2012

22.336
537.8
52

.:
2012. 259

ISBN 978-5-600-00029-2

25

-
-
-

klyushin7748848@live.ru
yogurt@live.ru

22.336
537.8

ISBN 978-5-600-00029-2 ., 2012

 ..........................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
1. .......................................................................................... 11
§1. ............................................................................................................ 11
§2.
(2001).......................................................................................................................... 15
I. ......................... 15
II. ............................................................................................ 30
III. ................................................................. 40
IV. ...................................................................... 42
V. ................................................................................................................... 47
VI.
.............................................................................................................. 51
VII. ....................................................................................................... 53
VIII. ................................................................................. 54
IX. .............................................................................................. 65
X. .................................................................. 68
XI. ......................................................................... 71
§3. (2000, 2012) .... 73
I. .................................................................................................................... 73
II. ................................................................................................... 73
III. ...................... 74
IV. ................................................. 81
§4. (2001)............. 83
I. ............................................................................................ 83
II. 2F/qc 0. .......................................... 86
III. 2F/qc 0. .................................. 89
IV. ......................................................................... 91
§5. ................................................................. 92
I. (2004)................ 92
4
II. (2004)........................................94
III. (2006) ....................................... 101
IV. (2007)..................... 108
V. (2007)................................................................... 113
§6.
(2002)...................................................................... 119
I. ......................................................... 119
II. ................... 122
III. ..................................................................................................................... 125
IV. .......... 131
V. ..... 135
VI. ...................................................................... 143
............................................................................................... 146
2. ............................................................................................. 149
§1. .......................................................................................................... 149
§2.
(1993) .................................................................................. 150
..................................................................................................................... 150
I. ................................................................................................ 152
II. .............................................................. 156
III. .................................................................................... 162
IV. ......................... 164
V.
................................................................... 167
VI. ................................................. 174
VII. .......................................................... 176
VIII. -
.................................................................................. 180
IX. .................... 185
X. ................... 189
§3. (2007) ......... 193
I. .......................................................................................... 193
 II. .........................................................................195
III. ......................................................................197
§4. (2007)............................................................197
I. ..................................................................................................................197
II. ...................................................198
III. ...............................................................................................................205
§5. (1995) ............................................208
§6. (1985) ....................................................................209
I. ........................................................................................................209
II. ...................................................................................210
III.
..............................................................................................................211
................................................................................................215
3. ............................................................................................217
§1. ..........................................................................................................217
§2. (2010)............218
I. ..................................................................................................................218
II. .............................................219
III.
................................................................................................................226
IV. ............................................................................230
V. ........................................................................................233
VI. ................................................................236
VII. .....................................................241
§3. (2011).............................................245
I. ..................................................................................................................245
II. ...................................................................................................248
III. .........................................................................252
IV. .........................................................................................................254
................................................................................................255
.......................................................................................................................257
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§2.

I.

-
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q1 q2

q1q2
F21 r21 . (1.1)
4 0r 3

-
F21 (1.1) -

1.
r21 1. r -
r21

x (x1 x2 x3). xi i 1, 2, -
-
16 1.

r21 (( x11 x12 ),( x21 x22 ),( x31 x32 )), (1.2)
r ( x11 x12 ) 2 ( x21 x22 ) 2 ( x31 x32 ) 2 . (1.3)

( x11 x12 )
x1 -
r -
(1.1) -
-
-
(1.1) -
q1 q2
§3 -
-

6.25 1018 e
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1
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§3).
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q1q2r21 q1q2r21 dr q1q2r21 d 2r
F21 3 3 2 2 2 2
, (1.5)
4 0r 8 0r c dt 4 0r c dt

r ( x11 x12 ) 2 ( x21 x22 ) 2 ( x31 x32 ) 2 . (1.6)

18 1.
[2.2] (1.5)

q1q2r21 q1q2r21 2 3
F21 3 3 2
v1 v 2 1 cos2 4
4 0r 8 0r c
2
(1.7)
q1q2r21
a1 a2 cos 5 .
4 0r 2c 2

v1 v2 a1 a2
q1 q2 4 r21 (v1 v2), 5
r21 (a1 a2).

1. (1.5) -
-

,
. .
10.
2.
(1.5)
-

3. (1.5)
-
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.
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XX . ,
, -
([2.3], 598, . 199).

div E , (1.8)
0
B
rot E , (1.9)
t
div B 0, (1.10)
j E
c 2 rot B . (1.11)
0 t

E B -
j v
v 0

E B

r (1.8) (1.9)
rot E 0. (1.9

q2
E 3
r, (1.12)
4 0r
20 1.
q2 r -

(1.12) (1.8), -
-
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(1.12).
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(1.12), (1.1),
q1
(1.12), q1
Eq1
1. (1.8)–(1.11)
B
q1

F21 q1E2 q1v1 B2 , (1.13)

q2 q1
q1 -
q2 E2 B2

(1.8)–(1.11) q2 (1.13).

I 2 r21
B2 , (1.14)
2 0c 2r 2

I2
c (1.14) -

v2
2v 2 r21 )
B2 , (1.15)
2 0c 2r 2
2 (1.13) -
1.2. 21

q1 2r21 q1 2
F21 v1 v2 r21
2 0r 2 2 0r
2 2
c
(1.16)
q1 2r21 q1 2
v 2 r21 v1 r21 v 1 v 2 .
2 0r 2 2 0c r
2 2

(1.7.).
1. (1.16)
v2(r21 v1).
2.
-

3. (1.16) -
r21 v1 r21 v2 v1 v2 v2(r21 v1 0, r21(v1 v2 0,
-
v1(r12 v2 0, r12(v1 v2 0,
1,
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q2 E2 B2
E2 ”, B2
-
q1
(1.16), -
(1.13), -

5. (1.16) -
(1.5) (1.7) -

(1.16)
q2
q1 -

([2.4], 182) -
(1.13), “… (1.13) -
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(1.13)
B2 0. E2 -
q2 B2 0,
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q2 (1.9 ),
(1.9).
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-

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(1.8)–(1.11),

(1.8)–(1.11).
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(1.9) (1.11). (1.8)–(1.11)

[2.5] -

(1.8)–(1.11)

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q1q2
F21 r21 v 1 v 2 . (1.16
4 0c 2r 3

[2.11]
q1q2
F21 2 3
v 2 r21 v1 r21 v1 v2 . (1.16
4 0c r

[2.12]
q1q2
F21 2 5
3 r21 v1 r21 v 2 2 v1 v 2 r 2 r21 . (1.16
4 0c r

[2.13]
q1q2
F21 v1 r21 v 2 v2 r21 v1 r21 v1 v 2 . (1.16
4 0c 2r 3

(1.8)–(1.11).
(1.9)

Edl Bds. (1.9

L t S

L S -
L

-
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-
-

2x -
x2 x 0. -

., (1.8) (1.12)

(1.9) (1.9
(1.9
(1.8)–(1.11).
E B (1.9
-
(1.9) E B -

E B (1.9
-
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-
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(1.9

(1.9

(1.9 ) -
26 1.

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([2.6], 53):
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([2.6], 21.20 21.22).

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p t (t r/c),
r r x2 y2 z2 c
p (t r/c -
y

r y r
p t p t , (1.17)
y c cr c

p p

r y r
p t p t . (1.18)
y c r r c

-
-
-
t0 x0 z0
p

p (t 0 x02 ( y y )2 z02 c ) p (t0 x02 y2 z02 c )

lim . (1.19)
y 0 y

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-
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(1.9 ).

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29 233, -
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x (x1 x2 x3), t
i j k q1 q2

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E1 E2 B1 B2

E21 -
r21 -
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: ,
.
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–
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1.
.

3 d 3
F21 grad 4 0cr B12 E21 4 0cr B12 B21 . (2.1)
dt
c c0[i j] k c0 -

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( §3).

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(2.1).
2.
. q -
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div E , (2.2)
0
dB
rot E , (2.3)
dt
div B , (2.4)
0
dE
c 2 rot B . (2.5)
dt
(2.5).
dE E
v grad E , (2.6)
dt t
v

(2.6)
E -
-
(2.2)
j
v grad E v div E rot E v rot E v , (2.6
0
34 1.
j j v
(2.5) -

(2.4) (2.2)–(2.5) -
B -
(2.3)–(2.5), -

). B -

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0 0 -
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-
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B t

dB B
v grad B (2.7)
dt t
(2.3),
B -

(2.3).
(2.2)
E B (2.2)–(2.5) -

A -

1 d2 A
div grad A 2 2 0, (2.8)
c dt
div grad . (2.9)
0

1 d
div A 0. (2.10)
c 2 dt
(2.10) A
-
”, A
36 1.
(2.10) -
-

grad
B rot A , (2.11)
c
dA
E grad , (2.12)
dt

(2.8)–(2.10) (2.2)–(2.5).

(2.2)–(2.5)

r r ut t t, (2.13)

r t
r t -

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-
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u -

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). u
v u
10
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(2.13) r
r u -
(1.9) (1.11),

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(2.2)-(2.5) -
(2.2)–(2.5) -
-

E E( x1 , x2 , x3 , t ) (2.14)

B B( x1 , x2 , x3 , t ) (2.15)

-
(2.13).

grad grad ( u grad). (2.16)

t t

d dx1 d dx2 d dx3 d dt d d

. (2.16
dx1 dx1 dx1 dx1 dx2 dx1 dx3 dx1 dt dx1

grad grad, (2.17)

(2.13).
x1
x1 x1 ux1 t u x1 .,
t

( u grad ) ( u grad). (2.18)

t t t
(1.8)–(1.11)
(u grad)
(1.9), -
u
(1.9).
-
).
40 1.
(2.2)–(2.5) -
–(u grad)
+(u grad), -

dE E E
( u v ) grad E ( u grad)E ( v grad)E . (2.19)
dt t t
-
v

III.

(2.2)–(2.5)
E B
-
(2.1).
(2.2)–(2.5)
(2.3) (2.5) E B
(2.2) (2.4)
E B
-
(2.3) (2.5).
(2.2) (2.5)
v
d
( v grad) 0. (3.1)
dt t
-
-
t

0. (3.2)
t
(3.1) v
grad 0. (3.3)
r0 r
(3.2) (3.3). v
-
t
1.2. 41
v v(t ). (3.4)
(3.1)–(3.4) -
(2.2)–(2.5).
r v
E r , (3.5)
3 0 c
r v
B r , (3.6)
3 0c c
r -
(3.5) (3.6) -
(2.2)–(2.5):
grad (r v ) (r v )
div E r div r .
3 0 c c 0 c 0

div B – / 0c
(2.3).
dB 1d r v r v v r a r a
0 v v .
dt 3 dt c 2 c 3c c c 3c c
-

a a

dB v
.
dt 3c 0

1 r v
0 rot E grad r
2 3 c
v
( v grad)r (r grad)v (div v )r (div r )v .
3c 3c
(2.5).
-
-
[2.22].
42 1.

(3.5) (3.6) ½.

IV.

(2.1):

q1 r12 v1 q1 r21 v1
1. B12 r12 r21 ;
4 0r 3c c 4 0r 3c c

q2 r21 v 2
2. E21 3
r21 .
4 0r
c
-
1.
q1q2 (r21 v1 ) (r21 v2 ) 2
3. B12 E21 2 2 6
r r;
16 0r c c2
3 q1q2
4. grad 4 0r c B12 E21
4 0r 3
3r21 (r21 v1 ) (r21 v 2 ) v1 (r21 v 2 ) v2 (r21 v1 )
r21 2 2 2
.
r c c
(2.1)
q2 r21 v2
5. B12 r21 ;
4 0r 3c c

q1 r21 v1
6. B12 r21 ;
4 0r 3c c

3 q1q2 (r21 v 2 ) (r21 v 1 )

7. 4 0r c B12 B21
4 0r 3c c2
r (v1 v 2 )
r21 21 .
c

dr21 d 2r21
v1 v 2 a1 a2 .
dt dt 2
1.2. 43

-
t -
t r/c0
(2.1)
d 3 q1q2
4 0r c B12 B21
dt 4 0r 3c 2

v1 v 2 r21 ( v1 v2 )

3r21 ( v 1 v 2 )
r21 r21 ( v1 v2 )
r2
r21 r21 (a1 a2 )
v1 v2 (r21 v1 ) (r21 v2 )
c
(r21 v 2 ) (r21 a1 ) (r21 v1 ) (r21 a2 )
c
3r21 ( v1 v2 ) (r21 v 2 ) (r21 v1 )
.
r 2c

q1q2 q1q2
F21 r
3 21 3 2
v1 (r21 v 2 ) v2 (r21 v1 )
4 0r 4 0r c

3r21
(r21 v1 )(r21 v 2 ) v1 v 2 r21 ( v 1 v 2 )
r2
3r21 ( v1 v 2 )
r21 r21 ( v1 v2 )
r2
( v1 v2 ) (r21 v1 ) (r21 v 2 )
r21 r21 ( a1 a2 )
c
(r21 v 2 ) (r21 a1 ) (r21 v1 ) (r21 a2 )
c
3r21 v1 v 2 (r21 v1 ) (r21 v 2 )
.
r 2c (4.1)
44 1.

q1q2 q1q2
F21 r21
4 0r 3 4 0r 3c 2

r21 ( v1 v 2 ) v1 (r21 v 2 ) v2 (r21 v1 )

3r21
(r21 v1 )(r21 v2 )
r2
2
r21 v1 v 2 v1 v 2 r21 ( v1 v 2 )
3r21 ( v1 v 2 )
r21 r21 ( v1 v2 ) v1 v 2 r 2
r2
r21 r21 (a1 a2 ) a1 a2 r 2
v 2 v1 r21 ( v1 v2 )
c
r21 (r21 v 2 )a1 (r21 v 1 )a2
c (4.2)
3r21 r21 ( v1 v2 ) r21 ( v1 v 2 )
.
r 2c

(4.2),

1 r21 v1

2 r21 v2

3 v1 v2

4 r21 (v1 v2);

5 r21 (a1 a2);

6 r21 (v1 v2);

7 (r21 v2 a1

8 (r21 v1 a2
1.2. 45
(4.2)

q1q2 q1q2
F21 r
3 21 3 2
4 0r 4 0r c

v1v2r cos 1 v 2v1r cos 2

r21v1v2 cos 2 3cos 1 cos 2

2
r21 v1 v 2 1 3cos2 4

2( v1 v 2 ). r v1 v 2 cos 4

r21r a1 a2 cos 5 a1 a2 r 2
v 2 v1 rv1v2 cos 6 sin 3
c
r21 ra1v2 sin 2 cos 7 ra2v1 sin 1 cos 8
c (4.3)
3r21 (v1 v2 )(v1 v2 ) cos 4 cos 6
.
c

(4.2) -
1,
-
(4.2).
(1.16 (1.16
(1.16
(1.16
(1.16
(1.16). -
-

(4.2)

(4.2).
(1.7) -
(4.3), -
(4.2).
46 1.

(4.3),
-
1, 2, 5, ).
-
”. -

”, -
-
3, 4, 7, 8) -

(4.3),
12 21 -
).
12 21 -

-
(4.3)

-
-
”, -

-
-

”.
-

).

-
(1.16)

).
-

-
1.2. 47

(4.2)

(4.2)
(1.1). (1.1) -

(4.2) -
-

(4.2), (1.16),
(4.2) -
(1.16), v1(r21 v2), -
3r21
v1 (r21 v1 ) (r21 v2 )
r2
1.16 1.16
-
6,
-

(4.2)
(4.3) -
(1.5). (1.5)
(4.2),
(1.5). (1.5) -
-
(4.2). -

(1.5) -
-

(4.2)

V.
1.
R0
(x1 x2
q1 q2
q2 -
(4.3) -
48 1.
q2 -
v x1 -
-

2
q1q2 (1 )
Fe 2 2
(5.1)
4 0 R0 (1 sin2 )3 2

/c v

(5.1) 2 -

2
q1q2 q1q2
Fe 2 2
(1 3cos2 ). (5.1a)
4 0 R0 4 0 R0
2

2 90
2/2. 55 (5.1
-
2 -
(5.1
90 2 3/4
2

(4.3).
-
c3 -

q2
v1 -
q2 -
”,
(4.3) -
Fr Fv -

q1q2 q1q2 2
Fr (1 3cos2 ). (5.2)
4 0 R02 4 0 R02
1.2. 49
(5.1 ), (5.2) -

2 3/4.
(5.2) -

(5.2)

q1q2 2
Fv cos (5.3)
4 0R02
).
q1q2 2
[0, 90 [90 180
4 0R02
q1q2 2
4 0 R02

(4.3)
Fk Fv Fr . (5.4)
Fv
q2

x1
x2

-
q2 v2 -
10).
v2
-
a q2
(4.3)).
q1q2a
Fa 2 2
sin .
4 0c R0

a -
50 1.
-
x1 ( 90 ). -
[0 90 [90 180 ]. Fv -

1. (4.3) -

2. -

2.
q2 v2 0, a2 0.
q2 R0 -
v1 -
a1 q1 -
q1
(4.3)
a1||r21
-
(4.1)). 4 90 cos 4 0.

q1q2 q1q2 v12

F21 3
r21 3 2
r21 . (5.5)
4 0r 4 0r c

(5.5)
-
-

[2.14], ”,
[2.15], (5.5) -

). -
1.2. 51
v1 -

7.
3.
q1 q2 -
.v1 v2 v
(4.3) 1 2 cos 3

q1q2 q1q2v 2(1 3cos2 ) 2q1q2v cos

F21 r
3 21 3 2
r21 2 2
v. (5.6)
4 0r 4 0r c 4 0r c

(5.6)
Fr -
Fv
3cos2 0, 55 125 -
Fr [0 55 (125 180 Fr
(55 125

Fv 90
”. (90 180 Fv

”. (0 90 Fv

”. -

VI. -

q2 -
x3
(2.2) (2.4). (2.2)

2
div E2 2 0r , r r0 . (6.1)

r x12 x22 r0
52 1.

E2 .
2 0r

.2
r21 v 2
E21 2
r21 .
2 0r
c
.5

r21 v2
B21 r21 .
2 0r 2c c

4, 4 0r3 -
2 0r2 (6.1)
q1 q1
F21 r
2 21
2 0r 2 0r 2c 2
2(r21 v1 )(r21 v 2 ) (r21 v 1 )(r21 v 2 )
(v1 v2 ) 2
r21
r
(6.2)
v1 (r21 v2 ) v2 (r21 v 1 ) v1 v2 r21 ( v1 v2 )

2r21 ( v1 v2 )
r21 r21 ( v1 v2 ) r21 r21 ( a1 a2 ) .
r2

c -

v2 a2
(r21 v2 0, (r21 a2 0.
(6.2)
q1 q1
F21 r
2 21
v1v2 cos 3r21 rv1 cos 1 v2
2 0r 2 0r 2c 2
( v1 v 2 )2 (1 2cos2 4) r21 2r v 1 v 2 cos 4 v1 v2 (6.3)

ra1 cos 5r21 ( a1 a2 )r 2 .

(6.2) (6.3) -
1.2. 53
(1.16)

VII.
1.
q1 x3
x3 v1 v2 v
(6.3)
cos 1 0, cos 3 1.

q1 q1 v 2
F21 2
r21 2 2
r21 . (7.1)
2 0r 2 0r c

(7.1) -

2.
v1 –v2 v
(6.3), cos 1 0, cos 3 –1,

q1 q1 v 2
F21 2
r21 2
r21 (7.2)
2 0r 2 0rc

,
. ,
.
3.
x3
(6.3),
cos 1 1, cos 3 0, cos 4 cos 1 1.
q1

2
q1 q1 v1 v2
F21 r
2 21 2 2
r21
2 0r 2 0r c
(7.3)
2q1 v1 v2 q1 v1
2
(v1 v 2 ) v .
2 2
2 0c r 2 0rc
54 1.
4.
v2 q1 -
v1 0.
q1 -
(7.3)

q1 v22 q1 v2
F21 2
r
2 21 2
v2 . (7.4)
2 0r c 0c r

(7.3) (7.4) -

v2
(7.4)

, ,
.

VIII.

(x1 x2
v2 -
a2 -

div E2 |x3 0 0, (8.1)

E2 , (8.2)
2
-
q1

r21 v2
E21 r21 . (8.3)
2 r c

(x1 x2). -
(x1 x2 q1 r21
1.2. 55
x3

r21 v2
B21 r21 . (8.4)
2 rc c

q1

q1 r21 v1
B12 r21 . (8.5)
4 r 3c c

(8.1)–(8.5) -
(x1 x2 x3 t 0
§3) -
-
-

-
-

-
-
q1

0 -
(x1 x2 x3 t),
c2 1/
1/ c2

2 q1 r 2 grad q1
grad 4 r c B12 E21 r12
2 r 2r
(r21 v1 ) (r21 v 2 )
2( v1 v 2 ) r21 v1 (r21 v 2 ) v2 (r21 v1 ) (8.6)
r2
q1
r 2 ( v1 v 2 ) (r21 v1 ) (r21 v 2 ) grad .
2r
56 1.
(8.6) -
-
-

q1 -
0 -

q1
-

-
-
-

-
-

-
2.
-
-

-
1.2. 57

-
(2.6 ).

-
-
-
-
-

-
-

-
-

[2.18, 2.19], [2.21]

-
-
-
-

[2.16],
58 1.
-

[2.16]. -

-
-

-
-

100%

”.
-

[2.16] -

-
-

-
-

-
-
1.2. 59
2, -
(8.6).

(2.6 )).
-
-

-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-

-
-

-
60 1.

/ 0

C -
A d

A
C ,
d
-

-
(8.6)? -

0 -
(8.6)
grad 0.
-

0 v2/c2

-
1.2. 61

(8.6)
-

-
-
-

0
-
grad

). -

-
-
(8.6) v1 v2 -
-

-
-
-

-
62 1.

(8.6).

-
-
-

r21 v2
r21 a2 (r21 v2 0, (r21 a2 0.
(8.6)

3 q1 r 2 grad
grad 4 r c B12 E21 r
2 r 12
(8.7)
q1
2r21( v1 v 2 ) v 2(r21 v1 ) .
2r
(8.6).
1/ c2 -

d
4 r 3c B12 B21
dt
q1 2
r21 v1 v 2 v1 v2 r21 ( v1 v 2 )
2r (8.8)
2
r21 r21 (a1 a2 ) a1 a2 r
q1 d
r r (v v2 ) v1 v2 r 2 .
2r dt 21 21 1
-

-
-
1.2. 63
(r21 (v1 v2)) -
(8.8)
(8.6)?
(8.6)
2
4 v2
FN r21 . (8.9)
2r
(8.6) -

2
v2
FH r , (8.10)
2r 21
(8.9),

2
5 v2
FN FH r21 . (8.11)
2r

”.
(8.8)

-
-

0 cos t, (8.12)

d
0 sin t. (8.13)
dt

0 -

1,
64 1.
2
F21 0r sin tv 1 . (8.14)

0 r

F12 F21 , (8.15)

2.
-
-
1.
-
(v1 grad)
v1
grad
grad -
-

grad µ

(v1 grad)
v1
v2
-

1 2
F21 r( v 1 grad ) v1 , (8.16)
2
1 2
F12 F21 r( v 2 grad ) v 2 . (8.17)
2

-
1.2. 65
-
-

IX.

q1 R0

4 r
div E2 2
,r R0 (9.1)
R
0 0

r
E2 r r R0 .
2 21
(9.2)
R
0 0

r r2

q1

r r21 v2
E21 2
r21 r R0 . (9.3)
0R0
c

v2

r r21 v 2
B21 2
r21 r R0 . (9.4)
0 R0 c
c

q1 r21 v1
B12 3
r21 r R0 . (9.5)
4 0r c
c
66 1.
q1

3 q1 R0
grad[4 0R0 c(B12 E21 ) 2
[r21v1v2(cos 3 cos 1 cos 2)
0rc (9.6)
v2v1r cos 2 v1v2r cos 1 ], r R0 .

1 r21 -
v1 2 r21 v2 3
v1 v2
q1 -
-
-

q2
q2 -
4 R02
(9.2)
q2
E2 r R0
. (9.7)
4 0

q2
E2 2
r R0 . (9.8)
4 0r

(9.6)
-
(9.6) R0
R02
(9.6) R0 -
-
1.2. 67
-

q1
r
q1 -
-
q1 -

q1 -
-
(9.6)

d 3 q1 R0 2
4 0 R0 c(B12 B21 ) 2
r21 v1 v 2 (1 cos 4)
dt 0rc (9.9)
r21r a1 a2 cos 5 ( a1 a2 )r 2 , r R0 .

4 r21 (v1 v2), 5

r21 (a1 a2). -
q1
-
q1
-
q1 (9.9)

q1 r21 (v1 –
v2 cos 4 1.

(v1 v2)2
(1 cos 4
-

(2.6 )) -

(9.4).

r2 -
68 1.
-

(9.4) -
-
q1

-
q1
q1 R0 2
F21 r21 v 1 v 2 (1 cos 4) v1v2 cos 1 cos 2
0rc (9.10)
v 1rv2 cos 2 v 2rv1 cos 1 r21r a 1 a 2 cos 5 ( a 1 a 2 )r 2 .

q1 v1 0,
a1 0,
q1 R0
F21 2
r21 | v 2 |2 (1 cos 4) a2r 2 r21r a2 cos 5 . (9.11)
0rc

q1 R0 2
F21 2
r21 v1 (1 cos 4) r21r a2 cos 5 a1r 2 . (9.12)
0rc

(9.10)

X.

(4.1)–(4.3)

F12 F21
-

Fint F12 F21 0. (10.1)

1.2. 69
-

Fint dt const, (10.2)

A
Fint dx 0. (10.3)
B

(10.2) (10.3)
1.
2. .

r1 q1 r2 -
q2 -

Mint r1 F21 r2 F12 (r1 r2 ) F21 (r2 r1 ) F12

(10.4)
r21 F21 r12 F12 .

(10.4)
3. -

-
70 1.
-

., [2.16].

XVIII-XIX -
XX-

.
-
-

-
5. F21 (5.6).
2q1q2v cos
r21 F21 (r21 v ) r12 F12 .
2 0r 2c 2
1.2. 71

-
7. F21 (7.3).
q1 v1
r21 F21 r21 v 2 r21 (v 1 v 2 ) v1 v 2 r12 F12 . (10.6)
2 0rc 2

-
(10.6),
”.
-

XI.

1. -
.
-
.
) . -
-
.
. ,
,
. -
, . . ,
. -

, . ,

, , , .,
, , , ,
. -
.
) -
.
, ,
72 1.
. -
.
, -

,
.
, « »
, , , -
, , .
-
.
,

. -
.
2. -
-
. , ,
.
, -
, -
. , -
« » , ,
, -
.
3. .
) , -
. ,

.
) , « -
».
) ,
.
, .
1.3. 73

§3. -
1

I.

-
-

-
-

II.

-
1832

1 .
74 1.
(L) (M) (T)». -
LMT 1860-
), CGS,

1881 -

-
-
), -

-
-

-
-
-

-
-
), -

III. -

M -
r

M
G 2
r

3 2 -
1.3. 75
2

q r -

q
E 2
,
4 0r

-
§2

0
3

-
-

-
76 1.
-

[3.1]
[3.2]. -

49 [3.1]
0

2 0 8.85 10–12
8.85 10–12 3

2
2

-
-
-
-
-

-
-

Fe q2
2
4.17 1042. (3.1)
Fg 4 0m

[3.3]. q -
m 0

[3.4])
-
1.3. 77

q m , (3.2)

(2) (1),
2
4.17 1042. (3.3)
4 0

-
4
0 -

2 ).

(3.3).

1/ 3 2 0 3

2 2 2
8 0 1 . (3.4)

1/4 0 -
2
(3.4) (3.3)
78 1.
8.1 1020 . (3.5)

e 7.8 1020 (3.5)

me 9.11 1031 (3.6)

q 7.11 10–11 (3.7)

1.6 10–19

4.43 109 (3.8)

q r -

q
E 2
, (3.9)
4 0r

0 -

4 2
12
0 8.85 10 3
. (3.10)

-
(3.8)
2
8
0 1.74 10 3
. (3.11)

E /( ),

2
26
0 6.39 10 3
. (3.12)
1.3. 79
-

2
0 17
1.92 10 3
. (3.13)
0

1/
2
–10
1 2.25 10 . (3.14)

-
-
-

- 2 4.43 109

4.43 109

2/( 3 2/(c 2.25 10–10

/( 3 /(c 2.25 10–10

-
2 4/( 3 2 3 1.97 1019

4.43 109

2 2 /( 2 4.43 109
- 2 2 /( 2 4.43 109
80 1.
2 4/( 2 2 2 1.97 1019

2 /( 2 2) 4.43 109

2/( 2 3 2 /( 2) 5.08 10–20

2 3/( 2 1/ 2/( 2 ) 1.97 1019

-
- 3/( 2 3 3 /( 2) 5.08 10–20

-
- 2 3/( 2 2/( 3 ) 1.97 1019

-
2 3 2 3 0.99
-

2 3 2 3 0.99

-
-
-

- 2/( 2 2 2.25 10–10

-
/( 2 2 1/ 2.25 10–10

- /( 2 2 2/( 2 5.08 10–20

-
- 2 2 2 4.43 109

-
/( 2 4.43 109
1.3. 81

- /( 2 4.43 109

- 2/( 2 2 2 2/( 2) 5.08 10–20

- 2 4.43 109
-
-

- 2/( 2/( 2)
2 2 2 1.96 1019

2 /( 2 2 2 2/( 2) 5.08 10–20

- /( 2 2.17 10–10

IV.

§3,

18 1899
», -
-
«a «b». « -
B b/a
[3.5].
-

-
a b -
G c). -
« -
82 1.

».

-
1930- -
», -
{e; me 1} {c; me 1}. -

nu ("natural unit"), -
1.223 1013 nu; 2.58 1012 nu;
7.764 1020 nu.
-

2 2

3 2 (4.1)

6.673 10–11 3 2 (4.2)

5 4

6.673 10–11 5 4 (4.3)

-

nu. (4.3) -
-

nu, -

).

),
1.3. 83
-

-
-
», -

-
-
-
-
-

§4.

I.

F m a
F ma (1.1)
-
-

-
-
(1.1) -

F a
-
(1.1),
84 1.
d dm
F mV ma V (1.2)
dt dt
V dm dt

2), dm dt
q -
(1.2)
F ma qV (1.3)

-
”. -

-
-
1/ 0c 0 c -

[4.1] [4.2].
-

q 1/ 0c 0
-
V2 -
-
½.

qV 2
F ma qV e (1.4)
2c
e

-
1.4. 85
(1.4). -

dV F qV qV 2
(1.5)
dt m m 2mc

(1.5)

F 1
a , 1 b, p (1.5)
q 2c

dV q
a bV pV 2 (1.6)
dt m

[4.3], 4.1 ),
a bV0 pV02 0
t 0 ,V0 V

V
dV q t
dt (1.7)
V0 a bV pV 2 m t0

a bV0 pV02 0 (1.8)

V V0 (1.9)

(1.9). (1.8)
b b2 4ap
V0 ,
2p

V0 c 1 1 2F qc (1.10)
86 1.
1 2F qc 0 (1.11)

F -
(1.10) ».
(V0 F), (1.10), -
F V0
V0
-

(1.7)
F 0.

cV0
V (1.12)
V0 exp q Im t t 0 c V0

F V

-
-

II. 2F/qc 0.

(1.7). -
(1.11)

q
c exp t t0 V0 c(1 ) 1
m
V
q
V0 c(1 ) exp t t0 V0 c(1 )
m (2.1)
1 V0 c(1 )
q
V0 c(1 ) exp t t0 V0 c(1 )
m

1 U U 2F/qc
(2.1
V0 0, t0 0.
1.4. 87
q
2F exp t 1
m
V (2.2)
q
q 1 exp t 1
m

F -
F F -
U 2F/q
(2.2), -
U -
F t -

e0 1
,
2 1 2F qc

U
F
U

1 2F qc 0 (2.3)

2F
U c. (2.4)
q

(2.2) -
(2.3)
2F
U c. (2.5)
q

V c. (2.6)
-
).
(1.10).
88 1.

(2.2)
(1.10). -
-
-
-
-

q 7.3 10–10 q/m 8.1 1020 -

2F/qc 1/4, F 3/8qc 0.082

4 0.041 1010 e t
1
V t
1.5 108
7.3 3e 1

2F/qc 0.0137, F 0.108 -

V 2.06 108

2F/qc 10–6 V 0.10948

V 2.99 108

F 0.1095

1 2F qc

-
1.4. 89
III. 2F/qc 0. -

(1.10) -

V0
(1.7)

V
V
dV 2 2pV b
2
arctg (3.1)
V0 a bV pV
2 2
4ap b 4ap b V0

2F qc 1 V V0 q 2F qc 1
tg t t0 (3.2)
c 2 2F qc 1 V c V0 c 2m

q 2F qc 1
2Fc q cV0 tg t t0 cV0 2F qc 1
2m
V (3.3)
q 2F qc 1
c 2F qc 1 V0 c tg t t0
2m

V0 0 t 0 0

q 2F qc 1
2F tg t
2m
V (3.4)
q 2F qc 1
q 2F qc 1 tg t
2m

U 2F q

V0 c t 0 0
90 1.
q 2F qc 1
V c c 2F qc 1 tg t (3.5)
2m

u c
(3.3) V c

-
-

-
-

13
r0 3.8 10

cr0
Re (3.6)

V
2000 -

8 2
5.7 10 (3.7)

1.74 108 2 2 -
),

0 10.66 (3.8)
1.4. 91
-

). -
-

(1.12).

V0
V0 c V0 c (1.12)
V
c

.. -
-
-

IV.

).

).

-
-
-

-
-
92 1.

§5.

I.

§3).

16
rp 2.1 10 . (1.1)

rp 1836 -
1836

p
e
4.41 1017 . (1.2)
1836

vp rp p 92.6 . (1.3)

1 2 2 1
me e re e e me c 2 c 2
2 2 (1.4)
me c 2 8.2 10 14 2 2
.

c -
»,
».
1.5. 93
1 24 2 2
m v 7.29 10 . (1.5)
2 p p
-

m p c 2 1.53 10 10 2 2
. (1.6)

(1.5) -

1 2 2
m mp c 2 . (1.7)
2 p p p

p p

2 1
me e e e me e e . (1.8)
2
½
(1.7)

2 1
mp p p p mp p p . (1.9)
2

(13) (15)

p 6.1 1024 , p 6.93 10 17

. (1.10)

up p p 2 4.2 108 (1.11)

94 1.
1
c2 .
0 0

0 1.87 108 3
, (1.12)
26 2
0 5.9 10 (1.13)

II.

-
-

-
-

-
-

-
-

. -
1.5. 95
p :1836 4.41 1017 (2.1)

16
rp 2.1 10 (2.2)

p 6.1 1024 (2.3)

up p p 2 4.2 108 (2.4)

-
-

un nrn c. (2.5)
n

n rn n -
un -
n
(2.5)
up c

1 137 2.19 106 (2.6)

up c
c1
-

up c
-
96 1.
(2.6)
c1 1r1 (2.7)

1 r1 -
c1
c1 -

me cnrn 1, 2,…, 137. (2.8)

cn rn n -

(2.8) -

½
-

rn -
-
cn
cn -
c1 n
cn nrn c1n 1, 2, …, 137.

(18)

5.27
rn . (2.9)
e 1n 1011 n

13
r137 3.85 10 (2.10)
1.5. 97
1 1 r1 4.2 1016 (2.11)
n 4.2 1016 n² (2.12)
137 1372 1 7.8 1020 (2.13)

, “ ” -
c1 c
, , . -

(2.10). 137-

137 -

. . ,
.

-
-
-
-

-
-

137
98 1.
-

n
1 1
m cn2 n. (2.14)
2 2
-

n
n
m

1 n m
Wn Wm 2 2
, (2.15)
2 nm
1- 137-

1
W1 W137 1 137 1372
2 (2.16)
22 18 4
1.2 10 2.18 10 7.5 10 13,6 .

-
c1
-
-

-
1.5. 99
1. u1 up
-
c1
2.
mpunrn (2.17)

mp

u1 up 4.2 108 (2.18)

u1
192. (2.19)
c1

un rn n n 1, 2, …, 192. (2.20)

(27)
rn r1n n 1, 2,…, 192, (2.21)
n 1 n2 , n 1, 2,…,192.

r1 1 (27), (25) (29)

16
r1 mpu1 1.4 10 (2.22)

1 u1 r1 3 1024 (2.23)
14
r192 2.7 10 ,

192 0.814 1020 , u192 2.2 106 c1 .

192- -

2.7 10–14 5.27 10–11

-
100 1.

u192 c1 -

un

cn c1 u192
un
-

un -

-
un
cn

1/192. (2.24)
u192

1 2
W192 Wn 192 n (2.25)
2

1 2 19 14
( 192 1) 1.16 10 4.27 10
2 (2.26)
0.725 2.67 105 .

-
-
1.5. 101
1
W192 Wn 192 n . (2.27)
2

1 15 9
( 192 1) 4.28 10 1.57 10
2 (2.28)
2.67 9.83 109 .

III.

e 7.8 1020
re 3.8 10–13 137
me 9.1 10–31

e re/2 1.9 10–13

e 2 e 15.6 1020 re e e e c c
-

e e 10
e me e 7.1 10
e

-
102 1.
-
194
194 192 ,
, .
n2
n n u
/137.

h 16
r1 1.479 10 (3.1)
mp up

14
r194 194 r1 2.87 10 (3.2)

1 up / r1 2.87 1024 (3.3)

194 1 /1942 0.763 1020 (3.4)

194

u194 r194 194 2.19 106 c /137 (3.5)

11
1 5.27 10 (3.6)

1 4.16 1016 (3.7)

137 1

c1 1 1 c /137 2.19 106 (3.8)

1.5. 103
n n

n 1 / n, n 1, 2, 137 (3.9)

13
137 1 /137 3.85 10 (3.10)

n2

n 1 n2 (3.11)

137 7.8 1020 (3.12)

137

(3.5)
(3.8) -
-

0.762 1020 4.16 1016 1.479 10–16

5.27 10–11
-
-
-

Rn n c /137 2.19 106 (3.13)

Rn n n
(3.2) (3.6) (3.4)
(3.7).
n 1 / r194 194 / 1 1836 (3.14)
104 1.

mn Rn2 n n 1, 2, 1836 (3.15)

m1 mp m1836 me R1 r194 R1836 1 1 194 1836 1.

5.27 10–11
4.16 1016 -
-

-
n
n n -
½mV2 -
-
-

n 1 2 m V2 (3.16)

137
-
-
-

-
-
1.5. 105

-
-

-
-

194
97.
n2

97 4 194 (3.17)

1 4 1 (3.18)

1
-

-
106 1.
-
-

137

1 2 4
W1 W137 ( 1 137 )/137 7.5 10 13.6 (3.19)
2

(3.2)

4 2 3
W1 W137 ( 1 137 )/137 3 10 54.4 (3.20)
2

9 2 3
W1 W137 ( 1 137 )/137 6.75 10 122.4 (3.21)
2
-

h
K,L,M,…

K,L,M,…

-
1.5. 107

-
-
-

97

-
92,

-
24.5 -

-
–
-
§5)
», -
.

».

-
»,
-

-
-
108 1.
»,

-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-

-
-
-

IV.

M IS (4.1)
1.5. 109
S -
2 (4.1)
2 2

0
M e( u r ) (4.2)
2

0 e u
r

u r (4.3)
me

0e 29
M 1.15 10 (4.4)
2 me

(1.12),
39 3
M 2.5 10 (4.5)

(4.1)
(4.2) 0 (4.5) 0

e 14 2 2
M 4.25 10 (4.6)
2me

14 2 2
Me 1.0011 M 4.255 10 (4.7)

-
-
dm -

.
-
110 1.
e

-
-
-
-

. -

2
e

2 2
Me me e e (4.8)

(4.1),
2
me e
(4.8) (4.7)

e 1.57 1021 (4.9)

e -
Me -
(4.4) (4.6) -

(4.4) 0
-

26 2
1.0011 0 5.886 10 (4.10)

(4.9), -

m e e 3.0144 108 (4.11)

e e 2.9952 108 (4.12)

1.5. 111
m
1.0064 (4.13)

1
2
1.8697 108 3
(4.14)
m

2Me
7.8 1020 e (4.15)

p e :1836 4.248 1017 (4.16)

16
rp re :1836 2.1 10 (4.17)

17
p 6.93 10 (4.18)

p
rp

p 6.1 1024 (4.19)

112 1.
p -
2 -

17 2 2
Mp 6.473 10 (4.20)

-
-

2 2
Mp mp p p (4.21)

mp

p 2,87 1021 (4.22)

cp p p 1.989 105 (4.23)

(4.21) 2.7928 -

p 2.7928 0 (4.24)

(4.23) (4.24)

1
p 1.5393 1014 3
(4.25)
c2p p

(4.16).

(4.9) (4.10) -
-
1.5. 113
-

-
”). -

-
-
-

V.

-
-

mnc 2 1.5075 10 10 2 2
(5.1)

mn
114 1.
mpc 2 1.5057 10 10 2 2
(5.2)

-
n n

1 2 2
m mnc 2 (5.3)
2 n n n

n n

-
-

2 1
mn n n (5.4)
2
(5.3) (5.4)
17
n 7.39 10 (5.5)

(1.10).

n 5.7 1024 (5.6)

(1.10).

1.
-

2.
-

3.
-
1.5. 115

17 17
d (7.39 6.93) 10 0.46 10 (5.7)

1. -

2.

-
-
-

1.5
½ -
-
½
-

3/2
116 1.

-
½

-
-

2
mh n h 12 (5.8)

mh -
n (5.5), h
-

h 7.04 1027 (5.9)

2mh n2

2
me e e 12 (5.10)

me e -
½d (5.7), e

me e (5.10),

e 2
1.09 1031 (5.11)
2me e
1.5. 117
-

1. -

2 2
me e M Me (5.12)

me e M
-
Me

2 Me
M 2
28.15 1050 2 2
(5.13)
me e

M 5.3 1025 (5.14)

-
118 1.

Mh Mn Me M p (5.15)

Mh Me Mp Mn -
-

17 2 2
Mn 4.435 10 (5.16)

(4.7) (4.20)
14 2 2
h 4.244 10 (5.17)

2. -
-

-
-

Med me 2 2
e e (5.18)

Med e

-
(1.17).

Med 0.372 10 22 2 2
(5.19)

(5.15), Med Me

22 2 2
Mh 2.038 10 (5.20)

-
-
1.6. 119

§6. -

I.

§3
-

R 3.86 10–13 -

R/2 1.93 10–13 -

8.1 1020 –1 -
0 m0 2/ m0
-
2 0

R c. (1.1)

m 9.1 10–31 m0 -

R
-
-

1 1
S R ( ) ( ) R2 (1.2)
2 2
1 34 2
S 10 (1.2
2
120 1.
[7.1].
(1.2)

-
-

e m (1.3)

-
§3),

, , , ,
,
, .
-

1 1 2
K1 mR2 2
mc
2 2

1 2 2 1 2
K2 m mc
2 2
1.6. 121

K K1 K2 mc 2

mc 2 (1.4)

|R -
-

R (R1 , R2 , R3 ) (1.5)

-
-
v -

2 2 2 2
p , , p p||R (1.6)
R1 R2 R3 R

-
-

1.
-
p

p v (1.7)

-
-
(1.7).
-
122 1.
2.

v const. (1.8)

(1.3) R
p

-
-
-

II.

-
(2.2)–(2.5) §2

div E i exp i(p r ) (2.1)

dB
rot E (2.2)
dt
i
div B exp i( p r ) (2.3)
c
dE
c 2 rot B (2.4)
dt
1.6. 123
i

(mc2/ ), r
p
-

p v v p
E exp i(p r t) exp i(p r ) (2.5)
p2c c p2
p v v p
B exp i(p r t) exp i(p r ) (2.6)
c p2c c p2

(2.1)–(2.4).
(2.5) (2.6).

(2.5) (2.6)
(2.1)–(2.4).

p v v p p
div E i exp i(p r t) p i exp i(p r )
p2c p2 (2.7)
i exp i(p r ) .

p -
(2.3).
(2.2). (1.1)

p v v p p
rot E i exp i(p r t) p i exp i(p r ) .
p2c p2

p v v p v v
p
p2c c
124 1.

p v v
rot E i exp i(p r t) . (2.8)
c

dB p v v
( v grad) exp i(p r t)
dt c p2c
(2.9)
2
p i p v v
exp i(p r ) exp i(p r t) .
c p2 c p2c

-
B

grad exp i(p r t) ip exp i(p r t) .

p v t
E(x1 x2 x3 t const
B(x1 x2 x3 t const. p r const t

-
-
(2.9)

B /c
-
(2.8), /p2c2 1/
(2.5)
(2.6),
-
(v 0). -
(2.5) (2.6),
-
-
-
-
).
(2.5) (2.6) -
1.6. 125
, (2.5)–(2.6) -
(2.1) –(2.2). (2.3)–(2.4)
.

III.

-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1.

2. -
). -
-

),

(1.2)

S R ( ) R2

”. -

-
-
126 1.

div E 0 (3.1)
dB
rot E (3.2)
dt
div B 0 (3.3)
dE
c 2 rot B (3.4)
dt

p c c
E exp i(p r t) (3.5)
p2c
p c c
B exp i(p r t) (3.6)
c p2c
c
(3.5)–(3.6) -
(2.5) (2.6),

-
-
-

-
-

, -
, -
.

m
(3.7)
p2
1.6. 127
m -
p -

-
(3.7). -
-

(3.7)

(3.1)–(3.4) -

-
-

(3.7)
(3.7)

m 2
mc 2 (3.8)
P2

(3.5) (3.6).
(3.8),
(3.7).
E* E
2
p c c
EE* 2
2c 2 (3.9)
p 2c

1
K mEE* mc 2 (3.10)
2
128 1.

B E
E
(3.5) (3.6)
-
(3.5) (3.6)

p c c p c c (p c )2 c2 1 1
0
p2c p2c p 4c 2 2
p2 p2

E B B -

-
(3.10).

2
p c c
c 2BB* 2
2c 2
p2c

-
(3.10).

(2.5),
2 2
* 2 p v v
EE 2v 2 c 2 (3.11)
p 2c p 2

1 1 2
K mEE* mv 2 mc (3.12)
2 2
(2.5) (2.6) -

p -

p
B exp i(p r )
c p2
1.6. 129
1 2
c 2B B * mc
2

1 1 2
K mB B * mc (3.13)
2 2
(3.12) (3.13)
K mv2 mc 2 (3.14)

(3.14)

-
-
-
-
-
(3.10)

”.
”:

p v
-

/2
130 1.
-
-

(3.5) (3.6) -
-
-
(3.5) (3.6) -

-
([6.2], .44)
(3.5) (3.6)

div E 0 , (3.15)
B
rot E (3.16)
t ,
div B 0 (3.17)
E
c 2 rot B (3.18)
t

E E0 exp i( k r t) (3.19)
B B0 exp i( k r t) (3.20)
k
p p

(3.5) (3.6)
(3.1)–(3.4) -
(3.15)–(3.18) -

(3.15)–(3.18) (3.19)
(3.20)

-
(3.19) (3.20) -
(3.1)–(3.4) -
-
1.6. 131
IV.

§2,

p1 c1 c1
E1 1 exp i(( p1 r ) 1t ) (4.1)
p12c 1

1 p1 c1 c1
B1 exp i((p1 r ) 1t ) (4.2)
c p12c 1

1. c1 -
1, |c1 c c

p2 c2 c2
E2* 2 exp i(( p2 r ) 2t ) , (4.3)
p22c 2

p2 c2 c2
B2* 2
exp i((p2 r ) 2t ) . (4.4)
c p22c 2

E2* B2* -
2.
-
(2.1) §2,

K 21 cE1 B2* 1 2 exp i(( p1 p2 ) r) ( 1 2 ))t

(p1 c1 ) (p2 c2 ) c1 (p2 c2 ) c2(p1 c1 ) c1 c2 (4.5)

2 2 2 2 2
.
p1 p2 c 1 p1 c 2 p2 c 1 2

(4.5)

m1 m2
L12 K 21 (4.6)
0
132 1.
-
-
-
m1 m2 0 -

(4.5)
(p1 p2) r (p1 r1 p2 r2),
(r1 r2 -

r (r1 r2 )/2 (4.7)

im1m2 1 2
grad L21 p exp i( p r t)
0
(4.8)
(p1 c1 ) (p2 c2 ) c1 (p2 c2 ) c2 (p1 c1 ) c1 c2
.
p12p22c 2 p2
1 1 c p2
2 2 c 1 2

p (p1 p2), ( 1 2).

(4.8)
-
-

(4.8)

(4.6) (4.8) -

c1 c2
| 1 | 2|. | 1|.
1 -
– 1

-
1.6. 133
1

p1 p2 -

p1 p2 -

p (4.8)
(4.6)
K21 ( 1 2
-

m2c 2
L21 (4.9)
0

m1 m2 m | 1 | 2|.

p1 –p2 -

p 2p1 -

m2c 2
L21 exp i(2p1 r ) , (4.10)
0

1 2im2c 2
F21 exp i(2p1 r ) p1 . (4.11)
0

(4.6) (4.8). -
-
-

-
mv
½mv2
d m v
(mv ) m( v grad)v v( v grad m) v m (4.12)
dt t t
1 1 2
grad( mv 2 ) m( v grad)v v grad m. (4.13)
2 2
134 1.

(4.12) (4.13) -
m const, v t

(4.12) -
), (4.13)

(2.1) §2 -
-

cm1m2
P21 B1 B2* . (4.14)
0

(4.2) (4.4),
m1m2 1 2
P21 exp i( p r t)
0c
(4.15)
(p1 c1 ) (p2 c2 ) c2 (p1 c1 ) c1 (p2 c2 ) c1 c2
,
p12 p22c 2 p12 2c p22 1c 1 2
d P21
P ( v grad)P21 . (4.16)
dt 21 t
v v1 v2
(4.15) P21
d 2 im1m2 1 2
P21 F21 ( v p ) exp i( p r t)
dt 0c
(4.17)
(p1 c1 ) (p2 c2 ) c2 (p1 c1 ) c1 (p2 c2 ) c1 c2
.
p12 p22c 2 p12 2c p22 1c 1 2

(4.17) -

v p ( v1 v 2 ) (p1 p2 ) v1p1 p1v 2 p2v 1 v 2p2 . (4.18)

1.6. 135
v p (p1 v 2 p2v1 ) (4.19)
(p1 c1 ) (p2 c2 ) p2(c2 (p1 c1 )) c2(p2 ( p1 c1 )) (4.20)

1. c1 c2
(4.15) (4.17)
(4.15), (4.17)
2. p v 0.
p1 p2
v1 v2 (4.18)
(4.17)
(4.17)
(4.15), (4.17) -
-

1 2
F21 F21 F21 (4.21)

(4.8) (4.17).

). (4.21) -

1 2
( F21 p F21 -
(4.17)). -

V.

p -
136 1.
p1 v1 v1 p1
E1 1 exp i(p1 r 1t ) 1 exp i(p1 r ) (5.1)
p2c 1 p2
1 p1 v1 v1 1 p1
B1 exp i(p1 r 1t ) 2
exp i( p1 r ) 2
(5.2)
c pc 1 c p

p2 v 2 v2 p2
E2* 2 exp i( p2 r 2t ) 2 2 exp i(p2 r ) 2
(5.3)
pc 2 p
p2 v 2 v2 p2
B2* 2
exp i(p2 r 2t )
2
exp i(p2 r ) (5.4)
c p2c 2 c p2

p12 p22 p2 ).
p12 p22 p2 1 2 m1 m2 m

m1m2 1 2
L21 exp i((p1 p2 ) r ( 1 2 )t )
0

(p1 v1 ) (p2 v 2 ) v 1 (p2 v 2 ) v 2 (p1 v 1 ) v 1 v 2

p4c 2 1p
2
c 2
2 p1 c 1 2

p1 (p2 v2 ) p1 v 2
exp i((p1 p2 ) r 2t ) (5.5)
p4c p2c
p2 (p1 v 1 ) p2 v 1
exp i(p1 p2 ) r 1t )
p4 c p2c
p1 p2
exp i((p1 p2 ) r ) .
p4

(5.5)

v1 v2 0 p1 p2 1 2 (5.6)

(5.6) (5.5),
-
1.6. 137
m1 1m2 2
L21 2
. (5.7)
0p

m1 1 q1 m2 2 q2 -
1 2 1/p2 R2 R
-
½R
(5.6)
(5.7) -

2 2
3 1
S R R 2 R2 (5.8)
2 2

V S R 2 R3 (5.9)

(5.7)

r R

V 2 R2 r (5.10)

-
-
-
-

(5.7) (5.10) 2.

q1q2
E21 (5.11)
4 0r
138 1.

q1q2
f21 r21 , (5.12)
4 0r 3

r21 1.
-

§5). -

(5.6),

v1 v2 v 1 2 (5.13)

2/p2 c2
q1q2 v2
E21 1 2 (5.14)
4 0r c
q1q2 v2
f21 3
1 2 r21 (5.15)
4 0r c
[§5], cos 0,
”. -

-
-

v1 v2 v2 cos (5.16)
cos 1, cos –1.

v1 v 2 p1 p2 1 2 (5.17)

-
1.6. 139
-
-

(5.5)
im1m2 1 2
grad L21 p exp i( p r t)
0

(p1 v1 ) (p2 v2 ) v1 (p2 v 2 ) v 2 (p1 v 1 ) v 1 v 2

p4 c 2 2
1 p1 c
2
2 p1 c 1 2

(p1 v1 ) p2 p2 v 1
exp i( p r 1t ) (5.18)
p4c p2c
p1 (p2 v 2 ) p1 v 2
exp i( p r 2t )
p4c p2c
p1 p2
exp i( p r ) .
p4

B1 B2* 1 2
2
exp i( p r t)
c
(p1 v1 ) (p2 v2 ) v 2 (p1 v 1 ) v 1 (p2 v 2 ) v 1 v 2
p4 c 2 p12c 2 p2c 1 1 2

(p1 v1 ) p2 p2 v 1
exp i( p r 1t ) 4 2
(5.19)
p c p 1

p1 (p2 v 2 ) p1 v 2
exp i( p r 2t )
p4c p2 2

p1 p2
exp i( p r ) .
p4

v v1 v2
140 1.
d m1m2c im1m2 1
B1 B2* 2
( v p)
dt 0 0c

(p1 v1 ) (p2 v2 ) v 2 (p1 v 1 )

exp i p r t
p4c 2 p12c 2
v1 (p2 v 2 ) v1 v2
exp i( p r 1t )
p2c 1 1 2

(p1 v1 ) p2 p2 v1
exp i( p r 2t )
p4c p2 1
p1 (p2 v 2 ) p1 v2 p1 p2
exp i( p r )
p4c p2 2 p4
im1m2 1 2 (p1 v1 ) (p2 v 2 )
exp i p r t
0c p4c 2
v 2 (p1 v1 ) v 1 (p2 v 2 ) v 1 v 2
p12c 2 p2c 1 1 2
(5.20)
im1m2 1 2 (p1 v1 ) p2 p2 v1
exp i( p r 1t )
0c p4 c p2 1

im1m2 1 2 p1 (p2 v2 ) p1 v2
exp i( p r 2t ) .
0c p4 c p2 2
-
(5.19). -

( v 0) ( p 0).

-
( 1 2),
( 1 2 1 2 -
-
-
-
-
p
1.6. 141
(5.19).

B1 (4.2),
B2*
(5.4)

(p1 c1 ) (p2 v 2 )
c B1 B2* 1 2
exp i p r t
c p12 p22c 2
v 2 (p1 c1 ) c1 (p2 v 2 ) c1 v 2
(5.21)
p12c 2 p22c 1 1 2

(p1 c1 ) p2 p2 c1
exp i( p r 1t )
p12 p22c p22 1

c B1 B2* 1 2
exp i p r t
c
p2 (v 2 (p1 c1 )) v 2 (p2 (p1 c1 )) p1 (c1 v 2 ) c1 (p1 v 2 )
p12p22c 2 p12c 2
(5.22)
p2 (c1 v 2 ) v 2 (p2 v1 ) c1 v2
p22c 1 1 2

p1 (p2 c1 ) c1 (p1 p2 ) p2 c1
exp i( p r 1t )
p12 p22c 2 p22 1

(5.21) (5.22),
(m1 m2)/ 0 m1 m2
0 -
-

p1 c1 p2 v2 (5.23)

p1 || p2 v 2 c1 (5.24)

(5.23)
142 1.
p1 v 2 p2 c1 (5.25)

(5.23)-(5.25) (5.22) -

v 2 p1 cos v2 v2 c1 v 2
p2 p1 p2 . (5.26)
1
p12 p22c p12 2 p22 1 1 2

v2 (p1 c1). -
-

v2 (p1 c1 -
-
p1 1

1 p1
v1 v1 c (5.27)
p12

p1
v1 -
c1

1 2/c -

v2 2 v2 c1 v 2
p2 (1 cos ) v1 (5.28)
1
p22c c c

R p2 p22 1

-
(5.28) -
-
-

(5.22)

2
2
c1 (c1 p2 ) 2
(5.29)
p2 c
1.6. 143

-
-

cm1m2 m1m2
P21 B1 B2* exp i p r t
0 0

v2 2 v2 c1 v 2
p2 (1 cos ) v1 (5.30)
p22c c c

2
exp i p r 1t c1 (c1 p2 ) 2
.
p2 c

-
(5.30)
(m1m2|v2| 2)/( 0c).

P21 exp i p r t
p2 v1 c1 v 2
(1 cos ) (5.31)
p22c 2 v2 2

1
exp i p r 1t c1 (c1 p2 ) .
p22 v 2

c1
(5.24), -
(5.22), -
c1 v2 c1 p2 -

VI.

-
-
144 1.

-
-

: ,
, ,
.

-
-
-
”,
”: -

-
-

), -

-
-

-
1.6. 145
-
-
-
-

-
-

(mc2 ½mc2):

-
mv2 ½mv2
mc2

-
), -
-

-
-
146 1.

2.1. . .: 1983. 68–69.

2.2. Spencer D.E., Shama U.Y. “Gauss and electrodynamics force, The math-
ematical Heritage of C. F. Gauss”, World Scientific, Conference Singa-
pore, 1991 P. 693–694 (1991).
2.3. 1–2. .:
1989.
2.4. .: 1983.
2.5. 1 .: 1976.
307–308.
2.6. ., ., -
6 .: 1977.
2.7. ., . -
”, 1998 -
” 1998.
2.8. . ”,
1998 -
” 1998.
2.9. III
”. 1, 1, 1995.
2.10. Marinov S. Divine Electromagnetism Eeast-West, Graz, 1993. P. 82.
2.11. Grassman H. “Eine Theorie der Elektrodynamik”. Annalen der Physik
und Chemic 64 P. 1–18 (1845).
2.12. Ampere A.A. Memoires de 1'Academi de Paris 6 175 (1823).
2.13. Whittaker E.T. “A History of the Theories of Aether Electricity”,
Longman, Green and Co P. 91 (1910).
2.14. 2 1994. 35.
 147
2.15.
”,
1997, (1997).
2.16. Phips T.E., Jr. “Old Physics for New”, Apeiron, Montreal (2006).
2.17. Voigt W. “Ueber das Doppler'sche Princip”, Gött. Nachr 2 P. 41-51
(1887).
2.18. Eichenwald A.A. Ann. Phys Leipzig, 11, 1, (1903).
2.19. .: 1956. 9–109.
2.20. -
.: 1904. 144
2.21.
). ., .: 1938. 268
2.22. .: 1977,
715.
2.23. . 1963.
3.1. . .:
1990.
3.2. . 2003.
3.3 ., ., -
1 .: 1877. 138.
3.4. 2002.
3.5. Planck Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1899. P. 440.
Planck M. Ann. Phys., (1900).
M. .: 1975. 232–233.
4.1. ”. -
1999 -
”, 1 1999.
4.2.

1994.
4.3.
1965.
6.1.
1993
6.2. 2 1994
2.1. 149
2.

§1.

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

-
§4.
-

-
-

-
-
150 2.
-
-
-

-
1):

1, §2, .3). -
-

», -
-
–11» –
12»,
-
-

§2.

, -
.

, . . -
.
-
, , -
, -
, , , .
, ,
2.2. 151
, ,
. , -
, , , . . ,

, -
,
, -
. -
, . .
, .
-

.
–
.
2–3 , -
. -
.
,
[2.1], -
.

, . -
. -
, , :
. .
.
-
.
, -
. ,
, -
« ». , , ,
. « -
» .
, -
-
, « ».
,
152 2.
-
« »( . §4). , -
.
, ,
,

.« , -
».
. , .

»,
[2.1], -

-
-
-
-

-
-

I.

t (x1 x2 x3 -
v (v1 v2 v3 v (v 1 v 2 v 3 a -
div, grad,
rot
A
-

1 4A 4 j
div grad A 2 4 , (1.1)
a t a2
1 4
divgrad 4 . (1.2)
a2 t 4

a const -
j -
2.2. 153
-

1 2
div A . (1.3)
a2 t 2

2
A
E grad , (1.3
t2

B rot A.

-
(1.1) (1.2)

div E 4 ; (1.4)
2
B
rot E ; (1.5)
t2
div B 0; (1.6)
2
2 E
a rot B 4 j 2
. (1.7)
t
2

), B J -
2 j 2 2

(1.4)–(1.7) -

(1.4)–(1.7)

div E 4
. (1.8)
rot E 0
154 2.
(1.8)

Eds 4 M,
S

S r M
(1.8)

M
E .
r2
m E -

mM
F ,
r2

1.1. -

F mE J B. (1.9)

m E
B m J -
(1.9).

div B 0
(1.10)
a2 rot B 4 j

-
-

e -
2.2. 155
e
div je 0, (1.11)
t
je
je ev (1.11)

d e
0, (1.12)
dt

j
(1.11).
(1.4)–(1.7) -

2
div j 0. (1.13)
t

d2
0. (1.14)
dt 2

j (1.13)–(1.14). -
(1.14) -

d2 3 3
tt 2 tx i vi x i vit
dt 2 i 1 i 1
3 3 3 3
( x i vix k vk ) ( x i x k vi vk )
i 1k 1 i 1k 1

(1.13) -
L
3
j 2 tv vt vi v xi (grad v )v. (1.15)
i 1
156 2.
(1.15) -

3
J 2mt v mvt m vi v x i (grad m v )v , (1.15
i 1

II.

(1.15)
(1.15 J1 (1.15 -

J2 J3 -

1 (X1X2

v R, (2.1)

v R, (2.2)

R
J2 (1.15

J2 mv m . (2.3)

(1.15 ),

J1 J2 mt v (mv ). (2.4)
t
-

J3 -
2.2. 157
2
v x1 (0, ), v1 v x1 (0, x2 ),
2
v x2 ( , 0), v2 v x2 ( x1 , 0), (2.5)
2
v1 v x1 v2 v x2 ( x1 , x2 ).

2
J3 m R. (2.6)
2 (1.15) -

(X1X2 -

0 ( x1 x2 ), 0 const.

grad (1, 1),

(2.7)
grad v (v1 v2 ),
j4 (v1 v2 )v ( x2 x1 )v. (2.8)

(2.8) x2 x1 -
x2 >(<) x1
x2 –x1
-
-
x2 x1 x1x2
), -
x2 –x1 x2 x1 x1x2
).
x3

0 ( x1 x2 x3 ), 0 const,

grad (1, 1, 1),

j4 (v1 v2 v3 )v ,
v3 0.
158 2.
-
-
X3 x2 x1 -
x3 x2 –x1
x3 -
x3 -

-
-

-
-

3
X3 (X1X2
-

-
(X1X2 -

x1 R cos sin , x2 R sin sin , x3 R cos

45

v R, (2.9)

v1 2R cos 3R cos sin ,

v2 3R sin sin 1 R cos ,
v3 1R sin sin 2R cos sin , (2.10)
v1 v2 v3 R[ 1 (sin sin cos ) 2 (cos cos sin )
3 sin (cos sin )].

[0, /2]

[ /2,
2.2. 159
-
-
(x1 x2 x3
grad C 4 (1, 1, 1). (2.11)

F (grad v )v.

(2.10), 1 2 0, 3 const,
2
grad v C4R 3 sin (cos sin ).

C1 C4R 3.

F1 C1 sin2 (sin cos ). (2.12)

(2.11) [ /4, 5 /4]

[ /4, –3 /4] -

-
-

F2 C2 C3 sin6 , C2 , C3 const.

C2
160 2.
F F1 F2 C1 sin2 (sin cos ) C2 C3 sin6 .

-
C1 C2 C3 -

C1 C3 2C2 1.

F sin2 (sin cos ) 0.5 sin6 .

( [ /2, ])
/2, sin cos 1.

F( 90 ) 1 0.5 0.5.

F( 94 ) 1 0.5 0.5 0.

4° -
15°

F( 105 ) 0.8 0.5 1 0.7,

30°

F( 120 ) 0.5 0.5 0.

4° 30°

45.0°

F( 135 ) 0.2 0.5 1 0.7.

-
60°

F( 150 ) 0,
2.2. 161

– /2

F( 90 ) 1 0.5 1.5.

F( 105 ) 0.8 0.5 1 2.3,

F( 120 ) 0.5 0.5 1,
F( 130 ) 0,
F( 145 ) 0.2 0.5 1 0.3.

-
-

-
-
-

-
-

F( 90 ) 0.5.

75 (15 .)
162 2.
F( 75 ) 0.5 1 1.5,

60 (30 .)

F( 60 ) 0.5 0.5 0.

45 (45 .)

F( 45 ) 0.5 1 0.5.

-
-
-

III.

(1.7), -

1 m l -
v const.
(1.10). -

J mv . (3.1)

-
r

mv
B . (3.2)
2 rla2
2.2. 163
r

(1.9)

m2v 2
F . (3.3)
2 rla2

2 I -
S

IS . (3.4)

-
(3.4), -

2
v b cos t , (3.5)

b -

b2m2 4 cos t
F ,
2 a2rl

(3.5) (3.3),

3.1.

A r. (3.6)
a2r 3

(3.6), B
164 2.
3x1 x2
B x1 ;
a2 r5
3x2 x3
B x2 ; (3.7)
a2 r5
1 3x32
B x3 .
a2 r3 r5
-

(X1X2),

IV.

: -

-
-
(3.7). -
2.
-
, -

).
-
-
(1.15 -

F(2) J2 B m B. (4.1)
B -
(3.7). (2.2). (4.1) -
2.2. 165
-

F1(2) m 2 B3 3B2 ;
F2(2) m 3 B1 1 B3 ; (4.2)
F3(2) m 2 B1 1 B2 .

-
( 3 0, B1 B2 0) -

m
F1(2) m 2B3 2 3 3 x1 3 x1 ;
ar
m
F2(2) m 1 B3 2 3 3 x2 3 x2 ;
ar
F3(2) 0.

x1 xi -
B

F(3) J3 B. (4.2)

m 2
F1(3) 2 3
x2 ;
ar
m 2
F2(2) 2 3
x1 ; (4.3)
ar
F3(2) 0.

-
-

-
0. -
166 2.
-
-
(4.3)
».

-
-
-
-

-
(4.2),
-
0,
-
-
-

/Ma3 -

M m R -
R v -

mv2
K ,
2
M
v2 .
2R
2.2. 167

mM
K .
2R

mM 1 1 mM R
K . (4.4)
2 R R R 2R 2
(4.3)
m 22 N
W , (4.5)
a2R
N
R 0.4
(4.4) (4.5),
R 5 2
2 2
3.5 10 . (4.6)
Ma 2 R N

V.

(1.9)
F J B, (5.1)
J B

1 3x32 3x 2 x 3
F1 J2 2
J3 ;
a r3 r 5 2
a r5
3x1 x3 1 3x32
F2 J3 J1 ; (5.1
a2 r5 a2 r3 r5
3x2 x3 3x1 x3
F0 J1 J2 .
a2 r5 a2 r5
168 2.
(X1X2 (x3 0) -

F1 J2 ;
a2r 3
F2 J1 ; (5.2)
a2r 3
F3 0.

J -

x2
J1 J ;
r (5.3)
x
J2 J 1.
r
(5.2),

F1 J x1 ;
a2r 4
F2 J x2 ; (5.4)
a2r 4
F3 0.

F J 2 3
.
ar

[2.2], 144).
2 J
2 2
. (5.6)
mMa R0 1 e

M ,m , R0 e
2.2. 169

J MC1 ,
mC2 .

C1 2 C2 2 2
C1 C2 -

-
J (5.6),

2 C1C2
. (5.6
a2R0 1 e2

C1C2 R0 1 e2
. (5.6
a2 2
-
-

C1C2
0.48 103 . (5.6
a2
-

(4.6)

C2 5 2
3.5 10 . (5.6
a2
(5.6

C1 1.4 107 2
.

(5.6) (5.6 -
-

(X1X2 ).
170 2.
(X1X3
x3
J1 J ;
r
x
J2 J 1.
r

J . (5.7)
a2

F1 0,
x3 x12 x32
F2 3 3 1 ,
r4 r2 r2
F3 0,

F2

x1 r cos , x3 r sin ,
sin
F2 3cos2 1 .
r3

2
F2( 0) 0, F2 ( 4) ,
2r 3
2
F2( 2) 0, F2 ( 3 4) ,
2r 3
2
F2( ) 0, F2 ( 5 4) ,
2r 3
2
F2( 3 2) 0, F2 ( 7 4) .
2r 3
-
-
).
-
2.2. 171
-

(X1X2 -
(X1X3)). (X1X2 X1

x1
J1 J ;
r
x
J2 J 2; (5.8)
r
x
J3 J 3.
r
(5.1 (X1X2) (X3 0, J3 0)
x2
F1 J2 ;
a2r 3 r4
x1
F2 J1 ; (5.9)
a2r 3 r4
F3 0,

(X1X3) (X2 0, J2 0)
F1 0;
x1
F2 ; (5.10)
r4
F3 0.

r0 R0 -
F1 -
(X2 r0
R0 R0 R0
r0dx1 (r02 x12 )dx1 R0
x1dx1
A F1dx1
0 0 r4 r0 0 ( x12 r02 )2 2 2 2
0 ( x1 r0 )
(5.11)
arctg(R0 r0 ) R0
.
2r0 r0 R02 r02 R0
4r02
172 2.
0, e. J -
-
), (5.11) -

(5.10)
F2 F3
(5.9) (5.10)
X3 -

X2
m
X2
t0
s(t 0 ) F2d dt ,
m00

t0
x1
t ,
c
c

R0 x1
x1dx1dx1 arctg(R0 r0 )
s(R0 ) .
mc 2 0
2 2 2
0 ( x1 r0 ) 2mc 2r0 R0
4mc 2r0

(5.6a), -

MC1C2 3
s 8 10 .
4c 2r0a2

M
v 1012 –1

2
J vM C1C2 33
A 1 10 .
4r02 4c 2r02 a2 2
2.2. 173

v 10
10 .
v

v
2 10 6.
v
(5.6)
(5.6 ). (5.5) -

d 2r r
L 0,
dt 2 r3

J
L 1 M m
Mma2r
J
Mma2

2
M
r ,
M cos

p , e .
M M

p
r .
1 e cos 1 e cos

r(1 e cos )
1 .
p p

2
174 2.
2
rd
0 2
2 .
p p

-
R0(1 e2).
(5.6)
2 J
2 2
.
a mMR0 (1 e )

-
-

2 p2
T .

2 (p )2
T .

2
T T T (2p ).

VI.

(1.1) (1.2)

1 4
div grad 0. (6.1)
a2 t 4
-

I.
E B -
(6.1).
E B A
2.2. 175
(1.1),

1 4B
div grad B 2 4 0. (6.2)
a t
E -
(1.5)
2
rot(rot E) (rot B).
t2

rot(rot E) grad(div E) div(grad E).

div E 0.
(1.7) t
2
E 1 4E
(rot B) ,
t2 a2 t 4

1 4E
div grad E 2 4 .
a t

,S -
n

2
Edl B nds . (6.3)
t2 S

(1.5) -
(6.3)
-
t

-
S
176 2.
VII.

(1.1)
1 4u
div grad u 2 4 0; (7.1)
a t
u
u t 0 u0 ( x ), u1 ( x ),
tt 0
2 3
(7.2)
u u
2
u2 ( x ), u3( x );
t t3 t 0
u
u 0, t 0, (7.3)
nS

x G G R3 -
S C(s), C(s),
(x 0, (x 0, (x (x 0, x S
-

T (t ) X ( x ), (7.4)

(7.3).
-
(7.2) (7.4) (7.1),
T (t ) MX ( x )
, (7.5)
a2T (t ) X( x )

M
MX ( x ) div grad X ( x ).

(7.5)
MX x, (7.6)
T (t ) a2T , const. (7.7)

X(x (7.6)
(7.3), X
Xj j M
{ j M
2.2. 177
L2 j 0,
Xj -
f C2(G C1( ),
Mf L2(G), f/S
Xj
k2 0, k
(7.7)

T j (t ) b j cos k j at C j sin k j at d j ch k j at l j sh k j at
(7.8)
bj C j d j l j const.

(7.4) (7.8) -
(7.1):

T j (t )X j ( x ) ( b j cos k j at C j sin k j at d j ch k j at
(7.9)
l j sh k j at )X j ,

(7.3) -
bj Cj dj lj

T j (t ) X j ( x ) (b j cos k j at C j sin k j at d j ch k j at
j 1 j 1 (7.10)
l j sh k j at )X j .

bj Cj dj lj -
(7.2):
bj d j C j lj
Xj u0 ( x ), k ja Xj u1 ( x ).
j 1 2 j 1 2
bj d j C j lj
k ja Xj u2 ( x ), (k j a)3 2 Xj u3( x ).
j 1 2 j 1 2

{Xj L2(G
bj d j C j lj 1
u0 X j dx u1 X j dx
2 G 2 G k ja
(7.11)
bj d j 1 Cj lj 1
u2 X j dx u3 X j dx .
2 k ja G 2 ( k j a)3 2 G
178 2.
1 1 1 1
bj u0 u2 X j dx cj u1 u3 X j dx ,
2G k ja 2 k ja G k ja
(7.12)
1 1 1 1
dj u u X dx lj u1 u X dx .
2G 0 k ja 2 j 2 k ja G k ja 3 j

1 4u
Mu F ( x , t ). (7.13)
a2 t 4

t ( t (7.13), (7.2),
(7.3) {Xj M

u( x , t ) T j (t )X j ( x ), T j (t ) uX j dx . (7.14)
j 1 G

T j (0) b j d j u0 ( x )X j dx ,
G
1
T j (0) C j l j u1 X j dx ,
k ja G
1 (7.15)
T j (0) b j d j u2 X j dx ,
k ja G
1
T j (0) C j l j u3 X j dx .
(k j a)3 2 G

1 1 1 1
bj u0 u2 X j dx Cj 12
u1 u3 X j dx
2G k ja 2(k j a) G k ja
(7.15
1 1 1 1
dj u0 u2 X j dx lj u1 u3 X j dx .
2G k ja 2( k j a)1 2 G k ja

(7.2), (7.14) (7.11) Tj(t -

(7.15 ). -
Tj(t). (7.13)
Xj
2.2. 179
1 4u 1 d4
X j dx uX j dx MuX j dx FX j dx
a2 G t 4 a2 dt 4 G G G

uMX j dx FX j dx k 2 uX j dx FX j dx ,
G G G G

(7.14) Tj

T j k 2a2T j a2h j (t ), (7.16)

hj (t ) F ( x , t )X j ( x )dx . (7.17)
G

(7.16) -
(7.15

a2 t
T j (t ) sh k j a(t ) sin k j a(t ) F ( x , )d
G 2(k j a)3 2 0

u1
u0 cos k j at ch k j at sin k j at sh k j at
k ja

u2 u3
cos k j at ch k j at sin k j at sh k j at dx (7.18)
k ja ( k j a)3 2
a2 t

32
sh k j a(t ) sin k j a(t ) hj d b j cos k j at
2(k j a ) 0
C j sin k j at d j ch k j at l j sh k j at .

(7.18) (7.14) -
(7.13), (7.2), (7.3).

a2 t
u( x , t ) T j (t )X j ( x ) sh k j a (t )
j 1 j 1 2(k j a )3 2 0

sin k j a(t ) hj d b j cos k j at C j sin k j at (7.19)

d j ch k j at l j sh k j at X j ( x ).
180 2.
(7.19) -
F 0, u0 u1 u2 u3 0,
bj Cj dj lj 0.

VIII.

r0
(X1X2
m,

2
J mr0

2
j r0 .

4
1 A1 4 2
div grad A1 r0 cos t , (8.1)
a2 t4 a2
4
1 A2 4 2
div grad A2 r0 sin t , (8.2)
a2 t4 a2
4
1 A3
div grad A3 0. (8.3)
a2 t4

t -
r x12 x22 x32

. (8.4)
a2

2 4
T1 (0) m0 , T1 (0) 0, T1 (0) m0 , T1 (0) 0;
3 5
T2 (0) 0, T2 (0) m0 , T2 (0) 0, T2 (0) m0 ; (8.5)
T2 (0) 0, T2 (0) 0, T2 (0) 0, T2 (0) 0.
2.2. 181

X j (0) k j r0 .
(8.6)
X j (r0 ) sh( k j r0 ), j 1,2, .

C 1j ch(k j r ); C 2j sh( k j r ), j 1,2,3, . (8.7)

k *j

k *j a . (8.8)

k *j k
k

C11 0; C12 r0 .

r0 sh(kr )
X (r ) , r [0, r0 ].
r

2 a2r0 t
A1 ( x , t ) (sin (t ) sh (t ))cos d
a2 0
(8.9)
2 2 r0 sh( kr )
m0 cos t m0 ch t ,
r
2 a2r0 t
A2 ( x , t ) 2
(sin (t ) sh (t ))sin d
a 0
(8.10)
2 2 r0 ch(kr )
m0 sin t m0 sh t .
r
182 2.
(8.9) (8.10) -
2

J ( J1 , J2 ,0),
2 a2r0 t
J1 (t ) (sin (t ) sh (t ))cos d
0 (8.11)
2 2
m0 cos t m0 ch t ,
2 a2r0 t
J2 (t ) (sin (t ) sh (t ))sin d
0 (8.12)
2 2
m0 sin t m0 sh t .

C1 ch(kr0 ) C2 sh(kr0 ) sh(kr0 ),

(8.13)
C1 ch( ) C2 sh( ) 0.

C1 C2 r0 exp{kr0 }sh(kr0 ),
r0 exp{k(r0 r )}sh(kr0 ) (8.14)
X (r ) , r r0 .
r

r0 exp{k(r0 r )}sh(kr0 )
A1 J1 r r0 ; (8.15)
r
r exp{k(r0 r )}sh(kr0 )
A2 J2 0 r r0 . (8.16)
r

(8.15) (8.16)
r0
-
-

r0 sh( kr0 )
r
2.2. 183
2 r0
2 r0
v r0 d sh(kr )dr (ch(kr0 ) 1).
0 0 k

v k -
(8.8)
2
k . (8.17)
a

k ch (kr

2 r0 k 2r02
v (1 1) 2 kr03 .
k 2

v
k [0, r0 1 ] v r02
v
D.
Jv -

4
D .
a2

R r0

A . (8.18)
a2R 2

A -
J (X1X2). -
J -
-
(8.18) (3.6)

A R, R r0 , (8.19)
a2R 2
184 2.

(1.3).

r0 ch(kr ) 1
div A J1 x1 J2 x 2 k .
a2r 2 r

t
m1 (t ) J1dsd ,
00
t
m2 (t ) J2dsd ,
00
M(t ) (m1 , m2 ,0).

-
(1.3)

r0 ch( kr ) 1
k m1 x1 m2 x2 (0)t (0). (8.20)
r2 r

(0) (0) 0,
-

(1.3

d r0 sh(kr ) 3 1 2 3k 3
3k m1 k m1 x1 m2 x2 x1
dx1 r2 r r r r2
(0)
,
x1
d r0 sh(kr ) 3 1 2 3k 3
3k m2 k m1 x1 m2 x2 x2
dx2 r2 r r r r2
(0)
.
x2

2 2
J1 J2
p1 , p2 .
t2 t2
2.2. 185

2
A r0 sh( kr )
p.
t2 ra2

r0 sh( kr ) 3k 3 (m r ) p 3k 3
Eint k2 m
r r r2 r2 a2 r r2 (8.21)
grad (0), r 0, r0 .

r0 sh(kr0 )exp{k(r0 r )} 3k 3 (m r )
Eout k2
r r r2 r2
(8.22)
p k 1
m grad (0), r [r0 , ).
a2 r r2

IX.

m(t), J p

t
1 ch t
(sin (t ) sh (t ))cos d t sin t ;
0 2
t
1 sh t
(sin (t ) sh (t ))sin d t cos t .
0 2

r0a2 ch t 2
J1 t sin t m0 (cos t ch t ), (9.1)

r0a2 sh t 2
J2 t cos t m0 (sin t sh t ), (9.2)
186 2.

t sin t ch t 2cos t
m1 r0a2 3 4 4
m0 ( cos t ch t ), (9.3)

t cos t sh t 2sin t
m2 r0a2 3 4 4
m0 ( sin t sh t ), (9.4)

p1 r0a2 t sin t ch t 2cos t m0 4

( cos t ch t ), (9.5)
p2 r0a2 t cos t sh t 2sin t m0 4
( sin t sh t ). (9.6)

r0a2
m0 4
,

(8.17)

r0
m1 (cos t t sin t ), (9.3
k2
r0
m2 (sin t t cos t ), (9.4
k2
p1 r0a2 (cos t t sin t ), (9.5
p2 r0a2 (sin t t cos t ). (9.6

(8.21). (9.3 )–(9.6 ),

r0 sh( kr ) 3k 3 (m r )
E1int k2 x1 m1 2 r0 cos t
r r r2 r2
(9.7)
(0)
,
x1
r0 sh( kr ) 3k 3 (m r )
E2int k2 x1 m1 2 r0 sin t
r r r2 r2
(9.8)
(0)
.
x2

k 0, Eint grad (0), -

2.2. 187
r 0,

E int (r 0) 2 kr02 grad (0).

Eint -

k 1/r0

-
(9.3 ), (9.4 -

»,

-
2 ka

2 cos kat ka ka ka ch kat

J1 2 r0a 2 4
cos t , (9.1
ka (ka)2 (ka 2
)

2 sin kat ka ka ka sh kat

J2 2 r0a 2 4 2
sin t 2
. (9.2
ka ( ka) (ka )

(9.1), (9.2) -
-

-
-
188 2.

(7.18).

-
(8.21) -
(8.22) (8.22)

1
rn , n 1, 2, 3,
kn

1.9 1010
kn , n 1, 2, 3,
n2

Wn kn ,
vn , j ( kn k j ).

-
-
2.2. 189
X.

(1.14)

dm
e const. (10.1)
dt

10.1. e (10.1) -

-
Ee
-

10.2. m0 -
0

e m0 0. (10.2)

10.2

Je eV m0 0V (10.3)

Fg m02 ,

1
Fe m02 2
0, ,
0

0 0
3

2
Fe
4.17 1042. (10.4)
Fg
190 2.
10.3.

2 c2 . (10.5)

(10.4) (10.5)

0 8.1 1020 .

10.4. r0

c
r0 , (10.6)
0

13
r0 3.8 10 .

10.5.

m0r02 0. (10.7)

30
m0 0.9 10 .
2r02 0

10
e m0 0 7.3 10 .

e2 1
,
hc 137

m0 -
2.2. 191
[2.3]
-

10.6. m0

r0 r0/2. -
-
0 -
.

rs r0 2.

(10.6) -

c
s 1.62 1021 .
rs

2
m0rs2 s 5 10 35
, (10.8)
2

2 2
m0 0 r0 m0c 2
0 (10.9)
2 2

2
L0 m0 0r0 .

0 0
.
L0 2
192 2.

2 2
m0 s r0 m0c 2
s , (10.10)
2 2
Ls m0 s rs2 .
s s
0.
Ls 2

-
(10.9) (10.10)
(10.10) s

0 s m0c 2 . (10.11)

(10.11)
C2 (5.6 (5.6 ).

C2 c 2 9 1016 2 2
. (10.12)

(5.6

a 5.1 1010 2
,

-
-

([2.2] 484): -
-

».
2.3. 193

§3. -

-
-

-
-

-
-

I.
-

(1882), (1892),
(1890)

-
43" -

14" -
28" -
[3.1], [3.2].
43",
194 2.
[3.3]. 43" -
[3.4],

), -

-
-
-
-

XX
XXI

90-

-
-
[3.5]. -
XX

-
-

2-
-

[3.1], [3.2],
[3.6], [3.7] [3.8] -

-
2.3. 195
-

-
-

-
-

II.
80- XX
”, -

c -
a
-
196 2.

§4.
-

-
-

-
-

-
-

-
2.3. 197
III.

d dm
F ( mV ) ma V,
dt dt
m V a
dm/dt [12]),
-

dm/dt -
7.3 10–10 -
9 10–31
7.8 1020 -
-

§4.

I.

-
-

-
198 2.

II.

G D -
m
-

div G , (1.1)

div D , (1.2)
a
d 2D
rot G , (1.3)
dt 2
2 d 2G
a rot D . (1.4)
dt 2

c -
-

(1.1)–(1.4)
-
G
D (1.1)–(1.4),

(1.1)–(1.4)

(1.1)–(1.4) -
G D -
(1.1) (1.2)

G(0, r ) r, (1.5)
3
2.4. 199
D(0, r ) r. (1.6)
3a
(1.5) (1.6), (1.1)
(1.2). (1.3)–(1.4),
(1.5)–(1.6)

G (0, r ) 0, (1.7)
D (0, r ) 0. (1.8)

dr/dt
d /dt
r0 -
m -

m r0 w
G(t , r0 ) 3
r0 , (1.9)
4 r0 a
m r0 w
D(t , r0 ) 3
r0 , (1.10)
4 r0 a a

t [0, ). w (w w(t)) m -

(1.9)–(1.10)
m
G(t r D(t r r -
(x1 x2 x3). (1.3)–
(1.4) (1.5)–(1.6), (1.7)–(1.8)
(1.9)–(1.10). m v -
w w
w w -

2( v w ) r w 0. (1.11)
200 2.

v w r -
w -

(1.11) (1.3)–(1.10) -

m r w
G r , (1.12)
4 r3 a
m r w
D r . (1.13)
4 r 3a a

(1.5)–(1.8) ),

). m1 m2
G1 D1 G2 D2 w1 w2
r21 r1 r2 r
r1 r2 2.
G21 D21
G12 D12

4 r3 d 2 4 ar 3
F21 grad (G12 G21 ) 2
(D12 D21 ) . (1.14)
dt

(1.12)–(1.13) (1.14), -

1 m1m2 m1m2
F21 r21 w1 (r21 w 2 ) w 2 (r21 w1 )
4 r3 4 a2r 3
3(r21 w 1 ) (r21 w 2 ) m1m2
r21 r21
r2 4 r3
(1.15)
m1m2
w 1 (r21 w 2 ) w 2 (r21 w1 ) 2r21 ( w 1 w 2 )
4 r 3a2
3(r21 w 1 ) (r21 w 2 )
r21 .
r2
2.4. 201

§2 -

-
-
-
-

-
). -

(1.14) -

-
(1.14). -

2 m1m2
F21 w1 w 2 r21 ( w1 w 2 ) 2 v1 v 2
4 a2r 3
( v1 v 2 ) ( w 1 w 2 ) 2 v1 v 2 r21 ( w 1 w 2 )
2r21 ( v1 v2 ) (w1 w2 ) r21 r21 ( w1 w 2 ) (1.16)
3 4( v1 v2 )
r21 ( w 1 w 2 ) (r21 w1 ) r21
r2 r

r21 (r21 w 2 ) .

a
202 2.

3 m1m2
F21 (r21 w 2 ) (r21 w 1 ) (r21 w 2 ) (r21 w 1 )
4 a3r 3
w1 w 2 (r21 w 1 ) (r21 w 2 ) 2 ( v1 v 2 ) w2
r21 w1 2 ( v1 v 2 ) w2 (v1 v2 ) w1
2 ( v1 v 2 ) w2 r21 w 1 2 r21 w 2 ( v 1 v 2 ) w1
2 r21 w 2 r21 w 1 2 r21 w 2 ( v 1 v 2 ) w1

3 4( v1 v 2 )
r21 ( w 1 w 2 ) (r21 w 1 ) r21
r2 r

r21 (r21 w 2 ) .
(1.17)

a3
a -
c -
a
c
(1.16)

2 m1m2
F21 2 3
r21 ( w1 w 2 )2
4 ar
2 (v1 v 2 ) ( w1 w 2 ) r21 ( w 1 w 2 )
3 4( v1 v2 )
( w 1 w 2 ) r21 r21 ( w1 w 2 )
r2 r (1.18)
2 (v1 v 2 ) ( v1 v2 ) w1 w2 r21 w1 w 2
w1 w 2 r21 w 1 w 2 2( v 1 v 2 )2

4 w1 w 2 r21 ( v 1 v 2 ) (w 1 w 2 )r 2 .
2.4. 203

-
-
-
-
r2 -
r
-

-
(1.17).

3 m 1 m2
F21 r21 r21 ( w 2 w1 ) 2(w 2 w1 ) (w 2 w1 )
4 a3r 3
v1 v2 ( w 2 w 1 ) (w 2 w1 )
3 4( v1 v2 )
( w 1 w 2 ) r21 r21 ( w 1 w 2 ) (1.19)
r2 r
2( v1 v 2 ) r21 ( w 2 w1 ) (v 1 v 2 ) ( w 2 w1 )

r21 ( w 2 w 1 ) (w2 w1 ) r21 ( w 2 w1 ) .

a3 (1.18).
a -

(1.18) ),
(1.15) ).
(1.18),
-

-
-

(1.15)
(1.18), (1.19) -
204 2.
(1.18) (1.19)
(1.18) (1.19)

(1.15),
m1 m2 -
(1.18)
(1.19)

m1
m2

1 2 3 m1m2 m1m2
F21 F21 F21 F21 r21 w 1 (r21 w 2 )
4 r3 4 r 3a2
3(r21 w1 ) (r21 w 2 )
w 2 (r21 w1 ) r21
r2
m1m2
w1 w2 r21 ( w1 w2 ) 2 v1 v2
4 a2r 3
( v1 v 2 ) ( w 1 w 2 ) 2 v1 v 2 r21 ( w1 w 2 )
2r21 ( v1 v 2 ) (w1 w2 ) r21 r21 ( w1 w 2 )
3 4
r21 ( w 1 w 2 ) (v1 v2 ) (r21 w 1 ) r21 r21 (r21 w 2 )
r2 r
m1m2
3 3
(r21 w 2 ) (r21 w1 ) (r21 w 2 ) (r21 w 1 )
4 ar
w1 w 2 (r21 w 1 ) (r21 w 2 ) 2 ( v1 v 2 ) w2
r21 w1 2 ( v1 v 2 ) w2 (v1 v2 ) w1
2 ( v1 v 2 ) w2 r21 w 1 2 r21 w 2 ( v 1 v 2 ) w1
2 r21 w 2 r21 w 1 2 r21 w 2 ( v 1 v 2 ) w1
3 4
r21 ( w 1 w 2 ) ( v1 v2 ) (r21 w1 ) r21
r2 r

r21 (r21 w 2 ) .
(1.20)
2.4. 205
m1m2 m1m2
F21 r
3 21 2 3
w1 (r21 w 2 ) w 2 (r21 w1 )
4 r 4 ar
3(r21 w1 )(r21 w 2 ) m1m2
r21 ( w 1 w 2 ) r21 r21 ( w1 w 2 )2
r2 2 3
4 ar
2 (v1 v 2 ) ( w1 w 2 ) r21 ( w1 w 2 )
3 4( v1 v 2 )
( w 1 w 2 ) r21 r21 (w 1 w 2 )
r2 r
2 (v1 v 2 ) (v1 v2 ) w1 w 2 r21 w 1 w 2
w1 w 2 r21 w1 w 2 2(v 1 v 2 )2

4 w1 w 2 r21 ( v 1 v 2 ) ( w1 w 2 )r2

m 1 m2
r21 r21 ( w 2 w1 ) 2( w 2 w1 ) (w 2 w 1 )
4 a3r 3
v1 v2 ( w 2 w1 ) ( w 2 w1 )
3 4( v1 v 2 )
( w 1 w 2 ) r21 r21 ( w 1 w 2 ) (1.21)
r2 r
2( v1 v 2 ) r21 ( w 2 w1 ) ( v 1 v 2 ) ( w 2 w1 )

r21 ( w 2 w 1 ) ( w2 w1 ) r21 ( w 2 w 1 ) .

III.

m1 m2
w1 w2 w

w1 w2 w2 . (2.1)

r21 w1 r21 w2

m1m2 m1m2
F21 r21 [2wrw cos r21w 2(1 3cos2 )]. (2.2)
4 r3 4 r 3a2
206 2.
-
-

(1 3cos2 125 ), -
[0 55 (125 180 -
[55 125 ],
-
-
90 ”. (180 90
), -
-
). (90 0 ),

). -

”,

w1 w2 A2w 2 cos td , (2.3)

d -

m1m2
F21 3
r21
4 r
(2.4)
m1m2 A2w 4 cos2 t
[ 2r cos d (1 3cos2 )r21 ].
4 r 3a2
(90 0 ), r21 d
2.4. 207
-
”.
(cos 0).

A2w 4 cos2 t a2 . (2.5)

m1 m2 -
v1
w1 -
-
-

m1m2 m1m2 2
F21 r21 [w1 r21 (2v12 rw1 )w1 ] (2.6)
4 r3 3 2
4 r a

v21
w1 r21 (2.7)
r2

(2.6) -

(2.6)).
(1.13), -
m2
(w2 0), m1 w1 -

-
-

”, -
208 2.

§5.

S Q
dQ
v nds (1)
dt S

vn v S
-
S
dQ
td . (2)
dt

t -
t

t div( v )d 0.

t div v 0. (3)

Q (1)

d 2Q
vn vn div v ds div v v div v d . (4)
dt 2 S
t t

d 2Q
ttd . (5)
dt 2

(4) (5)

tt div v t
v div v d 0. (6)
2.5. 209

tt div v t
v div v 0. (7)

tt 0,
vt 0, (7) (3). -
(3) (7),

tt div vt 0. (8)

(8)
(3).
(3) (8) -
-

(3)
-

-
-

(3)
-

(8) -

§6.

I.

».
-
210 2.
-

[2.1] -
-
».
-

II.

-
-
-

-
-

-
2.6. 211
ad hoc -
-
-
-
-
-

III. -

-
-

t ( z -
A (A1 A2 A3 -
A
2m 2m 2m
A A A 1 2n A
0, (1)
x 2m y 2m z 2m c 2 t 2n
2m 2m 2m
1 2n
0. (1
x 2m y2m z 2m c 2 t 2n

c m n 1, 2,…
B (B1 B2 B3 -
212 2.
m m m
B B B 1 nB
0, (1)
xm ym zm c2 t n
m m m
1 n
0, (1
xm ym zm c2 t n

A A
B

t2
(k ln x p ln x )dt extr. (3)
t1

x k p
0. k p 0.
(3)

pxx kx 2 0, (4)

x x x

p
x c3t c4 k p , c3 c4 const. (5)

(k p
c4 0.
p
xk p
c3t ,

(x t):

xk p
c1t p c2 , (6)

c2 c1
(6)

k p
1 p
0. (7)
xk p
c2 t p
p!
c c1 c
( k p )!
2.6. 213
(7)
-
c (7).

k p k p k p
B B B 1 pB
0, (8)
xk p
yk p
zk p c t p
k p k p k p
1 p
0, (8
xk p
yk p
zk p c t p

2( k p ) 2( k p ) 2( k p )
A A A 1 2p A
2( k p ) 2( k p ) 2( k p ) 2 2p
0, (9)
x y z c t
2( k p ) 2( k p ) 2( k p )
1 2p
2( k p ) 2( k p ) 2( k p ) 2 2p
0. (9
x y z c t

(8), (8 ), (9), (9
-

k 0, 1.
(6)
c1t 2

c1

B B B 1 B
0, (10)
x y z c t
1
0, c c1 (11)
x y z c t

-
214 2.
(10) (11)
-

2 2 2
A A A 1 2A je
, (12)
x2 y2 z2 c 2 t 2 0c
2

2 2 2
1 2 e
2 2 2
. (13)
x y z c2 t 2 0

je -
0 -

k –1, p 2.
(6)
x a1t2 c2
a1

B B B 1 2B
0, (14)
x y z a t2
1 2
0, a 2a1 (15)
x y z a t2

2 2 2
A A A 1 4A 4
jg , (16)
x2 y2 z 2 a2 t 4 a2
2 2 2
1 4
g 4 . (17)
x2 y2 z 2 a2 t 4

g jg -
(1), a
2.6. 215

k 1, p 1.
(6)
x2 b1t c2
b1

2 2 2
B B B 1 B
2
0, (18)
x y2 z 2
b t
2 2 2
1
0, b ½b1 (19)
x2 y2 z2 b t

4 4 4
A A A 1 2A j
, (20)
x4 y4 z4 b2 t 2 b2
4 4 4
1 2
d. (21)
x4 y4 z4 b2 t 2

0 -
g j

2.1.
3100–85, 1985.
2.2. Newton I. Newton's Principia Translated by Andrew Motte. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1934.
2.3.
2760-80.
3.1. Andre K.T. Assis. Relational Mechanics Apeiron, Montreal, 1999.
3.2. Spencer D.E., Coutu G., Bowley W.W., Shama U.Y., Mann P.J. “The Exper-
imental Verification of the New Gaussian Equation for the Force be-
216 2.
tween Moving Charges: Overhead Welding”, International Conference
on Space, Time and Motion September 23–29, 1996, St. Petersburg,
Russia.
3.3. Gerber P. “The Spatial and Temporal Propagation of Gravity”, Journal of
Mathematics and Physics (English translation) 43 P. 93–104 (1898).
3.4. Gerber P. “Die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Gravitation”, An-
nalen der Physik 52(4). P. 415–444 (1917).
3.5. Heaviside O.A. “Gravitational and Electromagnetic Analogy”, The Elec-
trican 31 281–282 and 359 (1893)
3.6. Grassman H. “Eine Theorie der Elektrodynamik”, Annalen der Physic
und Chemic 64 P. 1–18 (1845).
3.7. Ampere A.A. Memories de l` Academic de Pais 6 175 (1823).
3.8. Whittaker E.T. “A History of the Theories of Aether Electricity”,
Longman, Green and Co P. 91 (1910).
3.1. 217
3.

§1.

-
».

-
-
-
-
-
218 3.

§2. -

I.

XVIII
-
-
-

-
-
-

-
3.2. 219

II.

-
i j k -
[1]):

j k i, k i j, i j k (1.1)

(1.1)

(1.1) -
l m n -
X i j k
x (x1 x2 x3),

r ix1 jx2 kx3 ,

(1.2)
r x12 x22 x32 ,

l m n
l j k , m k i , n i j, (1.3)

R ly1 my2 ny3 , (1.4)

220 3.

y1 x2 x3 , y2 x3 x1 , y3 x1 x2 ,
R y12 y22 y32 .

-
i j k -
l m n

-
( 1 2 3),
| |, -
( 1 2 3
[2].

i 1 j 2 k 3 -

l 1 m 2 n 3 (1.5)

d
l 1 m 2 n 3 (1.6)
dt

1 -
l j k 1

( 1 2 3

2 2 2
1 2 3. (1.7)
3.2. 221
-
i j k -

n m i , m l j, l n k . (1.8)

-
-
(1.8)
i j k l m n
(1.8) -

i 1 j 2 k 3, (1.9)

1 2 3, 2 1 3, 3 1 2, (1.10)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2. (1.11)

-
-
l m n
-
-
X, -
y x
y1 (x2 x3 y2 (x1 x3
x3 x (x1 x2 x3
y (y1 y2 y3), -
Y,
-
X.

-
».

-
222 3.

Y, (1.4)

dR dy1 dy dy
l m 2 n 3
dt dt dt dt (1.12)
l( x2v3 x3v2 ) m( x1v3 x3v1 ) n( x1v2 x2v1 ).

v (v1 v2 v3 X. (1.12)

0 x3 x2
A x3 0 x1 , (1.13)
x2 x1 0

X,

0 x3 x2 v1
dR
A( v ) x3 0 x1 v2 (1.14)
dt
x2 x1 0 v3

(1.12) (1.14)
-

r v , r ( x1 , x2 , x3 ), v (v1 , v2 , v3 ). (1.15)

-
(1.15)

l m n
r v x1 x2 x3 . (1.16)
v1 v2 v3

(1.16) -
i j k l m n
3.2. 223
i j k X, -
Y. i j k
l m n

i j k (1.15)
-
(1.16), -
v

0 x3 x2 v1
B( v ) x3 0 x1 v2 , (1.17)
x2 x1 0 v3

-
Y.
(1.14)
X.

0 x3 0
C 0 0 x1 (1.18)
x2 0 0

dR
A( v ) B( v ) 2C( v ) (1.19)
dt
A -
B 2C
-
-

-
-
-
Y, -
X.
-
224 3.

x3 0, x1 r cos , x2 r sin , (1.20)

dr d
vr r, v r r , (1.21)
dt dt
v1 r cos r sin ,
(1.22)
v2 r sin r cos .

A
( x1v2 x2v1 )n r(vr sin2 v cos2 )n
(1.23)
2
(rr sin2 r cos2 )n.

n (X1 X2), X (X1 X2 X3), Xi

X.
B

( x1v2 x2v1 )n r 2 n (1.24)

(1.23) (1.24) -
-
(1.24), cos 2 -
[0, /4) -
[ /4, /2)
[ /2, 3 /2) [3 /2, 2 ), -
-

(1.23)

-
-

-
-
3.2. 225
-

-
-
e r -

Et e r (r ) er 2 (1.25)

ES eR . (1.26)

r2 x12 x22 x32 (1.27)

R ( x1 x 2 )2 ( x2 x3 )2 ( x1 x3 )2 . (1.28)

r4 x14 x24 x34 2x12 x22 2x22 x32 2x12 x32 R2 x12 x22 x22 x32 x12 x32 .

m
v

Pt mvr mr 2 (1.29)

PS mR (1.30)

Pt Ps . (1.31)
226 3.
T
mT (1.32)

mvr mT (1.33)
-

III. -

-
-

-
-
-

-
-
3.2. 227

-
-
-

-
-

1. T -

2 -
2

E kT . (2.1)
k T
2 k

10
e 7.1 10 . (2.2)

2.

2
10 23
k e 7.1 10 1.38 10 2
. (2.3)

2
14
1.94 10 . (2.4)

(2.1)
228 3.

-
-
-

-
-
2

(2.1):

3.

-
-
-
3.2. 229
A a , (2.5)

a
2
a 4.188 2
. (2.6)

4. a (2.5) -

2 2
34
4.188 2
1.05 10 . (2.7)

3.99 1034 (2.8)

-
22
3.346 10 -

1.2 1012 . (2.9)

(2.5)
A (2.10)
-

-
-
230 3.

-
-

(2.4)

-
-
-
-

-
-
-

(2.1)
(2.10)

IV.

v -
c
3.2. 231

d v
k . (3.1)
dr c

-
-
-
-
(3.1)

2
, (3.2)
k
v ck , (3.3)

(3.3),

dv cdk kdc . (3.4)

(3.4)

dv cdk . (3.5)

Tp dS , (3.6)

-
-

(3.5) -

-
(3.3)
232 3.
Tp S . (3.7)

Tp -
S
-

(3.7),
d SdTp TpdS . (3.8)

(3.8)

(3.2), -

, (3.9)
S
S . (3.10)

p T -
(3.8)

-
-

(3.3), -

d
g. (3.11)
dk
-
Tp T -

d
T. (3.12)
dS
-
3.2. 233

-
(3.7) S

d d(Tp S )
T Tp . (3.13)
dS dS

d dTp
T Tp S . (3.14)
dS dS
T Tp
(3.13) (3.14)
d TpdS , (3.13a
d TpdS SdTp . (3.14b

(3.6) -
-
-
(3.6)

(3.14b).

V.

(3.6)
(3.13 ),

-
(3.6) -
234 3.
-

V2
L k ln . (4.1)
V1

V1 V2
-

(V2/V1 -
W.
k -

k (4.1)

(4.1) -

V2
S S 0 ln , (4.2)
V1

L k
S , S0 .

S0
). -
S

-
(4.1) (4.2)

-
-
-
3.2. 235

TS/Ti ps/pi 1.36605

ps pi -
pi 0,

-
-

/T -

cp , (4.3)
dT p

cV . (4.4)
dT V

-
).
-

.).
-

c p cV k.

k
c p cV S0 . (4.5)

(4.2),

V2
cV S 0 ln . (4.6)
V1
236 3.

V2
p S 0 1 ln . (4.7)
V1

-
-
k

VI.

(3.13 -

(3.14 ).
(3.14 ).

(SdT 0,
(SdT 0,
).

-
-

-
3.2. 237
-

1951 -
-
-
-
[3], [4]).
(3.6)

T0

(3.7)

TS . (5.1)

kT (2.1) -
T

-
4 2 -
S -
-
T -
238 3.

T
).
-

(3.14

d TpdS SdTp 0. (5.2)

STp S0Tp0 , (5.3)

S0 Tp0

(3.14)

dTp
T Tp S c1 const. (5.4)
dS

c2
Tp c1 (5.5)
S
3.2. 239
S (Tp c1 ) c2 const. (5.6)

(3.14 ),
(5.5)
c2 c1 S
d dS . (5.7)
S

d 0,
d 0, d 0, -

(5.6)
Tp c1 . (5.8)

c1 -
-
T0
Tg

Tp Tg , (5.9)

Tp S -
(5.6)
Tp Tg , (5.10)

1 S1T1p (5.11)

S 2T2p -

1 S 2T2p . (5.12)
240 3.
T2p T1p S2 S1

2 S3 T2p Tg 1 c2 . (5.13)

T1 S4

S3 T2p Tg S 4T1p 1 c2 . (5.14)

S4 T2p Tg
. (5.15)
S3 T1p

-
T1p T2p T1p
T2p Tg ), T2p Tg
). Tg -
),
). -

1 S1T1p , (5.16)

T1p

1 c2 S 4T1p . (5.17)

c2
S 4 S1 . (5.18)
T1p

T1p
), T1p
Tg -
-
), c2 (5.14).
3.2. 241
-
-
-

-
-
-

VII.

kT
-

3
1
I 3 2
. (6.1)
8 c exp 1
kT

13
r0 3.85 10 . (6.2)

r02 1.48 10 25 2
. (6.3)

r02 0 -

S0 2.12 1025 2
. (6.4)
0
242 3.

0 7.8 1020 . (6.5)

31
me 9.1 10 , (6.6)

10
me v0 7.1 10 . (6.7)

(2.2)).

r0 0 c , c2 2
0 0, (6.8)

c
2
34
0v0me 1.05 10 . (6.9)

/2.
(6.1), -

3
1
I ,S 3
. (6.10)
8 0 S
exp 1
S0

S /T S0 0/T0

T0

2
5
T0 0
1.84 10 9.5 108 k . (6.11)
S0
3.2. 243
-
-
-
-
(6.10) -
(3.7). /kT
-
-
Tp -
-
-
-
-
I
-

(6.10) -

(6.1)

Tp
-

(6.9)

T 3S 3 1
TS ,T . (6.12)
8 3T0 S0 S
exp 1
S0

(6.1) -
(3.2). -

(3.7) (6.4) -
(6.10) -
244 3.
T3 0 1
T ,T 3 3
. (6.13)
8 T0 0
exp 1

3
I ,T F (6.14)
T

c
(6.15)

»,

maxT const. (6.16)

T
4 2 2 2

(6.10)

(6.13). (6.10) (6.13)

),

-
3.3. 245

§3.

I.

-
-
-
-

priori
-

-
-
-

-
-

w pV . (1.1)

w p V

dw pdV Vdp (1.2)

246 3.

(1.2). -
-
dw -
w

A F l, (1.1a

A F l

A F dl , (1.2a

dA F dl l dF. (1.2b

-
-
-
-

-
-

-
-
-
3.3. 247
w
dS , (1.3)
T
w T dS
-
-
-

Tg S , (1.4)

S Tg const
-
).
Tg

-
Tg -

-
-
-

dT
Tg T S . (1.5)
dS
T -
(1.5)

T Tg , (1.6)
S
-
T

(1.6),
T -
(1.6)
248 3.
S (T Tg ) . (1.7)

S T Tg -
T Tg -

). ),
Tg -
). (1.7) -
T Tg -

-
S2 S3 2
3 (1.7)
( S 2 S3 )(T Tg ) 2 3. (1.8)

T Tg . (1.9)

(1.8) S3 S2 2 3 ( 2 3 0.

II.
-

1.
1
1 = T2S2 T2S3 =
1

1 T1S1 T1S4

1.
3.3. 249
1
(3.7) §2 T1 S1
T2S2

1 -

T2 T1 -
S2 S1 T2 T1 -

2 T2S3 . (2.1)

S3),

2 1. (2.2)

T1 -
S4 2
T1 -
S4 S1

-
(1.8), T
T2 ( 2 –
3 (S2 S3 -
S3 S2

( S 4 S1 )(T1 Tg ) 4 1. (2.3)

(S4 S1 ), ( 4
– 1

T2 S 2 T2 S3
S1 , S4 . (2.4)
T1 T1

(3.3)
250 3.
T2
( S 4 S1 )(T1 Tg ) ( S S )(T T ) 0, S4 S1 . (2.5)
T1 2 3 1 g

-
-
-

(3.5)
( S 2 S3 )(T2 Tg ) 0. (2.6)

(2.5) (2.6), -

T2 T T
æ ( S 2 S3 )(T2 Tg ) ( S2 S3 )(T1 Tg ) ( S2 S3 )Tg 2 1 . (2.7)
T1 T1

(2.4)
S1T1 S 4T1
S2 , S3 . (2.4a
T2 T2

(2.5)
T1
( S 2 S3 )(T2 Tg ) ( S S )(T T ). (2.5a
T2 4 1 2 g

T1 T T
æ ( S 4 S1 )(T1 Tg ) ( S 4 S1 )(T2 Tg ) ( S 4 S1 )Tg 1 2 . (2.7a
T2 T2

(2.7) -
(2.7a
0.

2.

T2 T1
æ ( S1 S 4 )Tg 0. (2.7b
T1
3.3. 251

2
1 = T2S4 T2S3 =

1
1
1 = T1S1 T1S2 =

2.
1 2 ( 2 1

æ
= . (2.8)
2 1

( S2 S3 )Tg (T2 T1 ) Tg (T2 T1 ) Tg (T2 T1 )

= . (2.9)
T1T2 ( S 2 S3 ) T1T2 T1 T2

-
-

(2.9)

T1T2
Tg . (2.10)
(T2 T1 )

T1 T2
252 3.
(2.10).
T2 Tg T1
T2 Tg 373 T1 273

T1T2 373 273

373. (3.11)
(T2 T1 ) 100

(2.10), -
T2 Tgmax T1 Tgmin T2 Tgmax T2 Tgmin
(2.10)

Tgmin
1. (3.12)
Tgmax Tgmin

Tgmax 2Tgmin . (3.13)

III.

-
T S -

T2

T1

S1 S S
3.
3.3. 253
-
T2(S2 S1

(T2 T1 )( S2 S1 ) T2 T1 T1
= 1 . (3.1)
T2 ( S 2 S1 ) T2 T2

1. (3.7) §2

0 ),
S0 (2.1) T0
T1
T2 1, -
S1 S2
2: T2 T1
S3 S4
2. -
Tg -
-
(1.6)).

T S
4.
S1 S2 S3 S4
-
-
S2 S3 ),
S3 Tg
S1 S1 Tg).
(3.2).
254 3.
T
Tgmax
S3
S2
T2 S3

S1 S4
T1 S1
Tgmin

S2 S1 S1 S3 S3 S4 S
4. T S

IV.

-
),

1.

2. -
Tg

-
-
-

-
3.3. 255

1. 2 ., .: -
1951. 656
2. ., .1 .:
1982. 352
3. Purcell E.M., Pound R.V. “A Nuclear Spin System at Negative Tempera-
ture”, The physical Review 81 P. 279–280 (1951).
4. .: 1976. 447 .
 257

-
-
XX -
-

-
-

-
-

-
-
-
-
-

2012
 192242,
5, 3, 241;
8(812)386-13-95;
e-mail: klyushin7748848@live.ru.

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