SAGAR INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND

RESHEARCH
SIKANDRABAD, NEAR RATIBAD, BHADBHADA ROAD, BHOPAL (M.P.)

(AFFILATED TO RGPV)

MINOR PROJECT ON TOTAL STATION SURYEING

MINOR PROJECT REPORT

Submitted By:-

Deepak Prasad

0537CE131010

Civil Engineering
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Project development is not an easy task. It requires corporation and help of various people.
It always happens that word run out when we are really thankful and sincerely want to
inspire my feeling of gratitude towards the one when helped in the completion of the project.
First my grateful thank to my (Assistant Professor) SISTec-R, Bhopal (M.P) for the golden
opportunity. Today after completing my project work, I am immensely satisfied. There were
many times during the span of making the project when the clock beats you to learn out of
energy and you just want to finish at forever.

Place - BHOPAL

Date -__/__/___ Deepak Prasad

 CONTENT

 Certificate

 Acknowledgement

1) Surveying

2) Definitions

3) Classification of surveying

4) Types of land surveying

5) List of surveying instrument

6) Total station

7) Topographic surveying

8) Area calculation

9) Remote elevation measurement

10) Contour surveying

11) Drawing

 Conclusion
 Surveying

Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of determining the
terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them.
A land surveying professional is called a land surveyor. These points are usually on the
surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for
ownership, locations like building corners or the surface location of subsurface features, or
other purposes required by government or civil law, such as property sales.

Surveyors work with elements of geometry, trigonometry, regression analysis, physics,

engineering, metrology, programming languages and the law. They use equipment like total
stations, robotic total stations, GPS receivers, retroreflectors, 3D scanners, radios, handheld
tablets, digital levels, drones, GIS and surveying software.

Surveying has been an element in the development of the human environment since the
beginning of recorded history. The planning and execution of most forms of construction
require it. It is also used in transport, communications, mapping, and the definition of legal
boundaries for land ownership. It is an important tool for research in many other scientific
disciplines.
Definitions

According to ACSM

The American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (ACSM), defines surveying as the
science and art of making all essential measurements to determine the relative position of
points or physical and cultural details above, on, or beneath the surface of the Earth, and to
depict them in a usable form, or to establish the position of points or details.[citation needed]

Also per ACSM, the type of surveying known as "land surveying" is the detailed study or
inspection, as by gathering information through observations, measurements in the field,
questionnaires, or research of legal instruments, and data analysis in the support of planning,
designing, and establishing of property boundaries. It involves the re-establishment of
cadastral surveys and land boundaries based on documents of record and historical evidence,
as well as certifying surveys (as required by statute or local ordinance) of subdivision plats or
maps, registered land surveys, judicial surveys, and space delineation. Land surveying can
include associated services such as mapping and related data accumulation, construction
layout surveys, precision measurements of length, angle, elevation, area, and volume, as well
as horizontal and vertical control surveys, and the analysis and utilization of land survey data.

According to FIG

The International Federation of Surveyors defines the function of surveying as

A surveyor is a professional person with the academic qualifications and technical expertise
to conduct one, or more, of the following activities

 To determine, measure and represent land, three-dimensional objects, point-fields and

trajectories
 To assemble and interpret land and geographically related information,
 To use that information for the planning and efficient administration of the land, the
sea and any structures thereon; and
 To conduct research into the above practices and to develop them.
Classification of Surveying

Classification Based on Nature of Survey Field

This basis survey may be classified as land survey, marine or hydraulic survey and
astronomical survey.

Land Survey

It involves measurement of various objects on land. This type of survey may be further
classified as given below:

(a) Topographic Survey: It is meant for plotting natural features like rivers, lakes, forests and
hills as well as man made features like roads, railways, towns, villages and canals.

(b) Cadestal Survey: It is for marking the boundaries of municipalities, villages, talukas,
districts, states etc. The survey made to mark properties of individuals also come under this
category.

(c) City Survey: The survey made in connection with the construction of streets, water supply
and sewage lines fall under this category.

Marine or Hydrographic Survey

Survey conducted to find depth of water at various points in bodies of water like sea, river
and lakes fall under this category. Finding depth of water at specified points is known as
sounding.

Astronomical Survey

Observations made to heavenly bodies like sun, stars etc., to locate absolute positions of
points on the earth and for the purpose of calculating local time is known as astronomical
survey.

Classification Based on Methods Employed

(i) Triangulation: In this method control points are established through a network of triangles.

(ii) Traversing: In this scheme of establishing control points consists of a series of connected
points established through linear and angular measurements. If the last line meets the starting
point it is called as closed traverse. If it does not meet, it is known as open traverse.
Classification Based on Object of Survey

On the basis of object of survey the classification can be as engineering survey, military
survey, mines survey, geological survey and archeological survey.

(a) Engineering Survey: The objective of this type of survey is to collect data for designing
civil engineering projects like roads, railways, irrigation, water supply and sewage disposals.
These surveys are further sub-divided into: Reconnaissance Survey for determining
feasibility and estimation of the scheme. Preliminary Survey for collecting more information
to estimate the cost of the project, and Location Survey to set the work on the ground.

(b) Military Survey: This survey is meant for working out plans of strategic importance.

(c) Mines Survey: This is used for exploring mineral wealth.

(d) Geological Survey: This survey is for finding different strata in the earth’s crust.

(e) Archeological Survey: This survey is for unearthing relics of antiquity.

Classification Based on Instruments Used

Based on the instruments used, surveying may be classified as

 Chain survey
 Compass survey
 Plane table survey
 Theodolite survey
 Tacheometric survey

Modern survey using electronic distance meters and total station

Photographic and Aerial survey

The survey is taught to civil engineering students mainly based on this classification.
Types of Land Surveys

A.L.T.A. Survey or Extended Title Insurance Coverage Survey: A survey made for the
purpose of supplying a title company and lender with survey and location data necessary for
issuing American Land Title Association or Extended Coverage Title Insurance.

Boundary Survey: A survey for the express purpose of locating the corners and boundary
lines of a given parcel of land. This involves record and field research, measurements, and
computations to establish boundary lines in conformance with the Professional Land
Surveyor Act. Easement lines may also be located and/or established with this type of survey.

Topographic Survey: A survey locating topographic features - natural and man made - such
as buildings, improvements, fences, elevations, trees, streams, contours of the land, etc. This
type of survey may be required by a governmental agency, or may be used by engineers
and/or architects for design of improvements or developments on a site.

Site Planning Survey: A combination of boundary and topographic surveys for preparation
of a site plan to be used for designing improvements or developments.

Subdivision Survey: The subdivision of a tract of land into smaller parcels, showing
monumentation and survey data on a map, in conformance with local ordinances and the
Subdivision Map Act.

Control Survey: Precise location of horizontal and vertical positions of points for use in
boundary determination, mapping from aerial photographs, construction staking, and other
related purposes.
Court Exhibit Survey: Analysis of various legal description and survey maps, field locating
of record, existing monuments, and physical features, and mapping showing this information
for the purpose of presenting a visual exhibit to be used in a courtroom.

Construction Survey: Construction staking of improvements shown on improvement plans

for control of construction on developments for roads, buildings, pipelines, etc.

List of surveying instruments

A. Cosmolabe
B. Dioptra
C. Theodolite
D. Tachymeter (surveying)
E. Graphometer
F. Universal instrument (surveying)
G. Transit (surveying)
H. Total station
I. Alidade
J. Alidade table
K. Plane table
L. Dumpy level
M. Tape (surveying)
N. Measuring tape
O. Surveyor's chain
P. Engineer's chain
Q. Ramsden surveying instruments
R. Ranging rod
Total station
A total station or TST (total station theodolite) is an electronic/optical instrument used in
modern surveying and building construction. The total station is an electronic theodolite
(transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the
instrument to a particular point.

Robotic total stations allow the operator to control the instrument from a distance via remote
control. This eliminates the need for an assistant staff member as the operator holds the
reflector and controls the total station from the observed point..

Function

Angle measurement

Most total station instruments measure angles by means of electro-optical scanning of

extremely precise digital bar-codes etched on rotating glass cylinders or discs within the
instrument. The best quality total stations are capable of measuring angles to 0.5 arc-second.
Inexpensive "construction grade" total stations can generally measure angles to 5 or 10 arc-
seconds.

Distance measurement

Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulated infrared carrier signal, generated

by a small solid-state emitter within the instrument's optical path, and reflected by a prism
reflector or the object under survey. The modulation pattern in the returning signal is read and
interpreted by the computer in the total station. The distance is determined by emitting and
receiving multiple frequencies, and determining the integer number of wavelengths to the
target for each frequency. Most total stations use purpose-built glass corner cube prism
reflectors for the EDM signal. A typical total station can measure distances with an accuracy
of about 1.5 millimeters (0.0049 ft) + 2 parts per million over a distance of up to 1,500 meters
(4,900 ft).
Reflectorless total stations can measure distances to any object that is reasonably light in
color, up to a few hundred meters.

Coordinate measurement

The coordinates of an unknown point relative to a known coordinate can be determined using
the total station as long as a direct line of sight can be established between the two points.
Angles and distances are measured from the total station to points under survey, and the
coordinates (X, Y, and Z or easting, northing and elevation) of surveyed points relative to the
total station position are calculated using trigonometry and triangulation. To determine an
absolute location a Total Station requires line of sight observations and can be set up over a
known point or with line of sight to 2 or more points with known location, called Resection
(Free Stationing).

For this reason, some total stations also have a Global Navigation Satellite System receiver
and do not require a direct line of sight to determine coordinates. However, GNSS
measurements may require longer occupation periods and offer relatively poor accuracy in
the vertical axis.

Data processing

Some models include internal electronic data storage to record distance, horizontal angle, and
vertical angle measured, while other models are equipped to write these measurements to an
external data collector, such as a hand-held computer.

When data is downloaded from a total station onto a computer, application software can be
used to compute results and generate a map of the surveyed area. The newest generation of
total stations can also show the map on the touch-screen of the instrument immediately after
measuring the points.

Applications

1. Mining
2. Mechanical and electrical construction
3. Meteorology
Topographic Survey
Equipment:

 Total Station
 Tripod
 Prism Pole or Range Pole
 Prism
 Chaining Pins
 Tape

Procedure: The instructor will set a benchmark at the northwest base of the hill which we
will assume to have an elevation of 100.00 ft. Each crew will set up over this benchmark
using the total station and set their own turning points which they will move to and begin the
topographic survey.

Each crew is responsible for two traverses over the hill 50 feet apart and shots recorded every
50 feet (see attached image). Points should be in a rough grid. Work with other crews to keep
points the appropriate distance apart.

Record Northing, Easting, and Elevation information from the total station display in your
survey book.

In order to close the traverse, crews should take a final shot back onto the original benchmark
to determine their compounded error. This may require setting another turning point.

Calculations: Calculate closure error (the difference between 100.00 and the elevation you
obtain from measuring the benchmark at the end of the survey). Allowable error is not
applicable for this exercise.
Include a sketch of your crew’s area with location of the benchmark and approximate
location of turning points. Include appropriate land features, labels, and a benchmark
description.

Area Calculation:

Area can be computed of any figure just by giving the coordinates of the corner of the figure.

 Area Calculation.
 Process of finding the area of a closed figure.
 Figure: Area Calculation

Remote Elevation Measurement (REM)

The process of finding the height of objects without actually going to the top of the object is
known as Remote Elevation Measuring (REM) i.e., a total station placed remotely (faraway)
from the object is used to measure the heights.
 Figure: Remote Elevation Measurement

Method: The prism is kept at the base of the object sight the telescope to the prism, and
measure the slope distance ‘d’, now tilt the telescope up-to the tip of the object. The height
of the object is displayed, from the bottom of the prism depending upon the instrument.

This feature measures the elevation of a point where a prism can not be placed directly. The
measurement is extended along the plumb line while the elevation is continuously displayed.

Contour Survey

In olden times, map makers were the revered artisans and scientists of their day. They were
the creators of outlines of continents and the illustrators of sections of unexplored oceans.
Land surveyors blow past this antiquated mapping model, stacking dimensional aspects on
top of information-constricting two dimensional assets thanks to developments in contour
mapping.
A contour survey maps crucial elevation data onto parcels of land, outlining a real-world
topographical view. The height datum partners with area outlines to show detailed spatial
information, translating that data into contours that can be rendered within a flattened
perspective. Any engineer, architect, or construction expert can then easily decipher the
contours, how they band, the distance between the bands, and other relevant factors. For
example, the rise and fall of soil within the parcel of land, the irregularities that define its
topography, will assist a civil engineer in planning drainage ditches and flood remediation
strategies. Additionally, the contours illustrate how the land falls off around an existing
property, thus demonstrating obstructions to a planned home extension.

On Carrying Out the Process

It’s not a particularly challenging task, but readers need to be aware that a single error in a
contour survey will affect every stage of the construction process. Floor levels and retaining
walls will be ever so slightly off because of poor data collection, and this mistake will have
effect continuous, spreading outward to throw off other measurements. It’s therefore essential
to hire a reputable land surveyor, someone who can set a solid bench point and gather height
datum from a grid of data points as set along the property parcel. Specialist spatial measuring
tools are used to accurately aggregate the dimensional information, with new techniques
being developed that create a “cloud” of data points. Imagine lasers and radio scanning tools
that can make a high-resolution map of all three dimensions within minutes.

CONCLUSION
We can conclude that there is difference between the theoretical and practical work done. As
the scope of understanding will be much more when practical work is done. As we get more
knowledge in such a situation where we have great experience doing the practical work.

As we work on Total Station we know the advantages of TS in our civil field and how it
make the difficult work so easy so overall it become a great experience for all of us and

I hope this experience will surely help me in my future and also in shaping my career.