AE 231 Thermodynamics

Recitation 8
Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sinan Eyi
 Problem 1
Question: A diffuser is a steady-state, steady-flow device in which
a fluid flowing at high velocity is decelerated such that the
pressure increases in the process. Air at 120 kPa, 30°C enters a
diffuser with velocity 200 m/s and exits with a velocity of 20 m/s.
Assuming the process is reversible and adiabatic what are the exit
pressure and temperature of the air?
Solution: C.V. Diffuser, SSSF single inlet and exit flow, no work or
heat transfer.
Energy Eq.: hi + Vi2 /2 = he + Ve2/2, => he - hi = CPo(Te - Ti)
Entropy Eq.: si + ∫ dq/T + sgen = si + 0 + 0 = se (Reversible, adiabatic)

2
 Problem 1
Energy equation then gives:
CPo(Te - Ti) = 1.004(Te - 303.2) = (2002 - 202)/(2×1000)
=> Te = 322.9 K
Pe = Pi(Te/Ti)k/(k-1) = 120(322.9/303.2)3.5 = 149.6 kPa

3
 Problem 2
Question: Consider a steam turbine power plant operating at
supercritical pressure, as shown in the figure. As a first
approximation, it may be assumed that the turbine and the
pump processes are reversible and adiabatic. Neglecting any
changes in kinetic and potential energies, calculate
a. The specific turbine work output and the turbine exit state
b. The pump work input and enthalpy at the pump exit state
c. The thermal efficiency of the cycle?

4
Problem 2

5
 Problem 2
a) 1: h1 = 3777.51, s1 = 6.67074
2s: s2s = s1 , => x2 = (s - sf)/sfg= (6.6707-0.8319)/7.0766 = 0.8251
h2s = 251.4 + 0.8251*2358.33 = 2197.2
wT,s = h1 - h2s = 1580.3 kJ/kg
b) 3: Sat. liquid h3 = 167.56, s3 = 0.5724
4s: s4s = s3 , P => T = 40.75°C, h4s = 192.6
wP,s = h4s - h3 = 25.0 kJ/kg
c) ηTH = wnet/qH = (wT,s - wP,s)/(h1 - h4s) =1555.3/3584.9 = 0.434

6
 Problem 3
Question: A frictionless piston/cylinder is loaded with a linear spring, spring
constant 100 kN/m and the piston cross-sectional area is 0.1 m2. The cylinder
initial volume of 20 L contains air at 200 kPa and ambient temperature, 10°C.
The cylinder has a set of stops that prevent its volume from exceeding 50 L. A
valve connects to a line flowing air at 800 kPa, 50°C. The valve is now opened,
allowing air to flow in until the cylinder pressure reaches 800 kPa, at which
point the temperature inside the cylinder is 80°C. The valve is then closed and
the process ends.
a) Is the piston at the stops at the final state?
b) Taking the inside of the cylinder as a control volume, calculate the heat
transfer during the process.
c) Calculate the net entropy change for this process.

7
Problem 3

8
 Problem 3
Solution:Air from Table A.5:
R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K, Cp = 1.004 kJ/kg-K, Cv = 0.717 kJ/kg-K, k = 1.4
Ap = 0.1 m2, Vstop = 50 L
State 1: T1 = 10oC, P1 = 200 kPa, V1 = 20 L = 0.02 m3,
m1 = P1V1/RT1 = 200×0.02/(0.287×283.15) = 0.0492 kg
State 2: T2 = 80oC, P2 = 800 kPa, Inlet: Ti = 50oC, Pi = 800 kPa
a) Pstop = P1 +ks/Ap2(Vstop - V1) = 500 kPa, P2 > Pstop ‡ Piston hits stops
V2 = Vstop = 50 L, m2 = PV/RT = 0.3946 kg
b) 1st Law: 1Q2 + mihi = m2u2 - m1u1 + mehe + 1W2
me = 0, mi = m2 - m1
1W2 = ∫ P dV = (P1 + Pstop)(Vstop - V1)/2 = 10.5 kJ

9
 Problem 3
Assume constant specific heat
1Q2 = m2CvT2 - m1CvT1 - (m2 - m1) CpTi + 1W2 = -11.6 kJ
c) 2nd Law: ∆Snet = m2s2 - m1s1 - misi - Qcv/To
To = 10oC = 283.15 K
∆Snet = m2(s2 - si) - m1(s1 - si) –Qcv/To
s2 - si = Cp ln(T2/Ti) – R ln(P2/Pi) = 0.08907 kJ/kg-K (P2 = Pi)
s1 - si = Cp ln(T1/Ti) – R ln(P1/Pi) = 0.26529 kJ/kg-K
∆Snet = 0.063 kJ/K

10
 Problem 4
Question: A small dam has a pipe carrying liquid water
at 150 kPa, 20°C with a flow rate of 2000 kg/s in a 0.5
m diameter pipe. The pipe runs to the bottom of the
dam 15 m lower into a turbine with pipe diameter 0.35
m. Assume no friction or heat transfer in the pipe and
find the pressure of the turbine inlet. If the turbine
exhausts to 100 kPa with negligible kinetic energy what
is the rate of work?

11
 Problem 4
Solution:

12
 Problem 4
C.V. Pipe. No work, no heat transfer, v ≈ const. Bernoulli
so find kinetic energy at 1, 2
v2 ≈ v1 ≈ vf = 0.001002
dm/dt = ρ AV = AV/v
V1 = mv1 /A1 = 2000 × 0.001002 / [(π/4) 0.52)] = 10.2 m s -1
V2 = dm/dt v2/A2 = 2000 × 0.001002 / (π/4 0.352) = 20.83 m s -1
v(Pe-Pi) + (Ve2-Vi2 )/2 + g (Ze – Zi ) = 0 ⇒
Pe = Pi + [(Ve2-Vi2 )/2 + g (Ze – Zi) ]/v
= 150 + [(10.22- 20.832)/2+ 9.80665 × 15]/(1000 × 0.001002)
= 150 – 17.8 = 132.2 kPa
w = – ∫ v dP + (V12-V32)/2 + g(Z1 – Z3)
= - 0.001002 ( 100 – 150) + [10.22/2 + 9.80665 × 15] /1000 = 0.25 kJ/kg
dW/dt= (dm/dt)w = 2000 ×0.25 = 500 kW

13