of the art report.
The present report prepared after three WG meetings, presents the state of the art of the diagnostic methods
available today, to the WG members knowledge, to verify the dielectric conditions of insulating materials used in
electrical equipment for AC applications. The WG has taken into account as much as possible all the previous
work on the subject performed with CIGRE SC and WG and references to the relevant papers have been made.
REF. 060 1991
SC 33 WG 33.06
Metal oxide surge arresters in AC systems.
The development of the zinc oxide varistors to be applicable to the protection of transient overvoltages in HV
systems, introduced an equipment with qualities very much different from the qualities of the up to then well
known surge arresters with silicon carbide resistors and series spark gaps. The correct application of this new
type of surge arrester needed more detailed knowledge about the transient behaviour of the system and the
arrester stresses caused by the system during different operating conditions.
REF. 072 1992

SC 33 WG 33.07
Guidelines for the evaluation of the dielectric strength of
external insulation.
This Guideline deals with the dielectric strength of external insulation, namely air gaps and insulators, with special
reference to transient overvoltages. The aim is to illustrate the general trends in dielectric strength as a function of
the most important influencing parameters and to give methods and criteria for its evaluation.
REF. 083 1994

SC 13 WG 13.06
Final report of the 2nd international enquiry on HV circuit-
breaker failures and defects in service.
The studies include items such as : Use of diagnostics; Maintenance policy; System reliability study data; Kind of
operating mechanism; Comparison of metal enclosed versus non metal enclosed reliability; Impact on testing;
SF6 gas leakages.
REF. 085 1994

SC 38 WG 38.04
Ultra high voltage technology.
The brochure presents the state of the art of UHV technology with focus on : UHV system planning, performance
and reliability aspects; UHV transmission lines; UHV substations and equipment; UHV testing facilities and new
technology.
REF. 114 1997
SC 13/14 WG 13/14.08
Circuit-breakers for meshed multiterminal HVDC system. Final
Report.
HVDC multiterminal (MTDC) Systems permit the exchange of energy between a number of HVDC substations.
The particular advantage of the meshed system is that this exchange can continue even when one of the
interconnecting lines is out of service. Investigations have shown that the performance of MTDC systems can be
improved by installing HVDC circuit-breakers at appropriate locations.
REF. 134 1998

SC 13 WG 13.CC.03
Transient recovery voltages in medium voltage networks.
Items considered : TRV and circuit configuration ; TRV for the first, second and third pole to clear ; Collection of
TRV field data ; TRV under short line fault ; TRV in case of transformer fed faults ; TRV in cade of series reactor
limited faults ; TRV in case of faults at the secondary side of transformers ; clearing faults near capacitor banks ;
arc-circuit interaction ; topology of test circuits to represent realistic system conditions.
REF. 135 1998

SC 13 WG 13.01
State of the art of circuit-breaker modelling.
A comprehensive overview on the state of the art. An edition which is a compilation of three reports: Practical
application of arc physics in circuit-breakers. Survey of calculation methods and application guide ; Applications of
black box modelling to circuit-breakers ; and, Survey on analytical and graphical tools for circuit-breaker
behaviour description.
REF. 158 2000

SC 33 TF 33.04.01
Polluted insulators : a review of current knowledge.
The performance of insulators used on overhead lines and overhead distribution lines and in outdoor substations
is a key factor in determining the reliability of power delivery systems. The insulators not only must withstand
normal operating voltage, but also must withstand overvoltages that may cause disturbances, flashovers and line
outages. The reduction in the performance of outdoor insulators occurs mainly by the pollution of the insulating
surfaces from air-borne deposits that may form a conducting or partially conducting surface layer when wet.
REF. 165 2000
SC 13 WG 13.08
Life management of circuit-breakers.
Current life experience of high and medium voltage circuit-breakers of older and current design; determination
and evaluation of residual life expectancy, possibilities and procedures; risk assessment; possibilites for life
extension such as monitoring, maintenance procedures, availability and maintainability; testing; economic impact
taking into account additional expenditures of preventive measures, reduction of reliability etc; legal,
environmental and strategic aspects; changes in network condition.
REF. 167 2000

SC 13 WG 13.09
User guide for the application of monitoring and diagnostic
techniques for switching equipment for rated voltages of 72.5
kV and above.
Condition monitoring and diagnostic techniques are playing an increasingly important role in the design, life cycle
cost evaluation, commissioning, operation, maintenance and end of life determination of substation equipment.
Users need guidance on the applicability and implications of the various techniques and how their benefits can be
evaluated.The report gives guidelines for the application of monitoring and diagnostic techniques covering all
switching technologies and including disconnectors and earthing switches as well as circuit-breakers.
REF. 211 2002

SC 21/22/23/12/13 JTF 23/12/13/21/22.16
REF. 239 2003

SC A3 WG A3.10
Fault current limiters in electrical medium and high voltage
systems
Contains 4 major parts : - Part A : Fault current limiters - state of the art; B: Functional specification for a fault
current limiter; C: Fault current limiters - system demands; D: Fault current limiters - testing. An extensive
reference list regarding limiting technology is included as part of the brochure.
REF. 259 2004
SC A3 WG A3.12
Failure Survey on Circuit Breaker Control Systems
This brochure gives a summary of the results of the survey whicgh was conducted on the frequency and nature of
the failures. It gives a world wide overview of the experience with different technologies.
REF. 262 2004

SC A3 WG A3.07
Controlled Switching of HVAC CBs: Benefits & Economic Aspects
Part 3 of the work conducted on the subject of "Controlled Switching of HV AC circuit breakers"
It deals with generic technological ad economic aspects. Benefits are considered in relation to the cicuit
breaker,the switched load and the whole power system.Additional costs and disadvantages are discussed when
appropriate.
REF. 263 2004

SC A3 WG A3.07
Controlled switching of HVAC CBs - Guidance for further
applications including unloaded transformer switching…
Part 2 of the work conducted on the subject of "Controlled Switching of HV AC circuit breakers".
This part complements part 1 and discusses switching cases which are less developed or still subject of
theoritical development. It also reports on the possibility of using the technique to uprate existing installations
(uprating and retrofitting)
REF. 264 2004

SC A3 WG A3.07
Controlled switching of HVAC CBs - Planning,Specifications &
Testing
Part 1 of the work conducted on the subject of "Controlled Switching of HV AC circuit breakers".
This part gives guidance to the user on how to approach controlled switching projects and, in particular, how to
study,specify, and test circuit breakers and controller systems.
REF. 304 2006
SC A3 WG A3.11
Guide for application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 60694. Part I
The Guide for Application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 62271-1 provides background information on the
requirements in the noted standards for high-voltage circuit-breakers as well as related standards and technical
reports. The Guide also addresses other major subjects frequently raised in connection with circuit-breaker
application but not covered by the standards. It is intended to meet the needs of utility, consultant and industrial
engineers and, to facilitate its use and handling, it is published in two brochures, the first dealing with general
subjects and the second with making and breaking tests.
REF. 305 2006

SC A3 WG A3.11
Guide for application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 60694. Part II
The Guide for Application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 62271-1 provides background information on the
requirements in the noted standards for high-voltage circuit-breakers as well as related standards and technical
reports. The Guide also addresses other major subjects frequently raised in connection with circuit-breaker
application but not covered by the standards. It is intended to meet the needs of utility, consultant and industrial
engineers and, to facilitate its use and handling, it is published in two brochures, the first dealing with general
subjects and the second with making and breaking tests.
REF. 319 2007

SC A3 WG A3.12
Circuit-Breaker Controls Failure: Survey on Circuit-Breaker
Controls Systems
Working Group A3.12 has investigated the reliability of circuit breaker control systems (conventional and digital)
and made recommendations on how to improve their reliability and performance. Six components were found to
account for 88% of reported failures. The failure causes of these components have been analyzed and corrective
actions identified to improve reliability are presented.
REF. 335 2007

SC A3 WG A3.13
Changing Network Conditions and System Requirements. Part I:
The Impact of Distributed Generation (DG) on Equipment rated
above 1 kV.
DG and its further growth give evidence that the effects and impact of DG on the system’s behavior cannot longer
be neglected. It results in higher short-circuit currents, other patterns of power flows, different voltage profiles and
voltage variations, protection and control issues, potential islanding, synchronisation , safety issues, fault location,
black-start conditions, system restoration, etc., reported in the TB.
REF. 336 2007
SC A3 WG A3.13
Changing Network Conditions and System Requirements. Part II:
The impact of Long Distance Transmission on HV Equipment.
Interconnections between major networks are becoming increasingly important but more difficult to achieve.
Existing overhead lines (OHL) have to be up-rated whilst more compensated lines, cables or HVDC connections
are applied. Several up-rating methods are used: utilize the dynamic (cyclic) loading capacity, increase the
operating voltage, apply compensation, phase shifting transformers, FACTS and HVDC systems, apply new
designs for lines. The impact for HV equipment are investigated and reported in the TB.
REF. 337 2007

SC B4/A3/B3 JWG B4/A3/B3.43
Increased System Efficiency by Use of New Generations of Power
Semiconductors
The TB presents the present developments of power semiconductors, with lower losses, higher switching
frequency, converter modularization…, and their new application areas, in order to propose and evaluate new or
enhance equipment for increased system efficiency.
REF. 339 2008

SC A3 WG A3.16
Guideline on the Impacts of Fault Current Limiting Devices on
Protection System
WG A3.16 focuses on the interaction between fault current limiting (FCL) technologies, both existing and novel,
and different protection systems in MV and HV. A set of criteria are derived to qualify the potential impact of each
type of FCL on the various protection principles. Basis for this investigation are the FCL characteristics as defined
in TB 239 (WG A3.10).
REF. 362 2008

SC A3 WG A3.22
Technical Requirements for Substation Equipment exceeding 800
kV AC
To answer demand for standardisation in the field of UHV, WG A3.22 surveyed the current state of the art in the
field of UHV technology. The findings and recommendations are presented in the TB and form the basis for the
future work needed in a number of different technical areas.
REF. 368 2009
SC A3 WG A3.18
Operating Environment of Voltage grading Capacitors applied to
High Voltage Circuit-Breakers
Voltage grading capacitors are accessories for HV circuit-breakers used to control the voltage distribution across
each interrupting chamber of multi-unit circuit-breakers. The TB reviews utility service experience and all aspects
of their operating environment. Based on Recommendations are given with regard to commonly accepted
environmental, electrical and mechanical test procedures.
REF. 394 2009

SC A3 SC A3
State of the Art of Instrument Transformers
The WG launched by SC 12 (Transformers) in the mid-90s, and later transferred in 2002 to SC A3, has completed
this state of the art of Instrument Transformers at the start of the 21st century a few years ago, without publishing
a formal report. It has been felt that the results, of significant value for designers and users, deserve publication
as a TB.
REF. 408 2010

SC A3 WG A3.19
Line fault phenomena and their implications for 3-phase short-
and long-line fault clearing
Faults on high voltage overhead lines are recognised to impose onerous transient recovery voltage (TRV)
conditions upon the interrupting circuit-breakers and the Standards test the most critical line fault clearing
conditions by means of the short-line fault duties. As recent studies have highlighted potentially more severe TRV
conditions when clearing three-phase faults, at a long distance, WG A3.19 was established to assess whether
these conditions may be regarded as covered by the existing Standards.
2.5 B1 - Insulated Cables
REF. 005 1976

SC 21 WG 21.02
Current Ratings of Cables for Cyclic and Emergency Loads.
The document provides methods for calculating rating factors for cyclic loads and for calculating the response of a
cable to a suddenly applied step function load.
REF. 086 1994

SC 33 /21/14 JWG 33/21/14.16
Overvoltages on HVDC Cables. Final Report.
The number of HVDC projects using long DC cables is increasing, mostly for submarine power transmission. A
larger number of such HVDC schemes are already in operation or in planning stage. The economic design of DC
cables is very important, because the cost of DC cables is high in proportion to the total cost of HVDC submarine
cable transmission.
REF. 089 1994

SC 21 WG 21.06
Accessories for HV extruded cables. Types of accessories and
terminology.
This work categorises the types of accessory designs available for use on HV cables with extruded insulation for
AC transmission voltages of 60 kV and above. The typical types of extruded cable insulation being low density
polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) and ethylene propylene
rubber (EPR).
REF. 104 1996

SC 36/21 JWG 36.01/21
Magnetic fields in HV cable systems. 1. Systems without
ferromagnetic component.
Considerable work has been done on the magnetic fields due to overhead lines, but relatively little has been
published on the fields from underground cable systems. The report details the levels of magnetic field that occur
in various typical situations. The analysis is restricted to underground cable systems without ferromagnetic
component; for which analysis is relatively easy.
REF. 110 1996
SC 21/22 JWG 21/22.01
Comparison of high voltage overhead lines and underground
cables. Report and Guidelines.
It is intended that these guidelines will serve as a reference document when overhead and underground options
for transmission circuits are being compared and when possible routes are being negotiated with the relevant
authorities. The comparison is made under the following headings : system planning and operation,
environmental, technical, cost and future perspectives.
REF. 177 2001

SC 21 WG 21.06
Accessories for HV cables with extruded insulation
Companion document to "Improved design criteria of overhead transmission lines based on reliability concepts".
Contains the technical background of reliability based design in more detail. An output of CIGRE WG22.06
involved in reliability based design of overhead transmission lines for many years.
REF. 182 2001

SC 21 WG 21.16
Partial discharge detection in installed HV extruded cable
systems
Fundamental principles of PD testing, different types of sensors and signal processing functions. Users guide on
the practical importance of PDD using circuits with and without integrated sensors, information on safety aspects,
selection of measuring frequency, test results, practical recommendations. Description of 8 PD methods with
representative impression in present testing options. Future trends - expectations for immediate and more distant
future. Fundamental and practical information. User support to understanding the complicated field of on-site
PDD.
REF. 194 2001

SC 21 WG 21.17
Construction, laying and installation techniques for extruded
and self-contained fluid filled cable systems.
The focus of general public concern on the environment results in the use of underground lines being considered
since they offer alternative or interesting complementary solutions for the bulk transmission of electrical energy.
This leads to the installation of underground cables in some areas, where overhead lines would automatically
have been considered in the past.
REF. 199 2002
SC 38 TF 38.01.11
Superconducting cables. Impact on network structure and
control.
A distillation of many discussions on the possible impacts of superconducting power cables in power transmission
systems in the future. Only oxide superconductors are discussed. In order to clarify the possibility of using SC
cables, the Task Force collected and discussed worldwide background data concerning underground (or
undersea) cables and analyzed the trend of SC cable applications in future power grids.
REF. 210 2002

SC 21/15 JTF 21/15
Interfaces in accessories for extruded HV and EHV cables.
Although interfaces in joints and terminations of extruded HV cables have been identified as crucial parts, some of
the mechanisms related to ageing are not well understood. For this reason, a task force was set up to study the
behaviour of interfaces between solid insulating materials in accessories for HV and EHV extruded cables. The
results are reported in this brochure.
REF. 211 2002

SC 21/22/23/12/13 JTF 23/12/13/21/22.16
REF. 218 2003

SC 23/21/33 JWG 23/21/33.15
Gas insulated transmission lines (GIL)
Techical information to be of assistance in the design of circuits using GIL: definition and description of GIL;
general technical characteristics and their comparison with O/H lines and conventional cables; continuous and
short-term current rating of directly buried GIL, sensitivity analysis to design parameters. Insulation and
overvoltage aspects from a long term reliability point of view. Mechanical corrosion and installation aspects of
directly buried GIL. Environment considerations. Economic aspects. Recent GIL projects and R&D programmes.
REF. 219 2003
SC 21 WG 21.01
Testing DC extruded cable systems for power transmission up to
250 kV
Tests apply to the complete HVDC cable system as installed and as intended to function. Wherever possible the
tests have been based on existing recommendations, standards and practices. New tests have however been
introduced where required by considerations specific to the new technology. New technology may involve the use
of many different materials such as thermoplastic or cross linked polymers and differing manufacturing processes.
Tests are largely functional and not specific to one material or manufacturing process.
REF. 229 2003

SC B1 WG B1.20
High temperature superconducting (HTS) cable systems.
High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) cable systems seem to promise a number of fascinating advantages
for bulk power transmission. The state of the art of the technology is presented, with the results of the work of the
WG on HTS systems components and issues of specifications and testing. Many questions remain still open
,especially about its practical application and competivity. These issues will have to be studied later when feed-
back experience will be available .
REF. 247 2004

SC B1 WG B1.02
Optimization of power transmission capability of underground
cable systems using thermal monitoring
This report is aimed primarily at the user and reviews the technologies currently available. Results of a survey
provide some indication regarding the current utilization of both cable temperature monitoring and dynamic cable
rating systems. Some recommendations are proposed in connection with the application of these systems and
identifies possible future development trends.
REF. 250 2004

SC B1 WG B1.19
Technical and environmental issues regarding the integration
of a new HV underground cable system in the network.
The design of underground lines should address the technical and environmental issues concerning their
integration in the network,during the design, installation, operation and upgrading stages. WG B1.19 report
provides guidelines for the design of transitions between OHL and underground cables.It deals with land AC
extruded cables, but some sections are applcable to DC and/or submarine and SCFF cables.
One chapter is dedicated to Enviromental Impact Assessment. It presents an example of of ageneral method for
the evaluation of impacts and offers a typical table of contents for an environmental evaluation report.K
REF. 268 2005
SC B1 WG B1.05
Transient voltages affecting long cables
Long cables are subjected to lower lightning overvoltages than short cables due to the cable “self-protective”
effect. This paper investigates the possibility of utilizing the full range of IEC impulse levels instead of the current
practice of using the highest level. Calculated results of lightning overvoltages vs. impulse levels are provided for
a cable inserted in an overhead line, for a number of cable types and system voltages. It is shown that for cable
lengths that are of tens of kilometers it may sometimes be possible to even adopt the lowest IEC impulse level.
REF. 272 2005

SC B1 WG B1.03
Large cross-sections and composite screens design.
The core of large cross-section HV and EHV extruded cables are genarally segmental, to reduce losses due to
the skin effect. The TB gives details on both theoritical and experimental approach, from which the WG could
propose recommendations for evaluating the a.c. resistance of these cores, to be taken into account when
calculating the cable current carrying capacity. It describes the calculations of losses in composite screens,
combination of a bundle of wires and a metallic sheath (or a foil) and proposes a method of calculating the
permissible short-circuit current of this kind of metallic screens.
REF. 279 2005

SC B1 WG B1.04
Maintenance for HV cables and accessories
This Technical Brochure is based on the report prepared by CIGRE WG B1.04. The attention will be focused on
the present utility practices regarding maintenance, the failure modes for the usual cable systems and the related
diagnostic methods, and recommendations to utilities for effective and efficient maintenance. One of the main
recommendations is that maintenance should be based on a clear strategy and elaborated in a clear maintenance
plan. Finally the TB indicates that maintenance trends are moving to so called predictive maintenance.
REF. 283 2005

SC B1 WG B1.18
Special bonding of high voltage power cables
Special sheath bonding has been used for over 40 years to help reduce cable system losses.
Previous articles in ELECTRA 28, 47 and 128 addressed the subject, however it was considered that certain
issues should be updated in the light of more experience and recent developments in analytical techniques. The
results are published in this TB.
REF. 297 2006
SC D1 TF D1.02.05
Practical aspects of the detection and location of PD in power
cables
For enhancement of the reliable operation of power cable networks preventive PD diagnosis tests are increasingly
performed. In order to assess the insulation condition on the basis of the obtained data, fundamental knowledge
on the PD occurrence is required.The Brochure deals with both theoritical analysis and experimental studies on
the wave propagation of PD pulses in power cables. Furthermore practical aspects of the detection and location
of PD faults are discussed.
REF. 303 2006

SC B1 WG B1.06
Revision of qualification procedures for high voltage and
extra high voltage AC extruded undergroud cable systems
In 2002, WG B1.06 has been launched to deal with the revision of qualification procedures of underground HV
and EHV cable systems with possible changes in cables or accessories. WG B1.06 has completed this task in
recommending a simplified "extension of qualification" test procedure for changes in EHV cable systems. For HV
systems, a prequalification procedure is recommended for cable system design with high stresses when no earler
experience is available.
REF. 338 2007

SC B1 WG B1.07
Statistics of AC Underground Cables in Power Networks
Statistics for currently installed lengths of underground and overhead circuits are presented. The main technical
factors influencing the cost and complexity of undergrounding are examined, as are the factors to be considered
in evaluating the cost of overhead or underground connections. Significant cable projects of the last decade are
described. Details of cable type, installation methods and reasons for their choice are given.
REF. 347 2008

SC B1 TF B1.26
Earth Potential Rises in specially bonded Screen Systems
Earth Potential Rise occurring in underground systems during phase-to-earth faults should be considered when
designing specially bonded systems. The most vulnerable cable systems are those connected to overhead lines
and those connected into substations having high earthing impedances. Detailed calculation of EPR being
complex, simplified methods are reported, which may be sufficient to detect potential problem systems, for
internal (cable) and external faults.
REF. 351 2008
SC B3/B1 JWG B3/B1.09
Application of Long High Capacity Gas Insulated Lines
The brochure gives information on the application of long high capacity Gas-Insulated Lines (GIL) in structures
like bridges or tunnels. It is written as a guide for technical experts but can also be used for general information on
GIL technology. It explains the planning steps and requirements concerning route planning and the possibilities
and limits given by the GIL.
REF. 358 2008

SC B1 WG B1.09
Remaining Life Management of existing AC Underground Lines
Practical guidelines are given to perform "remaining life management" on HV cables. The methodology for these
guidelines is based on a combination of technical, economical and strategical criteria, resulting in
recommendations about cable replacement or life extension program. In 7 case studies the proposed
methodology is applied on practical cases to demonstrate the feasibility.
REF. 379 2009

SC B1
Update of Service Experience of HV Underground and Submarine
Cable Systems
A survey has been carried out recently to collect and analyse data relating to the installed quantities of AC and
DC underground and submarine cable systems, rated at 60 kV and above, and their service experience and
performance. Failure and typical repair times are given, as well as trends in cable and accessory technology and
changes in modes of installation.
REF. 398 2009

SC B1 WG B1.21
Third-Party Damage to Underground and Submarine Cables
Most cable failures are caused by third parties. To reduce themain threats to underground and submarine cables,
the TBproposes to define a Cable Protection Index, which is a rela-tive number indicating which cables are most
exposed to third-party damage and gives guidelines for setting up a risk reduc-tion process.
REF. 403 2010
SC B1 WG B1.08
Cable Systems in Multi-purpose or Shared Structures
HV and EHV cable systems are increasingly being installed in tunnels and bridges. Often they share these
structures with other utilities. Shared structures offer some unique opportunities for route selection as well as
reducing cost and time required for project implementation. However, the management of access, maintenance
and repairs could be more complicated. The technical, administrative and legal issues to be considered during the
planning and construction phases are discussed in detail. Examples of existing installations are included in the
TB.
REF. 415 2010

SC B1 B1.24
Test Procedures for HV Transition Joints for Rated Voltages
30kV (Um=36kV) up to 500kV (Um=550kV)
Large numbers of old underground cable systems are made with paper-insulated cables whilst the majority of
newly produced cables have extruded insulation. This introduces the need for jointing the two kinds of cables with
suitable transition joints. Currently no IEC document specifies requirements for testing these devices. The TB
reviews the range of transition joints currently available and recommends tests to prove their development,
design, manufacturing and installation.
2.6 B2 - Overhead lines
REF. 048 1995

SC 22 WG 22.06
Tower top geometry.
The study is to define clearances between live conductors and earthed structures under the action of wind. This
case is particularly significant for suspension towers equipped with I-type suspension insulator sets. In addition to
insulator swing the following requirements may also affect the tower top geometry : Clearances between
conductors in mid-span; Provisions for conductor galloping and Distances for live line maintenance.
REF. 081 1994

SC 22 WG 22.07
Foundation testing
With the change in design philosophy from a deterministic to a probabilistic approach, the necessity for
determining the strength distribution for individual components of an overhead transmission line has increased.
The report gives recommendations on the procedures to be undertaken during the testing of foundations from the
initial planning stage through to test evaluation and acceptance.
REF. 085 1994

SC 38 WG 38.04
technology.
REF. 109 1996

SC 22 WG 22.06
Review of IEC 826 : Loading and strength of overhead lines
The brochure comprises 4 different chapters : 1) Questionnaire on use and application of IEC 826; 2) Application
example of IEC 826; 3) Analysis of recent transmission line failures; 4) Improved design criteria of overhead
transmission lines based on reliability concept.
REF. 110 1996
SC 21/22 JWG 21/22.01
cables. Report and Guidelines.
It is intended that these guidelines will serve as a reference document when overhead and underground options
for transmission circuits are being compared and when possible routes are being negotiated with the relevant
authorities. The comparison is made under the following headings : system planning and operation,
environmental, technical, cost and future perspectives.
REF. 141 1999

SC 22 WG 22.07
Refurbishment and upgrading of foundations.
This report provides an outline of good practice on the refurbishment and upgrading of existing overhead
transmission line support foundations. Possible reasons for foundation deterioration are reviewed, which may
result from such diverses causes as early-age concrete cracking to damage by frost forces. the critical nature of
the inspection and testing strategy are considered, with attention focussed on the economics of the
inspection/testing regime, the use of alternative strategies and the different levels of foundation inspection
together with the actual inspection test methods.
REF. 147 1999

SC 22 WG 22.14
High voltage overhead lines. Environmental concerns,
procedures, impacts and mitigations
Electricity utilities involved in transmission development, maintenance and operation face increasingly severe
challenges as a result of heightened environmental awareness, more comprehansive legislation and standards
and growing public expectations and concerns.These trends will have a major influence on the approach of
companies to the management of both new projects and existing transmission assets.
REF. 174 2000

SC 22 WG 22.06
Load control devices on overhead transmission lines.
Electricity utilities need to design overhead lines to withstand potential cascade failures of towers which could
occur as a result of exceptional icing or rupture of conductors. Some utilities simply design the lines with section
towers at frequent intervals and other utilities use special devices called 'load control devices' (LCD) the function
of which is to limit the stresses applied to the towers in cases of exceptional longitudinal loads.
REF. 175 2000
SC 22 WG 22.13
Management of existing overhead transmission lines.
Can you answer the following questions : Can you quantitatively justify investments in you O/H transmission
system ? Can you predict the probability of you next O/H transmission line failure event ? Do you collect the right
data when you have a failure event ? Do you know the present capability of you OHTL components ? Could you
manage these data effectively if you did collect them ?
REF. 178 2001

SC 22 WG 22.06
Probabilistic design of overhead transmission lines
Companion document to "Improved design criteria of overhead transmission lines based on reliability concepts".
Contains the technical background of reliability based design in more detail. An output of CIGRE WG22.06
involved in reliability based design of overhead transmission lines for many years.
REF. 179 2001

SC 22 TF 22.06.01
Guidelines for field measurement of ice loadings on overhead
power line conductors
When criteria for ice loading on overhead transmission lines are established, experiences from existing lines and
line networks are of great economical value. This document describes the importance of such data and
procedures for collecting them. Guidelines for company routines as well as recommendations for tools, training
and observation procedures are given. Includes two sets of observation forms : for collecting fundamental and
accurate information on ice loadings and shedding on various conductor types and a simplified set for collecting
basic information.
REF. 184 2001

SC 22 WG 22.03
Composite insulator handling guide
With a view to preventing failures this documents serves to describe how critical damage can occur in the field
and the measures that should be taken to avoid such damage. Typical problems are illustrated to show the
defects that can be introduced by inappropriate treatment and construction practices, to indicate the possible long
term effects of such defects and to assist in their identification to facilitate the rigourous inspection of composite
insulators prior to line commissioning.
REF. 196 2001
SC 22 WG 22.08
Diaphragms for Lattice Steel Supports
Following a review of the available standards worldwide, it became obvious to the WG there was little definitive
documentation addressing the application, design or requirement for horizontal diaphragms (plan bracing) within
lattice steel supports.SC22 compiled a questionnaire concerning the design "rules" currently employed within the
industry addressing its scope to self-supporting and guyed lattice steel supports. 21 responses were received and
are published in this brochure.
REF. 206 2002

SC 22 WG 22.07
The design of transmission line support foundations - an
overview.
Transmission line foundations provide the interlinking component between the support and in-situ soil and/or rock.
The interrelationship between the support type and the applied foundation loadings are considered, together with
the methods of determining the engineering properties of the in-situ soil and/or rock. Two principal categories of
foundations have been considered: separate and compact. The major types applicable to each category are
reviewed e.g. monoblock, spead, drilled shaft, pile, anchor, direct embedment of poles, etc…
REF. 207 2002

SC 22 WG 22.12
Thermal behaviour of overhead conductors.
In most countries the demand for electric power is constantly increasing, and there is a corresponding
requirement to increase the power transferred by transmission and distribution lines. A solution would be to build
new lines, but this may not be feasible on account of economic or environmental considerations. Hence, there
may be pressure to increase the load transfer capacity of both new and old lines.
REF. 211 2002

SC 21/22/23/12/13 JTF 23/12/13/21/22.16
REF. 216 2002
SC 22 WG 22.12
Joints on transmission line conductors: field testing and
replacement criteria
Description of the tests currently available to determine the condition of joints in order to establish their quality and
ability for a reliable and continuing service especially when an increase in electrical load is expected. For example
when increasing the operating temperature of a line. It should be noted that this is not exclusive to ACSR joints.
REF. 230 2003

SC B2 TF B2.08.01
Assessment of existing overhead line supports.
Results of a questionnaire comparing worldwide information about practices on assessment of all types of existing
overhead line supports: inspection techniques, causes and types of defects and management criteria to
undertake actions, especially routine maintenance, repaire, life extension, refurbishment and upgrading of
supports. Includes: self supporting lattice steel structures; guyed lattice steel structures; self supporting hollow
steel section structures; steel poles; concrete poles, wood poles.
REF. 244 2004

SC B2 WG B2.12
Conductors for the uprating of overhead lines
Methods for increasing the thermal rating of existing overhead transmission lines : weather data and load profiles
fed into computer programs - real-time monitoring - re-assessment of electrical clearances under an existing line -
replacement of existing conductors,
REF. 251 2004

SC B2 WG B2.11
The mechanical behaviour of conductors and fittings (CD +
Brochure)
The Brochure compiles work previously published on the behaviour of conductors and fittings, as spacers and
space dampers.Futures updates are planned when new information will be available.
paper +CD
Member Price: 50 Euros Non member Price: 100 Euros pages , file: MB
REF. 256 2004
SC B2 WG B2.16
Current Practices regarding frequencies and magnitude of high
intensity winds
The technical brochure focuses on the description of the extreme meteorological events and provides their main
characteristics. A review of the overhead lines design rules is given.
REF. 265 2005

SC B2 WG B2.15
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for overhead lines
This BT presents a broad examination of LCA and LCA methodologies. A summary is given on how LCA
developed and how it is classified and outlined in the ISO 14040 series. Included is a full review of work done in
Scandinavian countries on LCA. An explanation and comparison is provided on various LCA software packages,
and some studies dealing with the overhead line as a system are included. Finally conclusions and
recommendations are presented.
REF. 273 2005

SC B2 TF B2.11.04
Overhead conductor safe design tension with respect to Aeolian
vibrations
The TB deals with "Overhead conductor safe design tension with respect to Aeolian vibrations". Part one
considers single unarmored, unprotected conductors of the most common types. Part two deals with single
conductor lines protected by means of Stockbridge-type vibration dampers set up at span extremities. Part three
deals with bundled conductor lines ( twin horizontal bundles, triple apex-down bundles and quad horizontal
bundles)
REF. 274 2005

SC B2 WG B2.15
Consultation models for overhead line projects.
The TB examines "best practice" consultation approaches for overhead line projects, to provide a reference for
those invoved in delivering projects in challenging circumstances. Five detailed cases studies are included with
the findings of an international survey of "best practice" approaches.The nature of consultations, legislative
requirements, timescales, impact of market restructuring, society expectations, use of new technologies and
consultation requirements associated with international financing are examined. In concluding, key ingredients for
success are identified.
REF. 275 2005
SC C4 WG C4.2.02
Methods for measuring the earth resistance of transmission
towers equipped of earth wires.
The Technical Brochure reports the responses from a questionnaire regarding this subject some years ago.The
used methods are described and analysed.Their pros and cons are discussed. The widely used method based on
injected high frequency current has been theoritically analysed.
REF. 277 2005

SC B2 WG B2.11
State of the art survey on spacers and spacer dampers
The Technical Brochure presents a general description of the different types of spacers and spacer dampers
used on overhead transmission lines with bundled conductors. The material requirement is reviewed and also the
different types of clamping systems currently used. Mechanical, dynamic, electrical and environmental design
characteristics are covered. The state of the art survey includes a review of the actual experience gained with
current practice and the results of a questionnaire summarising the most common problems occurring.
REF. 278 2005

SC B2 WG B2.06
The influence of line configuration on environment impacts of
electrical origin
The aim of the TB is to show how different design parameters of overhead lines affect on electrical impacts and
the way to reduce these impacts by using appropriate parameters. The design parameters considered are the
phase configuration, the number and diameter of sub-conducts per each phase, the phase to phase distance and
the clearance to ground. The impacts include electric and magnetic fields, radio interference and audible noise.
REF. 281 2005

SC B2 WG B2.07
Design and Installation of micropiles and ground anchors for
OHL support foudations
The overview of micropiles and anchors is written to provide advice and information to generalist overhead line
engineers as well as to specialist foundations engineers. For the former the TB describes the foundations and
explains their advantages. For the latter it provides information, data and references covering all aspects of
design and construction. Also included are many photographsillustrating the system.
REF. 284 2005
SC B2 WG B2.03
Use of corona rings to control the electrical field along
transmission line composite insulators
The Technical brochure shows that it is most important to control the electrical field near the HV and ground ends
of Hv overhead line composite insulators. This can be achieved by fitting the insulator with corona rings. Their
size and position are critical to correctly control the electrical field. The insulator manufacturer is best equipped to
correctly define the dimensioning and location of these rings.
REF. 289 2006

SC B2 WG B2.06
Reliability Based Design Methods for Overhead Lines
Advantages, Applications and Comparisons
This Technical Brochure promotes Reliability Based Design (RBD) methods for Overhead Lines and provides
recommendations to make Standard IEC 60826 Ed.3, October 2003 and other relevant RBD Codes (ASCE 74,
EN 50341) more consistent. Section I summarizes advantages of probabilistic methods over deterministic
methods as well as the key features of IEC 60826, and its companion document, CIGRÉ TB No. 178. In Section II
possible interpretations of IEC 60826 are clarified by application examples. Section III compares the other RBD
Codes with IEC 60826 to assess the significance of any major difference.
REF. 291 2006

SC B2 WG B2.16
Guidelines for Meteorological Icing Models, Statistical
Methods and Topographical Effects
Atmospheric icing is a complex phenomenon involving many basic processes affected by large variations over
time and space and influenced by topography. The brochure attempts to provide guidelines to overhead line
designers with respect to icing models and statistical methods including topographical effects. These guidelines
are generally provided from a meteorological point of view with relevant background material.
REF. 294 2006

SC B2 WG B2.06
How overhead lines are redesignd for uprating/upgrading-
Analysies of the replies to the questionnaire.
The scope of the questionnaire was to collect and compare worldwide best practices on uprating and/or
upgrading works on overhead transmission lines in order to assess the reasons, the design requirements and the
results achieved.This TB describes the correlation noticed between actions such as increasing transmission
capacity and structural reliability, improving line performance and extending remaining life.The methods and tools
for uprating/upgrading are summarized. Finally some didactic cases are provided as well as the remarkable
results from the statistical analysis of the results.
REF. 299 2006
SC B2 WG B2.12
Guide for the selection of weather parameters for bare
overhead conductor ratings
This paper provides an overview on the process for selecting weather parameters for application of TB 207.The
brochure recommends conservative base-line ratings which can be applied universally. It also recommends
methods for safe use of higher ratings, based on either line specific weather studies or real time rating equipment.
REF. 306 2006

SC B2 WG B2.03
Guide for the assessment of old Cap & Pin and Long-Rod
transmission line insulators made of porcelain or glass: What
to and when to replace
Guide for the assessment of old Cap & Pin and Long-Rod transmission line insulators made of porcelain or glass:
What to check and when to replace.
Based on the results of a series of standard IEC tests carried out on insulators that were in service for periods
from 11 to 45 years, a test procedure has been established to determine the state of old insulators and to decide
on the safe time for their replacement.
REF. 308 2006

SC B2 WG B2.07
Foundation Installation – An Overview
The aim of the Brochure is to provide an overview of the methods and procedures adopted for the installation of
the different types of support foundations. To achieve this overall aim, an extensive literature review has been
undertaken to identify how the influences described above interact with the installation process.
REF. 322 2007

SC B2 TF B2.11.O6
State of the art conductor galloping
Galloping is a low frequency high amplitude wind induced vibration of both ice-coated single and bundle
conductors. It has a major impact on the design of overhead lines, for both clearances and tower loadings. This
brochure is giving an actualized state of the art of the phenomenon mechanisms, its impact, how to control it, as
well as new trends to determine galloping amplitudes.
REF. 324 2007
SC B2 TF B2.12.03
Sag-tension calculation methods for overhead lines
This brochure identifies and describes the most essential elements of the sag-tension calculation process and the
various mathematical and experimental methods used to predict sag and tension of catenaries over the whole
range of conductor temperatures and ice and wind loads: the goal is not to develop a unique calculation method
but to provide the engineers with a basic explanation of the sag-tension calculation methods that are in common
use throughout the world and with a physical understanding of the processes and mathematical relationships that
underlie these methods.
REF. 331 2007

SC B2 SC B2
Considerations relating to the use of high temperature
conductors
The use of high temperature conductors ( for operating temperature above 100°C ) to increase power transfer
thermal limits (thermal ratings) is becoming widespread.This brochure describes the more common available
conductors types, examines the effects of high temperature operation on conductors and fittings and reviews the
types of fittings used, ( which were found to be largely conventionnal ). Whilst very few problems were reported,
users are advised to ensure that allowable insulator temperatures are not exceeded.
REF. 332 2007

SC B2 TF B2.11.07
Fatigue Endurance Capability of Conductor/Clamp Systems -
Update of Present Knowledge
The understanding and prediction of failures of conductors as a result of fretting fatigue are critical for a modern
utility to effectively manage overhead lines assets. This TB covers the theory of fretting fatigue, the phenomenon
of aeolian vibrations as well as measurement thereof. Determination of possible damage and ways to predict
remaining life of conductors as well as new methods to test conductor clamp systems are described.
REF. 333 2007

SC B2 WG B2.03
Guide for the establishement of naturally polluted insulator
testing stations
With the introduction of composite insulators, outdoor test stations got another important meaning for the
preselection of insulator types. The combination of the many variable environmental parameters which can
influence an insulator's behaviour over its lifetime are difficult to artificially simulate and, moreover, to accelerate,
and the validity of laboratory tests is thus often questioned. The TB serves as a general for the establishement of
natural test stations.

REF. 344 2008
SC B2 WG B2.06
Big Storm Events - What we have learned
After the storm events in Canada in early 1998 and again in France in late 1999, the idea to share information on
the impact of severe and widespread Big Storm Events came up strongly: knowledge of characteristics and origin
of the storm event as well as its impact, strategy of upgrading and adapting the network for future similar or more
severe events, need to improve design practices and emergency preparedness.
REF. 345 2008

SC B2 WG B2.12
Alternating Current (AC) Resistance of helically stranded
Conductors
The electrical resistance of conductors for overhead lines depends on the cross-section, the conductivity of the
aluminium alloy, the lay length of the aluminium layers. The presence of a steel core can increase the resistance
due to core magnetizing effects. The TB describes a process of AC resistance calculation for bare stranded
aluminium conductors, both with and without a steel core.
REF. 348 2008

SC B2 WG B2.06
Tower Top Geometry and Mid Span Clearances
For a line the dimensions of the tower top are determined by phase-to-earth and phase-to-phase clearances. The
position of conductors and earth wire at tower and the sag at mid span change with climatic conditions. Practices
of several countries are compared. The study results in the proposal to consider "still air" and "high wind" cases to
withstand respectively overvoltages and power frequency voltages.
REF. 350 2008

SC B2 TF B2.06.09
How Overhead Lines (OHL) Respond to Localized High Intensity
Winds - Basic Understanding
This TB presents an overview of the literature on localized High Intensity Winds and their effects on OHL, in order
to provide a basic understanding of these phenomena from design perspective. Simplified load cases are
proposed, recognizing that improvements will follow current and future research efforts, simulations, observations
and field data collection.
REF. 353 2008
SC B2 WG B2.13
Guidelines for increased Utilization of existing Overhead
Transmission Lines
Over the past twenty years, there have been major developments in transmission line asset renewal driven by
increasing network constraints and demands for high availability and capacity. The aim of the Brochure is to
provide executives and asset managers guidelines for the economic and technical considerations for transmission
line asset renewal and any combination of uprating, upgrading, refurbishment and asset expansion.
REF. 363 2008

SC B2 WG B2.07
Reliability based Calibration of Foundation Strength Factor
using full-scale Test Data - A Guide for Design Engineers
This TB introduces a reliability based calibration methodology of foundation strength factor using full-scale test
data. A flow diagram provides the necessary steps for the calibration process and a foundation design problem is
also presented as an example to demonstrate the methodology.
REF. 365 2008

SC B2 WG B2.21
On the Use of Power Arc Protection Devices for composite
Insulators on Transmission Lines
The requirement for power arc protection devices is dependent primarily on the network parameters and
secondarily on the insulator types. The TB deals with thermal effects of arcs, design rules of protection devices,
applied test philosophies and practical examples as well as the coordination between corona and power arc
protections.
REF. 369 2009

SC B2/D2 WG B2/D2.18
New Developments in the Use of Geographic Information as
applied to Overhead Power Lines
This TB on the use of geographic information systems (GIS) is a strategy document that may be used by a utility
to gain an understanding of best practices in GIS and advantages of its application. It describes examples, of
benefit for the management of the Transmission Business.
REF. 384 2009
SC B2 WG B2.08
Comparison of General Industry Practices for Lattice Tower
Design and Detailing
This document collects and compares the current practices within the industry for the design and fabrication of
lattice steel structures for lines. A questionnaire was circulated; international standards and industry practices in
5 countries were consulted. The TB aims to promote the knowledge through comparison of the existing practices
and highlighting their differences.
REF. 385 2009

SC B2 WG B2.20
Management of Risks due to Load-Flow Increases in Transmission
OHL
Increasing the load-flow in existing transmission lines to meet the growth in demand is seen as a valid alternative
due to difficulties to build new lines. This increase could not be realized without risk management because the
original work was not designed to take into account this aspect: the TB explains in details the risk approach and
presents the practical case of joints on conductors.
REF. 387 2009

SC B2 WG B2.08
INFLUENCE OF THE HYPERSTATIC MODELING ON THE BEHAVIOR OF
TRANSMISSION LINE LATTICE STRUCTURES
This Brochure reports on the influence exerted by the statically indeterminate (hyperstatic) modeling on the
behavior of Lattice OHL towers. For this purpose 3 prototype towers were designed, manufactured and tested.
The tests were monitored with manufactured strain-gage systems, allowing real time readings on bar loads.
Interesting conclusions are shown comparing the estimated versus measured forces on the prototypes bars.
REF. 388 2009

SC B2/B4/C1 JWG B2/B4/C1.17
IMPACTS OF HVDC LINES ON THE ECONOMICS OF HVDC PROJECTS
The study considers the overall HVDC system economics, capital (lines and stations), losses, operation and
maintenance. The most economically favorable voltages and conductor configurations are studied for several
HVDC system alternatives. It is shown how the HVDC line and the converter stations selection impact each
combination. Directives are presented on the 'best-solutions' for different sets of transmission parameters.
REF. 395 2009
SC B2 WG B2.08
Investigation on the Structural Interaction between
Transmission Line Towers and Foundations
This paper reports the investigations carried out by WG.07 and B2.08 on the structural interaction between line
towers and foundations. The main purpose was to analyze the impact of foundation movements on member
forces. Using appropriate device, especially designed for applying up and down displacements, numerical
simulations are compared with results in real scale tests.
REF. 396 2009

SC B2 WG B2.08
Large Overhead Lines (OVHL) Crossings
Large OVHL crossings are designs at the limit of the stateof-the-art, as they demand long spans and/or tall
supports and standards do not cover their design; therefore information about crossing projects already
constructed could assist in making the right decisions. The data collected in the TB record spans, tower heights
and weights, conductor types, insulator strings and other useful information.
REF. 399 2009

SC B2 WG B2.08
Improvement on the Tower Testing Methodology
For a long time, new tower designs have been validated by loading tests. IEC 60652, Loading Tests on Overhead
LineStructures, was first published in 1979 to standardize and provide guidance for performing Tests. After some
years of practical experience with that standard, WG B2.08 decided to review its application. With this objective
two questionnaires were circulated. A summary of the answers and the relevant conclusions are shown in the TB.
REF. 410 2010

SC B2 WG B2.16
Local Wind Speed-Up on Overhead Lines for Specific Terrain
Features
High winds have often caused severe damages to electric overhead lines. When such high winds appear
localised within certain areas, they can often be explained by features of the localtopography. The TB explains
vortex shedding behind steep ter-rain and provides a systematic approach to evaluate local windspeeds that may
occur on overhead lines in such terrain.
REF. 416 2010
SC B2 WG B2.08
Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Supports
Years ago, aesthetics was not taken into account in the design of OHL supports. Towers were not judged as
'pretty'or 'ugly'; they were just considered essential for transmission of electricity. Nowadays, overhead line
projects have to start with an environmental impact assessment aiming tor educe their impact on the landscape.
This brochure produced by WG B2.08 has the purpose of reporting how aesthetic towers have been used as a
solution to mitigate these impacts.
REF. 416Annex
2010
SC B2 WG B2.08
Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Supports
Years ago, aesthetics was not taken into account in the design of OHL supports. Towers were not judged as
'pretty'or 'ugly'; they were just considered essential for transmission of electricity. Nowadays, overhead line
projects have to start with an environmental impact assessment aiming tor educe their impact on the landscape.
This brochure produced by WG B2.08 has the purpose of reporting how aesthetic towers have been used as a
solution to mitigate these impacts.
REF. 425 2010

SC B2, C1 B2/C1.19
Increasing Capacity of Overhead Transmission Lines: Needs and
Solutions
This TB explores the subject of achieving large capacity increases on existing transmission lines. It first touches
the roles and interrelations of planners and designers and then discusses technologies that can be used to
increase the capacity. At the end it shows the importance of the relationship between owners, operators and the
public and its representatives.
REF. 426 2010

SC B2 B2.26
Guide for Qualifying High Temperature Conductors for Use on
Overhead Transmission Lines
This guide provides general recommendations for methods and testing useful to qualify high temperature bare
conductors for use on OHL, designed and intended for maximum operating temperatures in excess of 150°C. It
includes recommendations for laboratory and outdoor testing of the complete High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS)
stranded conductor system, including accessories.
2.7 B3 - Substations
REF. 006 1987

SC 23 WG 23.02
Mechanical Effects of Short-Circuit Currents in Open Air
Substations.
The short-circuit current levels in HV and EHV networks have been increasing considerably in recent decades
and further increases may be expected in the future. High levels of short-circuit current in substations results in
high mechanical stresses and in some cases, displacements, on bus systems, connections to apparatus,
substation equipment and bus supports.
REF. 009 1985

SC 34 WG 34.02
Final Report on Computer based Protection and Digital
Techniques in Substations.
Digital computer technology has been applied in electric power substations for many years. Data acquisition,
alarms, status monitoring and supervisory control systems have all been converted to digital computer systems to
some extent, and in many cases these systems are entirely digital in nature. Protection of power apparatus and
systems is a function that has been considered for conversion to digital computer technology during recent years.
REF. 023 1985

SC 38 TF 38.04.03
(1968-1985).
REF. 035 1989

SC 33/23 JWG 33/13.09
REF. 044 1993
SC 23 WG 23.10
Earthing of GIS. An application guide.
Electra No. 151 (Dec. 1993). Whilst, over the past few years, numerous papers have been written on the subject
of transient ground potential rise in GIS and the consequences in relation to earthing, so far as the WG is aware
no international document has been published dedicated entirely to the earthing of GIS installations.
REF. 069 1992

SC 23 WG 23.04
General guidelines for the design of outdoor AC substations.
The purpose of this document is to provide a simple guide to the design of an outdoor, AC substation, from the
system requirements, through the selection of the most suitable site, to the design of the equipment to be
installed. It gives advice on the general principles, refers to relevant IEC standards and CIGRE reports, and gives
an indication of the economic factors involved.
REF. 080 1993

SC 23 WG 23.08
Choice and application of large variable speed drives in power
plants.
The report surveys all practicable types of large variable speed electrical machines (> 200 kW) and their control
systems as applied in the past and as used today. The possible circuits are described and the speed torque
diagrams are shown.
REF. 088 1994

SC 23 WG 23.05
Design and maintenance practice for substation secondary
systems.
The report deals with the main features of substation secondary systems. It includes in its scope relay-based and
computer-based equipment. The emphasis in much of the report is on large-scale transmission substations.
However, many of the systems discussed are applicable also to subtransmission and distribution level substations
even though they are generally less complex.
REF. 098 1995
SC 23 WG 23.08
Overvoltages and overvoltage protection in the generator main
electrical circuit in power stations.
This report deals with overvoltages and overvoltage protection in the generator main electrical circuit in power
stations. it includes earthing practice of the generator circuit, such as neutral point treatment of generator and
generator transformer. Different kinds of overvoltages are described, together with their origin. Methods for
calculation of overvoltages are presented as well as protection systems to minimise the effects of overvoltages.
REF. 105 1996

SC 23 WG 23.11
The mechanical effects of short circuit currents in open air
substations. (Rigid and flexible bus bars). Vol.1. An updated
revision. Vol. 2. Data base of reference tests.
This document is a revision of the earlier CIGRE brochure (No.6) published in 1987. Although the text is based on
the former brochure, some parts of which explicitly remain unchanged, other sections have been fully modified
and others cancelled because they are no longer relevant.
REF. 117 1997

SC 23 WG 23.10.01
SF6 recycling guide. Re-use of SF6 gas in electrical power
equipment and final disposal.
All significant aspects of the recycling of SF6 gas used in electrical power equipment. Recommendations for the
design of electrical equipment using it to allow ease of recycling, appropriate handling and recycling procedures
and essential features of gas handling and recycling equipment. Identifies the origins, quantities and deteriorating
effects of contaminants to be expected in SF6 and proposes purity standards to allow safe re-use. A final disposal
concept is proposed to remove SF6 from the ecocycle and transform it into environmentally comptatible
substances. General recommendations for handling for manufacturers, users and producers. Recommendations
for further studies.
This Brochure is replaced by an updated version, TB 234
REF. 125 1998

SC 23 TF 23.10.03
User guide for the application of gas-insulated switchgear
(GIS) for rated voltages of 72.5 kV and above.
WG 23-04 has published general guidelines for the design of outdoor AC substations (Publ.-69). Apart from some
minor comments the scope was limited to air-insulated switchgear (AIS). Therefore all points which are specific
for GIS for rated voltages of 72.5 kV and above or different from AIS are covered by this new application guide.
Selection of most suitable site, area requirements, environmental factors and substation layout are described
here.
REF. 150 2000
SC 23 WG 23.02
Report on the 2nd international survey on high voltage gas
insulated substations (GIS) service experience
Reliability, economic advantage for lige cycle cost and physical compactness of HV GIS have resulted in their
widespread use over some 30 years. Many Users' approach to its application is still rather unique. GIS technology
can however contribute very effectively to increasing the relaibility of new substations and to improving the asset
life cycle of existing ones. For the user to be able to decide on GIS he needs data on which to judge his
investment and maintenance decision. WG 23.02 has created a database to be updated every 5 years with the
results being accessible through CIGRE channels.
REF. 152 2000

SC 23/39 JWG 23/39
An international survey of maintenance policies and trends
General information about the utilities that responded. Quality of information is generally good but it is necessary
to bear in mind that due to the nature of the information requested (e.g. replacement costs, type of equipment,
age etc) much of the information was estimated. 64 responses were entered into a computerised database.
Analysis of the general information obtained. Further details of the construction of the database and calculation of
composite size and age factors used in the analysis are also given. The method used for detecting correlation
between answers is also given.
REF. 161 2000

SC 23 WG 23.03
(2nd version).
Evolving techniques and the opening market have contributed to new aspects which have made a revision of the
brochure issued in 1992 (Ref. 69). The purpose of this document is to provide a simple guide for designing an
outdoor AC substation, considering the systems requirements, the most suitable site, and design of the
equipment to be installed. It provides advice on the general principles, relevant IEC standards and CIGRE
reports, as appropriate, and also takes the economic factors involved.
REF. 162 2000

SC 23 WG 23.01
Questionnaire concerning aspects on planning - design -
operation and maintenance of future substations.
In Cigré report 23-207 of 1996 "The future substation : a reflective approach" a number of conclusions were made
which to a great extent is forming the base for this questionnaire. 49 responses were received : 30 from utilities -
16 from manufacturers and 3 from consultants.
REF. 163 2000
SC 23 TF 23.02.01
Guide for SF6 gas mixtures.
This guide addresses the issues of using an SF6 mixture where SF6 is diluted by one other gas, typically nitrogen
or CF4, added at a concentration in the range of 5 to 90%. The practical application of SF6 mixtures in electrical
equipment requires an understanding of their performance, both environmental and functional, as well as
methods and equipment for handling gas mixtures.
REF. 197 2002

SC 23 WG 23.04
Design guidelines for power station auxiliaries and
distribution systems
The objective is to present an overview of the current practice and state of the art of auxiliaries power supplies for
electric power stations. It is intended to be a support for design engineers. The overview considers the basic
design of auxiliaries power supplies particularly regarding the process of developing the main electrical scheme
and selection of rated voltages as required in the development of specifications.
REF. 201 2002

SC 23/39 JWG 23/39.14
Maintenance outsourcing guidelines
In CIGRE 2000 Session papers concepts of outsourcing were reviewed including business models, assessing the
risk through outsourcing exposure and the development of contractor-owner relationships. These guidelines
attempt to review these in a systematic manner. Part I discusses the general issues around the development of a
service options strategy, Part 2 focuses on the analysis of outsourcing opportunities, Part 3 considers some more
general aspects of outsourcing and Part 4 discusses key performance indicators.
REF. 211 2002

SC 21/22/23/12/13 JTF 23/12/13/21/22.16
REF. 213 2002
SC 23 WG 23.04
Engineering guide on earthing systems in power stations
To identify the current practice of safety earthing systems in power stations. To give suggestions and useful
proposals for planning, design, calculation and construction of earthing systems in order to provide safe and
effective installations. Useful for checking of existing earthing systems. The report is intended to be an
engineering guide including reference to different rules and standards as applied in various countries. Special
attention is given to current practice for different types of power stations.
REF. 214 2002

SC 23 WG 23.03
The mechanical effects of short-circuit currents in open air
substations. Part II. Companion brochure to No. 105
A technical base for the methods to be suggested in substation design against short circuit mechanical loading.
To understand the technical background behind IEC methods,to think about system design taking into
consideration SCC loads at early stage and not simply verify structures against SCC loads, to give them trend to
decrease SCC loading for uprating, refurbishement as well as designing of new substations.To help equipment
suppliers when providing new design not only for static loads but also for dynamic loads.
REF. 218 2003

SC 23/21/33 JWG 23/21/33.15
Gas insulated transmission lines (GIL)
Techical information to be of assistance in the design of circuits using GIL: definition and description of GIL;
general technical characteristics and their comparison with O/H lines and conventional cables; continuous and
short-term current rating of directly buried GIL, sensitivity analysis to design parameters. Insulation and
overvoltage aspects from a long term reliability point of view. Mechanical corrosion and installation aspects of
directly buried GIL. Environment considerations. Economic aspects. Recent GIL projects and R&D programmes.
REF. 221 2003

SC B3 WG B3.03
Improving the impact of existing substations on the
environment
To assist asset owners and designers to identify and address key environmental issues of existing substations.
Presents various methods to reduce the environmental impact of existing substations and offers management
strategies and case studies of international efforts. Includes discussions on: aesthetics - audible noise - release of
insulating oil - site contaminants and remediation - managing SF6 gas - reduction of electromagnetic fields.
REF. 233 2003
SC B3 WG B3.05
Application policy for computer-based control systems in
substations: a review.
Case studies from seven utilities about their application policy for computer-based control systems in substations.
The application policy and the relevant experience of the utilities are given under the headings of costs -
architecture - EMC - functionality - communication - reliability - flexibility - operation - maintenance and
relationship with the vendor. Conclusions are drawn about similarity.
REF. 234 2003

SC B3 TF B3.02.01
SF6 recycling guide. Revised version 2003.
Reviews all significant aspects of the recycling of SF6 gas used in electrical power equipment. Recommendations
for the design of equipment using SF6 to allow ease of gas recycling and appropriate gas handling and recycling
procedures - essential features of handling and recycling equipment. Identifies origins - quantities and
deteriorating effects of contaminants to be expected in SF6 used in electrical power equipment and proposes
purity standartds to which SF6 gas should be reclaimed to allow its safe re-use.
REF. 252 2004

SC B3 WG B3.01
Functional specification and evaluation of substations.
Liberalisation of energy markets has led to new requirements from asset owners for high voltage substations.
New concepts and solutions have been developed by solution providers. In response to this challenge two task
forces looked at effective ways of evaluating substations, both for conventional solutions and solutions involving
innovative concepts. The results of the work of these Task Forces are published in this brochure.
REF. 253 2004

SC B3 WG B3.03
Substations physical security trends.
In response to the growing concern for the security of substation physical assets an international survey was
undertaken to assess the use and effectiveness of various security measures for the prevention - detection and
control of unauthorized human intervention during the construction - operation and maintenance of substations.
This brochure presents the results and includes case studies of security measures to prevent unauthorised
access to substation property and protect substation assets raising awareness about substation physical security
issues and employee safety.
REF. 276 2005
SC B3 TF B3.02.01
Guide for the preparation of customised “Practical SF6
handling instructions”
Guide for the preparation of customised "Practical SF6 handling instructions".
State-of-the-art procedures, equipment, tools and instruments are described and suggested to minimize on-site
SF6 handling losses down to the minimum functional level for the equipment. The safety issue as well as the
personal protection equipment are also treated. Each module is stand-alone so that it can be used to compile a
customized operating manual for "Practical SF6 handling instructions".
REF. 300 2006

SC B3 WG B3.03
Guidelines to an optimized approach to the renewal of existing
air insulated sbstations
There are growing needs of renovation of substations, which have to meet the present requirements on cost
control and environmental acceptance. The TB analyses more particularly the requirements for renewal, the
methods for condition assessment and the possible options, and proposes optimal approach to the problem.
REF. 317 2007

SC D2/B3/C2 JWG D2/B3/C2.01
Security for information systems and intranets in electric
power systems
This report informs on the final JWG results and recommendations in the field of information and control systems
security. The objective is to raise the awareness and provides guidance when developing and implementing cyber
security in an Electric Power Utility. The report is based on the members’ own experiences, existing guidelines,
best practices and standards, as well as intermediate results of ongoing work in the field of cyber security.
REF. 329 2007

SC B5 WG B5.18
Guidelines for specification and evaluation of substation
automation systems
The aim of the brochure is to provide guidelines for the preparation of substation automation specifications. It
gives also supporting information and methods for the evaluation of the different offers submitted by the bidders.
REF. 337 2007
Semiconductors
REF. 351 2008

SC B3/B1 JWG B3/B1.09
Application of Long High Capacity Gas Insulated Lines
The brochure gives information on the application of long high capacity Gas-Insulated Lines (GIL) in structures
like bridges or tunnels. It is written as a guide for technical experts but can also be used for general information on
GIL technology. It explains the planning steps and requirements concerning route planning and the possibilities
and limits given by the GIL.
REF. 354 2008

SC B3 WG B3.15
Guidelines to Cost Reduction of Air Insulated Substations
This brochure provides a range of important information, which contributes to optimizing the construction cost of
AIS substations from the conceptual engineering stage to project close out. A number of case studies are also
included in the brochure to show how cost reductions have been achieved in practice by various utilities.
REF. 380 2009

SC B3 WG B3.01
The Impact of New Functionalities on Substation Design
The TB provides guidelines on the technical issues and challenges of introducing new technology into the
substation environment, with a general overview in the main body of the document and fine detail in the
appendices. It is not intended as a problem solver for system issues, but as a guide to some of the practicalities
and problems to be faced when installing the solution.
REF. 381 2009
SC B3 WG B3.17
GIS: State of the Art 2008
The TB provides a comprehensive overview about the state of the art of Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS): history,
technology, solutions and applications including testing and functional specifications. It will help to understand the
evolution of GIS, and thus enable users and suppliers to optimise the future utilisation of GIS.
REF. 389 2009

SC B3 WG B3.11
Combining Innovation with Standardization
Utilities think that standardization in substation design has many benefits, but in recent years there has been a
significant move to introduce innovation. The objective of the TB is to investigate the benefits and drawbacks of
both approaches and to provide guidelines by which these two apparently contradictory philosophies could be
coordinated in the design of future substations with minimal risk.
REF. 390 2009

SC B3 WG B3.20
Evaluation of different switchgear technologies (AIS, MTS,
GIS) for rated voltages of 52 kV and above
New HV switchgear components have been developed based either on AIS or on GIS technologies, or on a
combination of both of them (MTS). The TB objective is to provide comparative information of the possible
numerous arrangements to aid in the selection of the most effective equipment solution for a new or existing
substation.
REF. 400 2009

SC B3 WG B3.22
Technical requirements for substations exceeding 800 kV
The TB has been discussed and prepared, just when Ultra High Voltage (UHV) transmission lines and substations
in China havealready started to operate, and brought satisfactory results. It describes some technical
considerations and recommendations on UHV substations to fulfill the multiple requirements which should be
taken into account.
2.8 B4 - HVDC and Power Electronics
REF. 000 1994

SC 14 WG 14.02
A Summary of the Report on Survey of Controls and Control
Performance in HVDC Schemes.
A survey questionnaire on HVDC controls and control performance was formulated and copies submitted for
completion to DC schemes. This report serves as a data collection and summary of general control
arrangements, strategies and parameters used in the schemes for which questionnaires were returned. For some
schemes having significant and relevant operational experience, control performance was reported on and a
summary analysis is contained.
REF. 003 1987

SC 14 WG 14.04
Compendium of HVDC Schemes throughout the World.
The Compendium wants to give a survey of the HVDC systems all over the world in detailed fashion. Many datas
are required for these descriptions and they have not been obtained from many systems. Those systems, for
which not all data is available are described as far as possible. The compendium can only be updated if all
receipients support the work and send information on latest available data.
REF. 025 1986

SC 38 TF 38.01.02
Static var compensators
The rapid development of semiconductor devices and control techniques within the last two decades have
enabled the development of controllable shunt reactive compensation devices with rapid response for electric
power system applications. In recognition of the potential applications and the impact of such a flexible system
design tool on future electric power systems CIGRE decided to form an Ad-Hoc Group to review the progress on
the subject.
REF. 034 1989

SC 33/14 JWG 33/14.05
without gaps for HVDC converter stations.
This guide for metal oxide arresters without gaps for HVDC converter stations is a supplement to the application
guide for insulation coordination and arrester protection of HVDC converter stations published in Electra No.96
(Oct. 1984). It gives basic information about metal oxide material and basic arrester characteristics which will be
of value when designing and specifying an arrester protective scheme and specifying the arresters.

REF. 051 1996
SC 38 WG 38.01.06
Load flow control in high voltage systems using FACTS
controllers.
The brochure gives an overview on the impact of different FACTS controllers on the system and presents
examples of the use of such equipment in the system. It is written for engineers to understand the basic
interactions between the FACTS equipment and the system when solving system problems.
REF. 065 1990

SC 14 WG 14.03
AC harmonic filters and reactive compensation for HVDC with
particular reference to non-characteristic harmonics.
This paper summarises a report prepared by WG14-03 (Filtering and reactive compensation for HVDC) and is a
complement to the paper published in Electra No. 63 (1979). The brochure included details on : Importance of
non-characteristic harmonics, Generation of non-characteristic harmonics, Impact on AC and DC networks,
Disturbance criteria, Transient operating modes, Solutions selected for recent links etc.
REF. 068 1992

SC 14 WG 14.07
Guide for planning DC links terminating at AC locations having
low short-circuit capacities. Part 1. AC/DC interaction
phenomena.
Part I of the Guide AC/DC system interaction phenomena, discusses the effects of various aspects of interactions
between AC and DC systems on the design and performance of DC schemes connected at locations where the
AC system appears as high impedance. Part II : Planning guidelines, considers the impact of the interactions and
their mitigation on economics and overall system performance.
REF. 077 1993

SC 38 WG 38.05.04
Analysis and optimisation of SVC use in transmission systems.
The thyristor controlled static var compensator is in widespread use in power transmission systems, although it is
a relatively new shunt reactive power compensation device. With the aim to enlighten the possibilities and
limitations of employing SVC's for voltage control and stability improvement a study has been performed on the
subject.
REF. 078 1994
SC 14 WG 14.01.02
Voltage and current stresses on thyristor valves for static
var compensators.
The application of SVC employing thyristor valves in power transmission systems has been rapidly increasing in
the past decade. Nevertheless there is no International Standard for testing of the valves. As an essential step in
developing a guideline the TF undertook a thorough review of the electric stresses experienced by the thyristor
valves in operation.
REF. 082 1994

SC 38 WG 38.01.05
Use of DC converters for VAR control.
This brochure is intended as an application guide for system planners and operators as well as equipment
engineers who want to evaluate control strategies for DC converters. It starts with an explanation of DC converter
capabilities and how this can be evaluated for var control.
REF. 086 1994

SC 33 /21/14 JWG 33/21/14.16
cable transmission.
REF. 092 1995

SC 14 WG 14.03.02
DC side harmonics and filtering in HVDC transmission systems
The report deals with the harmonic voltages and currents of concern on the DC side of HVDC transmission
systems. Its aim is to provide some guidance to both users and suppliers of HVDC links in such a way that a
common understanding could be established in the area of DC side harmonics and filtering.
REF. 093 1995
SC 14 WG 14.01.02
Guidelines for testing of thyristor valves for static var
compensators.
The application of static var compensators using thyristor valves in power transmission systems has been rapidly
increasing in the past decade. Nevertheless there is no international standard for testing of thyristor valves for
SVC. The scope of the work was limited to SVCs for power transmission systems. SVC for industrial applications
(e.g. flicker control, control of voltage fluctuations caused by motor starting) are not in the scope.
REF. 097 1995

SC 14 WG 14.12
System tests for HVDC installations.
This guide is structured in eight parts and should give potential users guidance, regarding which course of action
should be taken in planning commissioning activities. Structure of the tests and a brief statement of the purpose
of the individual group of tests is presented. Commissioning an HVDC system is a very complex task which may
affect more than the actual contract parties.
REF. 103 1996

SC 14 WG 14.05
Commutation failures. Causes and consequences.
Many aspects of the impact and role of the HVDC system on the rest of the power system can be studied and
analysed without a detailed knowledge of the actual design and behaviour of the conversion process taking place
in the HVDC convertors, but a more detailed scrutiny of a number of phenomena requires a more detailed
knowledge and modelling of the HVDC system and of the DC conversion process.
REF. 112 1997

SC 14 WG 14.17
Semiconductor power devices for use in HVDC and FACTS
controllers.
During the recent years there has been a growing need for better utilisation of high voltage transmission systems.
Power electronic equipment, having an inherent fast controllability, offers solutions to transmission system
problems such as load flow and stability. Therefore, engineers are increasingly studying the potential of such
equipment to make transmission systems more flexible and adaptive to changing requirements.
REF. 113 1997
SC 14 WG 14.01.03
Test circuits for HVDC thyristor valves.
In conformity with the usual classification of the specified tests into two major categories, dielectric tests and
operational tests, the report is in two parts : Part 1 - Dielectric tests which deals principally with test circuits for
verifying the high voltage characteristics of the valve, and Part 2 - Operational tests, which deals principally with
test circuits for verifying the turn-on, turn-off and current related characteristics of the valve.
REF. 114 1997

SC 13/14 WG 13/14.08
Report.
HVDC multiterminal (MTDC) Systems permit the exchange of energy between a number of HVDC substations.
The particular advantage of the meshed system is that this exchange can continue even when one of the
interconnecting lines is out of service. Investigations have shown that the performance of MTDC systems can be
improved by installing HVDC circuit-breakers at appropriate locations.
REF. 115 1997

SC 14 WG 14.07
Guide for planning DC links terminating at AC system locations
having low short-circuit capacities. Part II : Planning
guidelines.
Guidance on planning and design of DC links terminating at AC system locations having low short-circuit
capacities relative to the DC power infeed. The Guide is limited to those aspects of interactions between AC and
DC systems which result from the fact that the AC system is 'weak' compared to the power of the DC link (i.e. AC
system appears as a high impedance at the AC/DC interface bus). Some more general aspects of the design and
planning of HVDC transmission schemes are described only when this adds to the understanding of the
interaction phenomena and for the sake of completeness of the guidelines.
REF. 116 1997

SC 11/14 JWG 11/14.09
stations with HVDC unit connected generators.
Several technical and economical reasons strongly suggest that in certain HVDC applications it is of great
advantage to simplify the rectifier station via a direct connection of hydro generating sets to 12 pulse converter
groups. The proposed arrangement is referred to in HVDC literature as "Unit Connection".
REF. 119 1997
SC 14 WG 14.05
machines.Final report.
It is not uncommon that HVDC convertor stations and generators are situated electrically and geographically
close to each other. This follows from the fact that HVDC links are often built to transmit power from a generating
station to a load centre or another part of the power system. Examples of this are the Itaipu and IPP schemes. In
these cases the HVDC and generator stations are designed more or less in parallel which means that overall
good design can be achieved by appropriate coordination.
REF. 123 1997

SC 14 WG 14.18
Thyristor controlled series compensation.
The application of power electronic thyristor valves in HVDC and SVC technologies has enabled the development
of controllable series devices with rapid response for use in electric power transmission systems. With growing
environmental, regulatory and financial constraints facing the electric utility industry, technical advancements and
economic solutions which allow increased utilization and relaible operation of transmission systems have potential
benefits for utilities and their customers.
REF. 127 1998

SC 14 WG 14.11
Guide for upgrading transmission systems with HVDC
transmission
Following the installation of the first HVDC transmission scheme between Sweden and the Island of Gotland in
1954, over 60 HVDC schemes throughout the world have been installed. Since their initial installation many of the
HVDC schemes have been upgraded in various ways. By reviewing both what has been achieved in terms of
upgrading and what potentially is possible to accomplish in an upgrade, this guide provides direction and the
latest information on the subject.
REF. 130 1998

SC 14 WG 14.23
Operational guidelines and monitoring of HVDC systems
Major advances in technology for controlling HVDC systems has led to greater efficiency in operation and
maintenance, as well as providing a reduction in staff. The quality and reliability of an HVDC system is directly
dependent on the type of monitoring implemented. Recent developments now allow implementation of computer
based information systems with significant improvements in the delivery and presentation of data necessary for
supporting the operation.
REF. 136 1999
SC 14 TF 14.01.04
Fire aspects of HVDC thyristor valves and valve halls.
Survey of the possible causes of fires in valves and valve halls; assistance to users in the areas of specification,
engineering and construction; comparative information on fire detection and protection systems; fire alarm and fire
control sustems; guidance with fire-fighting, operation and maintenance; guidance to actions after a fire. This is
also a reference document for discussion with insurance companies.
REF. 139 1999

SC 14 WG 14.30
Guide to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters
for HVDC systems.
The principal purpose of the document is to give guidance to those responsible for : preparing the a.c. filtering
aspects of Technical Specifications for HVDC projects ; evaluating the proposed designs, and monitoring the
subsequent project. The main objective is to enable informed judgements to be made and future Technical
Specifications to be written, such that the resulting a.c. filters are effective yet economical and are non under or
over designed.
REF. 143 1999

SC 14 WG 14.25
Cross-modulation of harmonics in HVDC schemes
Harmonic cross-modulation is a term used to describe the variety of frequency interactions around the two
converters that comprise and HVDC link and the effect on and interactions with the DC system and both AC
systems. Because there are two converters involved, as well as two AC systems and any number of coupled
frequencies, the number of interactions to be considered is infinite. Questions to be answered are : which
interactions are the strongest, and whether they are likely to cause steady state or transient problems, and how
to determine these interactions.
REF. 144 1999

SC 14 WG 14.19
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM)
Rapid developments of solid state power electronic devices in the last three decades have led to the development
and widespread application of static var compensators (SVCs). These shunt connected reactive compensation
equipment provided an important means for enhancing electric power transmission system performance.
Continued rapid developments in power electronic devices and control techniques let to utilisation of gate turn-off
thyristor (GTO) devices to form new power electronic shunt compensation equipment which offered more robust
output.
REF. 149 1999
SC 14 WG 14.29
Coordination of controls of multiple FACTS/HVDC links in the
same system.
Power electronics applications in high-voltage electric power systems date from the early 1970s when converters
for HVDC systems bagan using thyristors to replace mercury arc valves. Since the mid-1970s all new HVDC
systems have employed thyristor valves. Advances in power electronics have extended the application of fast
switching currents to AC systems as well, resulting in the technology commonly known as FACTS, Flexible AC
Transmission Systems. This document is intended to provide guideliens into the kinds of interactions that can
occur and the means of analysis and design that are available to assure that a coordinated response is achieved
and adverse interactions are avoided.
REF. 160 2000

SC 14 WG 14.27
Unified power flow controller (UPFC)
The result of a dialogue between utilities and manufacturers concerning the application of the unified power flow
controller (UPFC). its purpose is to provide comprehensive information on the physical nature of such devices, the
functions they can provide, the value of these functions for utilities, the way to implement them in the network, the
problems to anticipate and the obstacles that may exist regarding cost-effective implementation.
REF. 183 2001

SC 14/37/38/39 JWG 14/37/38/39.24
FACTS technology for open access
Summary of the present state of the art on the key technological developments in the FACTS area, addressing in
particular the open access aspects of networks and the scope for the application of FACTS devices therein.
Contains the approved terms of reference. Definition of FACTS includes conventional devices such as phase
shifting transformers, series capacitors and HVDC links for completeness and the possibility of combining them
with FACTS devices to improve HVAC transmission system flexibility and control.
REF. 186 2001

SC 14 WG 14.20
Economic assessment of HVDC links
HVDC has been a viable technique since the 60's and has played a vital part in both long distance transmission
and in the interconnection of systems. Its relative economic position has been much discussed over 30 years and
this report is both an update of those considerations and a review of the present position. It reviews many aspects
of transmission development common to both AC and DC transmission with a concentration on the specific
aspects of DC as they give advantage or extra dimension to the long distance transmission of electrical power.
REF. 202 2002
SC 14 WG 14.26
HVDC stations audible noise
The principle purpose of this guide is to give specific recommendations to those responsible for preparing the
audible noise aspects of technical specifications for HVDC projects, evaluating the proposed designs and
monitoring the subsequent project. The main objective is to enable future technical specifications to be written
and informed judgements made, such that the resulting outdoor audible noise levels fulfil applicable regulations
and standards.
REF. 205 2002

SC 14 WG 14.31
Custom power - State of the art.
Custom power is a concept, based on the use of static controllers in the distribution system or in some instances,
rotating machines, for the electric utilities to supply value-added power with the reliability and power quality
requested by the customers. It includes consideration of all aspects of power supply that impact individual
customers, including harmonics, inter-harmonics, voltage dips, overvoltages, range of steady state voltage and
frequency variations and phase unbalance, in addition to the abover consideration fo reliability.
REF. 215 2002

SC 14 WG 14.32
HVDC converter stations for voltages above +/- 600 kV
The scope of the work is to review the current state of HVDC converter stations up to 600 kV and the problems
associated with it and to investigate in detail what needs to be done to expand the technology to voltages above
600 kV and specifically to 800 kV. Parallel operation of converters is not considered in this document.
REF. 222 2003

SC B4 WG B4.05
On voltage and power stability in AC/DC systems
Significant new results concerning the definitions of voltage and power stability on AC/DC systems.
REF. 223 2003

SC B4 WG B4.28
Active filters in HVDC applications
This report presents both DC and AC active filters including the existing installations. The items of the report are
nearly arranged in two consecutive parts, the first treating the DC application, while the second covers the AC
filters. As active DC and AC filters share many concepts subjects may be dealt with in both parts.
REF. 237 2003
SC B4 WG B4.19
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) for arc furnace and
flicker compensation
The brochure describes the application of STATCOM for arc furnace and flicker compensation. Starting from the
measured flicker of an actual arc furnace, performances of the actual SVC compensation and the calculated
STATCOM are compared. An utility application is presented which demonstrates the accuracy of the calculation
method.
REF. 240 2004

SC B4/A2 JTF B4.04/A2.01
A presentation of performance summaries with failure areas described and classified as bushings, valve windings,
AC windings, static shields, load tap changers, core and magnetic shields or internal connections and leads
together with short descriptions of the failures. Present transformer test methods are also evaluated for adequacy.
Comparisons with the previous report are included.
REF. 242 2004

SC B4 WG B4.35
Thyristor controlled voltage regulators: Parts 1 and 2
A two part report containing three non-conventional methods of voltage regulation by reactive power control :
voltage controlled static var compensator, shunt capacitor bank series shorting and special delta star switching.
The second part explores the feasibility of static on-load transformer tap changers.
REF. 269 2005

SC B4 WG B4.37
VSC Transmission
This Brochure describes VSC Transmission technology, i.e. HVDC transmission using Voltage Sourced
Converters. A comparison with Line Commutated HVDC technology is provided. The WG found no technical
reason why this technology could not be used at high voltage and power, and concluded that such development
would depend solely on the perceived commercial return on the R&D investment.
REF. 280 2005
SC B4 WG B4.33
HVDC and FACTS for distribution systems
The development of new high power electronic switches has made it possible to implement Voltage Source
Converters (VSCs) and other converters for usage in power systems. These converters offer now applications in
distribution systems too, where they can resolve problems of environmental or planning restrictions and, as they
are fast acting, they can either eliminate or mitigate frequently appearing power quality problems.
REF. 337 2007

Semiconductors
REF. 352 2008

SC B4 WG B4.34
Capacitor Commutated Converted (CCC) HVDC Interconnections:
Digital modeling and Benchmark Circuit
Capacitor Commutated Converter -CCC- calls for developing models for digital studies. The TB discusses the
state of the art in digital studies of HVDC connections with CCC converters and proposes a benchmark circuit. It
will serve as a simplified guide for application/specification of this type converter stations.
REF. 364 2008

SC B4 WG B4.41
Systems with multiple DC Infeed
The TB provides an analytical framework for the understanding of interactions amongst multiple HVDC line
commutated inverter stations within a common ac system. The theoretical development is complemented by
actual system examples of multi-infeed HVDC planning.
REF. 370 2009
SC B4 WG B4.39
Integration of large Scale Wind Generation using HVDC and
Power Electronics
New large wind farms, both onshore and offshore, may face challenges such as, system stability issues, the need
for the wind farm to provide system/ancillary services, and difficulties to build overhead lines. The TB shows how
HVDC and other types of Power Electronics can help overcome these challenges, thereby helping to integrate
large scale wind farms into power systems.
REF. 371 2009

SC B4 WG B4.40
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)
The TB provides the basic principles of the Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), its functional
features, basic characteristics and applications, and gives information on topologies, harmonic generation issues
and modeling. It describes existing worldwide SSSC installations and presents a future outlook of SSSC.
REF. 388 2009

REF. 406 2010

ageing evaluation and reliability in service
JWG A2/B4.28 monitored the reliability in service of HVDC Converter Transformers and the TB reports, over a
period 1971-2009, an encouraging decrease in the failure rate. It also reviewed existing standard test
specifications, with a view of representing the real service conditions. The importance of the Polarity Reversal
(PR) test and the effect of the oil conductivity and the polarization time are stressed. The conclusion is that at this
stage the existing test should not be modified.
REF. 407 2010
reviews for HVDC converter transformers
A design review provides a common customer-manufacturer understanding of the applicable standards and
specification requirements. It is an opportunity to scrutinize the design to ensure the requirements will be met,
using the manufacturer’s proven materials and methodology. This document prepared by A2/B4.28, is based on
the existing guide (TB 204) while expanding to address specific aspects associated with the HVDC Converter
Transformer, such as higher harmonic or transient waveforms.
REF. 417 2010

SC B4 WG B4.45
Technological Assessment of 800kV HVDCApplications
Studies carried out by the WG and work being carried out by manufacturers show that no major problem is
anticipated with the implementation of 800kVdc HVDC technology,considered techno-economical where large
amounts o fpower is to be transmitted over long distances. The test levels specified in this TB should be beneficial
to utilities andmanufacturers and should streamline the requirements oftesting and test values.
2.9 B5 - Protection and Automation
REF. 007 1980

SC 34 WG 34.03
Non-Conventional Current and Voltage Transformers.
For some years new concepts of current and voltage transformers for HV and EHV transmission systems have
been investigated and developed to the stages of laboratory models or prototype units installed for trials on
transmission systems. One of the aims of this development was to design measuring devices of improved
transient performance, as compared with the conventional CT's, CVT's and VT's in order to reliable and faster
fault clearance times.
REF. 008 1983

SC 34 WG 34.01
Harmonisation of Protection Policies for Power Stations and
Generators and of Protection Policies for HV Networks.
The power generating units and the transmission network operate as an interactive system. Faults and switching
actions in the network cause electrical system transients which stimulate torsional oscillations along the turbine
generator shaft. In the past, the generator three-phase terminal short-circuit was considered as the most critical
mechanical stress condition for the turbine generator unit.
REF. 009 1985

SC 34 WG 34.02
REF. 010 1986

SC 34 WG 34.03
Use of Equipment built-in Automatic Testing: Self-Checking and
Monitoring with a View to improving Reliability.
The increasing sizes of power networks with increasing transfer of energy and fault current levels have stressed
the importance of reliable fault clearing. Great care is taken in circuit design, selection of components, careful
production and quality control to assure reliable fault clearing. Nevertheless components in the fault clearing chain
will degrade by time or fail suddenly and cause either failure to operate or incorrect operation.
REF. 011 1986
SC 34 WG 34.04
Evaluation of Characteristics and Performance of Power System
Protection Relays and Protective Systems.
This report is intended to provide guidance on the tests required to establish the characteristics and performance
of power system protection relays and protective systems, leaving the issuing of a standard to IEC. These
functional tests are performed as a part of a type test program. The diversity of types of protection relays and
protective systems prevents the definition of a universal type test programme.
REF. 012 1969

SC 34/35 JWG 34/35
Teleprotection.
Protective gear in modern power systems often uses information from various distant points on the power system
and the transmission of such information involves the use of telecommunication techniques. The document is
aimed at reviewing the principal methods of teleprotection having regard to the properties of the various
telecommunication systems.
REF. 013 1987

SC 34 JWG 34/35.05
Protection Systems Using Telecommunication.
Telecommunication connected to or included in protection systems seems to be more common when
transmission power systems are extended and developed. The increasing integration of telecommunication in the
protections systems necessitates a good overall view of protection and telecommunication problems and of
course power system problems as well. This report promotes mutual appreciation of the problems experienced by
engineers.
REF. 038 1989

SC 34 WG 34.01
Digital protection techniques and substation functions.
The report summarises the findings and recommendations of WG34.01, dealing with various aspects of digital
computer techniques for protection of electric power systems and the impact of an integrated hierarchical
structure on all protection and control tasks. An important part of the report is defining the structure for collection
and description of significant test cases for protection and control.
REF. 049 1995
SC 34 WG 34.02
Adaptive protections and control.
The concept of adaptive protection evolved during the 1980's. By then, digital computer based relaying was well
accepted. Most relaying functions have been shown to be amenable to digital computer implementation and the
satisfactory field experience with these devices has allayed the fears of protection engineers about the
survivability of computer relays in the harsh environment of electric utility substations.
REF. 064 1992

SC 34 WG 34.04
Application guide on protection of complex transmission
network configurations.
This guide is primarily aimed at the application engineer who has a basic protection knowledge but needs expert
assistance to plan and operate the protection of more complex transmission systems. This publication may
however, also be of interest to experienced engineers as it contains recent information collected through analysis
of the responses to a world-wide survey questionnaire issued in 1989.
REF. 067 1992

SC 35 WG 35.01
Renewal of existing telecontrol systems.
The utilisation of digital computers in electric power control systems is now widespread around the world. On the
basis of the acquired experience the operating life of a telecontrol system ranges from 10 to 15 years. Several
factors intervene over the years to render the telecontrol system obsolescent. The hardware is certainly one of the
main reasons.
REF. 084 1994

SC 34 WG 34.05
Application of wideband communication circuits to protection.
Prospects and benefits.
The document starts with a general introduction dealing with the trend towards digital communication and the
need for wideband communication, giving a brief comparison of the different transmission media and an overview
of the different types of protection systems. It also gives a short survey of the present practices and future trends
and presents some opportunities for new applications.
REF. 087 1994
SC 34 WG 34.06
Maintenance and management of protection systems.
The growing size and complexity of power systems generate increasing needs for maintenance and management
efforts to optimise investment and renewal costs. On the other hand the rapid development of information
technology can provide a new approach to reduce life cycle costs. SC34 has considered these aspects from the
point of view of protection and control systems.
REF. 088 1994

SC 23 WG 23.05
systems.
The report deals with the main features of substation secondary systems. It includes in its scope relay-based and
computer-based equipment. The emphasis in much of the report is on large-scale transmission substations.
However, many of the systems discussed are applicable also to subtransmission and distribution level substations
even though they are generally less complex.
REF. 128 1998

SC 34 WG 34.08
Protection against voltage collapse
This report marks a milestone in the actual comprehension of the complex phenomenon called "voltage collapse"
in power transmission systems. It offers an in-depth survey of our present knowledge about this typical system
disturbance, restricting the analysis to the so-called "long-term" variant, the one for which it seems most feasible
to develop some sort of system protection to cope with.
REF. 140 1999

SC 34 WG 34.01
Reliable fault clearance and back-up protection.
The scope of the work covers back-up protection policies, including breaker failure protection, for lines,
transformers and busbars of a primary transmission network. it defines input data and describes a theoretical and
reasonable approach to evaluate the necessity and performance of a general back-up protection system
assuming the input data is known. A description of the moste wide-spread and near-future back-up protection
systems and the principal advantages and disadvantages of each solution. Application of the previous theoretical
approach to the different solutions described.
REF. 159 2000
SC 34 WG 34.10
Analysis and guidelines for testing numerical protection
schemes.
The question of how to test numerical relays has become an important topic over the last few years. The
protection functions of the relay and the transient currents and voltages are still the same, but it is the present
state of technology that offers new possibilities and makes the number of functions in the relay more complex. It is
generally agreed that testing numerical protection should be different from older techniques.
REF. 180 2001

SC 34 WG 34.03
Communication requirements in terms of data flow within
substations
Electric utilities all over the world have been undergoing radical changes in their market and regulatory structure.
A basic trend in this restructuring process has been the replacement of traditional expansion planning and
operation procedures, based on centralised optimisation, by market oriented approaches.
A study of communication requirements in terms of data flow within substations covering communication of all
functions usually performed i.e. all tasks of protection, control, monitoring, measuring, disturbance recording etc.
The complete definition of all communication requirements has to provide the rating guide for existing/coming
communication networks/busses and the basis for the definition of standards.
REF. 187 2001

SC 38 TF 38.02.19
System protection schemes in power networks
The institutional changes taking place in the Electricity Supply Industry all over the world are drastically changing
the approach to quality of supply. Where it previous represented a National target it is currently developing
towards a purely commercial issue between a supplier and its customers.The aim of the CIGRE WG is to
examine quality of supply from the customers point of view instead of from a system approach as has been done
in the past.
REF. 192 2001

SC 34/35 JWG 34/35.11
Protection using telecommunications
Deregulation in both the telecommunication and electric power industry, together with new telecommunication
network technologies and advances in numerical protection, has resulted in the need to reconsider traditional
methods of delivering teleprotection schemes and their associated bearer services. Fibre-optic technology is
commonly deployed in new telecommunication networks for inter-station communication and utility-owned and
public telecommunication networks from third parties are available for protection purposes.
REF. 200 2002
SC 34 WG 34.08
Isolation and restoration policies against power system
collapse
This report discusses characteristics of severe system disturbances and describes measures applied by utilities
against wide-spread blackouts, including currently applied special protection schemes against power system
collapse. Normal protective relays used for fault clearance are not considered. Emphasis is placed on:
circumstances which could lead to severe disturbances; utilities policies for preventing system collapse; SPS in
operation; performance of SPS against disturbances; interaction of SPS and the power system.
REF. 212 2002

SC 34 WG 34.09
Report on survey to establish protection performance during
major disturbances
The objectives of the questionnaire were to review significant disturbances since 1986 (i.e. where load loss
exceeded 1 system-minte or generation loss exceeded 10% peak demand) ; identify and categorise the cause
and nature of the disturbances ; to collect user experience relating to behaviour of protection and control systems
during such disturbances.
REF. 232 2003

SC B5 WG B5.09
Optimisation of protection performance during system
disturbance
Attempts to identify the potential vulnerabilities of protection schemes in the event of major disturbances and
recommend strategies to optimise protection performance. Given the rapid pace of technology development
reference is also made to possible future improvements in such defence schemes.
REF. 236 2003

SC B5 WG B5.01
Conformance testing guideline for communication in substations
Modern substation automation systems rely on IEDs and serial communication.The objective of the work is to
provide guidelines for testing communication in substations up to interoperability, with a view of giving a broader
approach and not only answering the case of a specific standard.It covers the test system, the test
configuration,the test scenrios for the evaluation of performances,and the evaluation/acceptation criteria.
REF. 246 2004
SC B5 WG B5.07
The automation of new and existing substations: why and how
.Discusses the impact of modern secondary equipment in substations to utilities. Overall and not individual
functions are discussed. It applies to new substations as well as for refurbishment of secondary equipment in
existing substations. The purpose is to assist engineers who have not yet had experience with modern secondary
equipment. It provides useful information gained by utilities, manufacturers and system integrators
REF. 270 2005

SC B5 WG B5.O1
Auto-reclosing and local system restoration
The Technical Brochure describes the current state of the art of autoreclosing, examines how it may be further
improved, using new technologies and the automatic system restoration.
The Brochure contains also the results out of a survey, which collected established local practices, problems and
possible improvements from different utilities and manufacturers throughout the world.
REF. 295 2006

WG B5.17
Relay software models for use with electromagnetic transient
analysis programs
Relay models have been used for performing a variety of protection studies. It started with the practices of
building prototypes, a practice which remained in use when solid state technology was introduced in
manufacturing protection relays and continued even after the introduction of digital electronics technology.
Gradually it was replaced by using computer programs that modelled the performance of relays, which purpose
was to study the impact of the operation of relays on system performance. Models of relays are now being used in
designing relays, analysing system performance and studying the impact of relay operation on system security.
REF. 307 2006

SC B5 WG B5.09
Remote on-line management for protection and automation
The report handles the application of Information Technology (IT) for the remote, on-line management of
Substation protection and automation systems. Examples of core Information Technology that might be applied
are presented to highlight the operational advantages of such enabling technologies. It is the belief of SC B5 that
remote, on-line management will play a fundamental role in helping utilities to integrate capabilities within a
scaleable enterprise.
REF. 318 2007
SC B5 WG B5.22
Wi-Fi Protected Access for protection and automation
SC B5 commissioned this study to survey applications using Wi-Fi in protection and automation schemes, and
the mitigation of security vulnerabilities offered by IEEE 802.11i on system reliability and performance. This paper
summarizes the findings of the survey, as well as the results of analysis that suggests specific design
requirements and security levels needed for Wi-Fi protected access. The security levels are prioritized in terms of
their mitigation of risk related to critical mission protection and automation functions. Specific mechanisms needed
to adequately implement Wi-Fi are identified and are related to existing or emerging standards.
REF. 326 2007

SC B5 WG B5.11
The introduction of IEC 61850 and its impact on protection and
automation within substations
IEC 61850 is more than a communication standard and its introduction will have a high impact on substations
automation systems and their users. Both the procurement process in the utilities has to be adapted to this kind of
systems and the specification has to focus on functions performance and availability. The key role of the system
integrator has to be defined from the beginning and is needed with some modifications of his task over the
complete life cycle of the system.
REF. 329 2007

SC B5 WG B5.18
automation systems
The aim of the brochure is to provide guidelines for the preparation of substation automation specifications. It
gives also supporting information and methods for the evaluation of the different offers submitted by the bidders.
REF. 355 2008

SC B5 WG B5.03
Fault and Disturbance Data Analysis including intelligent
Systems
The Technical Brochure presents an overview on the requirements for monitoring the system protections and the
dynamic performance of electric power system, combining the possibilities and characteristics offered by local
instrumentation with the adequacy of system dynamic simulation studies.

REF. 359 2008
SC B5 WG B5.15
Modern Distance Protection Functions and Applications
The document aims at providing up to date information and essential material that will directly benefit protection
engineers and other professionals interested in modern distance protection devices and their application. It
focuses on improvements over previous technologies, discusses the principles of adaptive functions and covers
the functional integration aspect in modern distance protection devices.
REF. 401 2009

SC B5 WG B5.32
Functional Testing of IEC 61850 Based Systems
Introduction of IEC 61850 standard requires new waysto test their performance. The TB describes a structured
method to specify functional tests on systems based on this standard. An object oriented approach is proposed.
Conformance and interoperability tests are not treated, being already standardized.
REF. 402 2009

SC B5 WG B5.94
High Impedance Faults
High Impedance Faults (HIFs) have been a challenge for pro-tection engineers for a long time. The TB presents
the current experiences, worldwide, and the methods used or pro-posed for detecting HIFs. It assesses their state
of progressand their degree of implementation, in order to guide the users in the optimization of the protection
schemes.
REF. 404 2010

SC B5 WG B5.13
Acceptable Functional Integration In HV Substations
The TB discusses functional integration in substation protection and control systems, its advantages,
disadvantages and impact on reliability, engineering, maintenance and testing. A paradigm shift requires
development of new skills and organisational changes. One of the primary tasks was to prepare, perform, analyse
and report an industry survey (utilities and manufacturers) on the acceptable level of Functional Integration.
REF. 411 2010
SC B5 WG B5.10
Protection, Control and Monitoring of Series Compensated
Networks
The TB reports the work done over years 2002 - 2009. It focuses on the secondary equipment for compensated
networks, as well as on the relevant issues related to series capacitors and associated equipment installed on
series capacitor banks. The case studies and the survey results included in the report inform the reader about the
current practices of different utilities worldwide.
REF. 421 2010

SC B5 B5.34
The Impact of Renewable Energy Sources and Distributed
Generation on Substation Protection and Automation
The TB reviews anti-islanding methods, together with the methodology for the protection performance
assessment. It also presents a comparative analysis of the different practices for the protection schemes and
settings. Finally, challenges and opportunities of the new protection and generation technologies that permit an
effective integration of large scale DG are identified.
REF. 424 2010

SC B5 B5.20
New Trends for Automated Fault and Disturbance Analysis
The TB starts with a justification of why automation of fault and disturbance analysis may be needed. Then it
focuses on three important questions: the present status, the future needs, and the requirements for future
solutions. The final section deals with the implementation issues. Conclusions and recommendations indicate the
automated analysis is feasible and desirable.
REF. 427 2010

SC B5 B5.38
The Impact of Implementing Cyber Security Requirements using
IEC 61850
To better understand the impact of cyber security on IEC 61850 systems, B5.38 surveyed existing (and work-
inprogress) standards, reports and technical papers to assess the quality of the solution offered. The assessment
describes the strengths and weaknesses of each solution from a protection engineer’s point-of-view. A gap
analysis shows where further research is needed.
2.10 C1 - System Development and Economics
REF. 022 1987

SC 37 WG 37.03
Methods of forecasting demand for electricity.
The concept of electricity demand forecasting covers in fact a number of diverse activities, corresponding to
different purposes. Forecasts may concern either the short-term, for budget or actual management purposes, or
the long-term, to support investment planning. They can be done at national, regional or local levels, being then
particularly useful for planning of generation capacities, of the transmission and interconnection network and of
distribution networks.
REF. 024 1986

SC 38 TF 38.01.03
Planning against voltage collapse.
Extensive version with all appendices. It is well known that transmission of active power is dependent on the
voltages at both the sending and receiving ends of a transmission system. The most well known steady state
limitation to power transmission on a system occurs when the electrical angle between the voltage sources at the
two ends reaches 90°.
REF. 025 1986

SC 38 TF 38.01.02
the subject.
REF. 056 1996

SC 37 WG 37.13
Environmental aspects of links between power system planners
and decision makers in the energy area.
The report does not focus on the necessity of communication as such, or whether communication actually is
desired, but rather addresses means to improve the communicative process and where experiences gained have
shown interesting or encouraging results.
REF. 070 1992
SC 38 WG 38.03.10
Composite power system reliability evaluation. Vol.II
This guide supplements Part I (Doc. 26) as an example and comparison of results for combined generation and
transmission network reliability evaluations. The key new materials presented here are the results of combined
transmission and generation reliability analysis of an actual operating power system. The report presents a
complete example, including the data required, the assumptions to be made and the techniques available for the
analysis.
REF. 071 1992

SC 37 WG 37.09
International experiences in improving the links between power
system planners, the general public and decision makers in the
energy policy area.
New electric power facilities can be accepted and sited, but only if the dialogue with all those concerned is
successful. There is always a risk that permissions and licenses from authorities and energy policy decision
makers are revised and changed, if the proper dialogue with the general public has not taken place in advance of
authority decisions.
REF. 077 1993

SC 38 WG 38.05.04
The thyristor controlled static var compensator is in widespread use in power transmission systems, although it is
a relatively new shunt reactive power compensation device. With the aim to enlighten the possibilities and
limitations of employing SVC's for voltage control and stability improvement a study has been performed on the
subject.
REF. 082 1994

SC 38 WG 38.01.05
Use of DC converters for VAR control.
This brochure is intended as an application guide for system planners and operators as well as equipment
engineers who want to evaluate control strategies for DC converters. It starts with an explanation of DC converter
capabilities and how this can be evaluated for var control.
REF. 085 1994
SC 38 WG 38.04
technology.
REF. 099 1995

SC 37 WG 37.07
Interaction between transmission and distribution system
planning.
The scope of the WG is defined on three main subjects : 1. Voltage levels for transmission, sub-transmission and
distribution systems; 2. Size and density of substations and transformer capacities; 3. Architecture of
transmission, sub-transmission and distribution networks. This report is meant to be an executive summary of the
work carried out. The Group produced four main technical reports which are added as appendices.
REF. 127 1998

SC 14 WG 14.11
transmission
Following the installation of the first HVDC transmission scheme between Sweden and the Island of Gotland in
1954, over 60 HVDC schemes throughout the world have been installed. Since their initial installation many of the
HVDC schemes have been upgraded in various ways. By reviewing both what has been achieved in terms of
upgrading and what potentially is possible to accomplish in an upgrade, this guide provides direction and the
latest information on the subject.
REF. 137 1999

SC 37 WG 37.23
Impact of increasing contribution of dispersed generation on
the power system.
The traditional large power plants are now challenged by dispersed generation whose growth will certainly have
consequences on the power systems. Several different scenarios are possible. They much depend on the driving
forces (economic, legislation, regulation and environmental obligations). However, many technical effects are
awaited. They concern generation, planning the development of the systems or its operation etc.
REF. 154 2000
SC 38 TF 38.05.08
Techniques for power system planning under uncertainties.
Until recently transmission planning used to be a very well defined set of methods and tools for deciding
reinforcements to the transmission system. Traditional sources of uncertaintly existed (demand growth, fuel
prices, security of fuel supplies, lines and generator breakdowns). In some cases, deterministic criteria were used
so that the system could be operated at all load levels to withstand some unscheduled contingencies without
instability, cascading or interruption of load. In other cases uncertainties were taken into account, with known
probability laws. This time has gone …
REF. 176 2000

SC 37 WG 37.27
Ageing of the system. Impact on planning.
In the past the driving force for system odernisation has been load growth : equipment was replaced because its
rating or characteristics were no longer compatible with the changing requirements due to steady and
considerable load growth. Nowadays in the low growth environment that prevails in many countries - many assets
are rated sufficiently to fulfil their roles in electricity transmission up to the expiry of their lifetimes.
REF. 183 2001

SC 14/37/38/39 JWG 14/37/38/39.24
FACTS technology for open access
Summary of the present state of the art on the key technological developments in the FACTS area, addressing in
particular the open access aspects of networks and the scope for the application of FACTS devices therein.
Contains the approved terms of reference. Definition of FACTS includes conventional devices such as phase
shifting transformers, series capacitors and HVDC links for completeness and the possibility of combining them
with FACTS devices to improve HVAC transmission system flexibility and control.
REF. 188 2001

SC 37 WG 37.28
Quality of supply. Customers requirements
in the past.
REF. 191 2001
SC 38 TF 38.06.01
Methods to consider customer interruption costs in power
system analysis
Electrical power utilities have to continually make decisions regarding the level of investment that should be
provided in their systems. Low levels of investment can result in generally unreliable supplies while excessive
investment can result in unnecessary expenditures with a resulting increase in the cost of electricity energy to
customers. These considerations have always been of considerable importance to utilities. The restructuring and
privatisation of many electricity supply systems has however imposed additional considerations on many utilities.
REF. 198 2002

SC 37/38/39 JWG 37/38/39
Glossary of terms used in the electricity supply industry.
Glossary of: Electrical quantities; electricity systems; system operation; electricity market; entities in the electricity
market; electrical plant primary, secondary and general. Refs. NERC - NECA - IEEE.
REF. 199 2002

SC 38 TF 38.01.11
control.
A distillation of many discussions on the possible impacts of superconducting power cables in power transmission
systems in the future. Only oxide superconductors are discussed. In order to clarify the possibility of using SC
cables, the Task Force collected and discussed worldwide background data concerning underground (or
undersea) cables and analyzed the trend of SC cable applications in future power grids.
REF. 203 2002

SC 38 TF 38.05.10
Optimal network structure in an open market environment
The focus of this report is on network planning in the "new environment" of a liberalised electricity market. The
development of the network is viewed from different stakeholders' objectives. The stakeholders in the
transmission network are groups or individuals who have a stake in, or an expectation of the development and
performance of the network. An open network exists when all market players meet equal admission rights and
obligations. This required that the grid be administered through a transparent set of rules such as a grid code.
REF. 220 2003
SC 37 WG 37.30
Network planning in a deregulated environment.
The overall objective of the study is to analyse the need for development of the medium and long term
transmission planning approach in deregulated surroundings. This includes identification and analysis of the
changing conditions and the key issues determining the system reliability and need for transmission capacity.
REF. 235 2003

SC C1 WG C1.31
Management of transmission capacity and access : impact on
system development.
Overall aim is to define transmission capacity, identify the options for managing transmission capacity and assess
the impact of management of transmission capacity on system development..
REF. 271 2005

SC C6 WG C6.02
Connection of generators and other customers - rules and
practices
The Brochure presents the rights and duties of generators and other customers connected to the network. On the
basis of an extensive questionnaire information was gathered from 18 power systems. The report covers the
definition of connection, procedure for connection, ownership, tariffs and contractual agreements. Furthermore the
transmission service is discussed and also the impact of the connection on the transmission network. The
connection of dispersed generation is considered separately.
REF. 282 2005

SC C1 WG C1.26
Planning issues for newly industrialised and developing
countries fron ASEAN
This TB documents the issues, methods and approaches to carrying out power system planning undertaken by
these countries. The TB acts as a reference for regional utilities to benchmark planning methods and strategies.
REF. 293 2006
SC C1 WG C1.3
Electric Power System Planning with the Uncertainty of Wind
Generation
The Technical Brochure deals with the uncertainty that faces system developers and operators resulting from the
rapid increase in wind farms.
REF. 309 2006

SC C1 WG C1.1
Asset Management of Transmission Systems and Associated CIGRE
Activities
The TB develops the main aspects of the concept of Asset Management definition, core processes, relationship
between Asset Owners, - Asset Managers, Service Providers, core competences, policy and experiences with
outsourcing. Methodologies to take decisions on Run/Repair/Refurbish/Replace are given, including Asset Health
Indicators, Operations & Maintenance costs, re-investment costs, maintenance strategy and
diagnostics/monitoring.
REF. 312 2007

SC C1 WG C1.04
Application and required developments of dynamic models to
support practical planning
Dynamic analyses at the planning stage are becoming an increasingly important issue, especially in liberalised
electricity markets. To help planners complete this difficult task, a series of case studies has been investigated
and presented in the WG C1.04 report. Moreover, a general methodology to set up dynamic models and
discriminate among different dynamic phenomena is suggested. Models for wind farms and loads were identified
as particularly important.
REF. 327 2007

SC C1 WG C1.6
Impact of regulatory environments on investment decisions in
transmission
Efficient investment in transmission pays a critical role in the operation of electricity markets. From the feedback
of a questionnaire sent to operators, the TB analyses the impact of the regulatory environment on the investment
decisions.
REF. 334 2007
SC C1 WG C1.2
Maintenance of Acceptable Reliability in an Uncertain
Environment
The TB considers the issues associated to major system unreliability events that can be related to planning
factors, in the present uncertain context. The analysis identified a number of lead indicators of susceptibility of a
particular power system to major unreliability events and, as some of the studied events resulted in part or total
loss of supply to major cities, the TB includes the results of a survey of planning standards in cities.
REF. 357 2008

SC C1 WG C1.7
Managing the Complexity and Uncertainties of Load, Generation
and Markets in System Development Planning
System planners face today unique challenges to accommodate the new uncertainties in markets, loads
and generation and to develop system plans that balance reliability, economy and risk. The report summarizes a
survey of the methods used worldwide. In addition, case examples are provided to illustrate in more detail these
methods.
REF. 367 2009

SC C1 WG C1.11
Asset Management Performance Benchmarking
This TB provides the results of a study on the current state of performance measurement and benchmarking,
within the High Voltage Electricity Utility Industry, based on a world-wide survey. It identifies the typical challenges
related to benchmarking and the approach most commonly used by utilities and regulatory authorities.
REF. 374 2009

SC C1 WG C1.8
Review of Structures for the System Development Activity
The TB presents a characterization of the Electric Industry in relation to the System Development Activity,
supported by a review of the physical boundaries, the responsible actors and the functions assignment. Highlights
and recommendations are drawn and might be useful to people involved in Electric Industry Assessment.
REF. 388 2009
REF. 422 2010

SC C1 C1.16
Transmission Asset Risk Management
International developments in asset management resulted in new approaches and specifications which
emphasize or mandate risk management as one of the key processes for asset management decision making.
The TB describes these developments in electricity transmission systems and specifically
as it applies to the major risk for the electricity transmission companies, namely asset aging.
REF. 425 2010

SC B2, C1 B2/C1.19
Solutions
This TB explores the subject of achieving large capacity increases on existing transmission lines. It first touches
the roles and interrelations of planners and designers and then discusses technologies that can be used to
increase the capacity. At the end it shows the importance of the relationship between owners, operators and the
public and its representatives.
2.11 C2 - System Operation and Control
REF. 018 1987

SC 35 WG 35.01
Structure of telecontrol centres and overall systems.
The methods for designing telecontrol systems vary very much in different countries due to different conditions,
e.g. power production and grid, as well as of an organisational nature. One is also dependent on the techniques
and economics of the control system components, e.g. computers and communication equipment. The report
discusses the most common methods for designing telecontrol systems, but many other methods could and will
be applied in the future.
REF. 031 1985

SC 39 WG 39.04
Nuclear power plant performance in power system control. A
review of international practice.
Part I of the paper presents an overview of the design principles from a control and performance viewpoint of the
power reactors and nuclear steam supply systems adopted for nuclear power stations by 21 countries. Part II is a
compilation and analysis of an international survey of the NSSS by reactor and plant type, control systems and
the capability of NSSS to withstand load rejection and continued operation at low load.
REF. 033 1989

SC 39 WG 39.03
Methodologies in power systems operations planning
This brochure reports the results of an enquiry conducted with some 30 utilities from all over the world. Its aim is
to illustrate the methodologies adopted by power industry to set-up generation strategies or schedules, taking due
account of the requirements for economy and security of operation.
REF. 036 1989

SC 39
Control of power systems during disturbed and emergency
conditions.
SC32 (later 39) supported a WG on the control of power systems during disturbed or emergency conditions for
some 12 years. During that period 9 Papers - some surveys, some giving analysis and developments in the
subject - were published in Electra or at Sessions. The brochure summarises their contents. It also refers briefly
and selectively to complementary work on reliability of supply.
REF. 051 1996
SC 38 WG 38.01.06
controllers.
The brochure gives an overview on the impact of different FACTS controllers on the system and presents
examples of the use of such equipment in the system. It is written for engineers to understand the basic
interactions between the FACTS equipment and the system when solving system problems.
REF. 053 1990

SC 39 WG 39.05
Bulk electricity system operational performance. Measurement
systems and survey results.
This brochure contains information concerning : Objectives for BES operations management; Measurement
philosophy; Security measurement system; Survey of utility disturbance performance; Results of disturbance
survey; Quality measurement system; Survey of delivery point performance; Results of delivery point survey;
Measurement system for BES frequency; Results of frequency quality survey, etc....
In French : ref. 054 (054.pdf)
REF. 090 1994

SC 38 WG 38.06.04
The use of expert systems for power system restoration.
The brochures comprises the following parts : A survey of the already developed expert systems for restoration; a
study on strategy in restoration expert systems; and finally the lessons learned from the development of these
systems. It may be useful for power system operation and control experts, when considering the possible
applications of expert systems to assist the operators during restoration.
REF. 101 1995

SC 38 WG 38.02.12
Criteria and countermeasures for voltage collapse.
Based on many incidents that have been experienced, the electric power industry is increasingly concerned with
bulk power system voltage instability and collapse. There is now a large literature on voltage stability analysis
methods. Production grade simulation software is also now available. There is relatively little information available
however on reliability criteria and effective voltage collapse countermeasures.
REF. 126 1998
SC 38 WG 38.04.01
Unit commitment
The Unit Commitment problem is the problem of scheduling the generation units to be operated and their power
output, during a certain time period (typically from one day to one week). Generating units should meet the
demand for electricity at each point in time (typically each hour), at the lowest total production cost, and without
violating their technical constraints.
REF. 138 1999

SC 39/11 JWG 39/11
plants and high voltage electric power systems.
Public electricity supply systems have developed into very complex and interconnected systems, whose
components are highly dependent upon each other. Careful management of the relationship between the
components is crucial to the provision of a secure, reliable and economic supply of electricity to the end-user
customer.
REF. 148 1999

SC 38 TF 38.02.14
Analysis and modelling needs of power systems under major
frequency disturbance. Final report.
The content of the task force final report is certainly not an extensive or exhaustive inventory of all the theoretical
and practical frequency related topics but the result of the shared experience of the task force members in that
field. Due to their relatively disperses geographical origin and related power system size, it represents a
reasonable overview of today's situation in the matter.
REF. 152 2000

SC 23/39 JWG 23/39
General information about the utilities that responded. Quality of information is generally good but it is necessary
to bear in mind that due to the nature of the information requested (e.g. replacement costs, type of equipment,
age etc) much of the information was estimated. 64 responses were entered into a computerised database.
Analysis of the general information obtained. Further details of the construction of the database and calculation of
composite size and age factors used in the analysis are also given. The method used for detecting correlation
between answers is also given.
REF. 166 2000
SC 38 TF 38.02.16
Impact of interactions among power system controls.
Survey on power system control systems, both continuous and discrete - the tools and techniques used in their
analysis and the methodologies used in their design; Examine and compare the tools, techniques and design
methodologies identified; Propose guidelines on the coordination of control systems with overlapping spheres of
influence.
REF. 171 2000

SC 38 TF 38.04.04
Long term operation planning of hydro-thermal power systems
A wide range of methods for long-term operation of both thermal and hydro systems have been in use for many
years. Many of the methods are based on the same basic algorithm principles but quite different in
implementation. Various approximations are used tailored to system characteristics. This report addresses the
state-of-the-art methods for long-term operation planning in pure hydro - pure thermal and in hydro-thermal
systems. The focus is on optimization methods.
REF. 187 2001

SC 38 TF 38.02.19
System protection schemes in power networks
in the past.
REF. 198 2002

SC 37/38/39 JWG 37/38/39
REF. 201 2002
SC 23/39 JWG 23/39.14
Maintenance outsourcing guidelines
In CIGRE 2000 Session papers concepts of outsourcing were reviewed including business models, assessing the
risk through outsourcing exposure and the development of contractor-owner relationships. These guidelines
attempt to review these in a systematic manner. Part I discusses the general issues around the development of a
service options strategy, Part 2 focuses on the analysis of outsourcing opportunities, Part 3 considers some more
general aspects of outsourcing and Part 4 discusses key performance indicators.
REF. 208 2002

SC 39 WG 39. 01
The needs and environment of control centre operators during
power system restoration. A benchmark questionnaire survey.
A presentation of the results of a questionnaire survey on power system restoration, covering operator needs and
the changing industry environment. Responses were received from 36 organisations all over the world and the
analyses are presented in two parts: Part I - Business, which deals with organisational and strategic aspects of
restoration and the influence of market liberalisation on restoration. Part II - Domain, which anlyses domain
specific issues related to restoration: operator problems in restoration, ideal needs and their current availability
and the gaps
REF. 243 2004

SC C2 WG C2.01
Improving resilience in power control centres
An examination of the factors influencing utilities, or those segments which are responible for Power Control
Centre operations, to examine the risks posed to continuous and satisfactory operations of their enterprises. The
forces which generate a need for increased resilience are summarised; the technological developments which act
as enabling factors in increasing resilience are summarised. Steps that can be taken to increase resilience are
examined. System and equipment design, staff training and business continuity planning steps are also
discussed.
REF. 316 2007

SC C2 TF C2.02.24
Defense plan against extreme contingencies
This comprehensive Technical Brochure on the development of defense plans to mitigate extreme system
contingencies is the roadmap that leads power system professionals to improve electric system reliability and
security of the grid. From the concept to the design, engineering, implementation, and testing of these schemes,
the report proposes ways to implement theses schemes securely while operationally acceptable to system
coordinators.
REF. 317 2007
power systems
REF. 330 2007

SC C4 WG C4.601
Wide area monitoring and control for transmission capability
enhancement
This document presents a comprehensive descirption of Wide Area Monitoring and Control installations and
applications around the world and future expectations for this technology. This includes a review of Wide Area
Monitoring and Control installations, including their applications and reasons for applying this technology.
Thorough discussion is provided of the future role and development of this technology from the monitoring and
control point of view.
REF. 356 2008

SC C2 WG C2.01
Data Exchange Issues within the Power System Operation and
Control Environment - A Benchmark Questionnaire Survey
This brochure presents the results of a questionnaire on data exchange practices and issues in the control centre
environment. The responses, from 26 organisations all over the world, address the organization power and
control system, the functions performed, the what and how of data exchange and the plans for improvement.
REF. 405 2010

SC C2 WG C2.11
System Control in Light of Recent Developments in Substation
Control (IEC Standards)
Substation control systems (SCS) are the first level of control in Transmission System Operation. They integrate
station control and protection. The TB discusses recent advances both in IEC standards and SCS and how the
latter operate in hierarchical control systems. System operation in terms of integrated monitoring, control
(especially of wind generators) andprotection is also discussed.
2.12 C3 - System Environmental Performance
REF. 056 1996

SC 37 WG 37.13
and decision makers in the energy area.
The report does not focus on the necessity of communication as such, or whether communication actually is
desired, but rather addresses means to improve the communicative process and where experiences gained have
shown interesting or encouraging results.
REF. 071 1992

SC 37 WG 37.09
energy policy area.
New electric power facilities can be accepted and sited, but only if the dialogue with all those concerned is
successful. There is always a risk that permissions and licenses from authorities and energy policy decision
makers are revised and changed, if the proper dialogue with the general public has not taken place in advance of
authority decisions.
REF. 147 1999

SC 22 WG 22.14
procedures, impacts and mitigations
Electricity utilities involved in transmission development, maintenance and operation face increasingly severe
challenges as a result of heightened environmental awareness, more comprehansive legislation and standards
and growing public expectations and concerns.These trends will have a major influence on the approach of
companies to the management of both new projects and existing transmission assets.
REF. 221 2003

SC B3 WG B3.03
environment
To assist asset owners and designers to identify and address key environmental issues of existing substations.
Presents various methods to reduce the environmental impact of existing substations and offers management
strategies and case studies of international efforts. Includes discussions on: aesthetics - audible noise - release of
insulating oil - site contaminants and remediation - managing SF6 gas - reduction of electromagnetic fields.
REF. 250 2004
SC B1 WG B1.19
of a new HV underground cable system in the network.
The design of underground lines should address the technical and environmental issues concerning their
integration in the network,during the design, installation, operation and upgrading stages. WG B1.19 report
provides guidelines for the design of transitions between OHL and underground cables.It deals with land AC
extruded cables, but some sections are applcable to DC and/or submarine and SCFF cables.
One chapter is dedicated to Enviromental Impact Assessment. It presents an example of of ageneral method for
the evaluation of impacts and offers a typical table of contents for an environmental evaluation report.K
REF. 265 2005

SC B2 WG B2.15
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for overhead lines
This BT presents a broad examination of LCA and LCA methodologies. A summary is given on how LCA
developed and how it is classified and outlined in the ISO 14040 series. Included is a full review of work done in
Scandinavian countries on LCA. An explanation and comparison is provided on various LCA software packages,
and some studies dealing with the overhead line as a system are included. Finally conclusions and
recommendations are presented.
REF. 340 2008

SC C3 WG C3.03
Utilities Practices toward Sustainable Development
The strategy toward a Sustainable Development is not standardised and it is useful to compare approaches of
companies. WG C3.03 analysed a number of Sustainability Reports or Environmental Reports, published by
Utilities, exposing their current approaches to the three "Pillars": environmental aspects, society development and
economical performances. Case studies, relevant to the three "Pillars", show examples of practices.
REF. 383 2009

SC C3 WG C3.02
Sustainable Development Performance Indicators for
Transmission System Operators
Sustainable Development is a key issue for Transmission System Operators. The performance in such a wide
activity has to be monitored and reported with relevant indicators. WG C3-02 presents in this Technical Brochure
the results of its analysis of reports and guidelines and the WG selection of the most important indicators.
2.13 C4 - System Technical Performance
REF. 020 1974

SC 36 WG 36.01
Interferences produced by corona effect of electric systems.
Description of phenomena. Practical guide for calculation.
REF. 021 1980

SC 36 WG 36.01
Electric and magnetic fields produced by transmission systems.
Description of phenomena. Practical guide for calculation.
REF. 023 1985

SC 38 TF 38.04.03
(1968-1985).
REF. 024 1986

SC 38 TF 38.01.03
Planning against voltage collapse.
Extensive version with all appendices. It is well known that transmission of active power is dependent on the
voltages at both the sending and receiving ends of a transmission system. The most well known steady state
limitation to power transmission on a system occurs when the electrical angle between the voltage sources at the
two ends reaches 90°.
REF. 025 1986
SC 38 TF 38.01.02
the subject.
REF. 026 1987

SC 38 WG 38.03
Power system reliability analysis. Application guide.Part I.
The document is intended as an application guide to power system reliability analysis. It presents an overview of
system reliability concepts and an outline of the methodologies whereby these concepts are applied. It concerns
the application of analytical methods to power system reliability evaluation based on pragmatic concepts and
principles. Its purpose is to cover reliability aspects in the fields of power generation and transmission from the
system point of view.
REF. 027 1987

SC 38 TF 38.01.03
Methods for reactive power optimisation.
Three questions arise with regard to the problem of organization techniques and modelling : a) Which methods
are available for solving an optimization problem ? b) How can these methods be used in reactive power planning
? c) Are these methods sufficiently efficient for solving the general reactive problem, or is there any need for new
methods and tools to be established ?
REF. 028 1987

SC 38 TF 38.02.04
Advanced analytical tools in evaluating power system dynamic
and security performance. Results of a questionnaire.
Answers to the questionnaire are divided into the following subjects : a) Load flow aspects. Analytical techniques.
State estimation, Contingency evaluation, Operators load flow, Sensitivity analysis, Optimal load flow, Stochastic
load flow. Multiple solutions. b) Stability aspects. Voltage stability, Steady state stability, Transient stability, Long
term stability.
REF. 029 1988
SC 38 TF 38.02.07
An international survey of the present status and the
perspective of expert systems on power system analysis and
techniques.
The growing needs for supplying vast amounts of electric energy with high quality have necessitated more
sophisticated approaches to power system planning, operation and control. The above requirements have so far
been achieved partly by great efforts of experienced operators and partly by the introduction of partially
automated systems which have become possible by the active application of advanced analysis techniques.
REF. 030 1989

SC 38 TF 38.03.01
Reactive power compensation analyses and planning procedure.
The brochure contains chapters concerning : Analysis and planning procedure, Reactive power sources, Load
demand and modelling, Planning against voltage collapse, Reactive power optimization methods and techniques.
REF. 035 1989

SC 33/23 JWG 33/13.09
REF. 039 1990

SC 33 WG 33.02
Guidelines for representation of network elements when
calculating transients
This report gives guidance to all experts as well as to beginners who have to deal with any kind of electrical
transient phenomena in power systems, how to represent network elements to achieve an acceptable accuracy
for their calculations.
REF. 055 1990
SC 33 SC 33
Distorsion and attenuation of travelling waves caused by
transient corona.
This brochure reports on the results of experimental and analytical studies which were performed during several
years of collaboration between Electricité de France and the Polytechnical Institute in Bucarest (Romania).
REF. 059 1990

SC 15/33 JWG 15/33.08
REF. 061 1997

SC 36 WG 36.01
Addendum to Doc.20 : Interferences produced by corona effect
of electric systems.
As far as we know, the corona phenomena and its consequences are a very complicated problem. Since
decades, the engineers are concerned with this question and the actual solutions are more or less adequate.
Partial electrical discharges in air at the atmospheric pressure around overhead line conductors and under all the
possible weather conditions are a real complex exercise.
REF. 063 1991

SC 33 WG 33.01
Guide to procedures for estimating the lightning performance
of transmission lines.
The primary aim of the guide is apply modern knowledge about various aspects of the lightning discharge -
including the striking process, the discharge parameters and the overvoltage disturbance mechanism, as well as
the related transmission line overvoltage response - in a set of practical engineering procedures, whereby the
expected lightning performance of a line may be estimated with a reasonable degree of confidence.
REF. 070 1992
SC 38 WG 38.03.10
Composite power system reliability evaluation. Vol.II
This guide supplements Part I (Doc. 26) as an example and comparison of results for combined generation and
transmission network reliability evaluations. The key new materials presented here are the results of combined
transmission and generation reliability analysis of an actual operating power system. The report presents a
complete example, including the data required, the assumptions to be made and the techniques available for the
analysis.
REF. 072 1992

SC 33 WG 33.07
external insulation.
This Guideline deals with the dielectric strength of external insulation, namely air gaps and insulators, with special
reference to transient overvoltages. The aim is to illustrate the general trends in dielectric strength as a function of
the most important influencing parameters and to give methods and criteria for its evaluation.
REF. 073 1992

SC 38 WG 38.02.08
An International survey of the present status and perspective
of long-term dynamics in power systems.
The objectives of the questionnaire survey are : (1) Experience of major disturbances in various countries; (2)
Needs and objective of LTD analysis; (3) Current status and perspective of analytical tools.
REF. 074 1993

SC 36 WG 36.01
Electric power transmission and the environment. Fields, noise
and interference.
It is well known that the operation of the electrical systems and equipment can alter the electromagnetic
conditions in their vicinity and that this can lead to various effects. The annoying effects reported result mainly
from electrostatic or electromagnetic induction in metallic objects or structures not well connected electrically to
the ground.

REF. 075 1993
SC 38 WG 38.02.10
Modelling of voltage collapse including dynamic phenomena.
The brochure describes modelling and simulation techniques for voltage stability analysis. Dynamic analysis is
clearly required for fast forms of voltage collapse. Fast or transient voltage collapse usually involves induction
motor loads and motor stalling (or re-acceleration difficulty) following faults.
REF. 086 1994

SC 33 /21/14 JWG 33/21/14.16
cable transmission.
REF. 090 1994

SC 38 WG 38.06.04
The use of expert systems for power system restoration.
The brochures comprises the following parts : A survey of the already developed expert systems for restoration; a
study on strategy in restoration expert systems; and finally the lessons learned from the development of these
systems. It may be useful for power system operation and control experts, when considering the possible
applications of expert systems to assist the operators during restoration.
REF. 091 1995

SC 38 WG 38.02.11
Indices predicting voltage collapse including dynamic
phenomena.
Most coltage collapses turn out to have a critical time scale of the order of a few minutes. This is just slow enough
to be within the scope of what an operator can handle, but leaves absolutely no time to waste before appropriate
action should be taken. Hence the world-wide interest in reliable early detection of voltage instability risks and
accurate indication of the endangered areas.
REF. 094 1995
SC 33 WG 33.01.02
Lightning characteristics relevant for electrical engineering:
assessment of sensing, recording and mapping requirements in
the light of present technological advancements.
Power systems are always exposed to some extent to lightning caused disturbances. Unfortunately, lightning
protection design and protection devices do not always provide the desired reduction of damage. Sometimes, the
reason is that designs are based on lightning data which are not always properly used, since records show that
parameters can present different values at different geographical locations.
REF. 095 1995

SC 36 WG 36.02
Guide on the influence of high voltage AC power systems on
metallic pipelines.
Cases of close proximity of high voltage structures and metallic pipelines become more and more frequent.
Therefore there is a growing concern about possible hazards resulting from the influence of electrical systems :
safety of people making contact with the pipeline, damage to the pipeline and to cathodic protection equipment.
All these problems can be mastered but this control requires a serious consideration of the influences.
REF. 100 1995

SC 38 WG 38.02.09
Assessment of practical fast transient stability methods :
performance comparison.Phase II.
Power systems are increasingly being planned with heavier loading on existing transmission circuits to cope with
increasing power transfers without constructing new lines. This has meant that the system is planned and
operated closer to the transient stability limits. This Phase II report covers a. Stability limits on power flows; b.
Higher-order machine models and c. AVR and governor models.
REF. 101 1995

SC 38 WG 38.02.12
Criteria and countermeasures for voltage collapse.
Based on many incidents that have been experienced, the electric power industry is increasingly concerned with
bulk power system voltage instability and collapse. There is now a large literature on voltage stability analysis
methods. Production grade simulation software is also now available. There is relatively little information available
however on reliability criteria and effective voltage collapse countermeasures.
REF. 102 1995
SC 38 WG 38.02.08
Long term dynamics. Phase II. Final Report.
The aim of the second phase of TF38.02.08 was 1. To proceed to a practical assessment of the performances of
simulation tools; 2. To provide the researchers or practicioners with benchmarks or test systems to be used for
the assessment of existing tools or of new developments in the field of LTD.
REF. 104 1996

SC 36/21 JWG 36.01/21
ferromagnetic component.
Considerable work has been done on the magnetic fields due to overhead lines, but relatively little has been
published on the fields from underground cable systems. The report details the levels of magnetic field that occur
in various typical situations. The analysis is restricted to underground cable systems without ferromagnetic
component; for which analysis is relatively easy.
REF. 111 1997

SC 38 WG 38.01.07
Analysis and control of power system oscillations.
Power systems contain many modes of oscillation due to a variety of interactions among its components. Many of
the oscillations are due to synchronous generator rotors swinging relative to one another. The electromechanical
modes involving these masses usually occur in the frequency range of 0.1 to 2 Hz. Particularly troublesome are
the intra-area oscillations, which typically are in the frequency range of 0.1 to 1 Hz.
REF. 118 1997

SC 33 WG 33.01.03
Lightning exposure of structures and interception efficiency
of air terminals.
A review of lightning parameters derived from field measurements of real and triggered lightning and experimental
data published in the scientific literature is presented to define the parameters needed for the simulation of
lightning phenomenon. In particular the relationship between the negative charge in the downward leader channel
and the lightning current amplitude of the first stroke is derived.
REF. 120 1997
SC 38 WG 38.04.03
Methods and tools for transmission costs.
Many countries have experimented with several transformations in their power sectors. These transformations
have one or more of the following characteristics : improvement in the efficiency of the electric power sector;
introduction of competition in generation under the hypothesis that this competition will lead to technological
improvements, better services and least cost.
REF. 121 1997

SC 38 WG 38.02.13
New trends and requirements for dynamic security assessment.
Power system security can be defined as the art and science of the "survival" of power systems. In order to
ensure their survival, power systems are operated within certain power transfer limits, commonly referred to as
security limits. If such limits depend on steady state feasibility or adequacy criteria, they are called steady-state or
static security limits; otherwise, if such limits depend on transient or long-term stability criteria, these are referred
to as dynamic security limits.
REF. 122 1997

SC 38 WG 38.04.02
Application of optimisation techniques to study power system
network performance.
The focus is on the application of optimisation methods and techniques to improve the planning and operation of
the network. The search for an optimal solution can consist of several steps of which some are done automatically
and some require user interaction for the selection of next step. Seen from a very broad point of view it is possible
to define the whole process as optimisation (the definition is constrained to those parts which can be formulated
mathematically).
REF. 124 1997

SC 36 WG 36.04
Guide on EMC in power plants and substations.
As electrical generating stations, substations, control centres and networks have become more complex, their
required standards of reliability have become more demanding. These needs have been met by the widespread
use of electronic systems, based on increasingly high-speed and low-power semiconductor technology. These
systems provide the major computing power and the readily accessible information that make on-line automation
possible.
REF. 126 1998
SC 38 WG 38.04.01
Unit commitment
The Unit Commitment problem is the problem of scheduling the generation units to be operated and their power
output, during a certain time period (typically from one day to one week). Generating units should meet the
demand for electricity at each point in time (typically each hour), at the lowest total production cost, and without
violating their technical constraints.
REF. 129 1998

SC 38 TF 38.03.11
Methods and techniques for reliability assessment of
interconnected systems.
Policies concerning the power sector have been changing in the recent past all around the world and the
electricity supply industry (ESI) has entered a period of restructuring. In some countries the process has been
almost completed, even if feedback from the experience could modify the "original" framework. In others it is still
under way.
REF. 142 1999

SC 33 TF 33.04.07
Natural and artificial ageing and pollution testing of
polymeric insulators
The purpose of the report is to review the current state of knowledge on ageing and pollution tests for polymeric
insulators; this review deals with outdoor polymeric insulations including, but not limited to : composite line
insulators defined in IEC 1109 ; composite line post insulators defined in IEC project 1952 ; hollow composite
insulators defined in IEC project 1462 ; insulators for other applications using similar technology. The test
procedures that have been reviewed are also generally applicable for RTV coated ceramic insulators, hybrid
insulators and resin based insulators for outdoor use (e.g. expoxy resin). However specific evaluation criteria for
these insulators are not discussed.
REF. 145 1999

SC 38 TF 38.01.08
Modeling of power electronics equipment (FACTS) in load flow
and stability programs : a representation guide for power
system planning and analysis
The document covers the following devices : SVC, STATCOM, BESS, SMES, TCSC, SSSC, TCPAR, UPFC,
HVDC, SCDC. Each section has been written so that it can be read independently from each other; A survey on
existing tools and practices on FACTS is given before the descriptions of the various FACTS device models in the
succeeding sections.
REF. 148 1999
SC 38 TF 38.02.14
frequency disturbance. Final report.
The content of the task force final report is certainly not an extensive or exhaustive inventory of all the theoretical
and practical frequency related topics but the result of the shared experience of the task force members in that
field. Due to their relatively disperses geographical origin and related power system size, it represents a
reasonable overview of today's situation in the matter.
REF. 151 2000

SC 33 WG 33.07
Guidelines for insulation coordination in live working
The Guide contains the main aspects to be taken into consideration in the assessment of insulation coordination
during live working on overhead transmission lines; the basis rules and influence factors for the determination of
the minimum distances to be maintained between parts at different potential, including the worker himself, are
given as well as for the evaluation of the risk of insulation failure.
REF. 154 2000

SC 38 TF 38.05.08
Techniques for power system planning under uncertainties.
Until recently transmission planning used to be a very well defined set of methods and tools for deciding
reinforcements to the transmission system. Traditional sources of uncertaintly existed (demand growth, fuel
prices, security of fuel supplies, lines and generator breakdowns). In some cases, deterministic criteria were used
so that the system could be operated at all load levels to withstand some unscheduled contingencies without
instability, cascading or interruption of load. In other cases uncertainties were taken into account, with known
probability laws. This time has gone …
REF. 155 2000

SC 38 TF 38.02.17
Advanced angle stability controls.
This report provides industry guidance in solving stability problems with new or relatively new technologies. The
technologies include control theory and applications, power electronics, microprocessor controllers, signal
processing, digital and optical transducers and telecommunications. There is great opportunity for synergism in
these areas. The goals are new control strategies that are effective and robust. Effective in an engineering sense
means "cost-effective". Control robustness is the capability to function appropriately for a wide range of power
system operating and disturbance conditions.
REF. 158 2000
SC 33 TF 33.04.01
Polluted insulators : a review of current knowledge.
The performance of insulators used on overhead lines and overhead distribution lines and in outdoor substations
is a key factor in determining the reliability of power delivery systems. The insulators not only must withstand
normal operating voltage, but also must withstand overvoltages that may cause disturbances, flashovers and line
outages. The reduction in the performance of outdoor insulators occurs mainly by the pollution of the insulating
surfaces from air-borne deposits that may form a conducting or partially conducting surface layer when wet.
REF. 166 2000

SC 38 TF 38.02.16
Impact of interactions among power system controls.
Survey on power system control systems, both continuous and discrete - the tools and techniques used in their
analysis and the methodologies used in their design; Examine and compare the tools, techniques and design
methodologies identified; Propose guidelines on the coordination of control systems with overlapping spheres of
influence.
REF. 171 2000

SC 38 TF 38.04.04
A wide range of methods for long-term operation of both thermal and hydro systems have been in use for many
years. Many of the methods are based on the same basic algorithm principles but quite different in
implementation. Various approximations are used tailored to system characteristics. This report addresses the
state-of-the-art methods for long-term operation planning in pure hydro - pure thermal and in hydro-thermal
systems. The focus is on optimization methods.
REF. 172 2000

SC 33 TF 33.01.02
Characterization of lightning for applications in electric
power systems.
This document evolves as a continuation of a previous report (No. 94). Both documents are aimed at providing
insight into lightning parameters for application in the electric power industry. It now discussed the role that
different lightning parameters play in the creation of surge overvoltages that may produce line insulation
flashover. The possibility to use lightning current estimates as the base predictor of other parameters is
addressed both for negative and positive flashes. An overview of protection design is described.
REF. 185 2001
SC 38 TF 38.01.10
Modelling new forms of generation and storage
Several new generation and storage technologies have the potential to significantly impact power system
performance. Most of these new technologies are well suited for distributed generation and storage applications
and are connected at the MV distribution level. This form of generation is termed Dispersed Generation or
Embedded Generation; On-site generation is another term frequently used in the USA. It should be noted
however that new generation technologies are also found in larger installations of some 100 MWs, e.g. recent
development of off-shore Wind Energy Conversion Systems.
REF. 189 2001

SC 21/33 JWG 21/33
Insulation coordination for HVAC underground cable systems
Increasing environmental and aesthetic concerns regarding the utilisation of overhead electrical power
transmission lines are resulting in a growing need to progress the use of underground alternatives. This increases
the importance of looking for opportunities to further reduce the cost ratio between overhead and underground
distribution and transmission. One approach is to address the inherent costs associated wtih the cable system by
reducing the required withstand capability in line with the actual service requirements rather than traditional levels
in particular the transient overvoltage performance.
REF. 205 2002

SC 14 WG 14.31
Custom power - State of the art.
Custom power is a concept, based on the use of static controllers in the distribution system or in some instances,
rotating machines, for the electric utilities to supply value-added power with the reliability and power quality
requested by the customers. It includes consideration of all aspects of power supply that impact individual
customers, including harmonics, inter-harmonics, voltage dips, overvoltages, range of steady state voltage and
frequency variations and phase unbalance, in addition to the abover consideration fo reliability.
REF. 222 2003

SC B4 WG B4.05
On voltage and power stability in AC/DC systems
Significant new results concerning the definitions of voltage and power stability on AC/DC systems.
REF. 231 2003
CIGRE JTF IEEE/CIGRE
Definition and classification of power system stability.
Addresses the issue of stability definition and classification in power systems from a fundamental viewpoint and
closely examines the practical ramifications. Aims to define power system stability more precisely; provide a
systematic basis for classifying power system stability; and discuss linkages to related issues such as power
system reliability and security.
REF. 238 2003

SC C4 TF C4.02.25
Modeling of gas turbines and steam turbines in combined cycle
power plants.
A comprehensive document describing the dynamic characteristics of combined cycle power plants, their control
and protection and modeling of such plants in power system stability studies
REF. 261 2004

SC C4 WG C4.07
Power Quality Indices and Objectives
The report first provides an overview of existing indices and objectives and then presents power quality data
gathered by the working group from several different countries across a number of monitoring points over a
number of years.The WG recommendations are given. Concerning harmonics, flicker and voltage unbalance, site
and system indices and objectives are given for planning levels and for future voltage characteristics at HV and
EHV. Concerning voltage dips and interruptions, indices are given with reference to various standards for
enabling performance to be assessed and reported in a consistent manner.
REF. 266 2005

SC C4 WG C4.02
Protection measures for radio base stations sited on power
line towers
The technical brochure is a reduced version of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T)
Recommendation regarding the installation of Radio Base Stations on Power line Towers, prepared with CIGRE.
The full recommendation is available from ITU.
REF. 275 2005
SC C4 WG C4.2.02
towers equipped of earth wires.
The Technical Brochure reports the responses from a questionnaire regarding this subject some years ago.The
used methods are described and analysed.Their pros and cons are discussed. The widely used method based on
injected high frequency current has been theoritically analysed.
REF. 290 2006

SC C4 JWG C4.2.02
AC Corrosion on Metallic Pipelines due to Interference from AC
Power Lines - Phenomenon, Modelling and Countermeasures
AC corrosion has been a matter of concern for pipeline owners and corrosion specialists for many years.
Therefore, the CIGRE/CIRED Joint Working Group C4.2.02 has in cooperation with CEOCOR prepared a this
guide,which describes and links the mechanisms for electrical interference with the mechanism for corrosion.
REF. 310 2007

SC C4 TF C4.602
Coordinated Voltage Control in Transmission Networks.
The report provides a comprehensive overview of the current methods and practices in the area of coordinated
voltage control of transmission networks. Broad lines of research and advanced engineering projects to improve
the coordinated voltage control in various countries are described along with the technological issues involved
and the existing methods of analysis and software tools.
REF. 320 2007

SC C4 TF C4.205
Characterisation of ELF Magnetic Fields
In the context of human exposure, extremely low frequencies (ELF) magnetic field levels cannot be adequately
characterized by a single figure. Taking into account that the magnetic field is a time varying three-dimensional
vector depending mainly on the load currents flowing in the power systems, the guide presents a list and a
description of the most important parameters (mainly statistical parameters) that are needed for characterizing the
magnetic field together with representative statistical ratios between some of the parameters.
REF. 325 2007
SC C4 WG C4.601
Review of on-line dynamic security assessment tools and
techniques
This document addresses the subject of one-line dynamic security assessment (DSA) tools. This report is a
comprehensive technical brochure on several aspects on dynamic security assessment (DSA) tools and
techniques including an overview of salient security issues which are fundamental in ensuring the robust and
reliable operation of power system. A description of the generic requirements for on-line DSA systems is
provided as well as a survey of the state-of-the-art in on-line DSA systems around the world.
REF. 328 2007

SC C4 WG C4.601
Modeling and dynamic behavior of wind generation as it relates
to power system control and dynamic performance
This TB is a comprehensive document aiming at providing a single source of information for planning engineers in
describing the characteristics and performance of wind turbine generators in both distributed and large scale wind
farm applications. In addition, the document focuses on presenting recommendations on ways of modeling wind
farms for both bulk power system studies and specialised studies. This inlcudes many generic model structures
presented in the main report as well as some detailed and manufacturer models presented in the appendices.
REF. 330 2007

SC C4 WG C4.601
enhancement
This document presents a comprehensive descirption of Wide Area Monitoring and Control installations and
applications around the world and future expectations for this technology. This includes a review of Wide Area
Monitoring and Control installations, including their applications and reasons for applying this technology.
Thorough discussion is provided of the future role and development of this technology from the monitoring and
control point of view.
REF. 360 2008

SC C4 WG C4.302
Insulation Co-Ordination related to Internal Insulation of Gas
Insulated Systems with SF6 and N2/SF6 Gas Mixtures under AC
Condition
This TB reviews insulation co-ordination related to internal insulation of gas insulated switchgear (GIS) in SF6,
and also some aspects of N2/SF6 gas mixtures under AC condition, considering the current worldwide issues and
referring to the latest research on the insulation properties and techniques. The results would contribute to the
further compactness of a GIS with high reliability and to the reduction of SF6 volume.
REF. 361 2008
SC C4 WG C4.303
Outdoor Insulation in polluted Conditions: Guidelines for
Selection and dimensioning - Part 1: General Principles and
the A.C. Case
The guide aims to provide tools to select and dimension outdoor insulation with respect to polluted conditions,
taking into account the wide variety of available materials and insulator types and the desired levels of
performance. It describes general principles and contains details on the dimensioning for AC. Appendixes give
detailed information, worked examples and a proposal for a laboratory pollution test method for polymeric
insulation.
REF. 372 2009

SC C4 TF C4.102
Voltage dip Evaluation and Prediction Tools
A voltage dip is a sudden reduction of the voltage below a specified threshold followed by its recovery after a brief
interval, which can cause problems on sensitive equipment. The TB introduces the subject of voltage dips and
their characterisation, equipment behaviour and mitigation techniques. Furthermore, a review is given of
simulation tools and calculation methods that can be used for voltage dip assessment.
REF. 373 2009

SC C4 WG C4.204
Mitigation Techniques of Power Frequency Magnetic Fields
originated from Electric Power Systems
For several reasons -mainly related to possible effects on human health- it can be necessary to mitigate magnetic
fields produced by electrical power installations. This TB presents a compilation of techniques employed to
achieve this operation. It comprises fundamentals, methods, design procedures and -in some cases- cost
assessment. Examples highlighting the use of these techniques are also included.
REF. 375 2009

SC C4 WG C4.203
Technical Guide for Measurement of Low Frequency Electric and
Magnetic Fields near Overhead Power Lines
This TB deals with the important subject of measurement of low frequency electrical and magnetic fields near
electric power lines. The report discusses general information about these fields, the required measurement
probes and equipment, and factors influencing the measurements are analysed and best practices are
recommended to avoid measurement bias.
REF. 376 2009
SC C4 WG C4.404
Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Parameters derived from Lightning
Location Systems. The Effects of System Performance.
A limited but essential set of lightning parameters needed for engineering applications can be derived from
lightning location systems (LLS). Applied sensor and location network configuration can significantly affect system
detection efficiency and consequently the resulting peak current distribution. Ground truth references are used to
confirm some model - based performance values of LLS.
REF. 391 2009

SC C4 JWG C4.202
Guide for measurement of radio frequency interference from HV
and MV substations
Extensive use of high power electronic equipment and increasing use of digital radio systems increases the risk of
radio frequency interference from electric power systems. Therefore, the JWG C4.202 has prepared a
comprehensive 'Guide for measurement of radio frequency interference from HV and MV substations -
Disturbance propagation, characteristics of disturbance sources, measurements techniques, conversion
methodologies and limits'.
REF. 412 2010

SC C4 WG C4.110
Voltage Dip Immunity of Equipment and Installations
This document covers methods to improve the voltage-dip immunity of installations, starting from a detailed
description of voltage dips, an overview of the knowledge on equipmentimmunity, and global voltage-dip statistics.
The economics of voltage-dip immunity are discussed. Recommendations for immunity testing are given. A
systematic method for designing and improving the immunity of an industrial process is introduced.
2.14 C5 - Electricity Markets and Regulation
REF. 120 1997

SC 38 WG 38.04.03
Methods and tools for transmission costs.
Many countries have experimented with several transformations in their power sectors. These transformations
have one or more of the following characteristics : improvement in the efficiency of the electric power sector;
introduction of competition in generation under the hypothesis that this competition will lead to technological
improvements, better services and least cost.
REF. 181 2001

SC 38 TF 38.05.09
Methods and tools for contracts in a competitive framework
Electric utilities all over the world have been undergoing radical changes in their market and regulatory structure.
A basic trend in this restructuring process has been the replacement of traditional expansion planning and
operation procedures, based on centralised optimisation, by market oriented approaches
REF. 190 2001

SC 38 TF 38.05.07
Methods and tools for costing ancillary services
An overview of ancillary service concepts and practices in a number of markets and a description of means by
which the costs of various services can be measured, quantified and allocated. General methodology for the
allocation of ancillary service costs for services that can be considered as common goods. Tools based on
notions of allocation based primarily on an extension of marginal costing to situations where revenue
reconciliation is necessary. Many markets operate successfully with the need for guaranteed allocation of fixed
costs but there are circumstances that suggest the use of allocation methods for the recovery of certain
expenses.
REF. 191 2001

SC 38 TF 38.06.01
system analysis
Electrical power utilities have to continually make decisions regarding the level of investment that should be
provided in their systems. Low levels of investment can result in generally unreliable supplies while excessive
investment can result in unnecessary expenditures with a resulting increase in the cost of electricity energy to
customers. These considerations have always been of considerable importance to utilities. The restructuring and
privatisation of many electricity supply systems has however imposed additional considerations on many utilities.
REF. 195 2001
SC 38 TF 38.05.12
Portfolio and risk management for power producers and traders
in an open market.
Electricity markets in Europe, South America, Australia and the USA have been liberalised or will be opened in
the near future, respectively. In consequence the power business undergoes a fundamental change. In the past
electricity markets were monopolies. After the liberalisation power producers as well as customers face a market
risk with prices which can be very volatile.
REF. 198 2002

SC 37/38/39 JWG 37/38/39
REF. 203 2002

SC 38 TF 38.05.10
Optimal network structure in an open market environment
The focus of this report is on network planning in the "new environment" of a liberalised electricity market. The
development of the network is viewed from different stakeholders' objectives. The stakeholders in the
transmission network are groups or individuals who have a stake in, or an expectation of the development and
performance of the network. An open network exists when all market players meet equal admission rights and
obligations. This required that the grid be administered through a transparent set of rules such as a grid code.
REF. 235 2003

SC C1 WG C1.31
system development.
Overall aim is to define transmission capacity, identify the options for managing transmission capacity and assess
the impact of management of transmission capacity on system development..
REF. 301 2006
SC C5 WG C5.4
Congestion management in liberalized market environment
This paper is based on the survey conducted by WG C5.4 on congestion management. It describes market
conditions and institutional arrangements in the 18 countries participating in the survey, and internal and cross-
border congestion management. The interaction with the electricity market is dsicussed, considering allocation of
transmission capacity, market schedule, congestion management tools and payment for the costs incurred. The
survey shows that there is a tendency towards the use of market-based methods.
2.15 C6 - Distribution Systems and Dispersed
Generation pages , file: MB
REF. 137 1999

SC 37 WG 37.23
the power system.
The traditional large power plants are now challenged by dispersed generation whose growth will certainly have
consequences on the power systems. Several different scenarios are possible. They much depend on the driving
forces (economic, legislation, regulation and environmental obligations). However, many technical effects are
awaited. They concern generation, planning the development of the systems or its operation etc.
REF. 271 2005

SC C6 WG C6.02
practices
The Brochure presents the rights and duties of generators and other customers connected to the network. On the
basis of an extensive questionnaire information was gathered from 18 power systems. The report covers the
definition of connection, procedure for connection, ownership, tariffs and contractual agreements. Furthermore the
transmission service is discussed and also the impact of the connection on the transmission network. The
connection of dispersed generation is considered separately.
REF. 311 2007

SC C6 WG C6.03
Operating dispersed generation with ICT (Information &
Communication Technology)
Information Communication Technology (ICT) is expected to play an important role in that Dispersed Generation
smoothly disseminates in coordination with keeping system reliability, stability and power quality enough. This
paper presents the results of surveys, which were conducted to assess R&D on the application of ICT. The
surveys were conducted among members of CIGRE Study Committee C6 and WG C6.03.
REF. 313 2007
SC C6 TF C6.04.01
Connection criteria at the distribution network for
distributed generation
The Task Force C6.04.01 brochure contains a review of the current connection criteria and protection practices
applied in various countries for DGs, a review of existing international standards, simplified methods applied to
DG connection in various countries, identifies inadequacies in existing connection practices and describes
appropriate connection analysis techniques that could be applied for connection evaluation and formulates
relevant recommendations.
REF. 328 2007

SC C4 WG C4.601
to power system control and dynamic performance
This TB is a comprehensive document aiming at providing a single source of information for planning engineers in
describing the characteristics and performance of wind turbine generators in both distributed and large scale wind
farm applications. In addition, the document focuses on presenting recommendations on ways of modeling wind
farms for both bulk power system studies and specialised studies. This inlcudes many generic model structures
presented in the main report as well as some detailed and manufacturer models presented in the appendices.
REF. 423 2010

SC C6 C6.10
Technical and Commercial Standardisation of DER / microGrid
Components
The main objective of the TB is to review commercial and technical communication standards applicable to Low
Voltage distributed generation technologies and provide a critical review. This twofold target should pave the way
to allow the easy installation of micro sources with plug and play capabilities into existing power networks, with
particular focus on microGrids.
2.16 D1 - Materials and Emerging Technologies
REF. 004 1977

SC 15 WG 15.03
Breakdown of Gases in Uniform Fields.
The Technical Brochure gives Paschen curves for nitrogen, sulphur hexafluoride, hydrogen, carbon dioxyde and
helium.
REF. 059 1990

SC 15/33 JWG 15/33.08
REF. 066 1992

SC 15 WG 15.01.02
Statistical analysis of dielectric test results.
The brochure is the attempt of TF15.01.02 to give missing information in the form of a detailed guide for the
analysis of the results of any kind of dielectric tests by means of statistical methods based on the principle of the
maximum likelihood. The other classical methods, except the most simple graphical method are not considered
since the advantages of the likelihood approach have been shown already.
REF. 169 2000

SC 15 WG 15.09
Advanced materials - Final Report
The status of materials suitable for cables - switchgear - transformers - substation and overhead lines are
reviewed. Some opportunities and suggestions are noted. In many cases individual CIGRE Study Committees are
focussed on state-of-the-art technology; however new opportunities do exist. Advanced materials issues relate to
definition - methods of reporting and proprietary concerns - all of which are addressed.
REF. 170 2000
SC 12/15 JWG 12/15.13
Static electrification in power transformers
Interfacial phenomena; methods and devices including test set-ups with plane flow or rotating flow, filter methods;
CIGRE test cell : method and device, numerical flow calculation, time characteristic of leakage current, impact of
liquid and solid insulating components; mini-static tester : repeatability and reproducibility, impact of temperature
and moisture. Evaluation of methods. Standardisation of methods. References.
REF. 182 2001

SC 21 WG 21.16
systems
Fundamental principles of PD testing, different types of sensors and signal processing functions. Users guide on
the practical importance of PDD using circuits with and without integrated sensors, information on safety aspects,
selection of measuring frequency, test results, practical recommendations. Description of 8 PD methods with
representative impression in present testing options. Future trends - expectations for immediate and more distant
future. Fundamental and practical information. User support to understanding the complicated field of on-site
PDD.
REF. 210 2002

SC 21/15 JTF 21/15
Interfaces in accessories for extruded HV and EHV cables.
Although interfaces in joints and terminations of extruded HV cables have been identified as crucial parts, some of
the mechanisms related to ageing are not well understood. For this reason, a task force was set up to study the
behaviour of interfaces between solid insulating materials in accessories for HV and EHV extruded cables. The
results are reported in this brochure.
REF. 224 2003

SC D1 JAG D1.02/TC
Emerging technologies and material challenges. (Panel 2002)
To review the emerging technologies and material challenges to enable introduction of newer concepts to more
rapidly and more efficiently meet the challenges that will result from the drivers now facing the EPI. The document
integrates a report on prospects for energy services in 2020.
REF. 225 2003
SC D1 JAG D1.02/TC
Electrical power systems 2020. (Panel 2002)
Report on the Panel Session at the 2002 CIGRE Session. 4 invited contributions and the ensuing discussions.
REF. 226 2003

SC D1 WG D1.11
Knowledge rules for partial discharge diagnosis in service
A discussion of the possibility of interpretation (knowledge) rules to support PD diagnostic of service aged HV
components. Based on systematic experience from this field it evaluates and classifies PD quantities which are
found useful for diagnosis monitoring of different HV components, particularly for different insulation systems of
HV components like instrument and power transformers, distribution and transmission power cables, GIS,
generator stator insulation general characteristics of typical PD quantities are also evaluated.
REF. 228 2003

SC D1 WG D1.11
Service aged insulation. Guidelines on managing the ageing
process.
A new methodology to analyse and manager service aged insulation. In contrast to the usual focus on
accelerated aging in a laboratory this approach starts from scientific observations on aged or failed in-service
equipment.
REF. 254 2004

SC D1 TF D1.01.09
transformers.
The dryness and ageing state of the oil-paper insulation is a key factor in both the short and long term reliability of
a power transformer since moisture has deleterious effects on dielectric integrity and insulation ageing rates.
Today the water content of the cellulose of a transformer in service is determined indirectly via moisture
measured from oil samples according to IEC 60422.
REF. 255 2004
SC D1 WG D1.14
Material properties for non-ceramic outdoor insulation. State
of the art.
An urgent need was indicated for material standards which define the physical properties of polymers applied for
outdoor insulation. This report lists the important material properties for polymeric materials already used in
outdoor installation and where applicable the standardised test methods already existing including the minimum
requirements. If no standardization tests are available then test methods reported in literature are summarised.
Categories considered : housing materials (in general a silicone rubber, EPDM,EVA etc); core materials (FRP
etc); structural materials (Epoxy etc).
REF. 260 2004

SC D1 TF D1.03.10
N2/SF6 Mixtures for Gas Insulated Systems
The brochure presents the insulating properties of N2/SF6 mixtures, and the techniques for using such mixtures
in gas insulated lines (GIL). Since the presentation is based on fundamental physical principles, it gives the
reader the in-depth knowledge of gas breakdown needed to understand the problems which may arise during the
manufacture or operation of N2/SF6 insulated equipment, and to develop new applications for gaseous insulation.
REF. 286 2005

SC D1 TF D1.02.08
Instrumentation and measurements for in-service monitoring of
high voltage insulation
The Technical Brochure summarizes the work performed by TF D1.02.08: "High Voltage Test and Measuring
Technique" and presents an overview of today applied methods for In-Service Monitoring of High Voltage
Insulations and conclusions regarding the state of the knowledge on the applicability. General guidelines for the
design, operation and integration of monitoring sytems are given.
REF. 288 2006

SC D1 TF D1.12.1
Guide for space charge measurements in dielectrics and
insulating materials
The guide covers space charge measurements in dielectrics and insulating materials and gives a description of
the physical background of methods for space charge measurements. It also guides through the most important
aspects in selecting the values of the important components of the measuring system to achieve the required
accuracy and sensitivity for the type of insulation to be investigated by a particular measurement method.
REF. 292 2006
SC D1 TF D1.11.04
Data Mining Techniques and Applications in the Power
Transmission Field
There are increasing demands to better exploit system and equipment databases. Data mining is part of a
broader process termed knowledge discovery in databases. Essentially, it is the application of relatively novel
approaches to find undiscovered meanings in data accumulations. The aim is to find patterns that are not readily
predicted by established theory and unlock the information held within the data. TF D1.11.04 in association with
WG D1.11 has investigated and reported on data mining utilization, methods and on a few relevant power
transmission applications.
REF. 296 2006

SC D1/A2 JTF D1.02/A2.11
analysis in transformers.
Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is widely used for monitoring faults in insulating fluid-filled HV equipment in service.
New DGA laboratory extraction techniques have been introduced into revised IEC Publication 60567 and
interpretation of DGA results have been deeply revised in 1999 in IEC Publication 60599. Following questions
about the typical gas concentration and rates of increases observed in service, raised by IEC TC14
(transformers), a joint TF started in 2001 to clarify the isssue and examine other aspects of DGA interpretation
which needed clarifications or improvements.
REF. 297 2006

SC D1 TF D1.02.05
cables
For enhancement of the reliable operation of power cable networks preventive PD diagnosis tests are increasingly
performed. In order to assess the insulation condition on the basis of the obtained data, fundamental knowledge
on the PD occurrence is required.The Brochure deals with both theoritical analysis and experimental studies on
the wave propagation of PD pulses in power cables. Furthermore practical aspects of the detection and location
of PD faults are discussed.
REF. 323 2007

SC D1 TF D1.01.10
Ageing of cellulose in mineral-oil insulated transformers
The guide describes the normal ageing processes in the cellulose of oil impregnated insulation systems for
transformers. The various cellulose materials and their properties are described. New knowledge on oxidation and
hydrolysis and the influence of the chemical condition of oil and of paper together with thermal stresses are
described. Also possibilities for diagnostics and for maintenance of the cellulose are discussed.
REF. 366 2008
SC D1 WG D1.33
Guide for electrical Partial Discharge Measurements in
compliance to IEC 60270
For better understanding the background of the IEC 60270, D1.33 edited a guideline for engineers dealing with
PD tests. After a brief review of the history of PD recognition, some fundamentals of the PD occurrence are
presented. Based on this, the design of PD measuring circuits, the PD measuring principles and the calibration
procedures are discussed.
REF. 409 2010

SC D1 WG D1.01
Report on Gas Monitors for Oil-Filled Electrical Equipment
Gas monitors used in oil-filled electrical equipment (on-line or portable) have been evaluated in this TB in terms of
applications in service, accuracy and stability. Gas monitor readings have thus been found to be accurate enough
for diagnosis to be made on-line, except for hydrogen with some monitors. This TB provides a method for
comparing monitor readings with laboratory results.
REF. 413 2010

SC D1 WG D1.01
Insulating Oil Reclamation and Dechlorination
Mineral insulating oil in service subjected to heat, electrical stress, consequently deteriorates to a point which
renders it no longer suitable for further use. The common practices are to change the oil or reclaim the oil. The
reclaimed oil may not pass the requirement of oil oxidation stability test as required. Consequently such oil
should be inhibited using commercially available inhibitors. For mineral oil contaminated by PCB, method of PCB
destruc-tions and oil decontamination is described in this report.
REF. 414 2010

SC D1 WG D1.01
Dielectric Response Diagnoses for Transformer Windings
The report presents guidelines for performing meaningful dielectric response measurements on power
transformers for diagnosing moisture content in insulation systems. Factors, like type of pressboard material as
well as oil conductivity and its acidity, influence the quality of the diagnosis and the resulting errors are estimated.
Study cases are reported in order to exemplify different practical situations that should be con-sidered when
performing measurements.
Member Price: 37,5 Euros Non member Price: 75 Euros 58 pages , file: 1.59 MB
REF. 418 2010
SC D1 WG D1.15
Status of Development and Field Test Experience with High-
Temperature Superconducting Power Equipment
Superconducting and Insulating Materials for HTS Power Applications and HTS Power System Equipment is
making rapid progress in recent years. The TB introduces and discusses worldwide field-test experiences and
state-of-the-art HTS power applications (cables, rotating machines, fault cur-rent limiters and magnetic energy
storage). State-of-the-art of HTS material as well as the role of electrical insulation atcryogenic temperatures are
discussed too.
REF. 420 2010

SC D1 WG D1.17
Generic Guidelines for Life Time Condition Assessment of HV
Assets and Related Knowledge Rules
The asset management decisions involve a large amount ofinformation aspects. A considered maintenance
program is based on the asset types and their present insulation status and involves condition assessment by
suitable diagnostics.This report contributes to the discussion on utility maintenance processes and necessary
data structure to describe the condition records of HV assets.
2.17 D2 - Information Systems and Telecommunications
REF. 009 1985

SC 34 WG 34.02
REF. 012 1969

SC 34/35 JWG 34/35
Teleprotection.
Protective gear in modern power systems often uses information from various distant points on the power system
and the transmission of such information involves the use of telecommunication techniques. The document is
aimed at reviewing the principal methods of teleprotection having regard to the properties of the various
telecommunication systems.
REF. 013 1987

SC 34 JWG 34/35.05
Protection Systems Using Telecommunication.
Telecommunication connected to or included in protection systems seems to be more common when
transmission power systems are extended and developed. The increasing integration of telecommunication in the
protections systems necessitates a good overall view of protection and telecommunication problems and of
course power system problems as well. This report promotes mutual appreciation of the problems experienced by
engineers.
REF. 014 1974

SC 35 WG 35.04
Memorandum on Power Line Carrier Systems.
The memorandum is intended to provide information on the already extensive and growing use of high frequency
power line carrier systems by the power authorities in many countries. Since such telecommunications systems
are operated over open wire lines designed for the bulk transmission of energy, there can in principle be some
radiation of high frequency energy and conversely the communication system may itself suffer interference from
other systems.

REF. 015 1979
SC 35 WG 35.04
Guide On Power Line Carrier.
The increasing complexity and interconnection of power networks has resulted in the continuing development and
application of power line carrier in many countries. There is a need to supplement and bring up to date existing
information on PLC and to incorporate information on the current state of the art, together with a sufficient
theoretical treatment of the subject so as to assist in the better understanding of the basic aspects of PLC
communication.
REF. 016 1985

SC 35 WG 35.04
Guide for Planning of Power System Telecommunication Networks.
The objective of this guide is to bring together information on the varieties of services required for power system
telecommunications networks and on the typical properties of the various possible methods in order to assist in
the choice of method and thus to facilitate the planning of future networks. The design of a power authority
telecommunications network may differ widely from one country to another as dictated by the geographic
conditions, the economics ...
REF. 017 1987

SC 35 WG 35.04
Guide On Mobile Radio for the Electricity Utilities.
A reliable and effective communications network is an essential feature of an electricity undertaking's operational
and engineering functions, contributing to the safety of personnel, the public and plant, and optimising the
available resources of the organisation. As a result, the quality of service to the customer is considerably
enhanced. Mobile radio enables the communication network to be extended to the man in the field.
REF. 018 1987

SC 35 WG 35.01
Structure of telecontrol centres and overall systems.
The methods for designing telecontrol systems vary very much in different countries due to different conditions,
e.g. power production and grid, as well as of an organisational nature. One is also dependent on the techniques
and economics of the control system components, e.g. computers and communication equipment. The report
discusses the most common methods for designing telecontrol systems, but many other methods could and will
be applied in the future.
REF. 019 1989
SC 35 WG 35.06
Overall impact of digital techniques for transmission systems
(Substation control).
This report does not attempt to give a precise description of the possible solutions but should be treated as a
guide for persons working in this field rather than a collection of definitive recommendations. Whilst the report is
confirmed to transmission application, many of the techniques discussed are applicable to distribution systems.
REF. 037 1989

SC 35 WG 35.02
Guide for planning of power utility digital telecommunications
networks.
The planning guide does not propose exact recommendations for network selections or equipment selections.
However descriptions of possible alternative solutions and evolution paths are postulated. Particularly the guide
attempts to highlight the various items to be considered when a power utility is planning the transition to a digitally
based network.
REF. 040 1994

SC 35 WG 35.01
Guidelines for software project control.
The purpose of the report is to provide guidelines for customer and supplier project control to ensure quality in
developing software for telecontrol system projects. The report is focusing on project management from a
software point of view and is therefore intended as practical manual for the software management, rather than as
a general project management manual.
REF. 041 1995

SC 35 WG 35.01
New telecontrol systems architecture. Open systems.
The power utilities are undergoing significant changes including deregulation, increased competitions, take-overs,
mergers and down sizing. Top utility management is emphasing innovative approaches to better planning and
operations. As power utilities transform into the 90's, the business of operating a power system has become very
complex and is changing rapidly. Environmental concerns are leading to emissions trading and operating
constraints.
REF. 042 1994
SC 35 WG 35.02
Mobile radio systems in power utilities.
SC35 published a first Guide on Mobile Radio in Power utilities in 1985. Since that date many new mobile radio
systems have been introduced or are planned. This new brochure takes care not to repeat the earlier works and
therefore readers will need to refer back to the original guide on matters of principle and for the details and
descriptions of basic and conventional systems.
REF. 043 1994

SC 35 WG 35.02
Telecommunication network management in power utilities.
This report includes a description of telecommunication networks and their use in power utilities, the needs,
reasons and requirements for telecommunications network management; Descriptions of existing
telecommunication network management systems; a description of trends in management, the concept of an
integrated network management system....
REF. 045 1994

SC 35 WG 35.04
Optical fibre planning guide for power utilities.
The guide sets out to provide all the necessary information required by a power utility not schooled in the
technology to plan and define an optical telecommunications system. Power utilities may be considering optical
telecommunications systems for their own technical and business requirements or for third party business
ventures outside the needs of the utility.
REF. 046 1997

SC 35 WG 35.01
Database management for telecontrol systems.
To perform real-time control it is necessary to handle information. Progress in technology allowed a tremendous
increase in the use of microprocessors in industrial equipment, hence information began to appear organized in
databases structures and the software and control centres became more elaborated, increasing the number of
applications with specific requirements in terms of information performance.
REF. 052 1990
SC 35 WG 35.01
Availability of telecontrol systems. Questionnaire on
availability.
The growing use of computerised control systems in electric power networks has increased the importance and
interest of their availability performance and maintenance arrangements. This paper describes the results of a
study on this subject which has been carried out by WG01 of SC35.
REF. 058 1990

SC 35 WG 35.04
Evaluation of the questionnaire : Fibre optics for power
utilities communications.
The information given ranges from general aspects to applications, parameters of typical systems, optical fibre
cables and also to commercial and legal questions. These results will be used for the future activities of the
Working Group.
REF. 062 1991

SC 35 WG 35.03
Requirements and performance of packet switching networks with
special reference to telecontrol.
Power utilities are already using packet switching networks for many purposes, ranging from real-time to
administrative data and from inter-utility to intra-utility communications and there is a general interest in this kind
of network. Nevertheless there are no requirements yet set for such technology in the field of telecontrol.
REF. 067 1992

SC 35 WG 35.01
Renewal of existing telecontrol systems.
The utilisation of digital computers in electric power control systems is now widespread around the world. On the
basis of the acquired experience the operating life of a telecontrol system ranges from 10 to 15 years. Several
factors intervene over the years to render the telecontrol system obsolescent. The hardware is certainly one of the
main reasons.
REF. 076 1992
SC 35 WG 35.01
Man machine interface using full graphics.
There is a major change in technology in progress in the energy control centres today, and this will reflect in the
use of work stations with full graphics in the man-machine interface. Semi-graphics display technology has been
used in the power industry for some years. It provided high speed display response at reasonable cost and was
sufficient and flexible enough for many implementations, particularly in the field of transmission telecontrol.
REF. 079 1993

SC 35 WG 35.03
The use of the transport layer in telecontrol systems.
The brochure gives an overview of the possibilities and implications of the introduction of a transport layer in
telecontrol systems in the context of the ISO seven layer architecture for the interconnection of open systems.
REF. 084 1994

SC 34 WG 34.05
Prospects and benefits.
The document starts with a general introduction dealing with the trend towards digital communication and the
need for wideband communication, giving a brief comparison of the different transmission media and an overview
of the different types of protection systems. It also gives a short survey of the present practices and future trends
and presents some opportunities for new applications.
REF. 106 1997

SC 35 WG 35.04
New opportunities for optical fibre technology in electricity
utilities.
The brochure provides utilities with ideas for maximising the utilisation of deployed optical cables. In addition,
widespread deregulation of the telecommunications service industry has meant that utilities are now able to offer
telecommunications services to external customers and many utilities have already sought additional business
opportunities by developing their networks beyond the requirements for their own business.
REF. 107 1997
WG 35.07
Power system communication in the high speed environment.
The brochure focuses on the present high speed transport and access technologies being considered and
employed by various utilities. Special attention is given to the operational services, their requirements and how
they can be realised on top of these technologies. It is noted that the technologies have not reached full maturity,
that the standardisation process is still incomplete and that the employment of these technologies needs special
attention.
REF. 108 1997

SC 35 WG 35.08
Business opportunities for power utilities in the
telecommunications market.
The purpose of this brochure is to provide the telecommunications managers of power utilities with information on
the business opportunities for their organisation to enter the telecommunications market, the potential benefits to
the core utility business, the risks involved and the steps necessary to plan and implement a successful entry into
the market. It is intended to enable those decision makers to formulate a strategic response that best meets the
needs of their utility.
REF. 131 2001

SC 35 WG 35.04
Wavelength multiplexing for electricity utilities using
optical fibres
The report provides an assessment of the range of optical fibre cable solutions available, by type e.g. OPGW,
ADSS, rather than by design. it also examines the key issues which will influence an electricity utilities decisions
and proposes a method of evaluating the options to identify the one which most closely matches the utility's
critical needs, with measurements against time, cost and quality targets.
REF. 132 2001

SC 35 WG 35.04
Optical fibre cable selection for electricity utilities.
The use of overhead power line routes by electricity utilities to develop a telecommunications right of way has
now become common place throughout the world. The aerial optical fibre cabling technology used to exploit these
rights are either additional to or replacement for the existing earth wires or phase conductors and in these
situations form an integral part of the power transmission system.

REF. 133 2000
SC 35 WG 35.04
Preventive and corrective maintenance for optical cables on
overhead power lines.
The use of overhead power line routes by electricity utilities to develop a telecommunications right of way has
now become common place throughout the world. The aerial optical fibre cabling technology used to exploit these
rights are either additional to or replacement for the existing earth wires or phase conductors and in these
situations form an integral part of the power transmission system.
REF. 146 1999

SC 35 TF 35.13.02
Knowledge based applications in SCADA/EMS. A practical
approach
Computer technology is now at a state where providing fully supported real-time intelligent alarm processing will
help control centre operators with incident analysis and service restoration. Many intelligent applications installed
in operational control centres have been for test and development purposes. This has advanced the technology
and this report fills a need to distribute the lessons learnt to allow practical application.
REF. 153 2000

SC 35 WG 35.07
The use of IP technology in the power utility environment.
This document addresses the new issues presented by internetworking technologies. The emphasis is on the
application of these technologies for power utility applications. A comprehensive explanation of the IP technology
has been included. Special interest has been devoted to those aspects that are relevant for the implementation of
IP networks in the power utilities environment. It mainly develops the IP over ATM models since they are the most
commonly used in present and future implementations. Other emerging architectures such as IP over SDH or OP
over Dark Fibre are also mentioned.
REF. 164 2000

SC 35 WG 35.09
Report on digital power line carrier.
Technology aspect defining a digital PLC. Coexistence of digital PLC and analogue PLC in the same network.
Application side and what can be gained with the new solutions. Planning and performance parameters. List of
the requirements that are applicable for a digital PLC, guidelines on how to specify them and remarks about
transmission parameters.
REF. 168 2000
SC 35 TF 35.13.03
Communication concepts for control systems.
SCADA systems have been in service for many years in power utilities for operation and control of their electrical
systems. Traditionally data communications for telecontrol within SCADA systems for electricity utilities is based
on well proven solutions. Nevertheless they continue to evolve due to recent developments in
telecommunications, computers and standardisation areas which have allowed the addition of more features and
flexibility, finally challenging the traditional solution.
REF. 173 2000

SC 35 TF 35.05
Use of GSMph2+ as mobile radio system for power utilities.
The impressive commercial success of GSM and the widespread use of mobile communications have made it
essential to investigate the possibilities for power utilities to use either public GSM networks or mainstream
commerical mobile technology based on the GSM standard for their internal radio communication needs. GSM
networks are available in more than 140 countries and serve more than 100 million GSM terminals per year in a
great variety of designs.
REF. 192 2001

SC 34/35 JWG 34/35.11
Protection using telecommunications
Deregulation in both the telecommunication and electric power industry, together with new telecommunication
network technologies and advances in numerical protection, has resulted in the need to reconsider traditional
methods of delivering teleprotection schemes and their associated bearer services. Fibre-optic technology is
commonly deployed in new telecommunication networks for inter-station communication and utility-owned and
public telecommunication networks from third parties are available for protection purposes.
REF. 193 2001

SC 35 WG 35.13
Alarm handling techniques
Alarm processing is an area with a low standardization level. Current systems from different providers have
customization possibilities that make alarm applictaions completely different on each implementation.
Summary of the current situation for alarm handling and the different techniques with the intention of having a
reference to improve this area of cantrol systems. It focuses on alarm handling for system operation but adds
new ideas for use of alarms in other areas.
REF. 217 2002
SC 35 WG 35. 07
The benefits of mobile data. How can they be realised ?
The aim is to provide utility company managers and technical staff with a view of what has been achieved to date
using a range of telecommunications technologies and to look at emerging technologies in order to understand
what options will be available in the foreseeable future. The report is not restricted to the telecommunications
elements of mobile data - it seeks to look at the business drivers within utility companies and to explain how these
needs can be met by the implementation of new technology.
REF. 241 2004

SC D2 WG D2.15
All-optical backbone technology
Outlines backbone technologies such as multiplexing methodology, amplifier technology, fibre technology,
maintenance technology and measurement technology, to realize economical and efficient all-optical backbone
network.
REF. 245 2004

SC D2 WG D2.15
New optical access technology
New optical technologies for access networks are outlined in this report including the access methods, cable
technology, installation technology and maintenance technology required to realise economic and efficient optical
networks for access networks..
REF. 249 2004

SC D2 WG D2.07
Integrated service networks for utilities.
This work - together with two previously published technical brochures and a number of papers - completes a
comprehensive set of publications that offer a complete view of the broadband technologies and their use in the
power utility environment.
REF. 267 2005
SC D2 WG D2.09
Strategies for utility companies seeking to move to improved
mobility.
Need for mobility is a long standing requirement of the Electricity Supply Industry. Today liberalization,
unbundling, cost-reduction thrust and out-sourcing possibilities offered by telecommunications operators lead to
consider new strategies for the provision of the telecommunication services. The objective of the technical
brochure is to present the various needs with their context, and to analyse the qualities and risks of the different
solutions.
REF. 285 2005

SC D2 WG D2.14
White paper on medium voltage powerline communication (PLC)
networks
Medium Voltage powerline Communications (PLC) networks could generate a new source of revenues by offering
broadband Internet access, telephony and other value added services to existing electric customers. Furthermore,
Electrical distribution Companies operating in a competitive deregulated environment and facing up the currents
boundary conditions must combine costs optimization with customers and regulators requirements to improve
Quality of Service (QoS) and Energy Efficiency. Broadband PLC would allow the creation of Intelligent Distribution
Networks improving the efficiency of utilities core business.
REF. 302 2006

SC D2 TF D2.08
Digital power line carrier equipment - present use and future
applications
This Technical Brochure presents experience, based on a questionnaire, from power utilities using digital power
line carrier (DPLC) links. The Brochure also deals with the different aspects of implementing DPLC links in a
network, including a detailed procedure for planning the links.
REF. 314 2007

SC D2 WG D2.12
Protocol Conformance Testing
This technical brochure presents an evaluation of modern communications protocols used in the Utility industries.
It describes, based on different real life experiences, the current status regarding protocol testing, the available
documentation, tools and testing laboratories, and the practical experiences with conformance testing for a
number of de-facto, IEC and proprietary protocols.
REF. 315 2007
SC D2 WG D2.16
Communications Technology Fundamentals for the Design of
Modern Protection and Control Systems
This technical brochure analyses the advantages and disadvantages of both the use and impact of available
communication technologies, inside and outside the substation, in protection and control systems for a
Substations Automation System by means of a cross matrices methodology. The output matrix provides a relative
assessment of communications technology performance for lead applications in substations.
REF. 317 2007

power systems
REF. 321 2007

SC D2 TF D2.10
Operational services using IP virtual private networks
An Integrated Management Information system is a common platform that permits the different information
processing, storage and exchange systems and other infrastructure components in the Power Utility to interact, in
order to perform different tasks such as asset management, maintenance, condition and performance monitoring,
and planning. It overcomes the problem of multiplicity of management systems in a multi-vendor, multi-technology
environment.
REF. 341 2008

SC D2 WG D2.17
Integrated Management Information in Utilities
An Integrated Management Information system is a platform that permits the different information processing,
storage and exchange systems and other infrastructure components in the Power Utility to interact, in order to
perform different tasks such as asset management, maintenance, condition and performance monitoring, and
planning. It overcomes the problem of multiplicity of management systems in a multi-vendor, multi-technology
environment.
REF. 369 2009
SC B2/D2 WG B2/D2.18
applied to Overhead Power Lines
This TB on the use of geographic information systems (GIS) is a strategy document that may be used by a utility
to gain an understanding of best practices in GIS and advantages of its application. It describes examples, of
benefit for the management of the Transmission Business.
REF. 377 2009

SC D2 TF D2.13
New Mobile Solutions in the Utility Sectors
Today almost all utility companies rely on public mobile phone networks for day to day communications. Still
many are continuing to support and, in a few cases use, a private mobile network. Using the results of a
worldwide enquiry on existing and planned developments, this study considers and reports on the issues involved
in implementing new mobile services and systems.
REF. 382 2009

SC D2 WG D2.21
Broadband PLC Applications
Power Line Communications (PLC) is a broadband access technology that uses the LV and MV grid to provide
telecommunication services. Energy-related services based on PLC represent a field where Utilities can respond
to the most important challenges in the Power Distribution area: the conversion of their network into an
"intelligent" network, providing Broadband Telecommunication solutions for core-business applications.
REF. 419 2010

SC D2 WG D2.22
Treatment of Information Security for Electric Power Utilities
(EPUs)
As providers of critical products and services, EPUs need to develop new security systems and procedures that
are responsive to the improvements in Information and Communications Technology and also recognize the
development of threats and attacks. There are a great and increasing number of studies that support EPUs but
also create a confusing situation when a Security Framework is to be chosen and the information security issues
are to be managed. This TB will answer this question.
Member Price: 48 Euros Non member Price: 96 Euros 72 pages , file: MB

2.18 List in numerical order
REF. 000 A Summary of the Report on Survey of Controls and

Control Performance in HVDC Schemes. B4
REF. 001 25 CIGRE Sessions (1921-1974 ) - General

Bibliographic Index CIGRE
REF. 002 Report on Large Turbine Generator Maintenance

Practices. A1
REF. 003 Compendium of HVDC Schemes throughout the World. B4
REF. 004 Breakdown of Gases in Uniform Fields. D1
REF. 005 Current Ratings of Cables for Cyclic and Emergency

Loads. B1
REF. 006 Mechanical Effects of Short-Circuit Currents in Open

Air Substations. B3
REF. 007 Non-Conventional Current and Voltage Transformers.

A3/B5
REF. 008 Harmonisation of Protection Policies for Power

Stations and Generators and of Protection Policies for HV
Networks. B5
REF. 009 Final Report on Computer based Protection and Digital

Techniques in Substations. B3/B5/D2
REF. 010 Use of Equipment built-in Automatic Testing: Self-

Checking and Monitoring with a View to improving Reliability.
B5
REF. 011 Evaluation of Characteristics and Performance of

Power System Protection Relays and Protective Systems. B5
REF. 012 Teleprotection. B5/D2
REF. 013 Protection Systems Using Telecommunication. B5/D2
REF. 014 Memorandum on Power Line Carrier Systems. D2
REF. 015 Guide On Power Line Carrier. D2
REF. 016 Guide for Planning of Power System Telecommunication

Networks. D2
REF. 017 Guide On Mobile Radio for the Electricity Utilities.

D2
REF. 018 Structure of telecontrol centres and overall systems.

C2/D2
REF. 019 Overall impact of digital techniques for transmission
systems (Substation control). D2
REF. 020 Interferences produced by corona effect of electric

systems. C4
REF. 021 Electric and magnetic fields produced by transmission

systems. C4
REF. 022 Methods of forecasting demand for electricity. C1
REF. 023 An annotated bibliography on UHV AC substation

equipment. (1968-1985). A3/B3/C4
REF. 024 Planning against voltage collapse. C1/C4
REF. 025 Static var compensators B4/C1/C4
REF. 026 Power system reliability analysis. Application

guide.Part I. C4
REF. 027 Methods for reactive power optimisation. C4
REF. 028 Advanced analytical tools in evaluating power system

dynamic and security performance. Results of a questionnaire.
C4
REF. 029 An international survey of the present status and the

techniques. C4
REF. 030 Reactive power compensation analyses and planning

procedure. C4
REF. 031 Nuclear power plant performance in power system

control. A review of international practice. C2
REF. 032 Final report of the UHV Ad Hoc Group CIGRE
REF. 033 Methodologies in power systems operations planning C2
REF. 034 Guidelines for the applications of metal oxide

arresters without gaps for HVDC converter stations. A3/B4
REF. 035 Monograph on GIS very fast transients. A3/B3/C4
REF. 036 Control of power systems during disturbed and

emergency conditions. C2
REF. 037 Guide for planning of power utility digital

telecommunications networks. D2
REF. 038 Digital protection techniques and substation

functions. B5
REF. 039 Guidelines for representation of network elements
when calculating transients C4
REF. 040 Guidelines for software project control. D2
REF. 041 New telecontrol systems architecture. Open systems.

D2
REF. 042 Mobile radio systems in power utilities. D2
REF. 043 Telecommunication network management in power

utilities. D2
REF. 044 Earthing of GIS. An application guide. B3
REF. 045 Optical fibre planning guide for power utilities. D2
REF. 046 Database management for telecontrol systems. D2
REF. 047 Line-charging current switching of HV lines. Stresses

and testing. Parts 1 & 2. A3
REF. 048 Tower top geometry. B2
REF. 049 Adaptive protections and control. B5
REF. 050 Interruption of small inductive currents. A3
REF. 051 Load flow control in high voltage systems using FACTS
controllers. B4/C2
REF. 052 Availability of telecontrol systems. Questionnaire on

availability. D2
REF. 053 Bulk electricity system operational performance.

Measurement systems and survey results. C2
REF. 055 Distorsion and attenuation of travelling waves caused

by transient corona. C4
REF. 056 Environmental aspects of links between power system

planners and decision makers in the energy area. C1/C3
REF. 057 Paper-oil insulated measurement transformer. A3
REF. 058 Evaluation of the questionnaire : Fibre optics for

power utilities communications. D2
REF. 059 Session 1990 : Dielectric diagnosis of electrical

equipment for AC applications and its effects on insulation
coordination. State of the art report. A3/C4/D1
REF. 060 Metal oxide surge arresters in AC systems. A3

REF. 061 Addendum to Doc.20 : Interferences produced by corona
effect of electric systems. C4
REF. 062 Requirements and performance of packet switching

networks with special reference to telecontrol. D2
REF. 063 Guide to procedures for estimating the lightning

performance of transmission lines. C4
REF. 064 Application guide on protection of complex

transmission network configurations. B5
REF. 065 AC harmonic filters and reactive compensation for

HVDC with particular reference to non-characteristic
harmonics. B4
REF. 066 Statistical analysis of dielectric test results. D1
REF. 067 Renewal of existing telecontrol systems. B5/D2
REF. 068 Guide for planning DC links terminating at AC

locations having low short-circuit capacities. Part 1. AC/DC
interaction phenomena. B4
REF. 069 General guidelines for the design of outdoor AC

substations. B3
REF. 070 Composite power system reliability evaluation. Vol.II

C1/C4
REF. 071 International experiences in improving the links

between power system planners, the general public and decision
makers in the energy policy area. C1/C3
REF. 072 Guidelines for the evaluation of the dielectric

strength of external insulation. A3/C4
REF. 073 An International survey of the present status and

perspective of long-term dynamics in power systems. C4
REF. 074 Electric power transmission and the environment.

Fields, noise and interference. C4
REF. 075 Modelling of voltage collapse including dynamic

phenomena. C4
REF. 076 Man machine interface using full graphics. D2
REF. 077 Analysis and optimisation of SVC use in transmission

systems. B4/C1
REF. 078 Voltage and current stresses on thyristor valves for

static var compensators. B4
REF. 079 The use of the transport layer in telecontrol
systems. D2
REF. 080 Choice and application of large variable speed drives

in power plants. B3
REF. 081 Foundation testing B2
REF. 082 Use of DC converters for VAR control. B4/C1
REF. 083 Final report of the 2nd international enquiry on HV

circuit-breaker failures and defects in service. A3
REF. 084 Application of wideband communication circuits to

protection. Prospects and benefits. B5/D2
REF. 085 Ultra high voltage technology. A3/B2/C1
REF. 086 Overvoltages on HVDC Cables. Final Report. B1/B4/C4
REF. 087 Maintenance and management of protection systems. B5
REF. 088 Design and maintenance practice for substation

secondary systems. B3/B5
REF. 089 Accessories for HV extruded cables. Types of

accessories and terminology. B1
REF. 090 The use of expert systems for power system

restoration. C2/C4
REF. 091 Indices predicting voltage collapse including dynamic

phenomena. C4
REF. 092 DC side harmonics and filtering in HVDC transmission

systems B4
REF. 093 Guidelines for testing of thyristor valves for static

var compensators. B4
REF. 094 Lightning characteristics relevant for electrical

engineering: assessment of sensing, recording and mapping
requirements in the light of present technological
advancements. C4
REF. 095 Guide on the influence of high voltage AC power

systems on metallic pipelines. C4
REF. 096 Thermal aspects of transformers. A2
REF. 097 System tests for HVDC installations. B4
REF. 098 Overvoltages and overvoltage protection in the

generator main electrical circuit in power stations. B3
REF. 099 Interaction between transmission and distribution
system planning. C1
REF. 100 Assessment of practical fast transient stability

methods : performance comparison.Phase II. C4
REF. 101 Criteria and countermeasures for voltage collapse.

C2/C4
REF. 102 Long term dynamics. Phase II. Final Report. C4
REF. 103 Commutation failures. Causes and consequences. B4
REF. 104 Magnetic fields in HV cable systems. 1. Systems

without ferromagnetic component. B1/C4
REF. 105 The mechanical effects of short circuit currents in

open air substations. (Rigid and flexible bus bars). Vol.1. An
updated revision. Vol. 2. Data base of reference tests. B3
REF. 106 New opportunities for optical fibre technology in

electricity utilities. D2
REF. 107 Power system communication in the high speed

environment. D2
REF. 108 Business opportunities for power utilities in the

telecommunications market. D2
REF. 109 Review of IEC 826 : Loading and strength of overhead

lines B2
REF. 110 Comparison of high voltage overhead lines and

underground cables. Report and Guidelines. B1/B2
REF. 111 Analysis and control of power system oscillations. C4
REF. 112 Semiconductor power devices for use in HVDC and FACTS
controllers. B4
REF. 113 Test circuits for HVDC thyristor valves. B4
REF. 114 Circuit-breakers for meshed multiterminal HVDC

system. Final Report. A3/B4
REF. 115 Guide for planning DC links terminating at AC system

locations having low short-circuit capacities. Part II :
Planning guidelines. B4
REF. 116 Guide for preliminary design and specification of

hydro stations with HVDC unit connected generators. A1/B4
REF. 117 SF6 recycling guide. Re-use of SF6 gas in electrical

power equipment and final disposal. B3
REF. 118 Lightning exposure of structures and interception
efficiency of air terminals. C4
REF. 119 Interaction between HVDC convertors and nearby

synchronous machines.Final report. A1/B4
REF. 120 Methods and tools for transmission costs. C4/C5
REF. 121 New trends and requirements for dynamic security

assessment. C4
REF. 122 Application of optimisation techniques to study power

system network performance. C4
REF. 123 Thyristor controlled series compensation. B4
REF. 124 Guide on EMC in power plants and substations. C4
REF. 125 User guide for the application of gas-insulated

switchgear (GIS) for rated voltages of 72.5 kV and above. B3
REF. 126 Unit commitment C2/C4
REF. 127 Guide for upgrading transmission systems with HVDC

transmission B4/C1
REF. 128 Protection against voltage collapse B5
REF. 129 Methods and techniques for reliability assessment of

interconnected systems. C4
REF. 130 Operational guidelines and monitoring of HVDC systems

B4
REF. 131 Wavelength multiplexing for electricity utilities

using optical fibres D2
REF. 132 Optical fibre cable selection for electricity

utilities. D2
REF. 133 Preventive and corrective maintenance for optical

cables on overhead power lines. D2
REF. 134 Transient recovery voltages in medium voltage

networks. A3
REF. 135 State of the art of circuit-breaker modelling. A3
REF. 136 Fire aspects of HVDC thyristor valves and valve

halls. B4
REF. 137 Impact of increasing contribution of dispersed

generation on the power system. C1/C6
REF. 138 Exchange of services between large electricity
generating plants and high voltage electric power systems.
A1/C2
REF. 139 Guide to the specification and design evaluation of

AC filters for HVDC systems. B4
REF. 140 Reliable fault clearance and back-up protection. B5
REF. 141 Refurbishment and upgrading of foundations. B2
REF. 142 Natural and artificial ageing and pollution testing

of polymeric insulators C4
REF. 143 Cross-modulation of harmonics in HVDC schemes B4
REF. 144 Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) B4
REF. 145 Modeling of power electronics equipment (FACTS) in

load flow and stability programs : a representation guide for
power system planning and analysis C4
REF. 146 Knowledge based applications in SCADA/EMS. A

practical approach D2
REF. 147 High voltage overhead lines. Environmental concerns,

procedures, impacts and mitigations B2/C3
REF. 148 Analysis and modelling needs of power systems under

major frequency disturbance. Final report. C2/C4
REF. 149 Coordination of controls of multiple FACTS/HVDC links

in the same system. B4
REF. 150 Report on the 2nd international survey on high

voltage gas insulated substations (GIS) service experience B3
REF. 151 Guidelines for insulation coordination in live

working C4
REF. 152 An international survey of maintenance policies and

trends B3/C2
REF. 153 The use of IP technology in the power utility

environment. D2
REF. 154 Techniques for power system planning under

uncertainties. C1/C4
REF. 155 Advanced angle stability controls. C4
REF. 156 Guide for customers specifications for transformers

100 MVA and 123 kV and above. A2
REF. 157 Effect of particles on transformer dielectric
strength. A2
REF. 158 Polluted insulators : a review of current knowledge.

A3/C4
REF. 159 Analysis and guidelines for testing numerical

protection schemes. B5
REF. 160 Unified power flow controller (UPFC) B4
REF. 161 General guidelines for the design of outdoor AC

substations. (2nd version). B3
REF. 162 Questionnaire concerning aspects on planning - design

- operation and maintenance of future substations. B3
REF. 163 Guide for SF6 gas mixtures. B3
REF. 164 Report on digital power line carrier. D2
REF. 165 Life management of circuit-breakers. A3
REF. 166 Impact of interactions among power system controls.

C2/C4
REF. 167 User guide for the application of monitoring and

diagnostic techniques for switching equipment for rated
voltages of 72.5 kV and above. A3
REF. 168 Communication concepts for control systems. D2
REF. 169 Advanced materials - Final Report D1
REF. 170 Static electrification in power transformers A2/D1
REF. 171 Long term operation planning of hydro-thermal power

systems C2/C4
REF. 172 Characterization of lightning for applications in

electric power systems. C4
REF. 173 Use of GSMph2+ as mobile radio system for power

utilities. D2
REF. 174 Load control devices on overhead transmission lines.

B2
REF. 175 Management of existing overhead transmission lines.

B2
REF. 176 Ageing of the system. Impact on planning. C1
REF. 177 Accessories for HV cables with extruded insulation B1

REF. 178 Probabilistic design of overhead transmission lines
B2
REF. 179 Guidelines for field measurement of ice loadings on

overhead power line conductors B2
REF. 180 Communication requirements in terms of data flow

within substations B5
REF. 181 Methods and tools for contracts in a competitive

framework C5
REF. 182 Partial discharge detection in installed HV extruded

cable systems B1/D1
REF. 183 FACTS technology for open access B4/C1
REF. 184 Composite insulator handling guide B2
REF. 185 Modelling new forms of generation and storage C4
REF. 186 Economic assessment of HVDC links B4
REF. 187 System protection schemes in power networks B5/C2
REF. 188 Quality of supply. Customers requirements C1
REF. 189 Insulation coordination for HVAC underground cable

systems C4
REF. 190 Methods and tools for costing ancillary services C5
REF. 191 Methods to consider customer interruption costs in

power system analysis C1/C5
REF. 192 Protection using telecommunications B5/D2
REF. 193 Alarm handling techniques D2
REF. 194 Construction, laying and installation techniques for

extruded and self-contained fluid filled cable systems. B1
REF. 195 Portfolio and risk management for power producers and
traders in an open market. C5
REF. 196 Diaphragms for Lattice Steel Supports B2
REF. 197 Design guidelines for power station auxiliaries and

distribution systems B3
REF. 198 Glossary of terms used in the electricity supply

industry. C1/C2/C5
REF. 199 Superconducting cables. Impact on network structure

and control. B1/C1
REF. 200 Isolation and restoration policies against power
system collapse B5
REF. 201 Maintenance outsourcing guidelines B3/C2
REF. 202 HVDC stations audible noise B4
REF. 203 Optimal network structure in an open market

environment C1/C5
REF. 204 Guidelines for conducting design reviews for

transformers 100 MVA and 123 kV and above. A2
REF. 205 Custom power - State of the art. B4/C4
REF. 206 The design of transmission line support foundations -

an overview. B2
REF. 207 Thermal behaviour of overhead conductors. B2
REF. 208 The needs and environment of control centre operators

during power system restoration. A benchmark questionnaire
survey. C2
REF. 209 The short circuit performance of power transformers.

A2
REF. 210 Interfaces in accessories for extruded HV and EHV

cables. B1/D1
REF. 211 General overview on experience feedback methods in

the field of electrical equipment A2/A3/B1/B2/B3
REF. 212 Report on survey to establish protection performance

during major disturbances B5
REF. 213 Engineering guide on earthing systems in power

stations B3
REF. 214 The mechanical effects of short-circuit currents in

open air substations. Part II. Companion brochure to No. 105
B3
REF. 215 HVDC converter stations for voltages above +/- 600 kV
B4
REF. 216 Joints on transmission line conductors: field testing

and replacement criteria B2
REF. 217 The benefits of mobile data. How can they be realised
? D2
REF. 218 Gas insulated transmission lines (GIL) B1/B3

REF. 219 Testing DC extruded cable systems for power
transmission up to 250 kV B1
REF. 220 Network planning in a deregulated environment. C1
REF. 221 Improving the impact of existing substations on the

environment B3/C3
REF. 222 On voltage and power stability in AC/DC systems B4/C4
REF. 223 Active filters in HVDC applications B4
REF. 224 Emerging technologies and material challenges. (Panel

2002) D1
REF. 225 Electrical power systems 2020. (Panel 2002) D1
REF. 226 Knowledge rules for partial discharge diagnosis in

service D1
REF. 227 Life management techniques for power transformers. A2
REF. 228 Service aged insulation. Guidelines on managing the

ageing process. D1
REF. 229 High temperature superconducting (HTS) cable systems.

B1
REF. 230 Assessment of existing overhead line supports. B2
REF. 231 Definition and classification of power system

stability. C4/CIGRE
REF. 232 Optimisation of protection performance during system

disturbance B5
REF. 233 Application policy for computer-based control systems

in substations: a review. B3
REF. 234 SF6 recycling guide. Revised version 2003. B3
REF. 235 Management of transmission capacity and access :

impact on system development. C1/C5
REF. 236 Conformance testing guideline for communication in

substations B5
REF. 237 Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) for arc

furnace and flicker compensation B4
REF. 238 Modeling of gas turbines and steam turbines in

combined cycle power plants. C4
REF. 239 Fault current limiters in electrical medium and high

voltage systems A3
REF. 240 Analysis of HVDC thyristor converter transformer
performance A2/B4
REF. 241 All-optical backbone technology D2
REF. 242 Thyristor controlled voltage regulators: Parts 1 and

2 B4
REF. 243 Improving resilience in power control centres C2
REF. 244 Conductors for the uprating of overhead lines B2
REF. 245 New optical access technology D2
REF. 246 The automation of new and existing substations: why

and how B5
REF. 247 Optimization of power transmission capability of

underground cable systems using thermal monitoring B1
REF. 248 Economics of transformer management (Papers + CD) A2
REF. 249 Integrated service networks for utilities. D2
REF. 250 Technical and environmental issues regarding the

integration of a new HV underground cable system in the
network. B1/C3
REF. 251 The mechanical behaviour of conductors and fittings

(CD + Brochure) B2
REF. 252 Functional specification and evaluation of

substations. B3
REF. 253 Substations physical security trends. B3
REF. 254 Dielectric response methods for diagnostics of power

transformers. A2/D1
REF. 255 Material properties for non-ceramic outdoor

insulation. State of the art. D1
REF. 256 Current Practices regarding frequencies and magnitude

of high intensity winds B2
REF. 257 EL CID (Electromagnetic - Core Imperfection Detector)

Testing of Large Steam-Turbine-Driven Generators A1
REF. 258 Application of On-Line Partial Discharge Tests to

Rotating Machines A1
REF. 259 Failure Survey on Circuit Breaker Control Systems A3
REF. 260 N2/SF6 Mixtures for Gas Insulated Systems D1

REF. 261 Power Quality Indices and Objectives C4
REF. 262 Controlled Switching of HVAC CBs: Benefits & Economic

Aspects A3
REF. 263 Controlled switching of HVAC CBs - Guidance for

further applications including unloaded transformer switching…
A3
REF. 264 Controlled switching of HVAC CBs -

Planning,Specifications & Testing A3
REF. 265 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for overhead lines B2/C3
REF. 266 Protection measures for radio base stations sited on

power line towers C4
REF. 267 Strategies for utility companies seeking to move to

improved mobility. D2
REF. 268 Transient voltages affecting long cables B1
REF. 269 VSC Transmission B4
REF. 270 Auto-reclosing and local system restoration B5
REF. 271 Connection of generators and other customers - rules

and practices C1/C6
REF. 272 Large cross-sections and composite screens design. B1
REF. 273 Overhead conductor safe design tension with respect

to Aeolian vibrations B2
REF. 274 Consultation models for overhead line projects. B2
REF. 275 Methods for measuring the earth resistance of

transmission towers equipped of earth wires. B2/C4
REF. 276 Guide for the preparation of customised “Practical

SF6 handling instructions” B3
REF. 277 State of the art survey on spacers and spacer dampers
B2
REF. 278 The influence of line configuration on environment

impacts of electrical origin B2
REF. 279 Maintenance for HV cables and accessories B1
REF. 280 HVDC and FACTS for distribution systems B4
REF. 281 Design and Installation of micropiles and ground

anchors for OHL support foudations B2
REF. 282 Planning issues for newly industrialised and
developing countries fron ASEAN C1
REF. 283 Special bonding of high voltage power cables B1
REF. 284 Use of corona rings to control the electrical field

along transmission line composite insulators B2
REF. 285 White paper on medium voltage powerline communication

(PLC) networks D2
REF. 286 Instrumentation and measurements for in-service

monitoring of high voltage insulation D1
REF. 288 Guide for space charge measurements in dielectrics

and insulating materials D1
REF. 289 Reliability Based Design Methods for Overhead Lines

Advantages, Applications and Comparisons B2
REF. 290 AC Corrosion on Metallic Pipelines due to

Interference from AC Power Lines - Phenomenon, Modelling and
Countermeasures C4
REF. 291 Guidelines for Meteorological Icing Models,

Statistical Methods and Topographical Effects B2
REF. 292 Data Mining Techniques and Applications in the Power

Transmission Field D1
REF. 293 Electric Power System Planning with the Uncertainty

of Wind Generation C1
REF. 294 How overhead lines are redesignd for

uprating/upgrading-Analysies of the replies to the
questionnaire. B2
REF. 295 Relay software models for use with electromagnetic

transient analysis programs B5
REF. 296 Recent developments on the interpretation of

dissolved gas analysis in transformers. A2/D1
REF. 297 Practical aspects of the detection and location of PD

in power cables B1/D1
REF. 298 Guide on transformer lifetime data management A2
REF. 299 Guide for the selection of weather parameters for

bare overhead conductor ratings B2
REF. 300 Guidelines to an optimized approach to the renewal of

existing air insulated sbstations B3
REF. 301 Congestion management in liberalized market
environment C5
REF. 302 Digital power line carrier equipment - present use

and future applications D2
REF. 303 Revision of qualification procedures for high voltage

and extra high voltage AC extruded undergroud cable systems B1
REF. 304 Guide for application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 60694.
Part I A3
REF. 305 Guide for application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 60694.
Part II A3
REF. 306 Guide for the assessment of old Cap & Pin and Long-
Rod transmission line insulators made of porcelain or glass:
What to and when to replace B2
REF. 307 Remote on-line management for protection and

automation B5
REF. 308 Foundation Installation – An Overview B2
REF. 309 Asset Management of Transmission Systems and

Associated CIGRE Activities C1
REF. 310 Coordinated Voltage Control in Transmission Networks.

C4
REF. 311 Operating dispersed generation with ICT (Information

& Communication Technology) C6
REF. 312 Application and required developments of dynamic

models to support practical planning C1
REF. 313 Connection criteria at the distribution network for

distributed generation C6
REF. 314 Protocol Conformance Testing D2
REF. 315 Communications Technology Fundamentals for the Design

of Modern Protection and Control Systems D2
REF. 316 Defense plan against extreme contingencies C2
REF. 317 Security for information systems and intranets in

electric power systems B3/C2/D2
REF. 318 Wi-Fi Protected Access for protection and automation

B5
REF. 319 Circuit-Breaker Controls Failure: Survey on Circuit-

Breaker Controls Systems A3
REF. 320 Characterisation of ELF Magnetic Fields C4
REF. 321 Operational services using IP virtual private

networks D2
REF. 322 State of the art conductor galloping B2
REF. 323 Ageing of cellulose in mineral-oil insulated

transformers A2/D1
REF. 324 Sag-tension calculation methods for overhead lines B2
REF. 325 Review of on-line dynamic security assessment tools

and techniques C4
REF. 326 The introduction of IEC 61850 and its impact on

protection and automation within substations B5
REF. 327 Impact of regulatory environments on investment

decisions in transmission C1
REF. 328 Modeling and dynamic behavior of wind generation as

it relates to power system control and dynamic performance
C4/C6
REF. 329 Guidelines for specification and evaluation of

substation automation systems B3/B5
REF. 330 Wide area monitoring and control for transmission

capability enhancement C2/C4
REF. 331 Considerations relating to the use of high

temperature conductors B2
REF. 332 Fatigue Endurance Capability of Conductor/Clamp

Systems - Update of Present Knowledge B2
REF. 333 Guide for the establishement of naturally polluted

insulator testing stations B2
REF. 334 Maintenance of Acceptable Reliability in an Uncertain

Environment C1
REF. 335 Changing Network Conditions and System Requirements.

Part I: The Impact of Distributed Generation (DG) on Equipment
rated above 1 kV. A3
REF. 336 Changing Network Conditions and System Requirements.

Part II: The impact of Long Distance Transmission on HV
Equipment. A3
REF. 337 Increased System Efficiency by Use of New Generations

of Power Semiconductors A3/B3/B4
REF. 338 Statistics of AC Underground Cables in Power Networks
B1
REF. 339 Guideline on the Impacts of Fault Current Limiting

Devices on Protection System A3
REF. 340 Utilities Practices toward Sustainable Development C3
REF. 341 Integrated Management Information in Utilities D2
REF. 342 Mechanical-Condition Assessment of Transformer

Windings using Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) A2
REF. 343 Recommendations for Condition Monitoring and

Condition Assessment Facilities for Transformers A2
REF. 344 Big Storm Events - What we have learned B2
REF. 345 Alternating Current (AC) Resistance of helically

stranded Conductors B2
REF. 346 Protocol for reporting the Operational Performance of

HVDC Transmission Systems
REF. 347 Earth Potential Rises in specially bonded Screen

Systems B1
REF. 348 Tower Top Geometry and Mid Span Clearances B2
REF. 349 Moisture Equilibrium and Moisture Migration within

Transformer Insulation Systems A2
REF. 350 How Overhead Lines (OHL) Respond to Localized High

Intensity Winds - Basic Understanding B2
REF. 351 Application of Long High Capacity Gas Insulated Lines

B1/B3
REF. 352 Capacitor Commutated Converted (CCC) HVDC

Interconnections: Digital modeling and Benchmark Circuit B4
REF. 353 Guidelines for increased Utilization of existing

Overhead Transmission Lines B2
REF. 354 Guidelines to Cost Reduction of Air Insulated

Substations B3
REF. 355 Fault and Disturbance Data Analysis including

intelligent Systems B5
REF. 356 Data Exchange Issues within the Power System

Operation and Control Environment - A Benchmark Questionnaire
Survey C2
REF. 357 Managing the Complexity and Uncertainties of Load,
Generation and Markets in System Development Planning C1
REF. 358 Remaining Life Management of existing AC Underground

Lines B1
REF. 359 Modern Distance Protection Functions and Applications

B5
REF. 360 Insulation Co-Ordination related to Internal

Insulation of Gas Insulated Systems with SF6 and N2/SF6 Gas
Mixtures under AC Condition C4
REF. 361 Outdoor Insulation in polluted Conditions: Guidelines

for Selection and dimensioning - Part 1: General Principles
and the A.C. Case C4
REF. 362 Technical Requirements for Substation Equipment

exceeding 800 kV AC A3
REF. 363 Reliability based Calibration of Foundation Strength

Factor using full-scale Test Data - A Guide for Design
Engineers B2
REF. 364 Systems with multiple DC Infeed B4
REF. 365 On the Use of Power Arc Protection Devices for

composite Insulators on Transmission Lines B2
REF. 366 Guide for electrical Partial Discharge Measurements

in compliance to IEC 60270 D1
REF. 367 Asset Management Performance Benchmarking C1
REF. 368 Operating Environment of Voltage grading Capacitors

applied to High Voltage Circuit-Breakers A3
REF. 369 New Developments in the Use of Geographic Information

as applied to Overhead Power Lines B2/D2
REF. 370 Integration of large Scale Wind Generation using HVDC

and Power Electronics B4
REF. 371 Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) B4
REF. 372 Voltage dip Evaluation and Prediction Tools C4
REF. 373 Mitigation Techniques of Power Frequency Magnetic

Fields originated from Electric Power Systems C4
REF. 374 Review of Structures for the System Development

Activity C1
REF. 375 Technical Guide for Measurement of Low Frequency

Electric and Magnetic Fields near Overhead Power Lines C4
REF. 376 Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Parameters derived from
Lightning Location Systems. The Effects of System Performance.
C4
REF. 377 New Mobile Solutions in the Utility Sectors D2
REF. 378 Copper Sulphide in Transformer Insulation A2
REF. 379 Update of Service Experience of HV Underground and

Submarine Cable Systems B1
REF. 380 The Impact of New Functionalities on Substation

Design B3
REF. 381 GIS: State of the Art 2008 B3
REF. 382 Broadband PLC Applications D2
REF. 383 Sustainable Development Performance Indicators for

Transmission System Operators C3
REF. 384 Comparison of General Industry Practices for Lattice

Tower Design and Detailing B2
REF. 385 Management of Risks due to Load-Flow Increases in

Transmission OHL B2
REF. 386 Generator Maintenance, Inspection and Test Programmes

A1
REF. 387 INFLUENCE OF THE HYPERSTATIC MODELING ON THE BEHAVIOR

OF TRANSMISSION LINE LATTICE STRUCTURES B2
REF. 388 IMPACTS OF HVDC LINES ON THE ECONOMICS OF HVDC

PROJECTS B2/B4/C1
REF. 389 Combining Innovation with Standardization B3
REF. 390 Evaluation of different switchgear technologies (AIS,

MTS, GIS) for rated voltages of 52 kV and above B3
REF. 391 Guide for measurement of radio frequency interference

from HV and MV substations C4
REF. 392 Survey of Hydrogenerator Failures A1
REF. 393 Thermal Performance of Transformers A2
REF. 394 State of the Art of Instrument Transformers A3
REF. 395 Investigation on the Structural Interaction between

Transmission Line Towers and Foundations B2
REF. 396 Large Overhead Lines (OVHL) Crossings B2

REF. 397 Guide for minimizing the damage from stator winding
grounds on turbogenerators A1
REF. 398 Third-Party Damage to Underground and Submarine

Cables B1
REF. 399 Improvement on the Tower Testing Methodology B2
REF. 400 Technical requirements for substations exceeding 800

kV B3
REF. 401 Functional Testing of IEC 61850 Based Systems B5
REF. 402 High Impedance Faults B5
REF. 403 Cable Systems in Multi-purpose or Shared Structures

B1
REF. 404 Acceptable Functional Integration In HV Substations

B5
REF. 405 System Control in Light of Recent Developments in

Substation Control (IEC Standards) C2
REF. 406 HVDC Converter Transformers - Design review, test

procedures, ageing evaluation and reliability in service A2/B4
REF. 407 HVDC Converter Transformers - Guidelines for

conducting design reviews for HVDC converter transformers
A2/B4
REF. 408 Line fault phenomena and their implications for 3-

phase short- and long-line fault clearing A3
REF. 409 Report on Gas Monitors for Oil-Filled Electrical

Equipment D1
REF. 410 Local Wind Speed-Up on Overhead Lines for Specific

Terrain Features B2
REF. 411 Protection, Control and Monitoring of Series

Compensated Networks B5
REF. 412 Voltage Dip Immunity of Equipment and Installations

C4
REF. 413 Insulating Oil Reclamation and Dechlorination D1
REF. 414 Dielectric Response Diagnoses for Transformer

Windings D1
REF. 415 Test Procedures for HV Transition Joints for Rated

Voltages 30kV (Um=36kV) up to 500kV (Um=550kV) B1
REF. 416 Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Supports B2

REF. 416Annex Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Supports
B2
REF. 417 Technological Assessment of 800kV HVDCApplications B4
REF. 418 Status of Development and Field Test Experience with

High-Temperature Superconducting Power Equipment D1
REF. 419 Treatment of Information Security for Electric Power

Utilities (EPUs) D2
REF. 420 Generic Guidelines for Life Time Condition Assessment

of HV Assets and Related Knowledge Rules D1
REF. 421 The Impact of Renewable Energy Sources and

Distributed Generation on Substation Protection and Automation
B5
REF. 422 Transmission Asset Risk Management C1
REF. 423 Technical and Commercial Standardisation of DER /

microGrid Components C6
REF. 424 New Trends for Automated Fault and Disturbance

Analysis B5
REF. 425 Increasing Capacity of Overhead Transmission Lines:

Needs and Solutions B2/C1
REF. 426 Guide for Qualifying High Temperature Conductors for

Use on Overhead Transmission Lines B2
REF. 427 The Impact of Implementing Cyber Security

Requirements using IEC 61850 B5
REF. IAC White Book: Important Achievements of CIGRE CIGRE

2.19 List in alphabetical order
25 CIGRE Sessions (1921-1974 ) - General Bibliographic Index

REF. 001 CIGRE
A Summary of the Report on Survey of Controls and Control

Performance in HVDC Schemes. REF. 000 B4
AC Corrosion on Metallic Pipelines due to Interference from AC

Power Lines - Phenomenon, Modelling and Countermeasures REF.
290 C4
AC harmonic filters and reactive compensation for HVDC with

particular reference to non-characteristic harmonics. REF. 065
B4
Acceptable Functional Integration In HV Substations REF. 404

B5
Accessories for HV cables with extruded insulation REF. 177

B1
Accessories for HV extruded cables. Types of accessories and

terminology. REF. 089 B1
Active filters in HVDC applications REF. 223 B4
Adaptive protections and control. REF. 049 B5
Addendum to Doc.20 : Interferences produced by corona effect

of electric systems. REF. 061 C4
Advanced analytical tools in evaluating power system dynamic

and security performance. Results of a questionnaire. REF. 028
C4
Advanced angle stability controls. REF. 155 C4
Advanced materials - Final Report REF. 169 D1
Ageing of cellulose in mineral-oil insulated transformers REF.

323 A2/D1
Ageing of the system. Impact on planning. REF. 176 C1
Alarm handling techniques REF. 193 D2
All-optical backbone technology REF. 241 D2
Alternating Current (AC) Resistance of helically stranded

Conductors REF. 345 B2

(1968-1985). REF. 023 A3/B3/C4
REF. 152 B3/C2
An International survey of the present status and perspective

of long-term dynamics in power systems. REF. 073 C4
An international survey of the present status and the

techniques. REF. 029 C4
Analysis and control of power system oscillations. REF. 111

C4
Analysis and guidelines for testing numerical protection

schemes. REF. 159 B5

frequency disturbance. Final report. REF. 148 C2/C4

REF. 077 B4/C1

REF. 240 A2/B4
Application and required developments of dynamic models to

support practical planning REF. 312 C1
Application guide on protection of complex transmission

network configurations. REF. 064 B5
Application of Long High Capacity Gas Insulated Lines REF. 351

B1/B3
Application of On-Line Partial Discharge Tests to Rotating

Machines REF. 258 A1
Application of optimisation techniques to study power system

network performance. REF. 122 C4

Prospects and benefits. REF. 084 B5/D2
Application policy for computer-based control systems in

substations: a review. REF. 233 B3
Assessment of existing overhead line supports. REF. 230 B2
Assessment of practical fast transient stability methods :

performance comparison.Phase II. REF. 100 C4
Asset Management of Transmission Systems and Associated CIGRE

Activities REF. 309 C1
Asset Management Performance Benchmarking REF. 367 C1
Auto-reclosing and local system restoration REF. 270 B5
Availability of telecontrol systems. Questionnaire on

availability. REF. 052 D2
Big Storm Events - What we have learned REF. 344 B2
Breakdown of Gases in Uniform Fields. REF. 004 D1
Broadband PLC Applications REF. 382 D2
Bulk electricity system operational performance. Measurement

systems and survey results. REF. 053 C2
Business opportunities for power utilities in the

telecommunications market. REF. 108 D2
Cable Systems in Multi-purpose or Shared Structures REF. 403

B1
Capacitor Commutated Converted (CCC) HVDC Interconnections:

Digital modeling and Benchmark Circuit REF. 352 B4
Changing Network Conditions and System Requirements. Part I:

The Impact of Distributed Generation (DG) on Equipment rated
above 1 kV. REF. 335 A3
Changing Network Conditions and System Requirements. Part II:

The impact of Long Distance Transmission on HV Equipment. REF.
336 A3
Characterisation of ELF Magnetic Fields REF. 320 C4
Characterization of lightning for applications in electric

power systems. REF. 172 C4
Choice and application of large variable speed drives in power

plants. REF. 080 B3
Circuit-Breaker Controls Failure: Survey on Circuit-Breaker

Controls Systems REF. 319 A3

Report. REF. 114 A3/B4
Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Parameters derived from Lightning

Location Systems. The Effects of System Performance. REF. 376
C4
Combining Innovation with Standardization REF. 389 B3
Communication concepts for control systems. REF. 168 D2

Communication requirements in terms of data flow within
substations REF. 180 B5
Communications Technology Fundamentals for the Design of

Modern Protection and Control Systems REF. 315 D2
Commutation failures. Causes and consequences. REF. 103 B4
Comparison of General Industry Practices for Lattice Tower

Design and Detailing REF. 384 B2

cables. Report and Guidelines. REF. 110 B1/B2
Compendium of HVDC Schemes throughout the World. REF. 003 B4
Composite insulator handling guide REF. 184 B2
Composite power system reliability evaluation. Vol.II REF. 070

C1/C4
Conductors for the uprating of overhead lines REF. 244 B2
Conformance testing guideline for communication in substations

REF. 236 B5
Congestion management in liberalized market environment REF.

301 C5
Connection criteria at the distribution network for

distributed generation REF. 313 C6

practices REF. 271 C1/C6
Considerations relating to the use of high temperature

conductors REF. 331 B2
Construction, laying and installation techniques for extruded

and self-contained fluid filled cable systems. REF. 194 B1
Consultation models for overhead line projects. REF. 274 B2
Control of power systems during disturbed and emergency

conditions. REF. 036 C2
Controlled switching of HVAC CBs - Guidance for further

applications including unloaded transformer switching… REF.
263 A3
Controlled switching of HVAC CBs - Planning,Specifications &

Testing REF. 264 A3
Controlled Switching of HVAC CBs: Benefits & Economic Aspects

REF. 262 A3
Coordinated Voltage Control in Transmission Networks. REF. 310
C4
Coordination of controls of multiple FACTS/HVDC links in the

same system. REF. 149 B4
Copper Sulphide in Transformer Insulation REF. 378 A2
Criteria and countermeasures for voltage collapse. REF. 101

C2/C4
Cross-modulation of harmonics in HVDC schemes REF. 143 B4
Current Practices regarding frequencies and magnitude of high

intensity winds REF. 256 B2
Current Ratings of Cables for Cyclic and Emergency Loads. REF.

005 B1
Custom power - State of the art. REF. 205 B4/C4
Data Exchange Issues within the Power System Operation and

Control Environment - A Benchmark Questionnaire Survey REF.
356 C2
Data Mining Techniques and Applications in the Power

Transmission Field REF. 292 D1
Database management for telecontrol systems. REF. 046 D2
DC side harmonics and filtering in HVDC transmission systems

REF. 092 B4
Defense plan against extreme contingencies REF. 316 C2
Definition and classification of power system stability. REF.

231 C4/CIGRE
Design and Installation of micropiles and ground anchors for

OHL support foudations REF. 281 B2

systems. REF. 088 B3/B5
Design guidelines for power station auxiliaries and

distribution systems REF. 197 B3
Diaphragms for Lattice Steel Supports REF. 196 B2
Dielectric Response Diagnoses for Transformer Windings REF.

414 D1

transformers. REF. 254 A2/D1
Digital power line carrier equipment - present use and future
applications REF. 302 D2
Digital protection techniques and substation functions. REF.

038 B5
Distorsion and attenuation of travelling waves caused by

transient corona. REF. 055 C4
Earth Potential Rises in specially bonded Screen Systems REF.

347 B1
Earthing of GIS. An application guide. REF. 044 B3
Economic assessment of HVDC links REF. 186 B4
Economics of transformer management (Papers + CD) REF. 248 A2
Effect of particles on transformer dielectric strength. REF.

157 A2
EL CID (Electromagnetic - Core Imperfection Detector) Testing

of Large Steam-Turbine-Driven Generators REF. 257 A1
Electric and magnetic fields produced by transmission systems.

REF. 021 C4
Electric Power System Planning with the Uncertainty of Wind

Generation REF. 293 C1
Electric power transmission and the environment. Fields, noise

and interference. REF. 074 C4
Electrical power systems 2020. (Panel 2002) REF. 225 D1
Emerging technologies and material challenges. (Panel 2002)

REF. 224 D1
Engineering guide on earthing systems in power stations REF.

213 B3

and decision makers in the energy area. REF. 056 C1/C3
Evaluation of Characteristics and Performance of Power System

Protection Relays and Protective Systems. REF. 011 B5
Evaluation of different switchgear technologies (AIS, MTS,

GIS) for rated voltages of 52 kV and above REF. 390 B3
Evaluation of the questionnaire : Fibre optics for power

utilities communications. REF. 058 D2
plants and high voltage electric power systems. REF. 138
A1/C2
FACTS technology for open access REF. 183 B4/C1
Failure Survey on Circuit Breaker Control Systems REF. 259 A3
Fatigue Endurance Capability of Conductor/Clamp Systems -

Update of Present Knowledge REF. 332 B2
Fault and Disturbance Data Analysis including intelligent

Systems REF. 355 B5
Fault current limiters in electrical medium and high voltage

systems REF. 239 A3
Final report of the 2nd international enquiry on HV circuit-

breaker failures and defects in service. REF. 083 A3
Final report of the UHV Ad Hoc Group REF. 032 CIGRE

Techniques in Substations. REF. 009 B3/B5/D2
Fire aspects of HVDC thyristor valves and valve halls. REF.

136 B4
Foundation Installation – An Overview REF. 308 B2
Foundation testing REF. 081 B2
Functional specification and evaluation of substations. REF.

252 B3
Functional Testing of IEC 61850 Based Systems REF. 401 B5
Gas insulated transmission lines (GIL) REF. 218 B1/B3

REF. 069 B3

(2nd version). REF. 161 B3

of electrical equipment REF. 211 A2/A3/B1/B2/B3
Generator Maintenance, Inspection and Test Programmes REF. 386

A1
Generic Guidelines for Life Time Condition Assessment of HV

Assets and Related Knowledge Rules REF. 420 D1
GIS: State of the Art 2008 REF. 381 B3

REF. 198 C1/C2/C5
Guide for application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 60694. Part II

REF. 305 A3
Guide for application of IEC 62271-100 and IEC 60694. Part I

REF. 304 A3
Guide for customers specifications for transformers 100 MVA

and 123 kV and above. REF. 156 A2
Guide for electrical Partial Discharge Measurements in

compliance to IEC 60270 REF. 366 D1
Guide for measurement of radio frequency interference from HV

and MV substations REF. 391 C4
Guide for minimizing the damage from stator winding grounds on

turbogenerators REF. 397 A1
Guide for planning DC links terminating at AC locations having

low short-circuit capacities. Part 1. AC/DC interaction
phenomena. REF. 068 B4
Guide for planning DC links terminating at AC system locations

having low short-circuit capacities. Part II : Planning
guidelines. REF. 115 B4
Guide for Planning of Power System Telecommunication Networks.

REF. 016 D2
Guide for planning of power utility digital telecommunications

networks. REF. 037 D2

stations with HVDC unit connected generators. REF. 116 A1/B4
Guide for Qualifying High Temperature Conductors for Use on

Overhead Transmission Lines REF. 426 B2
Guide for SF6 gas mixtures. REF. 163 B3
Guide for space charge measurements in dielectrics and

insulating materials REF. 288 D1
Guide for the assessment of old Cap & Pin and Long-Rod
transmission line insulators made of porcelain or glass: What
to and when to replace REF. 306 B2
Guide for the establishement of naturally polluted insulator

testing stations REF. 333 B2
Guide for the preparation of customised “Practical SF6
handling instructions” REF. 276 B3
Guide for the selection of weather parameters for bare

overhead conductor ratings REF. 299 B2

transmission REF. 127 B4/C1
Guide on EMC in power plants and substations. REF. 124 C4
Guide On Mobile Radio for the Electricity Utilities. REF. 017

D2
Guide On Power Line Carrier. REF. 015 D2
Guide on the influence of high voltage AC power systems on

metallic pipelines. REF. 095 C4
Guide on transformer lifetime data management REF. 298 A2
Guide to procedures for estimating the lightning performance

of transmission lines. REF. 063 C4
Guide to the specification and design evaluation of AC filters

for HVDC systems. REF. 139 B4
Guideline on the Impacts of Fault Current Limiting Devices on

Protection System REF. 339 A3
Guidelines for conducting design reviews for transformers 100

MVA and 123 kV and above. REF. 204 A2
Guidelines for field measurement of ice loadings on overhead

power line conductors REF. 179 B2
Guidelines for increased Utilization of existing Overhead

Transmission Lines REF. 353 B2
Guidelines for insulation coordination in live working REF.

151 C4
Guidelines for Meteorological Icing Models, Statistical

Methods and Topographical Effects REF. 291 B2
Guidelines for representation of network elements when

calculating transients REF. 039 C4
Guidelines for software project control. REF. 040 D2

automation systems REF. 329 B3/B5
Guidelines for testing of thyristor valves for static var

compensators. REF. 093 B4
without gaps for HVDC converter stations. REF. 034 A3/B4

external insulation. REF. 072 A3/C4
Guidelines to an optimized approach to the renewal of existing

air insulated sbstations REF. 300 B3
Guidelines to Cost Reduction of Air Insulated Substations REF.

354 B3
Harmonisation of Protection Policies for Power Stations and

Generators and of Protection Policies for HV Networks. REF.
008 B5
High Impedance Faults REF. 402 B5
High temperature superconducting (HTS) cable systems. REF. 229

B1

procedures, impacts and mitigations REF. 147 B2/C3
How Overhead Lines (OHL) Respond to Localized High Intensity

Winds - Basic Understanding REF. 350 B2
How overhead lines are redesignd for uprating/upgrading-

Analysies of the replies to the questionnaire. REF. 294 B2
HVDC and FACTS for distribution systems REF. 280 B4
HVDC converter stations for voltages above +/- 600 kV REF. 215
B4

ageing evaluation and reliability in service REF. 406 A2/B4

reviews for HVDC converter transformers REF. 407 A2/B4
HVDC stations audible noise REF. 202 B4

the power system. REF. 137 C1/C6
Impact of interactions among power system controls. REF. 166

C2/C4
Impact of regulatory environments on investment decisions in

transmission REF. 327 C1
IMPACTS OF HVDC LINES ON THE ECONOMICS OF HVDC PROJECTS REF.

388 B2/B4/C1
Improvement on the Tower Testing Methodology REF. 399 B2
Improving resilience in power control centres REF. 243 C2

environment REF. 221 B3/C3

Semiconductors REF. 337 A3/B3/B4

Solutions REF. 425 B2/C1
Indices predicting voltage collapse including dynamic

phenomena. REF. 091 C4
INFLUENCE OF THE HYPERSTATIC MODELING ON THE BEHAVIOR OF

TRANSMISSION LINE LATTICE STRUCTURES REF. 387 B2
Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Supports REF. 416 B2
Innovative Solutions for Overhead Line Supports REF. 416Annex

B2
Instrumentation and measurements for in-service monitoring of

high voltage insulation REF. 286 D1
Insulating Oil Reclamation and Dechlorination REF. 413 D1
Insulation coordination for HVAC underground cable systems

REF. 189 C4
Insulation Co-Ordination related to Internal Insulation of Gas

Insulated Systems with SF6 and N2/SF6 Gas Mixtures under AC
Condition REF. 360 C4
Integrated Management Information in Utilities REF. 341 D2
Integrated service networks for utilities. REF. 249 D2
Integration of large Scale Wind Generation using HVDC and

Power Electronics REF. 370 B4

machines.Final report. REF. 119 A1/B4
Interaction between transmission and distribution system

planning. REF. 099 C1
Interfaces in accessories for extruded HV and EHV cables. REF.

210 B1/D1
Interferences produced by corona effect of electric systems.

REF. 020 C4
energy policy area. REF. 071 C1/C3
Interruption of small inductive currents. REF. 050 A3
Investigation on the Structural Interaction between

Transmission Line Towers and Foundations REF. 395 B2
Isolation and restoration policies against power system

collapse REF. 200 B5
Joints on transmission line conductors: field testing and

replacement criteria REF. 216 B2
Knowledge based applications in SCADA/EMS. A practical

approach REF. 146 D2
Knowledge rules for partial discharge diagnosis in service

REF. 226 D1
Large cross-sections and composite screens design. REF. 272

B1
Large Overhead Lines (OVHL) Crossings REF. 396 B2
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for overhead lines REF. 265 B2/C3
Life management of circuit-breakers. REF. 165 A3
Life management techniques for power transformers. REF. 227

A2
Lightning characteristics relevant for electrical engineering:

assessment of sensing, recording and mapping requirements in
the light of present technological advancements. REF. 094 C4
Lightning exposure of structures and interception efficiency

of air terminals. REF. 118 C4
Line fault phenomena and their implications for 3-phase short-

and long-line fault clearing REF. 408 A3
Line-charging current switching of HV lines. Stresses and

testing. Parts 1 & 2. REF. 047 A3
Load control devices on overhead transmission lines. REF. 174

B2

controllers. REF. 051 B4/C2
Local Wind Speed-Up on Overhead Lines for Specific Terrain

Features REF. 410 B2
Long term dynamics. Phase II. Final Report. REF. 102 C4

REF. 171 C2/C4

ferromagnetic component. REF. 104 B1/C4
Maintenance and management of protection systems. REF. 087 B5
Maintenance for HV cables and accessories REF. 279 B1
Maintenance of Acceptable Reliability in an Uncertain

Environment REF. 334 C1
Maintenance outsourcing guidelines REF. 201 B3/C2
Man machine interface using full graphics. REF. 076 D2
Management of existing overhead transmission lines. REF. 175

B2
Management of Risks due to Load-Flow Increases in Transmission

OHL REF. 385 B2

system development. REF. 235 C1/C5
Managing the Complexity and Uncertainties of Load, Generation

and Markets in System Development Planning REF. 357 C1
Material properties for non-ceramic outdoor insulation. State

of the art. REF. 255 D1
Mechanical Effects of Short-Circuit Currents in Open Air

Substations. REF. 006 B3
Mechanical-Condition Assessment of Transformer Windings using

Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) REF. 342 A2
Memorandum on Power Line Carrier Systems. REF. 014 D2
Metal oxide surge arresters in AC systems. REF. 060 A3
Methodologies in power systems operations planning REF. 033

C2
Methods and techniques for reliability assessment of

interconnected systems. REF. 129 C4
Methods and tools for contracts in a competitive framework

REF. 181 C5
Methods and tools for costing ancillary services REF. 190 C5

Methods and tools for transmission costs. REF. 120 C4/C5

towers equipped of earth wires. REF. 275 B2/C4
Methods for reactive power optimisation. REF. 027 C4
Methods of forecasting demand for electricity. REF. 022 C1

system analysis REF. 191 C1/C5
Mitigation Techniques of Power Frequency Magnetic Fields

originated from Electric Power Systems REF. 373 C4
Mobile radio systems in power utilities. REF. 042 D2

to power system control and dynamic performance REF. 328
C4/C6
Modeling of gas turbines and steam turbines in combined cycle

power plants. REF. 238 C4
Modeling of power electronics equipment (FACTS) in load flow

and stability programs : a representation guide for power
system planning and analysis REF. 145 C4
Modelling new forms of generation and storage REF. 185 C4
Modelling of voltage collapse including dynamic phenomena.

REF. 075 C4
Modern Distance Protection Functions and Applications REF. 359

B5
Moisture Equilibrium and Moisture Migration within Transformer

Insulation Systems REF. 349 A2
Monograph on GIS very fast transients. REF. 035 A3/B3/C4
N2/SF6 Mixtures for Gas Insulated Systems REF. 260 D1
Natural and artificial ageing and pollution testing of

polymeric insulators REF. 142 C4
Network planning in a deregulated environment. REF. 220 C1

applied to Overhead Power Lines REF. 369 B2/D2
New Mobile Solutions in the Utility Sectors REF. 377 D2
New opportunities for optical fibre technology in electricity

utilities. REF. 106 D2
New optical access technology REF. 245 D2
New telecontrol systems architecture. Open systems. REF. 041

D2
New trends and requirements for dynamic security assessment.

REF. 121 C4
New Trends for Automated Fault and Disturbance Analysis REF.

424 B5
Non-Conventional Current and Voltage Transformers. REF. 007

A3/B5
Nuclear power plant performance in power system control. A

review of international practice. REF. 031 C2
On the Use of Power Arc Protection Devices for composite

Insulators on Transmission Lines REF. 365 B2
On voltage and power stability in AC/DC systems REF. 222

B4/C4
Operating dispersed generation with ICT (Information &

Communication Technology) REF. 311 C6
Operating Environment of Voltage grading Capacitors applied to

High Voltage Circuit-Breakers REF. 368 A3
Operational guidelines and monitoring of HVDC systems REF. 130

B4
Operational services using IP virtual private networks REF.

321 D2
Optical fibre cable selection for electricity utilities. REF.

132 D2
Optical fibre planning guide for power utilities. REF. 045 D2
Optimal network structure in an open market environment REF.

203 C1/C5
Optimisation of protection performance during system

disturbance REF. 232 B5
Optimization of power transmission capability of underground

cable systems using thermal monitoring REF. 247 B1
Outdoor Insulation in polluted Conditions: Guidelines for

Selection and dimensioning - Part 1: General Principles and
the A.C. Case REF. 361 C4
Overall impact of digital techniques for transmission systems
(Substation control). REF. 019 D2
Overhead conductor safe design tension with respect to Aeolian

vibrations REF. 273 B2
Overvoltages and overvoltage protection in the generator main

electrical circuit in power stations. REF. 098 B3
Overvoltages on HVDC Cables. Final Report. REF. 086 B1/B4/C4
Paper-oil insulated measurement transformer. REF. 057 A3

systems REF. 182 B1/D1
Planning against voltage collapse. REF. 024 C1/C4
Planning issues for newly industrialised and developing

countries fron ASEAN REF. 282 C1
Polluted insulators : a review of current knowledge. REF. 158

A3/C4
Portfolio and risk management for power producers and traders

in an open market. REF. 195 C5
Power Quality Indices and Objectives REF. 261 C4
Power system communication in the high speed environment. REF.

107 D2
Power system reliability analysis. Application guide.Part I.

REF. 026 C4

cables REF. 297 B1/D1
Preventive and corrective maintenance for optical cables on

overhead power lines. REF. 133 D2
Probabilistic design of overhead transmission lines REF. 178

B2
Protection against voltage collapse REF. 128 B5
Protection measures for radio base stations sited on power

line towers REF. 266 C4
Protection Systems Using Telecommunication. REF. 013 B5/D2
Protection using telecommunications REF. 192 B5/D2
Protection, Control and Monitoring of Series Compensated

Networks REF. 411 B5
Protocol Conformance Testing REF. 314 D2
Protocol for reporting the Operational Performance of HVDC

Transmission Systems REF. 346
Quality of supply. Customers requirements REF. 188 C1
Questionnaire concerning aspects on planning - design -

operation and maintenance of future substations. REF. 162 B3
Reactive power compensation analyses and planning procedure.

REF. 030 C4

analysis in transformers. REF. 296 A2/D1
Recommendations for Condition Monitoring and Condition

Assessment Facilities for Transformers REF. 343 A2
Refurbishment and upgrading of foundations. REF. 141 B2
Relay software models for use with electromagnetic transient

analysis programs REF. 295 B5
Reliability based Calibration of Foundation Strength Factor

using full-scale Test Data - A Guide for Design Engineers REF.
363 B2
Reliability Based Design Methods for Overhead Lines

Advantages, Applications and Comparisons REF. 289 B2
Reliable fault clearance and back-up protection. REF. 140 B5
Remaining Life Management of existing AC Underground Lines

REF. 358 B1
Remote on-line management for protection and automation REF.

307 B5
Renewal of existing telecontrol systems. REF. 067 B5/D2
Report on digital power line carrier. REF. 164 D2
Report on Gas Monitors for Oil-Filled Electrical Equipment

REF. 409 D1
Report on Large Turbine Generator Maintenance Practices. REF.

002 A1
Report on survey to establish protection performance during

major disturbances REF. 212 B5
Report on the 2nd international survey on high voltage gas

insulated substations (GIS) service experience REF. 150 B3
Requirements and performance of packet switching networks with
special reference to telecontrol. REF. 062 D2
Review of IEC 826 : Loading and strength of overhead lines

REF. 109 B2
Review of on-line dynamic security assessment tools and

techniques REF. 325 C4
Review of Structures for the System Development Activity REF.

374 C1
Revision of qualification procedures for high voltage and

extra high voltage AC extruded undergroud cable systems REF.
303 B1
Sag-tension calculation methods for overhead lines REF. 324

B2

power systems REF. 317 B3/C2/D2
Semiconductor power devices for use in HVDC and FACTS

controllers. REF. 112 B4
Service aged insulation. Guidelines on managing the ageing

process. REF. 228 D1

coordination. State of the art report. REF. 059 A3/C4/D1
SF6 recycling guide. Re-use of SF6 gas in electrical power

equipment and final disposal. REF. 117 B3
SF6 recycling guide. Revised version 2003. REF. 234 B3
Special bonding of high voltage power cables REF. 283 B1
State of the art conductor galloping REF. 322 B2
State of the art of circuit-breaker modelling. REF. 135 A3
State of the Art of Instrument Transformers REF. 394 A3
State of the art survey on spacers and spacer dampers REF. 277
B2
Static electrification in power transformers REF. 170 A2/D1
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) REF. 144 B4
Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) for arc furnace and

flicker compensation REF. 237 B4
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) REF. 371 B4
Static var compensators REF. 025 B4/C1/C4
Statistical analysis of dielectric test results. REF. 066 D1
Statistics of AC Underground Cables in Power Networks REF. 338

B1
Status of Development and Field Test Experience with High-

Temperature Superconducting Power Equipment REF. 418 D1
Strategies for utility companies seeking to move to improved

mobility. REF. 267 D2
Structure of telecontrol centres and overall systems. REF. 018

C2/D2
Substations physical security trends. REF. 253 B3

control. REF. 199 B1/C1
Survey of Hydrogenerator Failures REF. 392 A1
Sustainable Development Performance Indicators for

Transmission System Operators REF. 383 C3
System Control in Light of Recent Developments in Substation

Control (IEC Standards) REF. 405 C2
System protection schemes in power networks REF. 187 B5/C2
System tests for HVDC installations. REF. 097 B4
Systems with multiple DC Infeed REF. 364 B4
Technical and Commercial Standardisation of DER / microGrid

Components REF. 423 C6

of a new HV underground cable system in the network. REF. 250
B1/C3
Technical Guide for Measurement of Low Frequency Electric and

Magnetic Fields near Overhead Power Lines REF. 375 C4
Technical Requirements for Substation Equipment exceeding 800

kV AC REF. 362 A3
Technical requirements for substations exceeding 800 kV REF.

400 B3
Techniques for power system planning under uncertainties. REF.
154 C1/C4
Technological Assessment of 800kV HVDCApplications REF. 417

B4
Telecommunication network management in power utilities. REF.

043 D2
Teleprotection. REF. 012 B5/D2
Test circuits for HVDC thyristor valves. REF. 113 B4
Test Procedures for HV Transition Joints for Rated Voltages

30kV (Um=36kV) up to 500kV (Um=550kV) REF. 415 B1
Testing DC extruded cable systems for power transmission up to

250 kV REF. 219 B1
The automation of new and existing substations: why and how

REF. 246 B5
The benefits of mobile data. How can they be realised ? REF.

217 D2
The design of transmission line support foundations - an

overview. REF. 206 B2
The Impact of Implementing Cyber Security Requirements using

IEC 61850 REF. 427 B5
The Impact of New Functionalities on Substation Design REF.

380 B3
The Impact of Renewable Energy Sources and Distributed

Generation on Substation Protection and Automation REF. 421
B5
The influence of line configuration on environment impacts of

electrical origin REF. 278 B2
The introduction of IEC 61850 and its impact on protection and

automation within substations REF. 326 B5
The mechanical behaviour of conductors and fittings (CD +

Brochure) REF. 251 B2
The mechanical effects of short circuit currents in open air

substations. (Rigid and flexible bus bars). Vol.1. An updated
revision. Vol. 2. Data base of reference tests. REF. 105 B3
The mechanical effects of short-circuit currents in open air

substations. Part II. Companion brochure to No. 105 REF. 214
B3
The needs and environment of control centre operators during
power system restoration. A benchmark questionnaire survey.
REF. 208 C2
The short circuit performance of power transformers. REF. 209

A2
The use of expert systems for power system restoration. REF.

090 C2/C4
The use of IP technology in the power utility environment.

REF. 153 D2
The use of the transport layer in telecontrol systems. REF.

079 D2
Thermal aspects of transformers. REF. 096 A2
Thermal behaviour of overhead conductors. REF. 207 B2
Thermal Performance of Transformers REF. 393 A2
Third-Party Damage to Underground and Submarine Cables REF.

398 B1
Thyristor controlled series compensation. REF. 123 B4
Thyristor controlled voltage regulators: Parts 1 and 2 REF.

242 B4
Tower Top Geometry and Mid Span Clearances REF. 348 B2
Tower top geometry. REF. 048 B2
Transient recovery voltages in medium voltage networks. REF.

134 A3
Transient voltages affecting long cables REF. 268 B1
Transmission Asset Risk Management REF. 422 C1
Treatment of Information Security for Electric Power Utilities

(EPUs) REF. 419 D2
Ultra high voltage technology. REF. 085 A3/B2/C1
Unified power flow controller (UPFC) REF. 160 B4
Unit commitment REF. 126 C2/C4
Update of Service Experience of HV Underground and Submarine

Cable Systems REF. 379 B1
Use of corona rings to control the electrical field along

transmission line composite insulators REF. 284 B2
Use of DC converters for VAR control. REF. 082 B4/C1
Use of Equipment built-in Automatic Testing: Self-Checking and

Monitoring with a View to improving Reliability. REF. 010 B5
Use of GSMph2+ as mobile radio system for power utilities.

REF. 173 D2
User guide for the application of gas-insulated switchgear

(GIS) for rated voltages of 72.5 kV and above. REF. 125 B3
User guide for the application of monitoring and diagnostic

techniques for switching equipment for rated voltages of 72.5
kV and above. REF. 167 A3
Utilities Practices toward Sustainable Development REF. 340

C3
Voltage and current stresses on thyristor valves for static

var compensators. REF. 078 B4
Voltage dip Evaluation and Prediction Tools REF. 372 C4
Voltage Dip Immunity of Equipment and Installations REF. 412

C4
VSC Transmission REF. 269 B4
Wavelength multiplexing for electricity utilities using

optical fibres REF. 131 D2
White Book: Important Achievements of CIGRE REF. IAC CIGRE
White paper on medium voltage powerline communication (PLC)

networks REF. 285 D2

enhancement REF. 330 C2/C4
Wi-Fi Protected Access for protection and automation REF. 318

B5
3 SET OF SESSION PAPERS
REF. CD96
CD ROM 1996 Session (Papers)
This CD-ROM includes :
- the preferential Subjects for the 1996 Session.
- the reports for all the Groups
Member Price: 50 Euros

Non member Price: 100 Euros
REF. CD98
CD ROM 1998 Session Papers
- the preferential Subjects for the 1998 Session
- all the Reports for all the Groups
- the special Reports
- the report for Panel 1 (in english only)
- the reports for Links University-Cigre (in English only)

REF. CD98+
CD ROM 1998 Session (SET Papers + Discussions)
The item consists of the 1998 Session papers CD and the "Proceedings " CD.

REF. CD98D
CD ROM 1998 Session Discussions
- the list of Papers
- the Group Discussion contributions (including the L.U.C.Workshop) in the original language
- the General Reports
- the list of Speakers

REF. CD00
- the preferential Subjects for the 2000 Session
- the reports for all the Groups (in the original language or bilingual)
- the digests of the reports
- the Special Reports (in english only)
- the reports for Panel 1 and 2 (in english only)

REF. CD02
- the list of reports
- the reports for all the Groups (in the original language or bilingual).
- the digests of all the reports (bilingual).
- the Special Reports (in English)

REF. CD02+
The item consists of the 2002 Session papers CD and the "Proceedings "CD.

REF. CD02D
- the opening Speech (bilingual)
- the Panels papers
- the presentation of the new CIGRE organization
- the General Reports
- the contributions for all the Group Meetings
- the list of speakers

REF. CD04
This CD-ROM contains :
- the papers discussed at the 2004 Session. Following the organisation set-up, the papers are listed under the
respective Discussion Groups and, witin each Group, under the corresponding Preferential Subjects.
In 2004, 16 Discussion Group meetings were held who altogether handled 45 PreferentialSubjects. The total
number of papers discussed was 344.

REF. CD04+
The item consists of the 2004 Session papers CD and the "Proceedings" CD.

REF. CD04D
The 2004 Proceedings comprise the following :
- The opening Addresses
- Contributions and reports relevant to the Panel Discussions
- For each Group : The Special Report, the contributions to the discussions and the General Report
- List of contributors
- List of Session Delegates

REF. CD06
This CD-ROM contains the Papers discussed at the Session 2006.
- Papers are listed by Discussion Groups and Preferential Subjects.
- 16 Discussion meetings were held, which discussed 390 Papers, on 45 Preferential Subjects.

REF. CD06+
2 CD ROM 2006 Session (SET Papers + Discussions)
The item consists of the 2006 Session papers CD and the "Proceedings" CD.

REF. CD06D
The 2006 Proceedings comprise the following:
- The Opening Addresses
- Contributions and reports relevant to the Panel Discussions
- For each Group: The Special Report, the contributions to the discussions and the General Report
- List of contributors
- List of Session Delegates

REF. CD08
CD ROM 2008 CIGRE SESSION (Papers)
This CD-ROM contains the Papers discussed at the Session 2008:
- The Papers are listed by Discussion Groups and Preferential Subjects,

- 16 Discussion meetings were held, which discussed 430 Papers, on 41 Preferential Subjects.

REF. CD08+
CD ROM 2008 CIGRE SESSION (Set Papers + Discussions)
These CD Rom include the 2008 Session Papers and Discussions.

REF. CD08D
CD ROM 2008 CIGRE SESSION (Discussions)
This CD Rom includes:
- The Opening Address and the Opening Panel
- The contributions and reports relevant to the Panel Discussions
- For each Group: The Special Report, the contributions to the discussions and the General Report
- The list of contributors
- The list of Session Delegates

4 SET OF SYMPOSIA PAPERS
REF. SYMP_STOD_1981
STOCKHOLM : Transmission lines and the environment

(discussions)
Resume of the discussions of the papers of the Symposium.

REF. SYMP_STOP_1981
STOCKHOLM : Transmission lines and the environment

(papers)
The aim of the Symposium was to provide guidance on the design of transmission lines based on an
examination of present knowledge of the various phenomena which result from the relationship between
the lines and the environment. Of interest to Researchers, Scientists and Engineers concerned with
theoretical or applied work.

REF. SYMP_RIO_1983
RIO DE JANEIRO: Hydraulic Generators and Synchronous

Compensators (papers)
Topics covered by the Symposium include : Outstanding achievements of the last decade; Technical
problems specific for hydrogenerators - Interface with the turbine; Quality and reliability of
hydrogenerators and synchronous compensators; Trends in hydro electric construction.

REF. SYMP_FLO_1983
FLORENCE : Control applications for power system security

(papers)
The aim of the Symposium was to assess the state of the art of centralized and decentralized control of
electric power systems, in particular the impact of control computers, application programmes, interactive
schemes, new concepts and devices on the security of supply and to widen the discussion and interaction
among scientists, industrial researchers, consultants and users in this field.

REF. SYMP_DAK_1985
DAKAR: Electrical power systems in developing countries

(papers)
The development of electric power systems in countries where consumption per head is low gives rise to
specific technical and economic problems. Which means of generation should be chosen and for which
type of consumption ? What type of transmission, interconnection and distribution systems ? Why rely on
any particular security of supply criterion rather than any other, in the planning and operation of these
systems ? How can major constraints to be observed be identified ? What will be the future developments
in the techniques used ?

REF. SYMP_BRU_1985
BRUSSELS: High currents in power systems under normal,

emergency and fault conditions (papers)
Aim : To assess and discuss the present situation, future needs and developments in the field of high
continuous and temporary service currents, high short-circuit and earth fault currents in HV, EHV, UHV
grids and power station primary circuits.

REF. SYMP_BOSD_1987
BOSTON : AC/DC Transmission. Interactions and Comparisons

(discussions)
Contributions to the discussions of the papers of the Symposium.
Member Price: 24,5 Euros

REF. SYMP_BOSP_1987
BOSTON : AC/DC Transmission. Interactions and Comparisons

(papers)
Discussion of methods of analysis and modelling related to the interaction between HVDC converter
stations and their controls with their associated AC systems. Discussion of methods of application of static
VAR compensators to meet stability and voltage requirements of AC/DC transmission systems.
Comparison of the techniques, economics and reliability of AC and DC transmission systems.

REF. SYMP_VIE_1987
VIENNE : New and improved materials for electrotechnology

(papers)
The limits of current technology are frequently set by the availability or otherwise of suitable materials.
Materials may be used for constructional purposes or in more active roles as a consequence of their
special electrical, magnetic, insulating, dielectric or other physical properties. Concerns are new or
improved materials and their applications in electrical apparatus. Solids, liquids or gases with novel
properties that can be utilised in electrotechnology. Information on the performance of these materials.

REF. SYMP_BOUD_1989
BOURNEMOUTH : Digital Technologies in Power Systems .

Needs, Opportunities, Impact (discussions)
Resumé of the Discussions of the Symposium.

REF. SYMP_BOUP_1989
BOURNEMOUTH : Digital Technologies in Power Systems .

Needs, Opportunities, Impact (papers)
Examination of present and expected needs for, and opportunities offered, by digital techniques in the
fields of power system operation, communication, protection and control. Presentation and discussion of
experiences arising from the implementation of digital techniques in power systems covering hardware
and software aspects. Technical and organisational impact of the increased use of digital technology on
power utilities and manufacturing industries.

REF. SYMP_BAND_1989
BANGKOK : Operation of electric power systems in

developing countries (discussions)
Contributions to the discussions of the papers of the Symposium

REF. SYMP_BANP_1989
BANGKOK : Operation of electric power systems in

developing countries (papers)
Establishment of a knowledge and experience base for operation and maintenance of electric power
systems in developing countries. Discussion levels of control technology relative to operational objectives
and dispatching complexity. Discussion of the role of system study tools for operation and control.
Discussion of the organisational structures and staffing objectives. Discussion of appropriate methods for
the education and training of craftsmen and professionals for operation and maintenance of electric power
systems within established or proposed organizational structures.

REF. SYMP_MONP_1991
MONTREAL: Electric power system reliability (Papers)

The Symposium is part of the continuing examination of the questions dealing with electric power system
reliability. It was first discussed jointly by the three Study Committees during the 1986 General Session;
then followed by a Round Table discussion during the 1988 Session. The Symposium presented an
opportunity to discuss the latest progress including results of studies dealing with composite system
analysis and expert system developments. However its aims were focused towards practical applications
dealing with problem areas in power system planning, design and operation.
CD
REF. SYMP_MOND_1991
MONTREAL : Electric power system reliability

(discussions)
Discussions of the papers of the Symposium

REF. SYMP_PAR_1991
PARIS (Leningrad) : Compacting overhead transmission lines

(papers)
Compacting overhead transmision lines enables reducing space occupation for the same transmissible
electric power, or increasing the transmissible power for the same space occupation. The space
occupation of overhead lines is determined by the air clearances which should : comply with the line
caracteristics; withstand the applied stresses; keep within acceptable limits the phenomena which may
unfavourably affect the environment; comply with construction and operational requirements

REF. SYMP_LAUP_1993
LAUSANNE: Power System Electromagnetic Compatibility

(papers)
The aim of the symposium was to discuss problems of power system electromagnetic compatibility. In
addition to being subject to interferences of external origin, electric power systems are also potential
victims of disturbances generated within the power system itself. In the present context of increasing use
of electronic and digital technologies in power systems, it is particularly important to discuss the issues
involved and exchange knowledge at an international level. This symposium provided an international
forum for discussion of all aspects of electromagnetic compatibility relevant to power systems.

REF. SYMP_LAUD_1993
LAUSANNE: Power System Electromagnetic Compatibility

(discussions)
Resume of the discussions of the Symposium papers.

REF. SYMP_BERD_1993
BERLIN: Diagnostic and Maintenance Techniques

(Discussions)
Résumé of discussions of the Berlin Symposium.

REF. SYMP_BERP_1993
BERLIN: Diagnostic and Maintenance Techniques (Papers)

The Symposium was centred around: Diagnostic and maintenance techniques for electrical components
(components means the elementary components of the networks: breakers, switchgear, transmission
lines, transformers etc...); Impact of maintenance and diagnostic requirements on component design
practices. Maintenance strategies of utilities: targets, guidelines and constraints; Diagnostic and
maintenance techniques for substations and Consequences on the power system.

REF. SYMP_HEL_1995
HELSINKI : Integrated control and communication systems

(papers)
Increasing communication between control centres, power stations and substations presents new
challenges to information architecture design. Advances in ditigal technology enable designers to
centralise or decentralise equipment and functions in a way which optimises information flow. However,
operational requirements such as speed and reliability must be carefully considered. Integrated systems
require standardization of signalling and equipment interfaces in order to avoid unnecessary overhead.
Changes in utility structures and the advent of multi user environments also create new needs for
education and end user training.

REF. SYMP_TOKP_1995
TOKYO : Power Electronics in power systems (papers)

With the increasing use of power electronic technologies in power systems, it is of particular importance to
discuss the issues involved concerning : a) The system planner's view on needs of the power system and
how power electronics can contribute to solving the problems at hand; b) Help in understanding the
properties and behaviour of power electronic controllers and how they can be modelled to study the
behaviour of power systems (not only transmission systems) ; c) Increase awareness of engineers with
regard to ongoing developments in power electronic controllers and power devices.
papier
REF. SYMP_TOKD_1995
TOKYO : Power Electronics in power systems (discussions)

Résumé des discussions/Résumé of discussion meetings.

REF. SYMP_TOUP_1997
TOURS : impact of open trading on power systems (papers)

The scope of the Symposium is to define the role of the system operator in relation to the operation and
planning in generation, transmission and distribution in function of industry structural changes; to discuss
the impact from and on the generation units including IPP, embedded generation etc...; to define the role
of system planners in the same context; to discuss the impact on analysis of power systems and to define
the need for new tools to analyse power systems faced with new organisational changes; to discuss
methods to organize open trading, ancillary services and transmission pricing.

REF. SYMP_TOUD_1997
TOURS : impact of open trading on power systems

(discussions)
Résumé des discussions/Résumé of discussion meetings.

REF. SYMP_NEP_1997
NEPTUN : Impact of DSM, IRP and distributed generation on

power systems (papers)
Brief review of the available technologies for DSM, storage and economical characteristics, experiences of
application, strategic programs. It will then focus on how these issues impact on power sytem planning
and operation and on IRP applicability, by trying to identify new strategies and business opportunities for
the ESI. Consideration of the possible new market of providing ancillary services (reserve, frequency, and
voltage control etc) in connection with DSM and distributed generation applications.

REF. SYMP_LON_1999
LONDON : Working Plants and Systems harder. Enhancing the

management of plants and power systems (papers)
To define the state of the art on innovations in maximising the capabilities of transmission and generation
plants. This includes new plant technologies, dynamic rating of equipment, new methods of analysing,
planning, controlling, communicating, protecting, monitoring, maintaining and operating power systems as
well as non-technical aspects like financial constraints, open networks, new structures in power industry,
environmental and other externalities. Finally to discuss how these conditions will influence the trend of
"Working Plant and Systems Harder".

REF. SYMP_KUA_1999
KUALA LUMPUR : Power Systems issues in rapidly

industrializing countries (papers)
The symposium deals with the following topics: Supply to rapidly growing cities abnd areas; development
of interconnections,national and international; supply to areas not yet industrialized; system planning
issues and generation topics.

REF. SYMP_IGU_2001
IGUACU : Gas and Electricity networks: complementarity or

competition? (papers)
With the increase in the use of gas for power generation the question of complementarity and competition
between gas and electricity networks could shape the future of energy companies.
The objectives of the Symposium are: compare gas utilization with other primary energy, which optimal
location of generation, compare large and dispersed generation, which cooperation between gas and
electricity and what mid term perspectives for development of networks?

REF. SYMP_CAI_2001
CAIRNS : Behaviour of electrical equipment and components

in tropical environment (papers)
Stresses characteristic of tropical environments. Insulation aspects. Thermal and structural aspects.
Operation and maintenance. Part of the CIGRE initiatives for scientific and technical exchanges
undertaken so far in a number of countries. Reflects the CIGRE endeavours to ever better respond to the
needs of developing social-economical systems.
CD
REF. SYMP_MON_2003
MONTREAL: Quality and Security of Electric Power Delivery

Systems (Papers)
The purpose of the Symposium is to explore the issues related to the quality of service provided by
electric power delivery systems and how these systems need to be designed and operated to ensure a
secure and robust service.
The Symposium is organized in a Plenary session and in 8 sessions dedicated to the following subjects:
-System Frequency and Stability
-PowerQualityand System Security Indices
-Power Quality Disturbance Mitigation (2 sessions)
-System Operation and Protection in today's Market (2 sessions)
-Dispersed Generation
-Monitoring and Characterizing System Performance.
CD
REF. SYMP_SHA_2003
SHANGHAI: Development and operation of interconnections in

a restructuring context (Papers)
In many countries the electrical network is not fully interconnected and the best technical solution to
achieve interconnection has to be found. At the same time the electricity industry is being restructured
and interconnecting independent energy markets presents technical challenges. It is therefore timely to
consider interconnection development and operation options:
-examine the benefits of interconnecting electrical networks and the development strategies,
-review the interconnection design options and the technologies available,
-identify the operational issues, the security problems of large interconnected systems, the protection
issues,
-consider the impact of the restructuring of the electrical supply industry,
-assess the political, environmental and social implications of interconnections.
reorganised in slovenia from 5-7 april 2004
CD
REF. SYMP_ATH_2005
ATHENS: Power Systems with Dispersed

Generation,Technologies,Impacts on Development, Operation
and Performances (Papers)
In many countries the power systems experience the emergence of dispersed generation, very often in a
context of deregulation of the electricity supply industry.
The topics addressed are :
- Technologies/ Design/Issues
- Impact on Distribution and Transmission Development
- Impact on system operation and control centres tools
- Impact on system performance- wider issues
CD
REF. SYMP_NEW_2005
NEW ORLEANS: Congestion Management in a Market

Environment. 2nd CIGRE/PES Symposium (Papers)
With the opening of electricity markets and changes in the power flows, the issue of available transmission
capacity is of more and more importance. Market orientated answers and real-time solutions are
implemented or under consideration; diligent management of existing assets and timely investment
decisions to increase capacity and to improve the managment systems are fundamental.
This Symposium discusses the congestion management issue for internal and cross border exchanges,
covering six subjet areas:
- International Practices for Congestion Management
- Tariffs and Pricing
- Operations for Congestion
- Information Technology Issues
- Experiences with Congestion Management
- Tools for Congestion Management
CD
REF. SYMP_ZAG_2007
ZAGREB: Transient phenomena in large electric power

systems (Papers)
Electric power systems are subjected to a wide range of transient disturbances, which impact their overall
performance. It is a challenge to build and operate power systems so that the safety opf individual
equipment, the security of the integated power system and the quality of power supply are not unduly
compromised.
The general purpose of the Symposium is to provide a forum, to discuss the nature of transient
phenomena in present-day electric power systems and how these systems need to be designed to ensure
a secure and robust service.
CD
REF. SYMP_BEI_2007
BEIJING: CIGRE/IEC Symposium on International standards

for Ultra High Voltage (Papers)
The CD includes the papers presented during the Symposium organized jointly by CIGRE and IEC, in
Beijing, 18-21 July 2007. Part of the papers presented at Poster Sessions are also included.
The 47 main papers are ordered as they were discussed in the 11sessions, dedicated respectively to:
- Needs and plans for UHV infrastucture (1000kV AC and 800kV DC)
- System issues
- Lines, Substations, Equipment, Transformers
- DC
- Testing
- Standardization
CD
REF. SYMP_OSA_2007
OSAKA: SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT AND ASSET MANAGEMENT UNDER

RESTRUCTURING (Papers)
In many developed countries the electricity infrastructure contains ageing assets. Because of the need of
a continuing operation and higher load factors on the network, the opportunities for replacement or
refurbishment are limited.
These must be regarded as an opportunity to review the structure of the system and to consider the
design and development required to meet the new requirements, taking advantage of new available
technologies: HVDC, FACTS, cables, etc.
The symposium examines assets management issues and assesses strategies for overhauling existing
systems, taking into account the impact on market operation, on supply security and environment.
CD
REF. SYMP_DEL_2009
NEW DELHI: IEC/CIGRE Symposium on Standards for UHV

Transmission (Papers)
The CD includes the 30 papers presented and discussed, which address the followings topics:
- Status of the work on Standards
- Progress of current UHV projects or new projects
- Systems aspects
- Substations
- AC equipment
- DC equipment.
CD
REF. SYMP_CAL_2009
SYMPOSIUM CIGRE/PES - Integration of Wide Scale Renewable

Resources into the Power Delivery System (Papers)
The CD includes the 60 papers presented and discussed, which cover the following:
- National experiences with wind power
- Impact of wind generation on planning
- Rules for connection of wind generation; grid codes
- Impact on operation: Forecasting wind generation; Stability, control
- Research, fields and labs; Modelling and simuation; Microgrids
- Economics on integrating renewables renewables and other general issues
CD
REF. SYMP_GUI_2009
GUILIN: Operation and Development of Power Systems in the

New Context (Papers)
The CD includes the 60 papers presented and discussed, covering the followings topics:
- Market Models
- System Operation
- System Development Issues
- General Issues: environment, economy
CD
5 ELECTRA PAPERS
CDE
CD 30 years of ELECTRA
The set consists of 4 CDs which record the contents of ELECTRA from 1968 to 2000.
CD1: from ELECTRA N°1 to 65 + Special 1972,
CD2: from ELECTRA N°66 to 134,
CD3: from ELECTRA N°135 to 167,
CD4: from ELECTRA N°168 to 190.
CD
Member Price : 76 Euros

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Structure of the Catalogue

Documents in the Catalogue are in four categories.

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2.1 CIGRE - General - CIGRE

REF. 001 1974

REF. 032 1972

REF. 231 2003

REF. IAC 1998

REF. 002 1988

REF. 116 1997

REF. 119 1997

REF. 138 1999

REF. 258 2004

REF. 386 2009

REF. 392 2009

REF. 096 1995

REF. 156 2000

REF. 157 2000

REF. 170 2000

REF. 209 2002

REF. 211 2002

REF. 227 2003

REF. 248 2004

REF. 254 2004

REF. 296 2006

REF. 323 2007

REF. 342 2008

REF. 343 2008

REF. 378 2009

REF. 393 2009

REF. 406 2010

REF. 007 1980

REF. 023 1985

REF. 034 1989

Member Price: 40 Euros Non member Price: 80 Euros 38 pages , file: 3 MB

REF. 035 1989

REF. 050 1995

REF. 057 1990

REF. 059 1990

REF. 072 1992

REF. 083 1994

REF. 085 1994

REF. 134 1998

REF. 135 1998

REF. 158 2000

REF. 167 2000

REF. 211 2002

REF. 239 2003

REF. 262 2004

REF. 263 2004

REF. 264 2004

REF. 305 2006

REF. 319 2007

REF. 335 2007

REF. 337 2007