FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

John Locke 👉English philosopher and physician "Father of Liberalism" ; to form character
(mental, physical, and moral) ; Education as Training of the mind/Formal discipline ; Notable ideas –
"Tabula rasa"

Francis Bacon English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator and author. "Father of
👉

scientific method" "Father of empiricism"

Jean Jacques Rousseau Francophone Genevan philosopher, writer and composer of the 18th
👉

century. “Holistic education" (physical, moral, intellectual)

Notable ideas - moral simplicity of humanity; child centered learning; Famous novel: "Emile" or On
Education; Human Development

Edgar Dale American educator who developed the "Cone of Experience"

👉

aka "Father of Modern Media in Education"

Erik Erikson German-born American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for
👉

his theory on "psychosocial development" of human beings.

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi Swiss pedagogue and educational reformer who exemplified
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Romanticism in his approach. "Social regeneration of humanity" Notable ideas: "Four-sphere

concept of life" his motto was " Learning by head, hand and heart"

Friedrich Frobel German pedagogue a student of Pestalozzi who laid the "foundation of
👉

modern education" based on the recognition that children have unique needs and capabilities.
"Father of kindergarten"

Johann Herbart 👉 German philosopher, psychologist and founder of pedagogy as an academic

discipline.

Edward Lee Thorndike American psychologist ; " Father of Modern educational psychology;
👉

connectionism; law of effect. ; "Realize the fullest satisfaction of human wants"

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

● IDEALISM Plato (own ideas) nothing exist except in the mind of a man/ what we want the world
👉

to be
● REALISM 👉 Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius; Pestalozzi; Montessori; Hobbes; Bacon; Locke
▶ (experience) fully mastery of knowledge
● BEHAVIORISM always guided by standards/by procedure; purpose is to modify the behavior
👉

● EXISTENTIALISM Kierkegaard; Sartre; "Man shapes his being as he lives"

👉

▶Focuses on self/individual
● PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM William James; John Dewey - learn from experiences
👉

through interaction to the environment

▶Emphasizes the needs and interests of the children
● PERENNIALISM Robert Hutchins 👉

▶focuses on unchanging/universal truths

● ESSENTIALISM 👉 William Bagley - teaching the basic/essential knowledge
▶ Focuses on basic skills and knowledge
● PROGRESSIVISM 👉Dewey/Pestalozzi (process of development)
▶focuses on the whole child and the cultivation of individuality
● CONSTRUCTIVISM Jean Piaget 👉

▶Focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction b/w their experiences and
their ideas. Nature of knowledge w/c represents an epistemological stance.
● SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM 👉 George Counts - recognized that education was the means
of preparing people for creating his new social order
▶highlights social reform as the aim of education
➡ ACCULTURATION - learning other culture; the passing of customs, beliefs and tradition through
interaction and reading.
➡ ENCULTURATION - the passing of group's custom, beliefs and traditions from one generation to
the next generation
➡ Convergent questions - are those that typically have one correct answer.
➡ Divergent questions - also called open-ended questions are used to encourage many answers
and generate greater participation of students. Higher order thinking skills; to think more creatively.
➡ 90 days - enrolled bills becomes a law
➡ 30 days - "lapse"
PRINCIPLES & THEORIES OF LEARNING & MOTIVATION
● Psychosexual Theory/Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud
● Psychosocial Theory - Erik Erikson's Theory of Personality
● Ecological Theory - Eric Brofenbrenner's Theory of Development
● Sociohistoric Cognitive Linguistic Theory - Lev Semanovich Vygotsky
● Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget; John Dewey; Jerome Brunner
● Phenomenology - Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers; Louis Raths
● Behaviorism - Edward Thorndike; Ivan Pavlov; Burrhus Frederick Skinner
● Moral Development - Lawrence Kohlberg
● Ivan Pavlov - classical conditioning
● Edward Thorndike - connectionism
● B.F. Skinner - operant conditioning & reinforcement
● Albert Bandura - "bobo doll" experiment; modelling; self eficacy
● David Ausubel - Meaningful Reception Theory
● Jerome Bruner - Discovery Learning Theory/Inquiry method
● Wolfgang Kohler's - Insight Learning Problem
● Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin's - Information Processing Theory
● Robert Gagne's - Cumulative Learning Theory
● Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligence
● Kurt Lewin's - Field Theory/ his concept of life space
● Brofenbrenner's - Ecological System Theory
● Lev Vygotsky - Social Constructivism; Zond of Proximal Development (ZPD) * gap b/w actual and
potential development
● Hilda Taba - Grassroots Approach
● Max Wertheimer - Gestalt Psychology
● Wilhelm Wundt - "Father of Modern Psychology"
● William James - wrote the "Principles of psychology"/ consciousness
● hypothalamus - brain's stress center
● Abraham Maslow - physiological needs; "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" ; safety&security; love &
belongingness; self-esteem; self-actualization
● John B. Watson - (behaviorist approach) an American psychologist who established the
psychological school of behaviorism.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
● Metaphor - is a comparison made b/w things w/c are essentially not alike.
Ex: "Nobody invites Edward to parties because He is a wet blanket"
● Simile - is like a metaphor and often uses the words "like" or "as"
Ex: "Jamie runs as fast as the wind"
● Personification - when something that is not human is given human-like qualities, this is known as
personification.
Ex: " The leaves danced in the wind on the cold October afternoon"
● Hyperbole - exaggerating, often in a humorous way to make a particular point is known as
hyperbole.
Ex: "My eyes widened at the sight of the mile-high ice cream cones we we're having for dessert"
● Onomatopoeia - when you name an action by imitating the sound associated with it.
Ex: "The bees buzz angrily when their hive is disturbed"
● Idiom - an idiom is an expression used by a particular group of people with a meaning that is only
known through common use.
Ex: "I'm just waiting for him to kick the bucket."
● Synecdoche - a synecdoche is a figure of speech using a word/words that are a part to represent a
whole.
Ex: referring to credit cards as "plastic" is a synecdoche
● Assonance - when you repeat a vowel sound in a phrase, it is an assonance.
Ex: "It's true, I do like Sue."
● Metonymy - a metonymy is a figure of speech where one thing is replaced w/a word that is closely
associated with it such as using "Washington" to refer to the United States
REPUBLIC ACTS
● RA 7836 - Philippine Teacher Professionalization Act of 1994
#⃣

● RA 7796 - TESDA Act of 1994

#⃣

● Article XIV 1987 Philippine Constitution (Educ.Sci & Tech,Arts,Culture& Sports) this is the very
👉

fundamental legal basis of education in thr philippines.

● Education Act of 1982 (Batas Pambansa 232, Sept 11,1982) an Act providing for the
👉

Establishment & Maintenance of an Integrated System of Education

● RA 4670 - Magna Carta for Public School Teachers (June 18,1966)
#⃣

● RA 6713 - Code of Conduct & Ethical Standards For Public Officials and Employees
#⃣

● RA 7877 - Anti-sexual Harrassment Act of 1995

#⃣

● RA 9155 - Decentralization; Legal basis of Shared Governance in Basic Education

#⃣

● RA 7784 - Establishment of Center of Excellence

#⃣

● K-12 Curriculum - Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum

● RA 90210 - "An Act to Integrate Information Teachnology into the Public Elementary &
#⃣

Secondary Curricula & Appropriating funds

● RA 10121 - DRMM approval headed by OCO office of Civil defense May 2010
#⃣

LITERATURE
● Folklore - traditionally derived and orally transmitted literature
● Folktales - reflect the people's beliefs handed down from generation to generation by word of
mouth
● Epilogue - conclusion or final part of non-dramatic literary work
● Genre - distinctive type of literary composition such as epic, tragedy, comedy & novel
● "Quo Vadis" - means "where are you going"
● hieroglyphics - oldest forn of egyptian writing
● Allegory - narrative whose meaning is beneath the surface
● Elegy - a meditated poem of grief
● Sonnet - verse w/14 iambic pentameter lines
● Epic - long poem w/c depicts the adventure of a great hero who reveals his country's aspirations;
narrates heroic deeds and supernatural happenings w/local actor in w/c people sing/chant
● Soliloquy - speech made by a person who reveals his thoughts
● Manuel Arcilla - "How my brother Leon brought home a wife"
● Washington Irving - "The Legend of a Sleepy Hollow"
● Fall of the house of usher - hypochondriac living in morbid fear
● Cyrano de Bergerac - poet & soldier noted for his Peculiar nose
● "The Illiad of Homer" - great epic poem whose plot centers around the anger & wrath of Achilles
against agamemnon
● "The Bells" - "If eyes are made for seeing, then beauty is its own excuse for being"
● Cacophony - literary term w/c means harsh & discordant sounds introduced for poetic effect
● George Bernard Shaw - know for his excellence of characterization, swiftness of narrative & clarity
of style.
● Edgar Allan Poe - greatest American writer of horror and detective stories
● Rabindranath Tagore - best known for his collection of poems called Gitanjali/song offerings
● Robert Frost - ranked as one of the best modern American poets.
● Geoffrey Chaucer - Morning Star of English Literature
● Mark Twain - "Samuel Clemens"
● Harriet Stowe - "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
● Charles Darwin - Origin of species
● Lazlo Biro - invented the ball point pen
● Harry Potter - epic kind of story
VOCABULARY
Emulate imitate 〰

Vouchsafe grant 〰

Abeyance suspended 〰

Denigrate malign 〰

Furtive sneaky
〰

Remonstrate protest 〰

Corroborate confirm 〰

Gullible easily deceived

〰

Germane relevant 〰

Plebeian common 〰

Vulpine cunning 〰

Spendthrift spender 〰

Impolitic unwise 〰

Terse concise
〰

Parsimonious stingy 〰

Stupefy make numb

〰

Pariah outcast
〰

Wizened shrivelled 〰

Dubious doubtful 〰
Incriminates accuse 〰

Frivolous worthless 〰

Susceptible inclined 〰

Impertinent irrelevant 〰

Ostracized excluded 〰

Conglomeration diffusion 〰

Cacophonous loud and unpleasant 〰

Carnal worldly
〰

Aplomb composure
〰

Candor honesty
〰

Contemptuous scornful 〰

Feeble weak
〰

Inevitable certain 〰

FILIPINO
● Ang panubong - handog sa dalagang may kaarawan (koronang bulaklak)
● Florante at Laura - (awit) "katiwalian ng mga kastila"
● Jose dela Cruz - tungkod ng tulang tagalog
● Noli Me Tangere - (Rizal) suliraning panlipunan ng bayan
● "Doktrina Kristiyana" - Fr. Domingo de Nieva unang aklat na nalimbag sa pilipinas
👉

● Severino Reyes - Ama ng dulaang tagalog

● Juan Luna - La Spolarium
● "Alim" - pinakamatandang epiko ng pilipinas
● Jose Palma - naglikha ng "Himno Nacional Filipino"
● Liwayway - nabigyan ng pagpapahalaga ang sariling wika
● Lope K.Santos - "Ama ng balarila ng pilipino"
● Andres Bonifacio - "anak bayan"
● Pupdok/Kinting kulirat - hindi kailanman ginamit ni Marcelo del Pilar
● Teodoro Agoncillo - isang kilalang manunulat ng kasaysayan
● Manuel Quezon - Ama ng Wikang Pambansa
● Constancio de Guzman - lumikha ng awit na "Ang Bayan Ko"
● Pascual Poblete - Ama ng pahayagang tagalog
FEW TIPS ON HOW TO PASS THE BOARD EXAM
🚫Do not change your answers. UNLESS you are very uncertain about your first answer. Kung sure
na sure kayo na nabasa nyo o nareview tlga ung tanong na un why not baguhin nyo pero sabi ng
nagbriefing sa amin "YOUR FIRST ANSWER CHOICE" USUALLY TAMA.
🚫Make the most intelligent guess you can kung di nyo tlga alam ung tanong.
🚫Find KEY WORDS or phrases in the question that will help you choose the correct answer.
🚫Make sure you understand what the question is asking.
Watch out for these words: (first,primary,initial,early,best,most/least,most
🚫

important,priority,except)

GENERAL EDUCATION
(Open for corrections)
★ Highway 54 - the old name of EDSA during ww-II
★ Trisomy 21 - also known as down syndrome
★ Kumintang - Filipinos would sing this song in preparation for war battle
★ En ventre sa mere - the right of the unborn child is the same as the right of individual
★ Mark Twain - pen name of Samuel Clemens
★ Heroic Couplet - last two lines of the Sonnet
★ Sergio Osmeña - the first appointed head of the Department of Education during Commonwealth
period
★ Philippine Normal University - established by the Americans for aspiring educators in 1901
★ Animal cells - donot produce cell walls
★ Bousterophedon - Ancient Greeks form of writing
★ Nitrogen - the nost abundant gas in the atmosphere
★ Skin - body's largest organ
★ Chivalric education - also known as social discipline. The educational system which emphasized
social etiquette
★ Socratic method - teachers ask questions to try to get students to clarify and rethink their own
ideas, to come eventually to a deep and clear understanding of philosophical concepts
★ Saracenic education - this education is training for scientific thinking
★ verbatim - word for word
★ Social Justice - very foundation of genuine peace and reconciliation
★ National Treasury - provides the fund to support the Air Quality Management in the Philippines
★ Tomas Pinpin - kauna-unahang manlilimbag na Pilipino
★ Pascual Poblete - tinaguriang "Ama ng Pahayagang tagalog"
★ Oxygen - a by-product of Photosynthesis
★ water - universal solvent
★ Gametes (in human) - contain 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome
★ Emilio Jacinto - utak ng Katipunan
★ Apolinario Mabini - utak ng rebolusyon
★ Kinkee - the gas lamp used to lighten the streets in intramuros way back in history
★ Miranda rule - right of a person under arrest
★ Epistemology - examines the nature and origin of human knowledge
★ empiricism - holds that the sensory experience is the source of knowledge
★ Agnoticism - coined by Thomas Huxley which means "not knowledge but being able to know
★ metaphysics - it seeks to find out what is ultimately real
★ Horticulture - the art of growing flowers, fruits and vegetables
★ Jus sanguinis - a child follows the nationality or citizenship of the parents regardless of the place
of his birth
★ 1956 - Lupang Hinirang was sung for the first time
★ Element - the simplest substance that cannot be decomposed further by normal chemical means
★ Pedro Bucaneg - Ama ng panitikang Ilocano
★ Intellectual Appreciative Experiences - based on the premise that all the learning has emotional
correlates
★ Thailand - formerly called "Siam"
★ Henry Otley Beyer - proposed the idea that the first Filipinos came through waves of migration
from South to North
★ Klaster - Kambal katinig
★ Trinidad Tecson - Ina ng Biak-na-Bato at Ina ng Kruss na Pula (Red cross)
★ Truman Doctrine - was an american foreign policy created to counter Soviet geopolitical
expansion during the cold war
★ Manila - was named "Distinguished and ever loyal city" by Legaspi
★ Mariano Trias - First Vice President of the Republic of the Philippines
★ Plebiscite - the direct vote of all the members of an electorate on an important public questions
such as a change in the Constitution.
★Monothiest religion - Christianity, Islam, Judaism
★ First sultinate - Sultinate of Sulu
★ Diwata I - first Satellite launched by the Philippines
★ Franchise - given the right to vote
★ disenfranchise - removal of the right to vote
★ Antartica - Largest dessert, cold dessert
★ Bicameralism - upperhouse / Lowerhouse
★ Executive - emplimentinv body
★ Legislative - Lawmaking body
★ Judiciary - interpreting body
★ Ural Mountain - separated Europe and Asia
★ 5 ships of Magellan - Trinidad, Conception, Victoria, San Antonio, & San Tiago
★ Mongoloids - Known as the Yellow race
★ Henry the Navigator - He's the great king of Portugal

The Spanish Regime

March 17, 1521. Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese navigator accidentally landed in the island of
Samar.
March 31, 1521. The first Catholic mass was held in Limasawa, an island in the south of Leyte.
April 27, 1521. Magellan died in the hands of a chieftain, Lapu-lapu, from his strong will to invade the
island of Mactan.
February 13 1565. Another group of explorers headed by General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, arrived
in Cebu and insisted their claim for the island.
June 3, 1571. After defeating Raja Sulayman in a battle in Bangkusay, Martin de Goiti claimed
autonomy of Manila.
June 24, 1571. Legazpi established Manila as the capital city with himself as Governor-General.
April 14, 1617. The Spanish fleet headed by Juan Ronquillo prevented the British attempt to invade
Manila in the battle of Playa-Homda.
October 3, 1646. For the second time, the Spanish fleet defeated the British warship in Manila Bay.
This event is commemorated in a yearly feast called ” La Naval de Manila”.
October 5, 1762. The British fleet defeated the Spanish warship allowing the British rule the country
for two years.
March 17, 1764. The British surrendered the country to Spain after losing a battle during the seven-
year war between them.
October 31, 1829. Francisco Dagohoy, a cabeza de barangay of Bohol and the leader of the longest
uprising (8 years), surrendered to the Spaniards.
September 6, 1834. Manila was opened to international trade leading to a remarkable transformation
of its economy.
February 15, 1889. The establishment of La Solidaridad, the newspaper founded by Graciano Lopez
Jaena to voice out the Filipinos cry for reforms.
September 18, 1891. Jose Rizal finished his novel El Filibusterismo following the first, Noli Me
Tangere. Both portrayed the struggling life of the Filipinos under the Spanish rule.
July 3, 1892. Jose Rizal established La Liga Filipina, a civic movement aimed at reuniting Filipinos to
act together for reforms and autonomy from the unjust administration of the Spaniards.
July 7, 1892. Jose Rizal was captured and exiled to Dapitan in Mindanao. There he served as a
doctor, a scientist and a teacher to the locals.
July 7, 1892. At the same day of Rizal’s capture, Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata and Valentin Diaz
established the “Katipunan”, a revolutionary movement aimed to fight for freedom against Spain.
August 19, 1896. The Spaniards learned the Katipunan movement that resulted to a massive
capture of many Filipinos.
August 23, 1896. Bonifacio and his fellow Katipuneros tore their cedulas or residence certificates
while shouting “Long live the Philippines”, during their preparation for battle. This was marked as the
historic Cry of Balintawak.
August 25, 1896. The Katipuneros headed by Bonifacio had their first encounter with the Spanish
civil guards and infantrymen. Due to strong forces and large presence of the Filipino troops, both
camps of the Spaniards retreated. But in the end, Filipinos lost the battle when the latter came back
with large number of fighters and stronger ammunition.
Setember 12, 1896. A group of revolutionaries from Cavite were executed. They are now known as
teh “Trece Martires de Cavite” or the thirteen martyrs of Cavite.
December 30, 1896. Jose Rizal was executed by firing squad in Bagumbayan (now called Rizal
Park) after being held captive at fort Santiago in Intramuros, Manila.
March 22, 1897. The Katipuneros elected a new set of officers to replace the Katipunan. This was
held in Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon and was called the Tejeros Convention. Bonifacio
diisolved the convention after Daniel Tirona, an associate of Emilio Aguinaldo, questioned his
professional credibility as the director of the interior without a Lawyer’s diploma. Aguinaldo’s group
won and considered Bonifacio and his men enemies of the revolution.
May 10, 1897. Andres Bonifacio and his brother Procopio were excuted in Mt. Tala, Cavite after an
unjust trial headed by General. Mariano Noriel, an associate of Emilio Aguinaldo.
April 23, 1897. A new Spanish Governor named Fernando Primo de Rivera arrived in Manila for the
purpose of minimizing the thriving rebellion of the Filipinos. He issued a decree to grant pardon to
those who would surrender to the Spanish government.
December 15, 1897. Primo de Rivera and Pedro Paterno signed the Truce of Biak-na-Bato allowing
a temporary ceasefire between the Spanish and the Filipinos.
December 27, 1897. Aguinaldo and his associates voluntarily moved to Hongkong for the amount of
P800,000.
January 20, 1898. Periodic battles between the Filipinos and the Spaniards erupted due to mutual
suspicion. General Francisco Makabulos of Tarlac established a provisional goverment. The arrest
and imprisonment of suspected rebels continued and despite the Truce, the revolution persisted.
American Occupation
February 14, 1898. The Spaniards bombed the American fleet “Maine” in Havana, Cuba killing 246
people.
April 25, 1898. The United States declared war against Spain ordering Commodore George Dewy to
attack the spanish fleet in the Philippines.
May 1, 1898. Manila Bay turned into a massive battle field between United States and Spain. The
Americans defeated the Spanish fleet led by Admiral Patricio Montojo.
June 12, 1898. General Emilio Aguinaldo, who had returned from Hongkong, proclaimed Philippine
independence at his mansion in Kawit, Cavite.
August 13, 1898. A mock battle between the Spanish and the Americans occured forbidding the
participation of Filipino soldiers. Later, Manila was surrendered by Spain to the United States.
December 10, 1898. Without the knowledge of the Filipinos, Spain surrendered the Philippines
(along with Puerto Rico and Guam) to the United States in exchange of $20 million under the Treaty
of Paris.
January 23, 1899. General Emilio Aguinaldo was sworn into office as the president of the Philippine
Republic and at the same time promulgated The Malolos Constitution.
June 5, 1899. General Antonio Luna was killed by soldiers from the Kawit Company in Cabanatuan,
Nueva Ecija.
December 2, 1900. The young general, Gregorio del Pilar died while fighting against the Americans
in the Battle of Pasong Tirad (Tirad Pass).
March 23, 1901. Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by the Americans headed by Col. Frederick Funston
with the help of some Filipinos in Palanan, Isabela.
October 16, 1907. The first Philippine Assembly was inaugurated at Manila Grand Opera House.
Sergio Osmena was elected as speaker and Manuel L. quezon as Majority Floor Leader.
Occtober 13, 1913. The Underwood-Simons Law took effect, allowing an open trade between the
United States and the Philippines.
August 29,1916. The Jones Law was signed allowing the existence of the Philippine Legislature and
promising the Philippine independence from the United States.
August 26, 1930. Crisanto Evangelista established the Communist Party of the Philippines or CPP
as a peasant’s rebel movement and was later joined by farmers and even professionals.
December 7, 1933. Frank Murphy, the last American Governor, granted Philippine women the right
to vote.
March 24, 1934. President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Tydings McDuffie Act as to allow the
drafting of the Philippine Constitution and to establish the Philippine Commonwealth, an agreement
to liberate the Philippines in ten years.
March 23, 1935. Pres. Roosevelt approved the plebiscite on the constitution for the new Republic.
Claro M. Recto presided the Philippine Constitution, which was mainly patterned after the American
Constitution, over the Constitutional Convention.
September 18, 1935. Manuel L. Quezon was elected President of the Commonwealth and Sergio
Osmena as the Vice President.
World War II and the Japanese Occupation
December 7, 1941. The Japanese bombed the Pearl Harbor, a US military base in Hawaii. The
Philippines wa attacked ten hours after the bombing.
December 25 1941. General Douglas MacArthur declared Manila as an “open city” but the Japanese
ignored and still continued its attack.
March 29, 1942. Luis Taruc established the anti-Japanese guerilla movement HUKBALAHAP (
Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon).
April 9, 1942. On this day, the “Fall of Bataan” and the infamous “Death March” took place. Around
76,000 starving Americans and Filipino soldiers surrendered to the Japanese in Bataan. The
Japanese led their captives on a cruel hike from Mariveles, Bataan to Camp O’donnell in Capas,
Tarlac. Around 7,000 to 10,000 men perished from starvation during the ten-day march while some
were luckily pulled out secretly by watching civilians.
May 6, 1942. Corregidor, the last U.S. Defense Base of Filipino-American troops under Jonathan
Wainwright, fell under Commander Homma of the Japanese Imperial Forces.
October 24, 1944. This day the prominent battle of Leyte Gulf took place, where the island of Leyte
was filled massively with an amphibious force of 700 vessels and 174,000 army and navy
servicemen. By December 1944, the islands of Leyte and Mindoro had been cleared of the
Japanese.
September 2, 1945. Right after the war in the Pacific, Japan surrendered to the Americans. The
Philippines later was granted its independence but with over a million Filipino casualties. More than
60,000 Americans died and 300,000 Japanese lost their lives.
The Philippine Republic
April 30, 1946. The Tydings Rehabilitation Act was signed, giving the Americans equal freedom and
previlige to use the natural resources of the Philippines.
July 4, 1946. Manuel Roxas became the first President of the Philippine Republic.
March 14, 1947. The Treaty of General Relations was signed, allowing the US Military Bases to be
installed in the Philippines for 99 years.
April 17, 1948. Elpidio Quirino suceeded Manuel Roxas as the president when the latter died of
heart attack. Alarmed by the growing armed members of
Hukbalahap Movement, Quirino tried to negotiate with its leader Luis Taruc.
November 10, 1953. Ramon Magsaysay was elected the new President and Carlos P. Garcia as
Vice President. Known to be the leader of the poor, Magsaysay, initiated many local infrastracture
projects and established special courts to resolve disputes between landlords and tenants.
May 17, 1954. Hukbalahap leader Luis Taruc surrendered to the government, signalling the decline
of the movements threat.
March 17, 1957. President Ramon Magsaysay died in an airplane crash in Manunggal, Cebu.
November 11, 1961. Diosdado Macapagal won the presidential election and replaced President
Carlos P. Garcia.
May 12, 1962. Soon after taking office, President Macapagal proclaimed June 12 as a national
holiday in commemoration of Philipine Independence instead of July 4. General Emilio Aguinaldo,
who first proclaimed Philippine independence in 1898, was the Guest of Honor at the first celebration
of of Philippine Independence on June 12, 1962.
August 8, 1963. President Macapagal signed the Agricultural Land Reform Code.
November 9, 1965. Ferdinand Marcos was elected the 6th president of the Philippine Republic. He
made extravagant spendings on public works, building roads, bridges, health centers, hospitals,
schools and putting up urban beautification projects.
August 8, 1967. The Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN) was organized after a meeting
in Manila.
December 26, 1968. Jose Maria Sison reestablished the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP)
as a Stalinist-Maoist Political Party.
November 11, 1969. Marcos was re-elected as president.
June 1, 1971. a bomb exploded at Plaza Miranda during a political rally of the Liberal Party. There
were around 100 casualties and 10 deaths. Starting that time, the popularity of Benigno Aquino and
his Liberal Party grew rapidly. Marcos blamed the communists for suspicious bombing.
September 21, 1972. Marcos declared martial law under the proclamation No. 1801. Many
opposition leaders including Benigno Aquino, journalists and activists were detained in Fort
Bonifacio under martial law.
PHILIPPINE HISTORY (summary notes)
The first book written in the Philippines was DOCTRINA CRISTIANA.
The Father of Ilocano Literature is PEDRO BUKANEG.
*The Father of Tagalog Poetry is FRANCISCO BALTAZAR.
*Lola Basyang is the pen name of SEVERINO REYES.
*The first and longest running komiks series in the Philippines is KENKOY(Liwayway Magasin,1929)
*The Father of Pampango Literature who wrote There is no God is JUAN CRISOSTOMO SOTO.
*The oldest existing newspaper in the Philippines since the 1900 is MANILA BULLETIN.
*The Father of Modern Tagalog Poetry is ALEJANDRO ABADILLA.
*The work of Bonifacio which tells the history of the Philippines ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA
TAGALOG.
*He wrote the popular fable The Monkey and the Turtle - JOSE RIZAL
*This is known as Andres Bonifacio's Ten Commandments of the Katipunan - THE DECALOGUE.
*Rizal's model for Pilosopong Tasyo was PACIANO RIZAL.
*The following characters created by rizal reflect his own personality except SIMOUN (El
Filibusterismo)
*The line 'whoever knows not how to love his native tongue is worse than any beast or even smelly
fish' TO MY FELLOW CHILDREN
*Rizal's pen name - DIMASALANG, LAONG-LAAN
*Taga-ilog is JUAN LUNA's Pen name.
*The first filipino alphabet was called ALIBATA/BAYBAYIN
*the first filipino alphabet consisted of 15 LETTERS
*This is a song about love - TALINDAW, awit ng mga taong hindi naimbetahan sa kainan
(COLADO)
*He was known for his `Memoria Fotografica` - JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN *He is known as the `poet
of the workers or laborers` - AMADO HERNANDEZ
*Ilocano balagtasan is called BUKANEGAN
*Visayan epic about good manners and right conduct - MARAGTAS
*The father of Filipino newspaper is PASCUAL POBLETE
*Lupang Tinubuan is considered to be the best story written during Japanese Period. The author is
NARCISO REYES
*The original title of Ibong Adarna was CORIDO AT BUHAY NA PINAGDAANAN NG TATLONH
PRINSIPENG ANAC NG HARING FERNANDO AT REYNA VALERIANA SA CAHARIANG
BERBANIA
*PANDEREGLA - first filipino bread
The Great Plebian: Andres Bonifacio
The Father of the Katipunan: Andres Bonifacio
Hero of the Tirad Pass Battle: Gregorio Del Pilar
President of the First Philippine Republic: General Emilio Aguinaldo
Brains of the Philippine Revolution: Apolinario Mabini
Martyred Priests in 1872: GOMBURZA
Brains of the Katipunan: Emilio Jacinto
Co-founder of La Independencia: General Antonio Luna
Mother of Balintawak: Melchora Aquino
Greatest Filipino Orator of the Propaganda Movement: Graciano Lopez- Jaena
First Filipino Cannon-maker: Pandar Pira
Managing Editor of La Solidaridad: Mariano Ponce
Lakambini of Katipunan: Gregoria de Jesus
Poet of the Revolution: Fernando Ma. Guerrero
Outstanding Diplomat of the First Philippine Republic: Felipe Agoncill
First University of the Philippines President: Rafael Palma
Greatest Filipino Painter: Juan Luna
Greatest Journalist of the Propaganda Movement: Marcelo H. del Pilar
First Filipino Poetess: Leona Florentino
Peace of the Revolution: Pedro Paterno
Founder of Philippine Socialism: Isabelo Delos Reyes Viborra: Artemio Ricarte
Author of the Spanish lyrics of the Philippine National Anthem: Jose PalmaChief of Tondo:
Lakandola
The Last Rajah of Manila: Rajah Soliman
Fiancée of Jose Rizal: Leonor RiveraMaker of the
First Filipino Flag: Marcela Agoncillo
Co-founder of Katipunan: Galicano Apacible
Leader of the Ilocano Revolt: Diego Silang
First Filipino Hero: Lapu-lapuLeader of the Longest Revolt in Bohol: Francisco Dagohoy
The Man of Many Talents: Epifanio Delos Santos
Prince of Tagalog Poets: Francisco Baltazar
Visayan Joan of Arc: Teresa Magbanua
Mother of Biak-na-Bato: Trinidad Tecson
Wife of Artemio Ricarte: Agueda EstebanLeader of the Tarlac Revolt: Gen. Francisco Makabulos
Composer of the Philippine National Anthem: Julian Felipe
Spaniards born in the Philippines: Insulares Leader of Magdalo: Baldomero Aguinaldo Leader of
Magdiwang: Mariano Alvarez
Founder of La Liga Filipina: Jose Rizal
Painter of the Spolarium: Juan Luna