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Overview
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Summary
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Effect of cooling rate in a steel
Alloying
Ac3 elements
Ac1
Ferrite effect
Pearlite
Temperature
1%
Bainite
1 3
Martensite 2
Time
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Weld Microstructure
Ferrite + Martensite
Ferrite Martensite
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Chemical composition of steels
C Mn Si S P
(wt%) (wt%) (wt%) (wt%) (wt%)
DQSK CR 0.04 0.19 0.012 0.015 0.011
HSLA350 CR 0.08 0.73 0.022 0.005 0.01
DP500 CR 0.07 1.71 0.025 0.006 0.011
DP600 CR 0.09 0.95 0.300 0.008 0.01
DiForm140T CR
0.14 1.45 0.300 0.007 0.015
(DP965)
M220 CR (M1500) 0.25 0.45 0.026 0.015 0.01
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SPOT WELDING
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Influencing parameters on
weldability
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Similar current range
7.5
7.0 CR GA
6.5
6.0
5.5
8 13 18 23 28
Weld Time (Cycles, 60 Hz)
• Similar to mild steel the weld time, current depends on coating
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Effect of current mode
6 7
AC
5
6
Min. Button Size
4 Min. Button
5
3
Elec. Force: 3.8 kN AC
2 DP600 CR 1.4 mm 4 MFDC
6 7 8 9 10 11 6 7 8 9 10 11
Current (kA) Current (kA)
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Weld metal hardness depends on
steel chemical composition
500
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Weld Time Vs Load
TRIP 590 1.6 mm
TRIP590 CR 1.6 mm, Nugget Size 6.67 mm TS TRIP590 GA 1.6 mm, nugget size 6.67 mm
21 21
CT TS
19 19 CT
17 17
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
15 15
13 13
11 11
9 9
7 7
5 5
24p
14
16
20
24
28
30
10
12
16
18
26
28
Weld Time (cycles, 60 Hz) Weld Time (cycles, 60 Hz)
TS- Tension Shear, CT-Cross Tension
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Fracture mode may not be an
indication of weldability
Below min. button Size
Partial Cross Tension
Interfacial
Fracture Button Pullout
2267 lbf
DP965 CR
Tension Shear
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Paint Baking improves the ductility
16 Cycles, Flat Sample, Gray:As-welded, Pink: Baked
DP590 GA, 1.1 mm
1800 16 Cycles, Flat Sample, Gray:As-welded, Pink: Baked
140
1600
120
1400
100
1200
Energy (J)
CT (lbf)
1000 80
800 60
600 40
400
20
200
0
5.6
5.7
5.5
5.5
5.6
6.9
6.9
7.5
6.9
6.9
8.5
8.5
8.6
8.5
8.6
8.5
9.7
9.6
9.7
0
5.6
5.7
5.5
5.5
5.6
6.9
6.9
7.5
6.9
6.9
8.5
8.5
8.6
8.5
8.6
8.5
9.7
9.6
9.7
Current (kA)
Current (kA)
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Decreased hardness in baked weld
400
350
200
150
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Distance (in)
Teflon
Thermocouple
Sample at -20 oC
before testing
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AHSS higher impact load
7000 HSLA350
6000
5000
4000
3000
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Button Size (mm)
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Low-Temperature impact load
140
25 C -20C
120
Spot weld performance
Impact Energy (J)
100
20
0
4.71 4.71 4.71 7.63 7.63 7.63 8.35 8.35 8.35
Button Size (mm)
Shear Button
Mixed
Button Shear Double
Button
Fracture Mode 68.5 J 51.0 J 111.1 J
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ARC WELDING
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Arc welding of AHSS
1.0” 1.6 mm
HSLA350
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Elongation (mm)
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LASER WELDING
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Laser welding of AHSS
WELD JOINT
100mm “top” shim
30mm
“bottom”shim
500mm 25mm
• TRUMPF 4.5 kW Nd:YAG laser
• Power used: 3.8 kW
• Focal distance : 200mm
• No Purging Gas
• Shims : 0.004” (0.1mm)
• Location of Shims: 1.5” long with 1.5” spacing between
shims
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Laser weld: Effect of penetration
90
80
DP600 1.2/2.0
70
Penetration (%)
60 DP600 2.0/2.0
50
40
30
20 DP600 1.2/1.2
10 M900 1.5/1.5
HSLA350 1.9/1.9
0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Weld Speed m/min
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Laser weld: Failure locations
Interfacial
Failure
HAZ Failure
Base Metal
Failure
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Effect of penetration on load
6000
DP600 2/2
5000
HSLA 1.9/1.9
4000
Load (lbs)
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Strength of laser weld
Failed in Base material
600
500
Stress (MPa)
400
300
200
100
0
DP600 DP600 HSLA M900- DP600-
1.2/1.2 2.0/2.0 1.9/1.9 DP600 M900
1.5/2.0 1.2/1.5
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Summary
Thank you
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