AE 231 Thermodynamics

Recitation 5
Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sinan Eyi
 Problem 1
Question: A rigid and insulated tank is divided
into two rooms by a membrane. One of the
room contains ideal gas. The other room is
empty. After the membrane is ruptured the gas
occupies both room.
a) How does the temperature of gas change
during this process?
b) Is this process reversible or irreversible,
explain?
 Problem 1
Solution:
a) Q12-W12=ΔU12
Q12=0, W12=0 →ΔU12=0
In ideal gas the internal energy is only the function of temperature.
Hence, T2=T1
b) The process is irreversible. The restoration of surroundings involves the
conversion of heat completely to work, which violates the second law of
thermodynamics.
 Problem 2
Question: Assume that air enters the nozzle at
200°C and 1600 kPa and negligible velocity. Air
leaves the nozzle at 20°C and 200 kPa. Calculate
the velocity of air at the nozzle exit. (Properties
of air R= 0.287 kJ/kgK, cv= 0.717 kJ/kgK)
 Problem 2
Solution:
From the conservarion of mass:

∑ mɺ i = ∑ mɺ e
i e
In this problem, we have one inlet and one exit. Hence, The conservation of mass equation becomes:

mɺ i = mɺ e
From the conservation of energy:
2 2
V V
Qɺ cv − Wɺcv + ∑ mɺ i (hi + i
+ gzi ) − ∑ mɺ e (he + e
+ gze ) =0
i 2 e 2
In nozzles, we have the following assumptions

Qɺ C V = 0 , Wɺ C V = 0 , z e ≈ z i
The conservation of energy equation becomes:

Ve2 Vi2
− = hi − he
2 2
 Problem 2
Above equation becomes

Ve2 = Vi2 + 2* ( hi − he )
Assuming that we have constant specific heat coefficients,

Ve = Vi + 2*Cp (Ti − Te )
From the relation between specific heat coefficients,

C p = C v + R = 0.717 + 0.287 = 1.004 kJ / kgK

Substituting the values

Ve = Vi2 + 2*Cp (Ti − Te ) = 02 + 2*1.004*1000 ( 200 − 20 ) = 601.2m / s

 Problem 3
Question: A spherical balloon contains air at 1500 kPa at
500°C. Initially, the diameter of balloon is 3.0 m. The pressure
inside the balloon is proportional to the square of the balloon
diameter. After a valve is opened, the mass of air inside the
balloon changes. When the valve is closed, the diameter of
balloon is 2.5 m. At this time, the temperature of air inside the
balloon is 400°C. (Properties of air: R= 0.287 kJ/kgK, cv= 0.717
kJ/kgK. Volume of Sphere = πD3/6)
a) Calculate the initial mass of air inside the balloon.
b) Calculate the final mass of air inside the balloon.
c) Calculate the heat transfer between the air inside the
balloon and surrounding.
 Problem 3
Solution:
Process: P ∝ D2 and since V ∝ D3 => P = C V2/3
State 1: T1 = 500oC, P1 = 1500 kPa, D1=3m →V1 = (π/6) D13 = 14.13 m3
a) m1 = P1V1/RT1 = 1500x14.13/(0.287x773.15) = 95.52 kg
b) State 2: T2 = 400oC, D2=2.5m → V2 = (π/6) D23 = 8.18 m3
P2 = P1 (V2/V1)2/3 = 1500 (8.18/14.13)2/3 = 1042 kPa
m2 = P2V2/RT2 = 1042x8.18/(0.287x673.15) = 44.12 kg
c) Energy Eq.: V2 V2
QCV + ∑ mi ( hi + i
+ gzi ) = ∑ me ( he + e
+ gze )
i 2 i 2
  V22   V12 
+  m2  ( u 2 + + gz 2 )  − m1  ( u1 + + gz1 )   + WCV
  2   2   CV

1 Q2
= m2u2 - m1u1 + mehe + 1W2
Process is polytropic with n = -2/3 so the work becomes
1W2= ∫ P dV=(P2V2 - P1V1)/(1 – n)=(1042 x8.18 - 1500x14.13)/[(1 - (-2/3)] = -7603 kJ
 Problem 3
Continuity Eq.:

( m2 − m1 )CV + ∑ me −∑ mi = 0
e i

me = m1 - m2 = 95.52- 44.12 = 51.4 kg

1Q2 = m2CvT2 – m1CvT1 + meCpTe + 1W2

1Q2= 44.12x0.717x673.15- 95.52x0.717x773.15+ 51.4x1.004x(773.15+673.15)/2 - 7603

1Q2 = 21294 - 52591 + 37318 - 7603 = -1582 kJ

 Problem 4
Question: A Carnot heat engine uses air as the working fluid. During
the cycle, the highest and lowest values of pressure inside the cylinder
are 3600 kPa and 60 kPa, respectively. The maximum and the
minimum values of specific volumes are 0.3 m3/kg and 0.03 m3/kg,
respectively. (Properties of air R= 0.287 kJ/kgK, cv= 0.717 kJ/kgK)
a) Draw a Carnot cycle on a p-v diagram and explain the processes.
b) Calculate the values of temperature, specific volume and pressure at all
4 states.
c) Calculate the work done by the system (air) per unit mass.
d) Calculate the work done on the system (air) per unit mass.
e) Calculate the heat transfer from high temperature reservoir per unit
mass.
f) Calculate the heat transfer to low temperature reservoir per unit mass.
g) Calculate the thermal efficiency of the engine
 Problem 4
Solution:
a)
 Problem 4
b) Pmax = 3600 kPa, Pmin= 200kPa, vmax = 0.3 m3/kg, vmin = 0.03 m3/kg,
R = 0.287 kJ/kgK, cv = 0.717 kJ/kgK
Pmax = P1 = 3600 kPa, Pmin= P3 = 200 kPa,
vmax = v3 = 0.3 m3/kg, vmin = v1 = 0.03 m3/kg
P1 = 3600 kPa, v1 = 0.03 m3/kg,
P3 = 200 kPa, v3 = 0.3 m3/kg
From the equation of state for ideal gases: Pv=RT→ T=Pv/R
T1= P1v1/R → T1= 3600*0.03/0.287 = 376.3 K
T3= P3v3/R → T2= 200*0.3/0.287=209 K
T2= T1= 376.3 K
T4= T3= 209 K
We have adiabatic expansion between the states 2 and 3 .
P2v2k = P3v3k
 Problem 4
From the equation o state for ideal gases: P= RT/v
Substitute above equation into the equation for adiabatic process:
(RT2/v2)v2k = (RT3/v3)v3k → T2/T3= (v3/v2)k-1 →v2= v3/(T2/T3)1/(k-1) -= v3*(T3/T2)1/(k-1)
v2 = 0.3*(209/376.3)2.5= 0.069 m3/kg
Similarly, v4= v1*(T1/T4)1/(k-1) = 0.03*(376.3/209)2.5 = 0.13 m3/kg
P2 = P3(v3/v2)k → P2 = 200*(0.3/0.069)1.4 = 1565 kPa
P4 = P1(v1/v4)k → P4 = 3600*(0.03/0.13)1.4 = 462 kPa
T1 = 376.3 K, T2 = 376.3 K, T3 = 209 K, T4 = 209 K
v1 = 0.03 m3/kg, v2 = 0.069 m3/kg, v3 = 0.3 m3/kg, v4 = 0.13 m3/kg
P1 = 3600 kPa, P2 = 1565 kPa, P3 = 200 kPa, P4 = 462 kPa
c) Work done by the system
During the isothermal expansion (1→2): Pv=RT1=constant
W12= ∫Pdv = ∫RTdv/v
W12= RT1ln(v2/v1) = 0.287*376.3*ln(0.069/0.03) = 89.95kJ/kg
 Problem 4
During the adiabatic expansion (2→3): pvk=constant=C
W23= ∫Pdv = ∫Cdv/vk= (p3v3-p2v2)/(1-k)
W23= (200*0.3-1565*0.069)/(1-1.4)=119.96kJ/kg
W13= W12 + W23= 89.95 + 119.96 = 209.91kJ/kg
d) Work done on the system
During the isothermal compression (3→4): Pv=RT3=constant
W34= RT3ln(v4/v3) = 0.287*209*ln(0.13/0.3) = -50.16kJ/kg
During the adiabatic compression (4→1): pvk=constant=C
W41= (P1v1-P4v4)/(1-k)=(3600*0.03-462*0.13)(1-1.4) =-119.85 kJ/kg
W31= W34+ W41= -50.16-119.85=-170.01
Wnet = W12+ W23+ W34+ W41 = 89.95+119.96-50.16-119.85=39.9kJ/kg
 Problem 4
e) Q12-W12=ΔU12 →Q12=W12+ ΔU12
Since the temperature is constant ΔU12 = 0 → Q12= W12= 89.95kJ/kg
Q23= 0 (adiabatic process)
f) Q34-W34=ΔU34 →Q34=W34+ ΔU34
Since the temperature is constant ΔU34 = 0 → Q34= W34= -50.16kJ/kg
Q41= 0 (adiabatic process)
Qnet=Q12+ Q34= 89.95-50.16= 39.8kJ/kg
g) Thermal efficiency
η= Wnet/QH =39.9/89.95=0.44