LECTURE 1

Definition of Guidance:
1. To “guide” means to point out, to show the way or to direct.
2. But guidance is more than guiding and giving directions.
3. I tis an assistance made available by personally qualified and adequately trained men
or women to an individual of any age to help him manage his own life activities, develop his own
point of view, make his own decisions and carry his own burden.

Definition of Guidance according to:

1. SHIERLY HAMRIN (1950) guidance is helping John to see through himself, in order that he may see
himself through

2. DOWNING (1968) guidance is an organized set of specialized services established as an integral part of
the school environment designed to promote the development of the students.

3. Shertzer, Bruce and Houghton Mifflin (1976) guidance is:

a continuous process of helping individuals to understand themselves and their world.
It is a continuous process and cannot be handled in a few short sessions.
It involves a series of actions or steps progressing towards a goal.
Guidance is needed from birth to death.
Guidance is considered here as an assistance given to individuals that occur during their development.

4. CHRISHOLM (1951) believes that guidance seeks to help an individual become familiar with facts
about himself, his interests, abilities, previous development and plans.

5. JONES (1965) guidance involves personal help given by someone.

6. TRAXLER (1954) guidance enables each individual to understand his abilities and his interests.

THE NEED FOR GUIDANCE

1. New Interpretations of our way of life have resulted in changes.
2. The climatic conditions growing out of world unrest affect practically every phase of
human experience.
a. Rapid Technological advances, an increasingly complex society, new concepts
b. of government and its role in the lives of the people, the need for outstanding leadership talents,
a shift in the standard of morality and integrity, and a condition of unusual demands upon the young
people, all contribute to the need for guidance.
3. Specific conditions within the educational setting contribute to the need for guidance

The following are some of the conditions:

The teacher’s major responsibility is instruction.
The concept of individual differences is critical in education.
Problems occur as concomitants to growth and development.
Children are oftentimes emotional.

BASES OF GUIDANCE
Legal Bases of Guidance in the Philippines

The legal foundation of guidance in the Philippines has its own beginning in 1951 when the Joint
Congressional Committee on Education, in its report to Congress, stated that:
 “There should be established in every secondary school a functional guidance and counseling program to
help the students, to guide them in their work in school and at home and to help them solve their
problems.”

To give more impact on the role of guidance in the Philippine educationa system, Section 4 of Batas
Pambansa Blg.232 or the Education Act of 1982 states that the educational system shall aim to:

“provide for a broad general education that will assist each individual, in the peculiar ecology of his own
society, to: a.) attain his potentials as a human being; b.) enhance the range and quality of individual and
group participation in the basic functions of the society; c.) acquire the essential educational foundation of
his development into a productive and versatile citizen.”

BASES OF PRESENT GUIDANCE APPROACH

Changes in the approach of our present guidance programs are brought about by the following
factors:

1. Pseudo-scientific approaches. This kind of approach has different forms as follows:

1.1 NUMEROLOGY – It is the study of the occult significance of numbers. Many of us
people still believes in the effect of numbers in their life.
1.2 ASTROLOGY – It is he divination of the supposed influences of the stars and
planets on human affairs and terrestrial events by their positions and aspects. The most common
instruments used by the astrologers is the horoscope.
1.3 GRAPHOLOGY – It is the study of handwriting especially for the purpose of character analysis.
1.4 PALMISTRY – The art or practice of reading a person’s character or future from
the lines on the palms.
1.5 PHRENOLOGY – The study of the conformation of the skull as indicative of mental faculties and
character traits.
1.6 PHYSIOGNOMY – It is the art of discovering temperament, personality trait and character from outward
appearance.
1.7 SPIRITUALISM – a belief that spirits pf the dead communicate with the living usually through a
medium.
2. Changing concepts of psychology. Guidance is an outgrowth of various movements dealing with
patterns of human life.
3. Industrial and scientific progress.
4. Changing educational objectives.
5. Increase in school population.

LECTURE 2
ISSUES IN GUIDANCE
1. Local schools district employs counselors to provide the services that the local school
administrators prescribe.
2. The counselor should allocate sufficient time to help client discover what bothers him, to define specific
behavioral goals and to attempt to change his behavior rather than merely encouraging him to return
periodically for catharsis.
3. Counselor should minimize personal counseling.

HISTORY OF GUIDANCE
The history of Guidance is divided into four stages:
1. Vocational Guidance
2. Educational Guidance
3. Personal Guidance and Mental Hygiene
4. Child Guidance Clinic
THE EARLY PIONEERS OF COUNSELING
1. Frank Parsons – Credited as the first counselor and often referred to as the “Father of
Guidance”
2. Lysander S. Richard – published a slim volume titled “Vocophy”
3. Jesse B. Davis – He is the founder of educational Guidance.
4. Anna Y. Reed and Eli Weaver – American counselor who established counseling services
based on Social Darwinian concepts.
5. David Spence Hill – He organized the first guidance and counseling services in New
Orleans.
6. Carl Rogers – Advocator of the client-centered counseling.
7. Clifford Beers – Hospitalized for mental illness several times during his life.

PHILOSOPHY BEHIND GUIDANCE

1. Know the individual.
2. Guidance is primarily dedicated to implement the essential concern of democracy for the dignity and
worth of the individual.
3. Guidance is a life-long process.
4. Guidance is based on human needs.
5. Guidance is an art of helping individuals to plan their own action wisely.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES IN GUIDANCE

1. Every aspect of a person’s complex personality pattern constitutes a significant factor of
his total displayed attitudes and forms of behavior.
2. Individual differences must be recognized.
3. The function of guidance is to help a person in all aspects.
4. Guidance should be regarded as a continuing process of service to an individual.
5. Guidance services should not be limited to the few.
6. Guidance is education but not all education is guidance.
7. Parents and teachers have guidance responsibilities.
8. Guidance program should be suited to individual and community needs.
9. A periodic appraisal should be made.

AIMS OF GUIDANCE PROGRAMS

1. To provide services which contribute to a realization of potentialities.
2. To provide teachers with encouragement and stimulation toward better teaching.
3. To provide teachers with technical assistance
4. To contribute to the mutual adjustments of the students and the school.
5. To identify students with developing problems.

LECTURE 3
ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF GUIDANCE

ORGANIZATION – The foundation upon which the whole structure of management is built.
It is a process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating
responsibility and authority and establishing relationship for the purpose and enabling people to work most
effectively together accomplishing objectives.

ADMINISTRATION – It is never static. It is dynamic organ of an organization which keeps on responding

to the requirements and needs of its members.
It refers to cooperative human action to achieve the purposes of the
organization.
 TYPES AND FORMS OF ORGANIZATION

FORMS OF ORGANIZATION
1. Informal Organization – It refers to the relationship of individuals because of similarity of likes,
dislikes, emotions, needs or attitudes.

2. Formal Organization – It is a system of well-defined jobs each bearing a definite measure of

authority, responsibility and accountability, the whole consciously designed to enable the people of
the enterprise to work most effectively together in accomplishing their objectives.

TYPES OF ORGANIZATION
1. Line Organization – It is the simplest and oldest form of organization structure. In such structure,
authority is delegated directly from top to bottom.
2. Line and Staff Organization – It is the pattern of a large and complex organizations. In it, all
executives are either on the staff or in the line depending on their authority and
functions.

THE GUIDANCE PERSONNEL AND THE ROLE OF TEACHERS IN GUIDANCE

1. The School Head – (President, Administrator, Principal and Head Teacher) The school head
determines the destiny of the guidance service by his attitude toward it.

a. Plans the budget of the school including the guidance program

b. Selects qualified personnel to strengthen the guidance service
c. Schedules of events in the school including activities of the guidance program
d. Assigns specific duties so that each personnel may know his responsibilities.
e. Supports activities designed to improve professional competence of the staff
f. Keeps the public informed on current school activities, goals and progress
g. Initiate in establishing and maintaining favorable public relations
h. Takes part in community activities and sponsors or lend his support to a variety of
activities designed to promote the cooperative spirit between school and community.
i. Determines problems and finds solutions to these problems
j. Provides leadership

2. The Guidance Counselor – The duties of the guidance counselor vary somewhat, depending upon
whether he is serving relatively small school, district, division or university.

a. Stimulates the interests of other staff members.

b. Solicits the participation of students.
c. Plans the guidance program carefully.
d. Keeps well-informed on educational trends.
e. Seeks the advice and recommendations of others.
f. Utilizes community and school resources.
g. Keeps parents, teachers and students informed.
h. Plans for the necessary personnel and facilities.
i. Counsel Students.
j. Works closely with teachers.
 3. The Teacher – The teacher’s ideas, suggestions and aid are essential throughout all phases of the
program’s establishment and development.

a. Effective Teaching.
b. Noting vocational possibilities of various subject areas
c. Demonstrating a genuine interest in students.
d. Encouraging high academic achievement.
e. Serving on planning committees.
f. Holding individual conferences with students.
g. Providing anecdotal data.
h. Assisting with the pupil inventory.
i. Making student referrals.

4. The School Doctors and Nurses – The play of the school doctors and nurses in guidance are
important.
5. The School Librarian – It is not difficult to place the librarian in the category of a guidance
worker.

PROCEDURES IN INITIATING A GUIDANCE PROGRAM

1. Survey the present situation.
2. Utilizing all available resource

Methods in the accomplishment of these objectives can be attained through:

a. The guidance staff can prepare and mail bulletins/ brochures to inform parents on what is taking
place in the school and might also serve as a device for obtaining their suggestions and ideas.
b. School visits by parents might be encouraged.
c. Contacts should be made and/or maintained with community leaders.
d. Orientation programs to various sector maybe conducted in the coordination with school personnel.

3. Determining the objectives to be accomplished.

4. Providing for solid structure as a basis for action.

THE GUIDANCE SERVICES – It is an organized set of specialized services established as an integral part
of the school environment designed to promote the development of students and assist them toward a
realization of sound, wholesome adjustment and maximum accomplishments commensurate with their
potentialities.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GUIDANCE SERVICE

1. An integral part of the schoolz

2. It is more preventive than curative
3. It promotes educational objectives
4. It promotes student development
5. It is organized; it has structure; system and personnel