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1. Formation
Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:
I am French.
I am not old.
Am I late?
- He talks a lot.
- The elephant doesn't fly.
- The Earth goes around the Sun.
Habits and Routines (usually with adverbs of frequency: always, never,
frequently/often, usually, seldom/rarely, nowadays, every week/year,
sometimes/occasionally, from time to time)
- We leave for work at 7.30 every morning.
- Susan often meets with her friends after school.
- Mark rarely visits his sick grandmother.
Permanent Situations
- I live in Boston.
- He works as a fireman.
- Margaret drives a Porshe.
- I like swimming.
- We know this man.
1. Formation
+ I am speaking to you.
? Is he watching TV?
2. Uses
- I am eating my lunch.
- Michael is watching TV.
- My mom is cooking lunch.
Present Continuous for future/ expressing personal plans for the future
1. Formation
past form (2. column) only or verb = -ed (auxiliary did + base form-questions)
V1 V2
base past
work worked
regular verb explode exploded The past form for all regular verbs ends in -ed.
like liked
go went
irregular The past form for irregular verbs is variable. You need to learn it by
see saw
verb heart.
sing sang
The structure for positive sentences in the simple past tense is:
The structure for negative sentences in the simple past tense is:
The structure for question sentences in the simple past tense is:
The auxiliary verb did is the same for all persons (I did, you did, he did etc). And the
base form and past form do not change. Look at these examples with the main verbs go
and work:
I went to school.
+
You worked very hard.
Exception! The verb to be is different. We conjugate the verb to be (I was, you were,
he/she/it was, we were, they were); and we do not use an auxiliary for negative and
question sentences. To make a question, we exchange the subject and verb. Look at these
examples:
2. Uses
Action or a situation - an event - in the past, completely finished and time and/or
place of the event are usually known. The event can be short or long
- The door opened and James Bond entered. He took off his coat, which was very
wet, and ordered a drink at the bar. He sat down in the corner of the lounge and
quietly drank his martini.
4. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
1. Formation
was
base + ing
were
For negative sentences in the past continuous tense, we insert not between the auxiliary
verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary
verb. Look at these example sentences with the past continuous tense:
2. Uses
1. Formation
2. Uses
There is always a connection with the past and with the present.
Experience from the past. We are not interested in when you did something.
Actions that happened in the past but have certain consequence at the present
moment.
for since
x------------
20 minutes 6.15pm
6 months January
4 years 1994
2 centuries 1800
etc etc
Expressing future – an action in the future that will happen before some other
future action
1. Formation
2. Uses
The uses are the same as with Present Perfect Simple Tense, the speakers just
insist on the fact that the action lasted for certain period of time.
1. Formation
invariable base
will V1
For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we insert not between the auxiliary
verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary
verb. Look at these example sentences with the simple future tense:
2. Uses
No plan
1. Formation
2. Uses
Prediction that is based on present evidence. We are saying what we think will
happen.
Avoid using BE GOING TO with the verb GO. Rather use Present Continuous
Tense for expressing plans for the future.
1. Formation
had V3
For negative sentences in the past perfect tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb.
For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with
the past perfect tense:
2. Uses
Dissatisfaction with the past (typically with "I wish ..." or "If only ...".)