HEAT TRANSFER

Heat Convection

Instructor: MSc. Trinh Ngoc Thao Ngan

Department of Food Engineering
Faculty of Food Science and Technology
 DEFINITIONS
• Convection as the transport of heat by mass
movement of a fluid.
• Natural convection occurs when different parts
of a fluid system are at different temperatures.
Warmer material tends to be lighter and hence
rise while cooler material sinks.
• Forced convection involves the use of fans,
pumps, or other devices to circulate a fluid.

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 NEWTON’S LAW of COOLING
• Fluid at temperature Tf is flowing past an object at
temperature Tw
• If Tw > Tf, heat transferred from the object to the fluid
• Newton proposed that the rate of cooling was
– Proportional to the area (A) contact
– Proportional to the Temp between the object and the fluid

𝑞̇ = ℎ𝐴 ∆𝑇 = ℎ𝐴 (𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑓 )
where 𝑞̇ = the heat transfer rate (Watts)
h = the proportionality constant
A = the surface area of the object
𝑇𝑤 = the surface temperature of the object
𝑇𝑓 = the temperature of the fluid
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 The Coefficient
• h in the previous equation is called the convective heat transfer
coefficient and has units W/m2K
∆𝑇 ∆𝑇
• Newton’s law: 𝑞̇ = ℎ𝐴 ∆𝑇 = 1 =
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
ℎ𝐴
1
or thermal resistance 𝑅=
ℎ𝐴

Some Approximate Values of Convection Heat-transfer Coefficient

Fluid condition h (W/m2oC)
Air, free convection 5 - 25
Air, forced convection 10 - 200
Water, free convection 20 - 100
Water, forced convection 50 – 10 000
Boiling water 3 000 – 100 000
Condensing water vapor 5 000 – 100 000 4
 How to estimate h ???
• The value for h is usually determined experimentally and depends on
several factors:
 The nature of the fluid (𝑝, 𝑑, 𝑣, 𝜇, 𝐶𝑝 , 𝑘 … .)
 The flow properties of the stream (laminar, transition or turbulent)
 The geometry of the system
 The temperature difference
• Three approaches in determining the relationship between h to the other
system variables:
• Determine h experimentally for each situation and tabulate.
• Derive an equation analytically from the physical laws of flow,
heat transfer, etc., using the methods of calculus and algebra.
• Develop an equation by dimensional analysis. This method ignores
theory and concentrates on finding a function that is dimensionally
homogeneous. Experiments are needed to determine the final
equation
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DIMENSIONS
Dimension: A qualitative physical characteristic on which
quantitative measurements are made. A dimension does
not depends on either the size of the measurements or the
units used
 For examples: The measurements 10 inches, 25.4 cm, and 0.254
meters all involve different values and units but all refer to the
same quality of length which is a dimension.
Using the notation [x] to mean “the dimension of x”
Fundamental Dimensions to be used are:
Length [L]
Mass [M]
Time [t]
Temperature [T]
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 Buckingham’s 𝝅 Theorem
• If you have a function that relates n variables,
• If those variables can be expressed in r fundamental
dimensions,
• Then you can find n – r independent dimensionless
numbers (called 𝜋’s) that are combinations of those
variables.
• A new function can be found that relates these
dimensionless numbers.
• The final form of the function is determined
experimentally.

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 The Nusselt Equation
The Variables: We begin a dimensional analysis by
listing the variables we think are involved in h.
• ℎ𝑐 = the convective heat transfer coefficient.
• 𝑑 = diameter of the fluid stream.
• 𝑣 = the average velocity of the stream.
• 𝑝 = the density of the fluid.
• μ = the viscosity of the fluid.
• 𝐶𝑝 = the specific heat of the fluid.
• 𝑘 = the thermal conductivity of the fluid.

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 The Nusselt Equation
The variables have the following derived dimensions:
𝑚 𝑀
• [ℎ𝑐 ] =
𝑡 3𝑇
= 𝑀𝑡 −3 −1
𝑇 𝜇 = = 𝑀𝐿−1 𝑡 −1
𝐿𝐿
𝐿2
• [𝑑] = L 𝐶𝑝 = 2 = 𝐿2 𝑡 −2 𝑇 −1
𝑡 𝑇
𝐿 𝑀𝑀
• [𝑣] = = 𝐿𝑡 −1 𝑘 = 3 = ML𝑡 −3 𝑇 −1
𝑡 𝑡 𝑇
𝑀 −3
• 𝑝 = = 𝑀𝐿
𝐿3

Number of variables = 7
Number of fundamental dimensions = 4
Number of 𝝅’s (dimensionless #) = 7 – 4 = 3
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 The Nusselt Equation
ℎ𝐶 => f (𝑑, 𝑝 , 𝑣, μ, 𝐶𝑝 , 𝑘 )
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
ℎ𝐶 = 𝐶 𝑑 𝑝 𝜇 𝑣 𝐶𝑝 𝑘
𝑀𝑇 −1 𝑡 −3 = 𝐶𝐿𝑎 𝑚𝐿−3 𝑏 𝑀𝐿−1 𝑡 −1 𝑐 𝐿𝑡 −1 𝑑 𝐿2 𝑡 −2 𝑇 −1 𝑒 𝑀𝑀𝑡 −3 𝑇 −1 𝑓

[M]: 1 = b + c+ f (1) From (3)  f = 1 – e (5)

[L]: 0 = a - 3b - c + d + 2e + f (2) From (4)  c = e – d (6)
[T]: -1 = - e – f (3) From (1),( 5) and (6)  b=d
[t]: - 3 = - c – d – 2e – 3f (4) From (2),( 5) and (6)  a = d -1

𝑑−1 𝑝 𝑑 𝑒−𝑑 𝑣 𝑑 𝐶 𝑒 1−𝑒

ℎ =𝐶 𝑑 𝜇 𝑝 𝑘
𝑑𝑑 𝑑 𝜇𝑒 𝑑 𝑒 𝑘
ℎ=𝐶 𝑝 𝑑 𝑣 𝐶𝑝 𝑒
𝑑 𝜇 𝑘

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 The Nusselt Equation

𝑑 𝑒
ℎ𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝜇𝐶𝑝
=𝐶
𝑘 𝜇 𝑘

Nusselt Reynolds Prandtl

Number Number Number

Where C, d and e are constants to be determined experimentally

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 The Reynolds Number (Re)
• Reynolds number: indicates the inertial and viscous forces
present in the fluid

𝜌𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣 4𝑚̇
Re = = =
𝜇 𝜂 𝜋𝜇𝐷

𝑣 the fluid velocity (m/s)

𝜇 dynamic (absolute) viscosity (Pa.s)
𝜌 fluid density (kg/m3)
𝜂 kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
d characteristic dimension (m)

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 The Prandtl Number (Pr)
𝐶𝑝 𝜇
Pr =
𝑘
1
Multiplying the numerator and denominator by and arranging slightly we
𝑝
get:
𝐶𝑝 𝜇 𝜇
𝐶𝑝 𝜇 𝑝 𝑝 𝜂 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
Pr = = 𝑘 = 𝑘
= =
𝑘 𝛼 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑝 𝐶𝑝 𝑝

A large Prandtl number indicates that momentum transfer is

dominating. A small Prandtl number indicates that heat transfer
is dominating.
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 The Nusselt Number (Nu)
ℎ𝑐 𝑑
Nu =
𝑘

A layer of fluid of thickness x is in contact with a surface. The bulk of the

fluid is at temperature 𝑇𝑏 and the surface is at temperature 𝑇𝑤 .
If the entire layer is moving, heat transfer is entirely by convection and heat
flux is:
𝑞 ′ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = ℎ(𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑏 )
If the entire layer is stagnant, heat transfer is entirely by conduction and
heat flux is :
𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑏
𝑞′ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =𝑘
𝑥 14
 The Nusselt Number (Nu)
• The ratio of these fluxes is
𝑞′ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 ℎ(𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑏 ) ℎ𝑥
= = = 𝑁𝑁
′
𝑞 𝑐𝑐𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 (𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑏 ) 𝑘𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑘𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑥
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
N𝑢 =
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

Note: Using more general term for dimension, instead of the real size
 the characteristic dimension 𝑑𝑐

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FORCED CONVECTION in case of…
Flow in pipe
Laminar (Re < 2100)
𝟎.𝟑𝟑 𝝁
Nu = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟖 𝑹𝑹 𝟎.𝟑𝟑 𝑷𝑷 𝟎.𝟑𝟑 𝒅𝒄 ( 𝒃 )𝟎.𝟏𝟏
𝑳 𝝁𝒘

Turbulent:
𝟎.𝟖 𝟎.𝟑𝟑 𝝁𝒃 𝟎.𝟏𝟏
Nu = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑹𝑹 𝑷𝑷 × ( ) (Re >4000)
𝝁𝒘
Nu = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑹𝑹 𝟎.𝟖 𝑷𝑷 𝒏 (Re > 10000)
n = 0.4 for heating
n = 0.3 for cooling

L and 𝑑𝑐 is the length and the inside diameter of the pipe

All physical properties are evaluated at average fluid temperature (𝑇𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 )
𝜇𝑤 is evaluated at the surface temperature of the wall (𝑇𝑤 ) 16
 FORCED CONVECTION in case of…
Cylindrical object
Nu = 𝒃 𝑹𝑹 𝒏 (For gas)
Nu = 𝒃 𝑹𝑹 𝒏 𝟏. 𝟏 𝑷𝑷 𝟎.𝟎𝟎 (For liquid)

Re = 1- 4  b = 0.891 n = 0.33
Re = 4 - 40  b = 0.821 n = 0.385
Re = 40 – 4000  b = 0.615 n = 0.466
Re = 4000 – 40000  b = 0.174 n = 0.618
Re = 40000 – 250000  b = 0.0239 n = 0.805

Spherical object
𝟎.𝟓 𝟎.𝟑𝟑
Nu = 𝟐. 𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟔 𝑹𝑹 𝑷𝑷
All physical properties are evaluated at the average temperature between fluid and
object’s surface
Characteristic dimension of spherical object is diameter, while the characteristic
dimension of the cylindrical object depends on the contacted side. 17
 The Grashof Number (Gr)
Depends on the heat convection system
free convection Nu = f (Gr , Pr)
forced convection Nu = f (Re , Pr)
Grashof number: the ratio between buoyancy forces and viscous
forces that indicates effect of free convection on the heat transfer

𝜌2 𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑐 3 (𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑏 ) 𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑐 3 (𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑏 )

Gr = =
𝜇2 𝜂2
𝛽 coefficient of volumetric expansion (K-1)
g acceleration due to gravity (9.80665 m/s2)
dc characteristic dimension (m)
𝜇 absolute viscousity (Pa.s)
𝜌 the bulk fluid density (kg/m3)
𝜂 dynamic viscosity (m2/s)
∆𝑇 = (𝑇𝑖 −𝑇𝑏 ) = the temperature difference between the heated
layer (𝑇𝑖 ) and the bulk of fluid (𝑇𝑤 ) 18
FREE CONVECTION in case of …

ℎ𝑑𝑐
Nu = = 𝑎(𝑅𝑅)𝑚 = 𝑎(𝐺𝐺 × 𝑃𝑃)𝑚
𝑘

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FREE CONVECTION in case of …

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FREE CONVECTION in case of …

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METHODOLOGY to solve Heat Convection Problems…

• Identify flow geometry

 size, shape, characteristic dimension…
• Identify the fluid and determine its properties
 Use tables of physical properties of water, saturated steam, etc
• Calculate the Reynolds number
• Select an appropriate empirical correlation
 Calculate the Nusselt number

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Exercises:
1. Water flowing at the rate of 0.02 kg/s is heated from 40 to 60oC
in a horizontal pipe (inside diameter = 2.5 cm). The inside pipe
surface temperature is 90oC. Estimate the convective heat transfer
coefficient if the pipe is 1m long.
2. In a fruit package house, oranges are washed, dried in a stream
of high speed air at room temperature, waxed, and dried again in a
hot air stream. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient on the surface
of an orange if the air velocity is 10 m/s, the air temperature is
55oC, the orange surface temperature is 25oC and the orange has a
spherical with a diameter of 8 cm

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