THE OLDER SOPHISTS EDITED BY ROSAMOND KENT SPRAGUE A. COMPLETE TRANSLATION BY SEVERAL HANDS (OF THE FRAGMENTS IN DIE FRAGMENTE DER VORSOKRATIKER EDITED BY DIELS-KRANZ WITH A NEW EDITION OF ANTIPHON AND OF EUTHYDEMUS HACKETT PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC, INDIANAPOLISICAMBRIDGEContig © 1972 by Usher of South Cana Pr Repaid 2001 by Pet Pblig Company Tne Al ig send Pedi de Uni Sets o Amar, 06 05 04 03 a2 O1 or firth infmation, pas ase ache Pablihiog Company ine. 0. Bons Indnapali. 452460957 vrbacenpuliog com teary of Congres Casogagin Publication Daa ‘Ae Sophie ages, 200, 1236567 The elder Sophis: 2 cmplac taney sel and of he fngmens in Di rene dr Vonakeser ied by ic Kran With 7 ston of Anciphon and of Eahydoma ltd ty Romano Kent Speen rn pita Colma: Unie of South Carin Ps 1972 Teds ibnzapil een ad inde {SBN os7m0537-6 ~ ISBN Gs72205565 hk) 1, Sop (Gr hosp) 2 PreSostiephlbophers. Dic eomen,1948-1922. I Sra Resanond Kee it Tae -5258.44613 2001 m3: edt “The apr wed inh pulion mecs the minim egos of Aserins "aor Saoda fr Inocmson Senne Fomine of Pp ened Libary Mari, ANSI 99061964, noses CONTENTS PREFACE, 1 ROSAMOND KEST SPRAGUE i ABBREVIATIONS & 7 NAME AND NOTION 1 relia y WILLIAM OEE Je PROTAGORAS 5 road MICHAEL J. OBRIEN 4. XENIADES 39 none by WILLIAM ONEELL az GORGIAS 30 ‘matt GEORGE KENNEDY 4. LYCOPHRON’ 6 eval by WILLIAMS ONE &% PRODICUS 0 rowed DOUGLAS J. STEWART gy. THRASYMACHUS $5 ‘ry FRANCIS. SPARSHOTE 46 HIPPIAS 94, ‘rein’ DAVID Galton dy. ANTIPHON 396 ‘road JS MORRISON 4 CRITIAS san rau y DONALD NORDAN LES dy ANONYMUS IAMBLICHI yt ‘aed MARGASET BRESIOR gn DISSOI LOGO! OR DIALEXEIS 79 ‘ota ty ROSAMOND KENT SPRAGUEconta APPENDIX BUTHYDEMUS OF CHIOS 36 race by ROSAMOND KENT SPRAGUE INDEX OF PERSONS AND PLACES 303 INDEX OF PASSAGES yer CORRIGENDA 548 PREFACE “The ancien: materi conceaing the ode sophiss bas act been ely scceible vo English readers. Kathleen Fromm’ Ail th re. [Sra Dioupirs A Complte Taman of he Fragments in Dei? “Prague der Verioratiter” (Orford, pained acesnamoaat cf rophin mute, but he longer xsaets fom Gorgis and Prods er sommadzed athe than mle and che sme procedace Was followed ia the ase of the seo concluding esiay, the one by he “Recaps lamblhi andthe Di Lap. OF Diels Kane text of this Iarer ia fic thee apposed 1 be no complete tesiton anywhere, withthe caeepton ofthe Taian veions by M. Timpaaazo Cacti (Sofi Bas, ss), cored ad elged 1934) an M. Untesiner (Sofi, eons ramment Flsence, 1545-6) "To prneaa complete English eandaton ofthe sophie cater i ids Kram theefore needs a0 spology this vohume ates to 40 oe English eaders what was done for Tala readen by Timpsaaco Candi as log ago a8 935. To hs at soement, however, there ae vo cxxptions The tasatoe of Antipbon, JS. Monien, bad Seeome convince tat, cootmy 9 the opinion of Diss, ee sophis URetpion was ene with snd the tame atte orstor Amp of Rh tos He dd gos fel josie eretoen sinply ranting the tx of Diets Keane, What fe has done ie to r-di the mate comply fost produce reunited Aniphon. In this secon of te book, then, sophithas been fry aited mtbr tan dren canted ftom the aaagement of Diel-Krans ‘The second excepson isthe fppeuance, in an append, ofthe sophst Eacydemes. rs ere ‘Sploined, Eatiydenus is 2 Mato perc, so tat thee seems 20 feuson why he should not havea seen co his other respects the book and was iateaded 10 be, x Handbook rather dun at ein, Ar Diel-Kear was the sundial ton, is rangement and sambesing was satunlly flowed, In ace formthe following changes have been made: the somes of aucots and of| lies of works cited fave usualy been expinded and angle, sod ow ofthe falc employed by Diels forthe prpone of difeentang sn suchor's words from the suounding tex have bea eliminate 1 edng the work often dierent tisiatrs, 1 weald be sopeied ‘had caught al sypogrphi inconsistenix; thece are + goodly ‘umber in DK isle. I can only hope that none of these semaiaog “ill seiuay mind ‘Thanks are due co Profesor Gilbert Ryle for pension 2 plat say tranlatin of the Dizi Leg fom Mina 336, EXAVI! (ap, 1968), pp. 135-6, sod othe Bobbe-Merall Company for pemion to quote from my tandhtion of the Estar (ndanapols, «96, [My student, Edwin L. Geter IL, eoottbuted many long hours othe Index of pusages,Peemsion tose the seventh elon of H. Dies snd W. Kiana, Dis Fragman de Vermbtber Balin 19174) 8 ‘given by the publisher, Weldmana Rosomxo Kin Seeict Users of Std Certs Ba cag Me Dies DK Eom. Gen Fortis HG sce uy ABBREVIATIONS Shidee Levon (Sali), ed. A. Ades, 5 vole. (eipig, 12-3), Auta Lyre Grate, 8B. Dis 2 vol Lee 129. Anni Grave, ed. 1 Bekker, 5 vols. Belin, 2814- 2, Commuter i Arica Grace Bet, 1892-1903) Cpe Mair Graco (Lapa, 2908 —) Deseret Grau, H. Diels (Beck, rs) Postran Phisptoram Frapwinia, H. Dis edi, 100 ie Fragment dr Versraie, 8. Din a W. Kens, ih ed 3 vols. Bet, 1950-14) Epmsliginm Gesivan India; of R. Reece, Gusbisedr Gracin Bonita (Leip, 897) Die Frapmate der Griehntee iui, ®. Jacoby (Beal 2925). Fragnoe Hirwriaran Grom, C. Mille $ v0 (ass, 841-70). Haver Staci Chana Phin (Catabide, Mass, 1856) Loeb Cassel Libary (London and Cambridge, Mass, vasloos dete A Grak-Engish Lec, H. G, Liddell and R, Sent pihed, rev by H.S,Jotes and R. MeKemae (Oxford 940)2 Puaro Sips 2510 Fit, he [viz the vphit] was discovered to ‘Bea menceiey hunter aftr the young sad ch... secondly, a srt of wholesaler of lasing forthe sou.» aad isl, was he aot shown, Spa neler ofthe some goods? and four, salesman of hi fovn produc of eating 29 ae -- bot Sly. he was «sort of Spares inthe act of combat about words, sppropssting to himself the etisée technique --- now dhe sich insuace was depoed, bot ‘neverhlee we agrod to ang his he coe of pune, as epuds the soul of opinions thas obstrctleaning, CE Praga se7a (DK soAsL a, Kasson Memrabiie 2,12 (Soemtes) dd not even dscos {he origin ofthe univers, a the major of other thinker dd, aoe cramice how the so-called cosmos ofthe "Sophiss” aos! and by ‘Phat ascestes each et of Bevery bodies it bom. G15 + he Saove wit witdons dove who el tt anyone for money are called “op” fr lke peor. Or Hang 1,8 Bat the “sophiss” tlt dbsive and wie for tue own gun andar of no bent co ‘ayone; fr none of them ir wie or ever becme so, bu i is enough for ech one of them tobe called « “soph,” which eam aml a lest co men of sound undemanding. So I exhore you w beware of the innroon of the “sophiss,” but got to disregard the eoasder, stias of che philosopher. 4: Ansrores Of Sophie! futons x e6sas1 For the sopis's ‘Sait a appaeoewiedom but ot a ral one, sad the sophisis 2 ‘money-aleby spate ba 8 rel wisdom, Reig pes he Late, 60. PROTAGORAS srotlated by MICHAEL J. O'BRIEN Proagons, the oldest of te sopiss, was bors about 450 3. aad Ged shout 420. A auive of Aden i Taare, he is koown to bave ‘aged in hie tenvel a fra Sy, and he vsted Athens moe han ‘ec. In Athos be came to know Pec and dhe acquaintance ‘Sit mated by moral erteem. The appoinsneat of Protagoas ‘este we forth Athenian colony of Thin gg no doubeefeced Perle judgment. Peotgoras wat» socoefel and respected teacher, sone who demanded for his evies large fee Po, 20 parts Of bis views, porsays him az courteous and eloquent sad sakes it ‘ar tha he wes adie std sought 08 in Athens by the eee [Se The age of is incest Was wide, exendlag toes, polis, theology, edvention, eutunl history, terry exci, Unguiic ‘rads 2nd shale He was both teacher aod wale. Tes aoe possible to sty whether cach of the tle of “woska™ acribed «on (tnd lined sepatly ia Selon B below) acrully designs separte ‘wot; moreover, the subject mater of some af these lone thei cootnts—i disputable (g., 8) of uakoown (eg, HH most famous dic are those with which he began his wo works Tra and (Ors Gait (B 1 so B 4). Lage and exor have tated some ac ‘ouos of bis it. Hs biogrphial tadionthefore cosas sever ‘olf dels tat are usveridale (magn inlance on his phlo- pk, or fle (i sadies oder Democritus, hs dats at sine), or ulealy (hs eal and banishment from Ans) Again this last spor sands Plato's testimony (A) that be dled ith honoe ‘diab,A. LIFE AND TEACHINGS 4. Diogenes Lisares $2. Prougonty the ton of Ares. oF of Macadsae (he later, according to Apellodorve [FGrHit 244 F yom 100] andthe th book of Dizon's Prin Hit 6 FG 901 cf A a), was x nitive of Abden, as Hemcdes Pontos says 4a bis Lane (21 Voss), Henaclids aso sae that be wrote laws for ‘Task. On the osher hand, the Faster of Expos fe sal 1297 Kock) makes him a save of Teo, inthe Hine "aside is rogers ‘of Teos” He and Produ of Ceoe cllcted money for tee esas, snd Pato sas inthe Prsgora: [36x] chat Proica had a deep voie Protagons was a sudene of Democssu (be was called “Wisdom,” 2 Fevosnat says in ie Mizlloen Hit fe 6 FHG a 35, vin, Democritus; cf DK 65 Ax and A 18). (j:) Proagoas, was the Sst to sy hat on every isu thre ae oxo asguments opposed ‘each other (B 6) these he made eof in aguing by the method of questioning, patce he onglzaed. One of he woth, moreover, Deg in this way “OF al ching the mene ie man, of things dat ae sha heya and of things tha are ao, tat hey ar ac” [B 1] He said to tac soul was nothing apart om i setstions, accong fo Plato's Than 1528], and that al thnge ae tue. Bhewhewe be begins a work ia ds Shion: “Concerning the gods, I annot know ther tha they est of tat they do not exit fr here is much 1 iste e's Knowing: the obscuty ofthe subj and the shortens ‘of man's fe” [B ]. (2) Bees he began hiebook ia this way he vss epee bythe Atenas, nd they ato otal bis books inthe smathespac, having in coleced chem by puble mesteager foc all who oped copie, Prougons was the Sat man to once 4 fee of « hundred mina, “He war aio the iso diinguish te ese of he ver, co expoond the inporance of te sight moment, ro conduct debuts, aad to lnsrodece putas othe wicks of argument Moreover naeglening rising: and concemiag himself with mere word, he Shred te preseo shllow abe of quero he point that Timon can speak 4 A Liem Techings2 of him a "Protgosts who mises ia) master of wrangling” (fe 47 Diai|. (jy) He it was who Se iamodaced the Sociiesype of argument. And he was te fest adopt in dlsousion se argument of “Assshenes which starpt eo prove that conmadison i ipo esa Pato ia the Exton [865]. And he wie Se to niece ‘he methods of asucking any ths, as Astenidores the diecccan sys in his work Age Chip. He nventd wel the eo-lled ‘should: pad, co whch poner cary thir nds, according > Arie Jn bs wosk Or Exar f- 6; Ro. For be oad toe a pote, pioaras says somewhere [lee DK 68 A i indeed ts was the comin of his Inving ben adopted by Democttn, who cheered im ying up bundle of wood. He fit divided spnth aco four modes: entra), que, antes and command (5a) (coring fo others he eecogezed seven: marion, question, awe, command, post cnet, and inven}, sad chs he calle se base pars of speck: Bat Aleidamae (8 Orato 29636) makes the forms of speech fou emi, epstion, question, and aldes. The Sn of ‘wore hat he read poblcy was that alle Ose Gad she ening ‘wotds of which wehave quoted above CE Ba. Head ite Athens jn the houte of Euipdes or, some sy, in the house of Megas. According o othe, the place was the Lyerum, asd his pup Arch [gos 108 of Theodoms, len is vase Sr the vedingr. He wat aid oder scsuston by the son of Polyeds, Pykodans, one of the Four Hndsed (Avista sop was Fouls 67; see B 6) (3) ‘The works of Protgorss which sorvive are thet: *** Tbe tof Debt, Or ng, On Matai, Ov Conran, Ot Amin, (the Wires, On the Orga Sate of Thing, Ox Tait Hate, Oo Hanae Esrvn, Dinan, Tre oer 2 Fes, Coraiy Arg ie ‘Ter Bese. So ens se lit of his works. Phto, oncover, as ditlogue about his, Philochonus sys (f 168 FHG 1 413] dat while he was voyaging to Sic the ship Re was fn sank, and tht Bospides males aa blquecfeeace to thi in hit In (pefonned 20-4, p. ago News 28 ed]. Some ay he ied "Probl avid incon” pou sale” See Cte.reoisee con a journey athe age of about ines. (46) Apliodoras [Frit Sea 71s to) spe he ded ot erery, ang that be was sophie fo fay yt an in Bie prima the eighy-foeth Obypin (44s~ dai). (There flows an epigam of Diogenes] "A sory tld of the ine he demanded hs See fom Eustlus, ppl of his, Eusthius ened to pa, sig, "But I haven’ won a Tisory yeu” Prougonss replied, “Boe win tis dgpae Temas be {id beens I've wom, anf you win t Imo be pid beens you've on" BG, “There was anobtc Protons too, az atconomes, for whom Buphorin [p. 3x Sebeldwell] wrote diges and x thir «Stoic pliloroptes, ra. Pusranen sovaled Lempriar Cota [Beemskis vt 476) so. tg) Or he Fit Thingy Protaras Prostar Liat of th Sapir 30,2. DK 68 A 9. Pro tepoms of Ader, the sophie, became 2 dsiple of Democrins ‘thie in is owa town aod also made the seqsiauace of Pesan Tagl at the de of eres evasion of Geese, For bis fate was DMoeandsns, a aa of exsorintry wats song the Thmdans, coe ‘who entemined Nera himse! ia is hoote and by means of gifs “ron fom hn for his on the pege of essai withthe mag. (the Persian mag donot teach those who ae not Pesan, exept by ommand ofthe king) (3) thnk # was ftom his Persia nsrucon that Promgons desived the worhodox view that one cnnot #7 ‘whether he gods exe os not; forthe mag acknowledge te gods a Tei coe tes but ty 20 do avay wih the puble Heli in dvi, ‘Howe they do aot wish to give de preston dha hic power fom ‘harsoure. () For hie reason the Abenans bashed him fom al thei entry. Some ay this war 2 eour-judgmeat, ober tat he was meri the objec of a voted decree, Between ind and mainland he Imoved, in his atempe to keep abead of the Aes tees that there satered over every ea wo x small vessel on which he was ‘allng sunk (4) He invented the practice of speaking for a fee and ‘ Ate nd Tons ‘wut the fit to etre i to Gree, He mess 0 sepeoach on Ss Sevan, for we are mote eathusate about parsts Which com us ‘Bovey than about hone whic coer nothing. Pato having observed {hat Potagns aot oly expounded hs views ina pompous way Bet took pain biog pompoos, and moreover thar he was somgtines Sly verbose, gave + sample of hi sai log mth (C1). 4 Hisrcrmvs Onomatger i. Scuotsn on Pear Ripe Sexe Protons of Abdem, son of Aron. He was a porter, but ate ‘neving Democrns he becuse a piloropher and rened to oor He was Sot in inventing eisieargumens and ist to charge BS pops a fe of oo bonded mizat Om she acouat he was eked ECictedon” He bad as pups Ics the orto and Prodien of ‘Chor. His books were butned by the Atbeaians, for he ele “Con Cnlng the gods Tenant koow either tha hey eit or tat thy €0 tov enie”[B a). Pato woe = dnlogue abot im, He led in hip= Sireck on ¢ voyage to Silat the age of ney, having bees 2 spb for tony yours Sumas ox. “Drotgore” (a bind of Ac ands) |g Busenus Chas aconling 19 Jerome Borie... is bel is eows, and ris Prosgors the sphis, whore books the Atenas ome! ia aesondance with «pull decree in be egy fours Obs pid ceuat) Avctsts Flride 16 Protgoras wat a spilt of Fay wits Roowledge and a man of exceptional dequeace among the [Bat inveasor of shetous, He war also contemponsy and flow fovastnan of Denoetins the carta phloiopher Ge was fom him hav be goths leenng) Tie rogors, hey 2, contacted fos t20 Tange fee with hs pup Bato aod with a rach sipolton, et. eas. 4 Puaro Protea si7e (Dramatl dat about 4] _Protagocas] Teenie 1 ave sen « cosre extzely dierent from thes (6 aguised sophiss Sle Oxpbeo, and T adm that Tam a spit fd that Leach men... € Aad ye ic has been many year sow that 7 ESso Pengo 1 ave priced tsa, for I have had many years of fe. As fe a ge goes, thee isnot obe ia thi ehole group whose face Tighe ot be... 3384 Young mio, if you astocite with me, you rl, 00 the fest ay you exter my company, go home «beter sa frie 11d 10 (00 the next day; and ever? say you shall uningly ia rove... srtp Forche other misrest te young when sere have 4d fom the ars, chit teachecr led them back agin he wile snd plage them once more into the ars, teaching them eleltion snd astocomy and geomenry andre (as he sald ss e looked st ‘igi, where pup coming me wil lar only the sbject he as come to learn. By ths 1 mean prudence ia hs ova sf, otha be may manage his own household in the bre way, and profence in ‘he ais ofthe cy, so tat e may be moe eerie inaction aod fn speech in mates concening the cy... j1gn (Soca I ke ' that you sfer othe poli art an tat you promi to uta mes into good ctzeas, —— That is eacly the peofsion that I make, Socrates. sap [Socraces] Wrens you, openly advering yourteé hroughout Greece under the te of soph, ave prokied yon: selfa teacher of ester and view, sod you ar theft maa to ne Ie is ened toa fer Sor cis 6 ——— ——— 528 [Promgors spent) Foe this rexton T have ‘ned upon this method of exacting the fx A pupil of mine pay, oe ‘want the amount I charge. Bs if he & unwling, then he pote own isstad watever amoucr he har decaeed, under oxth ip 2 ‘enple, the lestons acs wort —— ——— sage Bue Protgons here if able to spe at length and nobly to, as is now dla, and able as well to tevpoad bey to gestions, of, when hee the queroner, to walt and ies to the answer, These aze regis, Ch 5340 & ——— Mow 91D For I know of one maa, namely Progen, ‘bo hes got more mone fom thie wisiom we speak of San Pia, ‘0 renowned for the bea wos be bas toed ov, andy ton 8 A Lied Rees st other sculptor... & Wheres rotagois, you a ae 10 believe, Doodwinied all of Greece for mote thin fre years, costpting his ssodtes and vending dem sway ia worse condlca than he bad found them. For I dak he died when he wis core event, afer Foy yeas spe in is protean, And inal this time, down oe resent da, his repuraon has noe faded. * 9 ——— Hippies Major stave [pias speaks; see DC #6 A) ‘Buc Fassved once ia Scly while Promgorss was there oa vis aod though be fad a guest repusson and wae # imach oer maa tan. ete so, PLovance Pari kom Srammennores PGrHt 107 P11 335) For, he sid, when competes isthe pnt, without meaning ty sero ad ile’ Epis of Phas with jain Pees) spect 4 ‘whole day wih Prougon eying fo deide whether, accor tothe ‘most correct udgment, one ought zegand a the cate of the mithap the jvelia or the man who srew i ener than che decors ofthe gems CE Asano Sud Teg 8) B re, Armmusis v 2180 Then agua, che conversion inthe Pro: ‘apy, which kes pace afer the death of Hippos when Callas Jn lready come into is inhecaace, meats Proagess at having ‘ome to town forthe second time not many days before [Prat spn. Bot Hipposics, wie serving as gener inte achonthip of Esthydemes (i 4317], wa a comnde of Nidkt ia Sighting tbe ‘Tenagmcans and hee Boevcn alls, a bate ia which be war vie tosis. He did inal einood (at Deum in 424] oe long before the pesetaton, ia de archnatp of Alsen 43, ofthe Plates of Eupois..» Now in this pay Bupol inroduces Protgocas a being in town, [See shove At] On the other hand, Aree ia the Goons i 615 Kock], presented ewo yee before [la 423) does act ‘umber hm inthe hoes of "Thaker St is ln hat e eve in the interval fof Bu Peril’ sons, Pros aad Xanthipoas, ‘whose fier di ie he plague, could crtinly act have conversed °“with Protagorst doing hit cond vise to Athens, lace they ad (id before thei Stes, CE Busrarimes on Hover Odi ¥ 490 san: Bapoie sid to exe the masrl phosopher Prougons fe 4 sal light inthe words, "The soounel puss on fale ass shout what's in the sky, bat eit wha comes from te exh" [& 3460 #297 Kock; 20 above As]. CE fe tay “Peotgoras bade ‘im (Calis) in, so thc he might have his tung well washed out Defoe the dog days eam” a, Sexes Ast te Scholars 2 5,36 (flloming DE 88 B 2] “Theodorss te shee agzes with Uns mea [Euhemens, Dagon, ‘Proce, Cane] 408, asoeing 10 some, 20 docs Prougors of “Abder who le eal ated in one of his wor: “Concerning the gods Tam voble ro sy whether they ext or what they a Uke, ‘ox there are may things that hinder se" [B 4-1 was fortis dat fe Aeains vous she dents penal agsist Min. He led aad ded 4 aa sxdeot atten. Thi tor tlt mensoned by Tiaa of Pais in the second book of his Lampova [fy Dit). His acct follows: seciide 30, 10 Proagons among the ops «maa wlth dee sets ee mig on the mae able fo any Work Thy made wp hie ‘Bin ome i Soka hese he or in weting a ein {ow aor coud be pemie win or ho the go ne Ble worde wee (Sioa std anal, When his id tim 0 food he made moe, oping wo seid he ald dank of Sooner ana rp Hades 15, Paro Craps s6jn8- As Prtegori mesat when be sid that ofall ings th menue i ean (Bz), hata Sings appee to ‘hen, so they acally ar for me, and as they appear to Fou 80 they scully ate for you. 4 Sexrus Ont of Byline 1 6 ‘Proagons, 00, will have ietint ofl tinge the meses ma, of ngs that ae Cn he as, sod of hinge dat are ot that they at not (Bs), ening by “mearze”| ‘he mandard of judgment and using ta word crema tater thas raga foe “ngs” So he sage, is eet, that man is he standard ‘of judgment fal things, of those har age ha hey ae, and of those thas ae not that hey are not. Aad fortis reason he poste only what tppens to the indivi, hae intoduclag elt... (217) Now ‘oat he sys i tha mater is aa wae of x aod da si changes there is « eootnnoss rplcement ofthe via Which it gives 0 tian, mowsoves, one's teanions uadego change and slentin in scosdance with go's age and oar apes f one's body condition. (Gi8) He sag too sha the eatons [py] of all he apearaees are prceot inthe matt, #9 cat the ater i opal far a Ds in Is own power, of being everyting tha sppeas 10 everybody. Men, however, appichend diferent things a dierent tines according t0 ‘hae wesioas diposiions. For the man whose condition is atta ipeipe, out of what is consined In rates, what an apese to those {ba atunl condison, whereas the man whote condition i aot atu igepe whet can sppest to those in his conden, (a9) The sume Sceount, mossover, ust be given of diferenes in age, the question ‘Shether one sleep oe awe, 0 every type OF vant in one Cation. Aad to according 20 im, maa, becomes the standard of jadgmeot of tinge that ae For all tings that appeas to men also (Gis, bus lage whien appear to #0 man donot elt eter, We se, thescore, tht be dogaataes not only aboot the ax of mares, bat lho abocr the presence in eof thereon [ye] ofall appearances, fthoogh thee ate obicore mann oo which we suspend judgment a5, ——— Apt 1 Sbabeetrs vik 585 could sorely oot be ‘milonioed that every sppesrnce is eve Bocas that argument cia be tuned back upon il, at Demons and Pao (Ths 1724] towed when they tok eae with Promgons: orf every appearance Js tru, then the belt tha aot every appearance Is eve—onc this ‘elie eke the foum of an appearace—vil so be tue and 40 the ‘ele tha every appenace is tre wil Becore ike. [Demis sgsns Promgorsts DK 68 A 03:3 11,36, B 1608 =] 16 Hwaas Peer Pilusphrs Dirided 9 (D 633) But Protgons es to done su othe oer de, where he sands, wih de tee:so: Pg Man isthe standard aad judge of things, aad wherer comes before ‘he sents is hing, but tat which dos aot i at among the fms of being. CE DK To Be, ay Austr Matpbais oe 5, 1048019 These ast tome, the Megane for example, who say tht a hg can act only When fi acting, and thas when ie not aeting, ic cnnoe act For example, he ‘haa whois aot balding canoe ball, but oaly the man who bulls snd only whaa he is bailing, The sume is aege! of eter thing 00. I's aot had to se dhe suaage consequence of thls view. Fr its ‘esr tat aman will algo aoe bea bader uae he balling, since to bes bulder iso beable to build. Tae same apple to the ther sc. Now iit is ipossibe to poses sac are without ve leeing! ‘hem and having acgized Sham, and mpowible not to posts tesa zoqpat without ever having lst them (whether by frgecucess, mishap, othe passage of tne; fri bey act bythe detuction| ‘ofthe hing itl since that is always in exirnce, once ma eope sting he wil aot posses hear aod yet he nay sae to bal again ‘without delay—how then las be agai the art? The eae applies ‘9 inanimate things. For noting wich ie not being perceived wil be old or ot or seest ot in ay way peepsble. And soi wil isa ut tat those who believe his are upholding the wow of Prosgors Infact, nothing will posses the power of perepion ether uals is prreiing sod ning 2% Tenruntis Ort Sol 25 [Location of de sul ia the bree fom DK y2 B 1oj) Protgoras sod Apolldomue and Chysppos now this t00 19, Prato Ewhydome 28620 T must sy thie 1 always wonder at this argument (rn, hat comtadlctia i impossible, which I have A Lend ening sen heard fiom many people and on many cceitlons for Protgons? circle made gent ue af at did other even before him CE DK aa Ay. Bat fo my miod dhe acgusent always seme extrsordioary in the way it overows ot only otbee arguments but il to, (See above A (3) Anssroren Mitpigecr sr « sooqbe8 Mossove, iE ‘oouraditory sateen a all ee athe se ine about te same thing, iis cle eae al things wil be one For the sae hag wel be 2 etme and «wall sod a man, fis peitble ches ro afm oF to deoysoything of everthing, as those who uphold the aueat of Promgons most admit For Fsayone think that aman i ots tee, seis ear thache nate tzeme. Therefore he icone too, the conta. Gerry seatment tae CE 4, 109a6; Sees vr 589 [DK 6B A a). ‘snisroree Maple x6, x06:br5 He (Potagors) sid that of al ‘hinge the measure is man, meaning tpl hat what spot foeach ‘penson also i postively dhe ete. But once thi i taken tobe so, Ce ‘same ting turns out bot 1 be sad no 9 be, and eo be bad aswel 18 good, soto mention the other opposes, ace eften what seems ‘eau o eis group of people wil een the oppo vo ae group, and since what appeass to each man is ikea to be the ature, 20, Comune Miri v6 [464,14 Sis] ery argument Js an opposite argument, sy the Greeks, following Proagon. Seva Liters 38, «3 Prtagors sys that one can segue equally well fon citer side oF any questo, including the quesioniaalf weer Doth sides of any question ean be argues. CEB 6a. at, Anssrorus Riri 24, ons} Aad thief what one aaae by “imabing the weaker acgument sroagee” (B Gh). And for thie raton en wee juslyofended by whee Procagors preted todo, (oritisfsehood and is eto, but oly a appatet, probity. Tshelongs, moreove, ono setexeptchetricand ete. Seuss ‘Brewiit, under the eau "Abder"s Psotagors, who scoring (| Endonat [Blimons fe « vt 78 Gisnge), crated she weaker sad ‘swongesargunent aad tught hie pop o blame ad pie the ame pessoa CEC 6sara. Paro Therhatr 6608 (Apology of Prosgors] For Tsay fhatshe wath isas Tove weit: each one of ei he meso of what is and of what is aot ot one ma dies vas fom anotbet—the fidsence being jut thi: that diferent Mags are and appar © ‘erent sen. And T am fe ftom denying te existence of wisdom dof wise men; iis rather ar Teall “whe” pec that man ¥Bo, by working a change in us, maker what is goed appear and be 10 ny ove of a8 to-whom what seul appesss and 2678 But I {hink, when amas soul rane sate, aod so has hous whieh {ut ae sue thena good ste of ol makes hin hak othe though, ‘aru t tut sn, which some men ine ll “sue” whee T ‘all Gem beter than the former Kind but a a0 way tact. And the Stacia maters that concen the body I ell physics, and in roatess that conten plot habandea, T mains, you ts, hat the ater produce in plat, inetead of the harmful sesition which sted scknest io any of then, beaecal and hey sentatioos, {hd rv one and he wire and good omtors ke whats beni ‘athe than wa is rfl appeae just he cies. Fr whateres sre Of thing appease jut and honorable co each cy ic for tha iy for fs long as too denne, But the wise an makes what is beneicl lathes than what i aul for them a aay parca ee peas 208 fe je Oo the tame principle the sophie toe, capable as he i of luca in this way those sade hs lestrucon, i wise and wor fret deal of monty 1 well 9 tose he bas aught. And wo ie that some ae wiser han others, aad 90 one olds ite opinions, aad that you, wheter you wane cof ot, must put up with beng = tpetstic, For wih chee arguments this doce Is saved sa, —— Protegras 5330 _Ate then «.. hose things good which sz banal fo men? —— Yes, by Ze, Protgort}, aad even if shings ar ot beneficial men Tell thom good. 3544 Doyo fhe, Ph NOOK Goth Pe, corms few (aes) BP Date ee ne 4 seo, Protons, things tha are bese to no maa, ox tings at Se not beneeial a al? And do you call such things a thee good? SEP Nora alle ed bot know of many things which are bara ‘men onde and dis and devge and counts other thing, while ‘Sen wre beoecal ad others ae either benef noe baemfil «> ‘en bat are ont or the othr to horas, et. CE DK 22 B615 688 725 oot a5: —— Thatrar 1620. (Protagoras speaks) Noble bors aad Then, tac you st togetner sing and bringing the gods in the (Gestion of whove auieace of aoassstence T excode fom oxy Recher and wetings. Ciceno Ov he nae oft gud x25, 63 ‘When Peotgorss of Abder ... he very geates sophie of those ‘inet, begin book withthe Words, “Concenig the gods Tam abe to say sether tat hey exit or that they do not ex!” he was ‘cited by onder ofthe Athenians fom cir and counted it Books wer burned in public ately. 12,29 (D 551) Nor indend dee Proagorn, whe dei shat be Har any elt Kole ofthe sods, wheres they eo do oc ex and wha thei ate, ee fb have aay coneeption of the aatre of the gods. (From the same eure] Putoonwes Or Phgy col 35 p89 Gompers (Birtxatnte ‘Sadie (Lips 1866). oe thse who say chat is unknowable ‘whotber any gods east or of what cor they ace. DOORS OF ‘Semone [fv ok 2 Hae 1, p19 Willa] Promgors of Abdera Teuinained an opiioa iden in essing 9 thie of Dingo, al ‘Bough te expressed it cirendy in onder t avoid puting fa too oval en. For he sald that he didnot know whuther gods est. Dt this amouas sping tat he knows they do noe ese, CEB ‘ag Puaro Crips jprne[Socete 19 Hemmogent] Thete ase he Sepute To deve your own broths Calls pds gest dof mone, {Sib be now enjoys the eeputision of siadom. Bat sace you ae oot Tuts of out inhertance, yoo must east your brother aod ask no tech you she conaioetr [vi of sames) In such mater ‘Which he leacod from Psotagoms: —— Te would be a od rogost 3 aso. rg Inded on ny pan, Soeses, iT who rjc altogether the Trait of| Protagos, should prise as if hey were worh something satemects cuacedaed by chet Kind of tath 25, —— Protaras 5394 Tes mp view that... the gests pare of man's education i skin poety, tat i 10 ty, being sie a tndenrand the ures of the poets, whether cote or income capresied, aswell s knowing Mow to dng berween them and sive an account when quesdonad, [There flows the interpreting of Simonds] Gromozocton Varseasent 743 20.68 [Sembaet rier Seis] When maker of verses cued Protagees becmse he would not approve of his poems, hie anrwer wat, “My good se, ‘Tam hener off eeduring your sbote thin enduiog your poems” 26, Paro Piri 26508. (Soees and Phd That fst of the Beginning ofthe spetch, one must have an iamodscion, I soppote hiss what you mea, ie’ tthe ne pint ofthe et? —— ‘Yor — And secondly, of cours, x nirmton, end teionies ae that, thirdly proofs, nd fourthly probit, And confnation and seplemenary confimation: that oxtanding wotterisman, the ‘nas from Byeandum, mentions chose, T dink. —— You mesa the simile Theodoros? [See DK 8 A 30] — Indend Ido, And how fone mast cary out zefution and supplementary seftaton wheter coming or defending. But hall weno ring onthe lesous Eveans| of Paco (PLG m 265; ALC 1 7, who iveated insinuaton and oblique commendation? Others sy tat fe even eceshis oblique ‘probation in vene a a aid to memory, wise maa tat he As foe ‘hos (se DK 82 A.7; 85 Aa] aad Gorgas, shall welt them sen fe ones who have peresved thar the likely ie more commendable han he tre? Moreover, hey ws the power of lngge to ake the sal com geet and te great sem small to put the new in an old light and the old ia «em, and have invented, for speeces on sabjes, the methods of revey and anccimieced prolly. age weak by ate, 6 A Litas Taine ps8 Prodius (te DK 4 A 2] ghed once when he bated me sy this sod mid that be alone had Wicoverd the at of appropiate speci {Bat what one needs isnot length of brevis bat due imeasuee ‘Very wisely pu, Prodies. ——~ Aree we gong to woetion Hips {DK 96 A 2} Fort tink the man from Ela would cat his vote ‘with Prodics, — By ll means. —— Aad esming to Pos and his Word Santas of the Msn, what sal we ey of ther, eopesion, for example, and seateniouses, and the gute syle ott peak ofthe terms Lieymaian which he gor a git rom tel invent fo the sakng of lege speech? ——- Come now, Soeates, dia Po. tagort have some things ofthe same oct? ——~ Yes he had peopiey of phrase, ny bo, and many other Se hing. Bt inthe tne of ‘etfl speeches applied to tbe aged andthe poor, the mighty Calor donian [Thnaymacnus; ste DK 8; B 6) has to xy mand on the etry with his a and the ma is adept a well coe onlin coming the mnitude but also in beguiling agin, once aged with bis incintions, a be pot; wale so ereing aad disipting clan, ‘whatever ite suse, he in mare. The ltt pat of specch-—to go 98 to sh nox point — seems to bea mare of common agseaneo® enon Al, though tome eile repitlition aad eters something ese. 7. Anuewonx Ble 240786 outly, ditioginh words by _gevder the way rotgons des, ito marlin, feminine, ad nett, 28 ——— On Sophia Rufaatnr ee 273037 oles) One can lave the eror ie che mare appearance of the er, andthe mete sppeanace of avoiding 28 one tas, for example fae Protaras ied co say—the words “weit” and “helmet” ie masculine; for thea tomeose who says “senared” in the ferinine form (o uly these noua) is gle af oles asocing phim, although seems oct 0 othes, wheres someone who site the masculine form Rest ined of So W.D. Ror Anil Tipe eb Bie or 7Pee seems to, bot dots not, commit sles. CEC 53 Puavo Crater soot. 29. —— Pots 2p, 436015 Foe why should ooe assume that Prougors is rgh ie claeing a fly the phase "Slag, goddess, fe with” on the geounds that er 2 command purporting tobe a zequst? Fos, he sas to bid someone 1 do oF aot to do something fea command CE above A (33) 30 Asmuontus Scxotra oa Houen [FO TE 20. 6) eo, XII 20 Sn Had so 4 Peotagors say tae the nex episode, the Aight between Kanthus and a moral i meaato divide the bate, inorder ‘omukes taxation to the bate of the gods; pehape als inorder 0 losiyAchiles and... the dangers. etching. leaped no longer fp te seam bed but on he pai 1B. FRAGMENTS PROTAGORAS' TRUTH OR REFUTATIONS 1 Sexvt Apt te Sebeatrs wt Go Some also seckoned Drotagors of Abden i she company of thot philosophers who do sseay withthe sodas of judgment, sine he ay thar al appenrnces Sod opinions are tue and shat tuts is watlve mater Because a nase every preston or opinion immediately es ia sclaton (0 him. At any mt he begie the Rafter withthe Following peo nousceneat “OF al things the messue is mas, of thiogs he ae fa they ate, aad of ting het ze ane ha hey ae na.” CE. above AGA ta, A 24: opposed i Puato Laws ro 706. Ph ah oud (a, wed hand in oer gsnin of i ses mets “hana seme pe an Fr dao fh from ne Kar oe Fe yew "rego Le ohn a0 Png 2 Pearo Theses rjts-r24 [Scents and Theaters I seems t0 sme dat thi acount you're given of knowledge is aot « bad one a {iin fc ew alo Protgor version ofthe mater. But be ex pressed the am vnw in eather dierent words For be ys romewbere that of ll ings the measure is maa, of things cat ae that they ate sd ofthing the are ae that they ar nt. You've ead ie Teuppone? are sad ie many times. —— Now dose’: be sp conehing of tl son, that as ech tag appears tome 0s Forme, and as it sppess 10 oo, ro in units for you, you beng a man,and 0? 1 i ere hat a emes, when the se wind i blowing, one of ‘wil be eold and she othe wl at, othe one lghly andthe ote ‘eueely £0? —— Indeed. —— Now in tat cise shall ve 57 thatthe wind cold in elf ce aot eld, or sal we apee with Prougoms tha if ex he man who fecal bat at 0 othe cover? — We sal ace wit hin, i seams. — Tele “appears” to to eich one, doen't 8? — Yeu. — And “ic appen” wie {Be ste a "he pein”? — Fee, —— Appears han, and perepon ae egulaleat wha ooe is speaiog of warmth or soyhing of tha sort. Then things ae, I venoe, fr each person just a Be peraies them. 6c [Bocater] On te whole Yin quite deighed ‘Sith is xtemens that what appae > ach man aio But Psa pated at che way he sated his aceouny, thar he dda say at be begining of hie Trt da of lenge ha mane the ig os the lboce ee tote other even more outlandish choice from among ceatze endowed with seaoa, so tat he might have commenced ‘psking to vr with an sr of magniSzence and une Aida, demon. ‘otng tht, wherear we stood in awe of his a of god bese af Jas wisdom, he was ia fact ao more ineligent tan x pol 0 57 nothing of other men. CE Asia. ON BEING 2 Posrciny fom Book of he Leen on Litre, ia Bosse Proprtion oft Gospels, 35 Booka witan by Plato's pedecessos Peek nea Pema se sare; oheewie one might pethaps bave detected sore of the Dhllosophe’s (elgiacisms). Ts patage tat I ame upon by Saiee ‘hile reading Protons” book Or Ba, Ido find Protgors wing sinile countersgument aginst thore who propore being w ont For tok pass to memocz the pusege word for word. [Ewes fds] And having sd this cnuch be sx out his prot a some lengeh| ‘THE GREAT SPEECH 4h Avecoora Paxstonsca 2 174, 34 Or Hippie By [ed A. Robles, Sophinar wri Prep fepmnts (Lena, 1908.46 §] a the work ented the Gre pect Protgoras sds “Techiog require strani cadowmeat and prt,” and “Taey most leas sting young.” He would act have sid thi if be hid il been 4 Tate leaaes, which was he opinion tat Epicure bed and ex rsted about Protgors f 175 Usener; DK 6A 9) ‘ON THE Gops “¢ Bosenus Preperation of the Goel ve 5, 7. For Proagoras, the Alsip of Democtits, acquired the seputndon of an atheit, He ie {nid at aay ate, co tave begun is reatise Or te Gadi bs Shion: “Concerning the gods I do aot know... fom they might have” rooms Lasts x st (above A + (53) “Concerning. in's Bie" CEASA, A712 Aas “Gonceeing the gods T cana know citer ta they ext o that ‘hey do not exit what form they might have foe tere save to prevent one's knowig: the obeay ofthe cube ad the shore set of maa’ tie” "0, wt fom hy night av ote Dios ‘zoey "the peep [of Sr ge) Se Tender Gomes, Dit Aug tr Ha, Sass Kase Sia. Wl, Pion Hse Ge ‘Be mye Athan, 1 rgm CONTRADICTORY ARGUMENTS, IN TWO BOOKS (Geesbove As (3) 5, Dioceses Laenrus im 57, Euphosion (f. 292 Scheideedee and Pansat fe. jo Fowl) have sated that the opening woude of [Piao] Rep were found se out in sany dieret sangeet, fd Acstoseoos [55 FHIG x #42] ems that alost de whole of the Repti can bene in She Caratitary Argent of Petagors. (1) The Repabie ... which, acoeding w the sxoad book of Favorinoe Milne Hit [a1 PHIG tr sto, alo found lost in is entry in the Craiory Arguments of Proper DOUBTFUL TITLES ‘THE ART OF DEBATING (See above A t(3)] 6. Creo Bre 12,46 Grom Anserorte Comin of “Art fe 157 Rose)... and that Protgerss wroe down and prepared di puiaens oa rouble subjees, hich ate now eld "Geacel anges ‘ment (le! eommane)." Quneraua ut, 30 Proageras of Abe, feom whor Earls (se above A + (4) (J) Ae) ssid to have eared fora fe of ten thousand dena, the rt whith he bad xed 5,12 (DK 4A 20) Of these Proagoms and Gorgias a id to have Deen the frst discs general samen (demon) and Prodics, Fippias, Protgonss spun, and Thasepuachus the fist to discs the a. Droomns Lasamus 52 [Seesbore A. (52)) [Protgons) was ‘he fist co may that on every isuethece are Too arguments opposed tw each other CE A so, , Ansrors Rite 24, s4onesy CEA 28... ming the ‘woskeranguent stongerregen ON MATHEMATICS [See above A : (9) 7p Ansrons Magpbyice mt 2 997052. Not is ie we wo sy eae ‘mensuraon has for i objec prcepsbe magaisader which ae alo posible, fr then ie would perth when they i Baton he ote hand asrozomy surly doesnt have for its abe pexepible magaie rads aoe does ic del with the sven dat we ase. For peroptble ner are aot suchas she geome speaks of citer, for soting per cepuble Js straight of toubd in at way; forthe ede touches the fuigtedge sot at + pont, but at Promgort sald ie id when he refed the geometer, soe. CE As and Ay Je Proves Or Fry, seconting 10 J, Hedause, Der Papas 1636 ar Hiren Bibetihs Piece ng naguioun (Dis. ons, 1957) C 1 raf... tat the sbjen meres i wakaowable snd theteminologyrepogaaa, a Protagos Says of mattis, (ON WRESTLING [See sbore A 1 (91 8 Paro Sophie ss2pe Mostorer, concerning the arts io. geotll snd cvery atin pari, there have been commited to waing ad published comewhers, for hose who wish to era them, the arguments to be wsed in controversy with the acta prciones of each art ——Teuppote you ma the wetags of Protagons about wrasing snd the other ane _.- 534 Then how eold someone who war hime ‘tf igncrane ever have ageing worcwil t ey a opposition £0 ‘man with Laowledge? —— He could not. ON GOVERNMENT [See above A (9) CEB 5. b, ON THE ORIGINAL STATE OF THINGS (Gevabore A 1 (1) CE Cr Ruy Or se Oriel Si oe Pai) Smt, See cone ‘ty ewe ne an th bet mane fe Prego 2 raga 79 SON ADIBITION (See abore A (3)) fd. ON THE VIRTUES [See above A (5911 Se. ON HUMAN ERRORS [See bove As (9) DIRECTION [See above A (9) fg. TRIAL OVER A FEE (Secsbove At (551) GA 1 (59 BS. Sh. ON THOSE IN HADES [See shove As (3)." FROM UNSPECIFIED WRITINGS 9: esranen Later of Coton » Aplin yy vibe Pics ‘Pat alld “tae Olympian” boosie of hie exnordimary powers of fpeeth and sndensdiag. The sory i told tat when fe Feared ‘har both hissoas, Parl sod Xantippu, had pcithed (as Prongors tyr in the following prong: “For though his young... i lke (Groumstanct); for rig afer the message about his to Sons, Pesce, wentng a ecown insite ofall in aceordance with ance ‘suom, and cid ip white, addeeel the peopl, “taking the feed in 00d coanrel” [owen [dad 275 ad rouig the Athelaas more than ever for he wae “For though hs young aad beast sone bad did within a pesiod of only eight dye e bore ie without grevlag. For Me maintained his teangallty of mind, a fct which served hin well evexy day by Iinging geod formne, caning diss, aod suing his epattion Tv ling ier qc sated te soon of he snc eyto Pepe smoag the people: Fora the sight ofthe many way he enduced his sors al judged hm high-minded and beave and ropes to teens ‘elven knowing well thir own helleoes in ike icupeenes™ 0, Sronasusitas, to. Protgorss sid tht a wat nothing without Practice and practice nothing without at 28, (Beeranct] On Pate 18,25 (Rin Neem, XXVIE (873), 2.326] Protons hs aid, fthemore: Edaeton does at spout Jn the oul uses ase goes to» grat dap POORLY ATTESTED 42, Guanco-Srauan Tes tan. oto German hy Rye? [Rie Mace, LI (1896), p. $39. 9.33) Protgors bas sd Toland work sod inswotion and education and wiedom ae he crowe of Glory ‘which is woven from the Gowers ofa eloquent ong aod plac oa the heads of tote who love is. The toague's we isnot efor, «0 be sues yer is Blostoms are abundaze and ever fith, and the oo looker and shore who apolsd and the eachers eric, and the seadents make progzest and the flea snnoyed—ot pechope ey se not even annoyed, since dey ate not ntligent cove caraTion 4 Paro Propra y200 [Nth of Protons] There once was # time when there weve gods bat no moral erates But when b the sppisted tine came for theses t have tes begining, the gods Te Bagh eon ofa fener any 4 tanson of « Goreae aon Oy. Gili dF Buc, eprtaed fo DRG Se ae fe ne Grasp ‘Se Engh oman fom he Geant Py 1B Fgmen ptt € Inte molded them wihin the cath from a misraze of ect ad i and ‘whatever is composnded with fre aad ears, When they wets about to lend them forth ro he ih, ey bade Prometheus aad Epimeteas ft them out and dstbueto each sible powers. Epimetheu shed Prometheus whether he might himself debate. “And when I bare disebued,” he sd, “Snapecx” And so he permided im and rade hisdiutibotion And a he dswbted, co somes healed sera bus noe speed, while the weaker oner be equipped with sped. Otter he arsed, while for hove whom be had leftward he devised some other endowreat to keep them sue. To hae averted with alias of fame he alloted winged Sight ors home inthe ery but those ‘whom be made mage 521 fund safer i sn es Te wae in thls sane fishion dae he upheld equality among the ofa too 28 be Alisebuted. Al thise devised aa presutia let any ind of cete should sur desteocion. But when be had fanithed them with ways (o escape mumal dexdeing, he devted ready pectestion agaast ‘Ze’ sesone by clothing them ia thick hair and frm hides, me defense agains winner but efecve agaist summe’s heat 22 well, ‘There wete aio meant to provide bet, sppeopeite aod > vf: {grown foreach creature’ repos. Some he shod with oor, oes ‘ith st aad bloolee male He hen gave ro each is own spe of soxtishment, 0 some ears pasture, to othe the fue of tes 0 others sts and some he allowed to prey om ote ails fot food. ‘And to some he gave meager progeny, while thot others whom they ses he made poli, so presvng tee stock. Now Epimeheas, who wis not actly clever enough uawiingly © squandered oo the dumb bea all he endowmenss he ad to give. Tete vas let ro hi, hen, sil woeqipped, there of mea, ade wat a8 ost what 10 do wid i Ip hs parledy Prometheus came 1 hi © lovence the discbution, He saw che ater asia Setingly provided Jn evesy way, batman he sw eked sad uothod and vabedded snd ‘uname. Aad the appoieed ay was already a bind, r, 08 which ‘aan lke the others, st energe from the ert int the light At 8 Joss 3s to what mexor he coal fin of sting > man, Prometheus stole fom Hephuests apd Adheaa hae techniwedom and with Byreagone ie re (or withovt fre a0 one could have Aoguitd it o wed and fois war hat he gave man she gif. Now in this way man got the ‘wisdom rue t live, bat polite viedom he dd act have, fori ‘wi in Zeu? poseson, [was not now posible for Promebess ro cater the dtadel where Zeus had lis home (mozeover, Ze setie ‘wer tenbie bathed enter eset at he common dwelling place of Abena and Hephaestus, ia which hey pacticed thi ars Having stolen th Sey ar of Hephacrse long with Athen’ ct, be [pve them £9 man. Hence i war chat man won ese of livelihood, hess, 5224 the story gos, Promhous Iter uadeevest prose cestion for taht. Since man had won 3 share in whit was propery Aivoe, be bec, to begia with, by vee of his kinshis with he {ged se only animal to worship god, and he undetok => bud altars and sames ofthe gods. The too, he soon devise, hough his Sk, ariel speech and eames for tlags, and invented howe 2 ‘lothiog snd footwear and bed and nourisment fom the earth Tht ‘provided, men at Gt ved rene, mand there were ao it At 2 raul ey wer being destoyed by de wild beats, bese they ‘wore in every respect wees than ese Te sll as catenea was ‘lficent co help thes gt food, but i fled them ia thee ace against che brass for they didnot yet poses the polite ar, of ‘which th at of war ta pls. So they sought sey ia umber by fovoding cet. New wheneve they formed communis they woald wrong cae aacthes, licking as they dd the poltcl ax, with the ‘eonequeoc tatty would dipete agin and be deseoyed. Zess therefor, © eating thar our ree mighe be derroyed alogeher, ‘ent Hens to bing to mea reverence and jae, in onde that there righ be goveramens forthe ces snd boods to oin mania fend ‘hip. Now Heemes asked Zes how he shold go abow ving arice td overace to men. “bal Tditbute hese inte sre way that the ex hve bers ditbuted? For exmpe, one phic is enough to weat many lyme, 20d it is the same with ocr cate. Stal I lsc otc and reverence ssn mn inthis sae ahi, or shall ‘decibute them wo everyone?” —D “To evepone” ld Ze, “ad et ‘rerone have a share in hem, for es would aot come Lao being if 6 only fe shared ia these a they do inthe other as. And ny down {his law by my oid et ther pat dead as «plague on the cy the tuan who cannot shar in reverence and josice” CE Mosciion {6 TGF p. 13; s00 Antone Or se Part of Anal © 10, Gigaas: Those who sy that man 4 aot well pox togeber, but fa Bet wome than aay oer animal for they sy be is shod od maked aad without amor for defen), are wrong. CE also DEAN Bas 2 Aussonuves Chad 1128 CE A at. They sy das both agus ‘ens ean be found among them, the tongs, whoever be i aad he Steaks, OF thse swe argument, the one—the weaker—(15) wins fut, ny chi, by eying wha is ose uous. CE the Agon of the Just ad the Usjuse Argument 8893, je ——— S40 [Sontnes and Stepsiades] CE A 28, Bat {Jou mast lara other things before these, ke which quadzspeds {be propetly mae. (660) — But Taw the maseline ones, ‘nls Fm ou of my mind: am, bly gost, ball, dg, fowl [ner wt Do you ee wha happening? You's ealing te feral “fou” od the male the same ting. —— How? Tel me, — How? Like this “fowl” and “ow” (66s) —— By Poseidon, T dot But ow ‘vhas should Tel them? ——*"Sbe-fow! [alte] for one. For the othe, “hefow [wr]. —- “SheZowl"? By the ae howe that's sapdb! Fortis Ienon aloge PL 6 your bay bow! 1 the brim (6) —— There! You've dove it aia. You cll bow! [tv terion) (62) manloe though 3 eine. (67) Bu what muse eal it rom sow oa? — Call ta "she bow” ie Aad, ‘he way you cll Sonate “whe” — The "she-bow!?—femniioe? — Righ you ae ‘4 Bunsmpts Baccus agg [Cadmus and Ties) CE B 5. Lam a oral and do aot despite the gods, (20) —— No, ad we do not pactce cleverces on divine rings. The eadlions of oor fer, « csDongen © tao legacy 35 old 2s ine ie argument will vexteo those, is spite ofthe wisdom invented by sole bx (2) Assumes re Socnaric Cali fe 6p, fo Ketuse CE DK Saag re yesh eden corp oer” “amy bea soo 1s Poagua! took eed Tat oe Rye (eareBiaoner) CB * 61. XENIADES ‘rouleted by SOILLIAM, O'NEILL “eaindes was 4 ative of Cosh, presumably sommewint cai than Demoerits, who wenons him. (CE ZllrNek (6th ed p. 2369 2} M, Untenteiner, Th Sphinn. K. Proemaa (Oxford, i954, Pp. 162-65) Svs Agente Scholmatac 5 And Keni he Coiathian, ‘whom Democstes (DK Gt B 163] mention, sid that everything i fase, dae every steimage and opinion le, and that everthing ‘ich comes to be, comes be fom the nonennen, and eve ‘ehich puss away, pusses away into the nonexirteat. Virwaly he bolds the sie opinion as Xenophanes™ CE Outer of Pyrboioe 18,96 (Rois Namo, LIEV [3929p 263) Sot Sx phe Saintes Vi NGL Den Ar Asn Asm Agioyy Agi an,8. GORGIAS ‘ravslaed by GEORGE KENNEDY Gorgias was bors stoniy before 48 mc. in Leonid in Silly and lived therefor ch of i if, He may have stadied with Expedodis sod caraaly was familar with the phlosophy aad aber of the {lne, Hilson defi philovopbical work, Or te Noro or Or [Nery ist be dated to the late aos. In 427, he Wa cent a5 a0 surbustador by Leontinio Athens, nd rabsequen he eens to have ‘ket ceyepenedly of even t Bave seed cher. His oxant ‘hen ples and rupeas dat fom hela Sth and ex four’ ceases. Sometime afer 585, be removed tothe cour of Juoa a ‘heme in Theil, whee be dad atthe age of lat one handed snd Se, A. LIFE AND TEACHINGS Prmuotenares Lie of te Sep « 9, + Leoata ia Sly was {he biplice of Gorgias = on to whom at toa father we dik i right 2 fe the aztof the sopiss. Fo if we consider how moch ‘Aceh consbara to agedy by adoring it wit costs ed the high busin, and eper of eos, and masengen from abroad oF from the bous, and With the disincdon between salable oneage snd oftege seo, Goryias would cosespond f tis i hs enor {ovon oki flow ari (2) Fore was an cumple offoseflnas ‘the opis and of exposed expression and of ispston sod of the grind syle for get subjects and of deached pheases and ta sions, by which speech becomes sree than i is been tod more lmpetvg, and be alt introduced poese words fr oxnameat and gis (9) I was sid at he beginning of ay dsasion (As) » A ed Teckings oe ‘Gacbe aso improvised easly, and it 20 woader if he wat adaced ‘by many when be spoke in Atheas, although by ten aa old sn, snd {Tnderrand tat he sacred te atention ofthe most aad men, (Cause and Alcibiades who were Young, and Thucydides and Pees ‘who sere alredy old. Aguthon 99, the tagie poe, whom Comey retards a8 we and clogsea,ofen Gorgianine in his ibie vee. {@) He was conapiouou alo atthe fea of te Grek, dein is Pycin Spach B 9] from he ala athe temple ofthe Pthian god, ‘whew in addition & oldca sare of himself was setup. His Obi ‘Spent (B 7,3] dele with poll mater of the greet porte {or ecing Greene iavolred in vi dsention be became a soaalor of exszotd to her inlubiuns, curing their ateton agaist the ‘arharane and peennding them 0 zeus a prize tobe won by Sie sams, not cach oters ce, bat the ecory ofthe babes. (3) ‘The Fanral Ora (B 6), which he devered a Athens, was spoken lover those who fl ia the wary, whom the Athenians bury at pbc capease wih ulogies, and ite composed with supusing dleveroes. For hough actig the Athenians agus the Medes ad Pena sd concoding forthe same ies a inthe Obmpie Spent, be mentioned ‘nothing about concord with the Grea, since he was addceing the [tents who were cager for empire, which could ao be oboe’ unl hey adopted ecremisn, but he duet on praise ofthe vides lovee the Medes, showing them that vcore over the bucharant ‘quite lymot of elebaion, visoros ver the Grocks requis aents (Bb). (6) Jes sid tar Gorgias ved to he age of one uaded aad ight yours without auferng physical incapacty ftom old age bot sound of body tothe ead sod with the mind of yousg mas. ra ——— ——— 12 Gorgas of Leontnt was the Sounder of the older pe fe, of sophistry) in Testy... Gorgas sens) to have ‘begun exemporuooes onory. For coming ito te thee of the “Athenians he had the boldnas to say “suggests subje” and was the fast co prockim bintelf wiling to take this chee, showing appureny that he knew everything and would erst o te moment ‘0 speak on any sbjec. EyGna 2 Sunois Gorgas on of Chamantier, of Lectin orto, tent of Empedoles, eae of Pols of crags sod Peis and ipcrtes and Aledamas of Eee, who alo took over dtetion of his shoot He was the brother ofthe payin Herodies (A 2) Pospbyeyplases hm in the eigeds Olympiad 462-45), uti is ecesicy to seyard him a olde. He wat the fist co give to the storia gente the veel powee sod at of delbente exe and employed pes and metpbon and ‘gure language and pale and ctchress sd yperbton ad Aonblings of words and repetitions and apesuophes and cies of sul length. He charged eich of his ensens 2 fued mins. He Uved one hundred and nine yess and wroe a gata da, as, Puaro Gugir 4480 Tf Googles happened tobe angus with te att of his brother Herodiss, by what same would We appeo- ately ell hin? 5 Drooss Lasers 38, 99CE DK 5: A (8). (Bopedoces] vs botha physician andthe est ctor Atle, Goris of Leoti ‘wis his student and a man outsaadiag ia sheore andthe autor of sp Acs. Sats (uf 12 p 162] chime Gat be sid he was ith [Empedocis when the later payed the wizard 4 Diononus Sioows xt 55, [la the achonthip of aces, 47 2c] At tht time in Sil tke penpe of Leatin, ho weze cleat ‘of the Chaldeans but celatves of she Athenians, happened fo be iat volved in war withthe Sycuane Being hard pred in the wat 0d in dioger of bing forcbly oven beease ofthe aueial supeisity ofthe Syacusans, they Sent ambasadors to Alen, aking ‘te democracy 10 comet thes ld a guilly as posible and to tesue ‘bei iy fom its dangers. (3) The chief ofthe delegation was she omar Gorgias, In power of spech by far the mote eminent of he ‘men of his tine. He was the Sst invent setoneltechaigus ed so supased others in sophitey that he receved feof one handed minas from rmdens. (5) When he had arcived in Aiene aod been P A eset Teles ‘brought before the people he adizeed the Athenians onthe subject ofa alliance and by te aovely of ate he amazed the Athenieas, who were cvated and fond of lees.” (4) He wa the Getto we fertvagant igs of speech marked by delete art ante and ‘caois of ey or apposinatly eq leg and thy nd othe ‘of sich or, which athe te were sought worthy of acceptance Dect of the sxangenss af the method, but now tec teomne ad fea appear sdislous ard exesvly contived. (3) ial, ater perwading the Athenians co make an allance with the Leotans, nd having himself wos adnimon ia Attess for hs thera! a ‘etetimed home to Leoatn. [Deve fom Timteu; cf Drowrans oF Hauicarcssus pier 3) Gorge of Leonia dosuater dt, ‘king the sein many plas very abord and bomastic and de. ining some passges "soe unkke ceria citys” [Paro Pasa: 2380), sod among hit seocaten thor Lhe Licymais 208 Poles do the time. Porc aod Sgumve ple eprsed the Athenian ators, aconting to Tinaeas (fe. 95 FH x 216), epnnisg when Gorgas on an embassy to Athens amazed bis aes in the ascobly, bot in uth i was always somevtatadmited even eaten CE Prue gen Sloe Bras Grex 29,18, Rabe 5. evomien: Ania 6, 166. Proseoss of Basia, when be was jest nd, wanted wo bea man who oould do gem thingy and because ‘ofthis dese be pid fee to Gorgias of Lacon. J Anssromuses Bid 1654 “There is in Pham by the Warercloek« ely nce OF thse who ive by he tongs, ‘Who sap sad vow ‘Asa exber in and pla he eycophant ‘With ewague. They sce Basbaraos by bint Gorgines and Phin, ‘Aad when there Phlpe Bycnt ‘Who lve by thie tongues Ase sified, everywhex in Ain “The tongue i out from tee bodies, wep ge By Heracles they hive sags to, Doe't you ee, O master? |——Ssogs by whic in lawn hey led blip the oftping of Gorpae 6 (Resrancn} Lit of te To Oral. 832? [Antipon of Rha ‘ul} wns born dorng the Pensan ware [tat &, 480 ¢] #54 about the sie of Gorgias the sop, but a ee latee thaa be. CE DK 4. Paosaseas 27, 7H Ie ie possible luo to ste the st of Gorgit of Leann Eamolpas,« derendan in the third gonerion| of Deieate, who marod Gorgas’ ster, dims on te issription ‘bathe dedicated te stare at Ospia This Gorpiss wat the son of (Charmander and i sid co have beea the Sot to rescue cue foe spec, ch bad been gency neglected and had almost bees for gotten ming mea. Tey say dat Gorgias was famous for the speeches be give atthe Olpmpe gee and when he eae on an emitiy £6 the Athenians with Tals... (@) Bot Gorgas sequred grate honor than the ler among she Athenians, snd whes Jason wis saling ia Thesly[-s10-57) though the shoal of Polyrte bd suited by ao sens line fre in Athens, he prefered Goze t0 Polyetes. They syst Gorgias ved Ge yes beyond the cetary smith. x 16 7 [Delphi] The golden tate, 2 daiition of Goegias of Leoni is Goria sel CE. Arama x08 5050; [D0 375 8 Cicano Oe sorter ut 32,139 Foe whom (Gorgis) 50 geet hoaot vwus bid by Greow that of alone ofall tote at DepW act « {lded but a golden same wae enced, Pune Natal Hit ses $5 Gorgias of Leoni was che Beran to deicte a sold gold stsoe oft whieh be dd around Olpmplad LOX (2) ia he ao Aine esha se temple at Delph So get was the prot fom teaching the ar of sory &. Brononsasa Gnazoa typ. $34 Kabel Begining of the foarth ener, found in 186 ia Olmpi) Cems’ sm, Gong f Loni 1. Dulane mcd the der of Gong ‘Ad rom er wu oun Bi Hippo Higpocat’ son was Eecolps, who eine hs tue Focewo reroa lasing an ove Nooo chor ore dcvaced a Saeat “Tha Gorgs tose the val or cones of cence; ig anu and ag vel nthe le of Apo ‘Notas ashow ef woe tof the ny fs charac a. Paro Apliy tgt Te ves 10 me [Soci] » good thing, however, fromeone be able peducte men scan Gorgias of Loti snd Prodcu of Caos and Hips of Ei, 9 Amaia Mines Hit at 32 The sony is Forgotten tat “ippia and Gorgas apperrd ia puple doce se, Avousovonus (FGrHl 24g F 333 see DE 33 Ax (0,] He [ved nine yar pat he marry mae | Ponoorncs (Se above A) (Osmamrononus ca Prato Gris [New Jiu Supplement 24 (1848) ‘ek A. Jahn ps0] Soconly we shall ny that they foarished 2 he ‘ame tne: Sete nthe third yar ofthe sever seventh Oljpind [ero-si, and Empedocis the Pyhagoresa, te teicher of Gong, studied wish len? It well own aio thee Goepse weet = ac treatise Or Nace in the cghs-foarh Olympiad [4st]. So that Socrates wis cae by twenty-four years o te more. More- loves, Plt sey inthe The (pref 26), “When I (Soetes] ‘hve quite young Imex Perens, who was very od, and fd hin ‘mot profound man.” This Purmanies was the tacher of Emped- * on adeing the core of Cou, "with Pumas” as1 onge cocks, the teacher of Gorgas. And Gorgias wat ther olds fo, at his bea si, he id athe age of one hndeed aod ine, Tas they lived abou the same dine, Chote B 1, Ammmuasis xt s48e0 Gosgts of Leoni about whom the same Gearchas ryt in book eight of his Lie [f. 1y FG u 308] tha becuse be lived senliy he served with ll is esis for ‘seat eighty (2) yeare. And wen someone asked him what eine he ‘obrerved co Ive such great length of time so play aad with peteption he ai, “By aver dong anything forthe ake of ance.” Demssns of Bysatam ia the fourth book Ox Poems tye “Gongae of Leann when asked what wi the use of bs ving mors tha 4 dkundred yer, sid ‘Nove deing anything forthe sake of anybody he OP" 2, Coeno Cote 3, 12 Hie Groce secher Goris of Leoni lived a hundred and Seven yeas and sever rein his eB and IRbor. When he was aked why he wanted o ein alive 0 loog he 18, “Thave oo cate fr compli aunt ol age” 45, Pwr Nooraf Miso wr 16 Tei beyond doub tat Gorge of| Sly ved a bandsed and eight years (Luetas] Lon Lied Men 25 Among the ocore, Goris, whom meal sopbir veda hiodced fd eight years ad dag by sbsinig fom food, They say tas wien he was hed the eason fo is prolonged old age and health wi all his false sid fe war becuse ne never stead other people’+ pres, CE Cesonawes 1, 35 00686 14 Qoemasay 1 2, ME The eres writer of Ans wese the Seine, Cores and Tis They wese followed ty 2 man fom the same ind, named Gorgias of Lenn, sd cove been pupil of Empedocles, Because af hs very Jog life or he lived one hie red and nin yea Se ad many difrenr cotemporces se hs sver boc a itl of shore of whom I spake above aod eatlved Secae. 6 (ok Tens sip a5, Anse Mizell Hit 33 Gorgias of Leomtnt atthe cei of fis Le and im advanced old age, oversea By 4 feling of ‘weakness iy down and vas gradally sipping of ito samp. When oe of his ends came over to sex him and aed what he we ding, Gongs answered, “Seep leedy bepis t9 hand me over 69 hit brother Dea” ssa, Arnuses x: goy0_Ieie ald tht leo Gorgias inte having read the logue whch bens his mane, said whi fends, “How wel Plato hagwe how o ete!” 26 Quavmas mr, Many flowed them, but se most fans of the mdeas of Gorgias wat Isertss Although sheds do ‘ot ages about hs teacher, we faow the view of Acie f= 139, Rowe) CE Ass 1 (Puuranc) Lier of he Ter Orso p 8389. [Tomb af locates described bythe guidebook writer Helodore] Nea itwas sublet, ‘Sowing pots and hs teaches, smoag whom ie Garp looking st 1m astronomie globe and Ioerars hime sanding by. 26 Locnases 24, 15 OF de sophie whom we all co and, GGoxgias of Lentil aequised the most moacy. Afer spending Me tine i the neghbothood of Toesly when its ibubiaars were the smost prosperous of the Greeks and afer ving very long fe and ‘being engage! in the making of money (246) and nine be did soe Inhabic ay ove cisely, not speoding money for pable bene for being reqied to pay # ax, moreover either mizjag a wie ‘or begeg cilden bot being fee ofthis coool and most ex pensive demand, afer Diving all these advantages im acquiring more than otber me, be ef behind im oly a toss ters 1g. Praro Mew yoA9_© Meno io the ps, Thesalians were formate ssiong the Greeks aad were admised for thle Ronemandhip aad ‘welh, but now, tsems to me alo for thet wisdom, ad noe the 7coe less adr are the Laas, che flow ctaeas of your companion Asisigpas. You caa thnk Goepas fr this. For afr arcing inthe tier heme the lang Aluadu, of whom your lovee Assi it ae, nd the other Thesalna nt lovers of wikdom. And moseover he hae amustomed you so the custom of anewerag fxley and napisy i someon athe something, ai sight for thor who kaw, Just fhe male ima raat ay ofthe Gres oat sything he wishes and there is 20 one be docs aot answer. Anstorse Polen, re7sbs6 (Deion of vie ght} Gosgis of Leon, arly at Joss whet © sy, party i iony, sald that jst a cinge made by moracamles a morat, 6 also Lasse ae those mae ‘by publ serv, for they ae group of Larso Sere 2, Pusso Gages 447e 1 wish wo lenen fom the man (Gorgis] ‘wbatis the funtion of his art and what ithe prolans and wher: Ierkia postpone other demosstaton to anther ae, a8 You sa.— ‘There i sothing ike aking him, O Socates. Forth wus pa of he demonstntion. Atleast he wrged tow inside the howe to ask what sayone wasted aad sid be voald answer all quons. 4390 (Gorgis speais} Aad agin tis is one point of thte dae Tama realag, hae ao one speiks the sie thingy in fewer words tan I do, = This is what we need, © Gorgias Dake me a demonsteatin ofthis hing, eats, ofspnkiag bee ad of speaking xenively (on nother consion, an, —— Mone 93 T moet admice Gorgias for dis, © Soca that one never bed him promising chi ie, 10 be a teacher of| Cicelenes, bot be evan nigh at others wun be Bass thom £0 promising, Rather he thnks isis dy to make ever speakers 25. ——— Gergen 4360 1 ar often happened thet I [Gorpi] Ihave gone with ny Brother [A 2,24] with oder physica tothe Dedade of lek man who was unwiling 1 dink madiae or alow the doctor to cut of caseize him, and though the doctor could not prsuade hin, Tad persuade by wens of 0 otra than seo * A Lead tings 2. Ausromun Ristris m5, r40Sbr4 The semack of Goepiat «0 Ube swallow, when it Sew over Kin snd lego i droping, ea he bes tagie tle He si, “Shame on you, Pomel” fa bid di there wis no disgaice, but i was shameful for «gid. His reproach vas cever,eheceore, sine e cid he Bed whe was ne ha what itl 2g, Pamosmares Lites of he Soplias ps 4, ¢ Kapur Goris Inughing a Prodicue for speaking what vas old shied and tnd often bern sai Before, tome his own steacon to What wat timely. Yer he dd aot escape spite For eve was a cea Chezepon Athens... This Crasrphoo, eping at Gorge eoaoer id, “hy, Gorgas, do beso inate the belly bu do m0 fa thee?” Gorgas wis aoe disturbed by dae question aod sd,“ leave i 0 you consider; for ny part Ihave long knowa tit the eth pro ‘bce eed for euch ends 25. Paro Phd 267A. [See DE $0 A 26) Ceo Brau 12, 67 CCommoaglaces [82 B 6] [They say} at Goopas did the ee ia ‘hare wrote pusages uf rie ad Mame of invidual tings beewaee te eleed the moet charcoal ofthe onater wis tobe able to amply subject by prise and, on the oer hand, to defate by vinpention, 6 Puaro Pins sta. ofen heaé Gorgas say thatthe at of ‘heteie der fom al other ane, Under is infeace all things are Svilagly bur noe frely made eaves, Cicexo On feet. 2 Gorgias of Lecoisy, aloes the eat choosen, thoog that ‘orator ough fo beable ro speak best onal abe. 27, Pino Gorgr ajo0 [Gorgias i spsking] In the ase of de cesar, knowledge is, oto spel, concerned with handicns and Sela ccd, but thee i 90 such handiwork oF shen, bu all ny loin for dm a os te ot.ce scvity and aft comes Srough won. Foe tht eeton I shik the arc of shootc is eonccmed with words, defting it comely as E fhm. “Cunerovonss on this purge. 15" Jaa (aha Arie Supplement 14, 131) Tose deves about wos crc the eo woes “handiwork” aod “eft” a st in good age, fein tun they ae sot found. We coacnds, therefore, that sac ee Gorgas who say them, Plato is borowing fom hin words which are lois, for Gorgias ame rom Leoni 28. Puaso Gorgas 4534 IFT undestaad aa, you (Goeit] ase saying tat thetoe isthe anor of peaton and al is besoes sod its rel estenoe le diered towned hs geal 4534 Raetorie ‘eo, asc seams, dhe ner of pectason hich i rede bat not Instocire, concerned with the ost aad de asort, 25. Anusoras Riri 2 24n4ang_Sioc, though spaking sbear dic, che poets samed to have aguited thie preveat fame through thei pe foe thls ceason pre syle was in the fie instance poet like tas Cf Gorgiss. And even gow, many snedactedperpe think suck split express themselves Sere Soatae Or Hlrmajns se Rabe [Drowrnvs or HAUcamossos Or Inte 8 p91, 35 ened) Gorgas uansfened pease exrenion to cic dacouce Dense he did sot think it cght fOr the ontor to be ike private ciszens. Bot Lysas did the opposite, cc. (Simiatiy T2615 Rabe; Tp. 30,20 Vieer) ye Ccsno Onto 2,59 They ay chat Thaymachss of Caledon {8} A, 3] a0d Gorgis of Leoni were the St wo hae tied thee figures nites, piso, cc], nd afer thm Theodorse of Baan ‘ibm aod macy others whom Sante inthe Pla ait “edd ia tckng out speech” CE #0 A 26 [66] a 45,26) We have lared thas Gorgias was the Janda in pars oft coon. ° A Lian Tangs 3s B52, 179 (OF shy) he Set Secoveree wae ‘Thaymachs, all of whose amos too shytmic wingerarvive For Gorgas was the Sst to employ like joined to Uke with sar cudigs and, convenely, oppor tlunceé with opposes, phaset ‘which ually come out shytimielly even if one oer nething © smoke them do 0, but he ues them excesvely. = (18) Goeas however, ae paral to chs sor of thing and inmodertly bes these “esive decortions” a6 he separ sham. liocets managed ‘om with greater seit, hough in Ths when a young man he had been a sadent ofthe aleedy aged Gorgas, Drowratr oF Hasseanassos Isa 29 But Lenin i2 mind tatoo one was beter haa Toure ths postal ample and cleated and pompous way of speaking, U ave intertionly omitted hove whom I knew tobe lest scesfil ia thse parila forms, epuing Gorgias of Lentini 1 one who departed from traditional unage abd becuse sept pees 3 Arsmwiavs v ate His (Antthenee’)dalogse The Sitimer ontaias an tack onal the demagagues at Athen, an his ches sp stack on Gorgas the orton 4 Canmer Minnis v2 44, «Sbis) Gorin of Leo fed Endeas of Naxos [FHG u 2) the orang and ia adden ‘0 thse, Bion of Procoonens [FHG 1 19, ssle fom Neeagorss (FHC nat). 35. Pusoronaros Epil 73 [et 299,18 Teabaeeedslon) The ade ise of Gorge were nob and aumerous fit, the Gresks in ‘Toenaly, among whom “to be an ontor” seguir’ the eyaoayan "a GGorgianing” and tena, a Geese, Ip whove pacatnee atthe (Olympic gues he deaounied the baharns, peng fom te rit couse belonging to the sompe. Aspasa of Mets ls sid to have sharpened the tongue of Peles inition of Gorge and Casas aod Thucydides are kaowa c© have acquized fom him glty and ele, converting i into this xn work, the eae bf cael choice «one of word aad the oder by vigor. Aesthines the Seer, in whom ‘you [Julia is being acer) were rcenlyiteested on the geotad ache ws clay xtcnng dialogs, didnot heat 0 Gorgaine in the epecn for Thargela. Fort oae palat he sys (fe 22 Dita; cf Monacherin Phliger,Soppemene 36), Thagela che Mein, (ning to hotel, lived with Andochur the Thelin, who was ‘ing ofall Thely-” The digestions aad canctions of Gorgas’ speshes became the farbion fo many ils and especally amo the ope poe, B. FRAGMENTS: GORGIAS ON THE NONEXISTENT OR ON NATURE 1 Locnares 10, 5 For how could sac oxtde Gorgas who dared wo ‘Sy that of xing hinge none exis oF Zeno who ied 9 prove the fame tinge to be pose ard agais impossible? 15,268 the thence ofthe cat soph, of whom one aid the somber of ng thing imide -- but Pamenides aad Dsus sid tis one and Gongs sone at al 2 Ounaaponus on Pu4ro Goi ps 132 Jak [See A 10] Of ‘ours Gorgias, eo, wrote an lagant sie Or Nate inthe elghy- fourth Olympiad (44s 4 Sexes Asi te Sebimarer 65 Gorge of Laos began ‘orate sume potion a those who have abolished he exten, bat {43 aot Slow the same line of ack a he schel of Peotgors, Ia Svhat i ened On te Nowoxoit or Ot Naow e proposes these feces hesinge: fit and foremost, that aohiog exits; eond, ‘hat even ic exe i napprebensbe to maa; de ht even iit Js appebenible, stl eis without 4 dosbe incapable of Beng ex resto of expsined >the nave man. 2 Aland Rching 5 Pgmen s (6 Now be concludes in the following way at sohing ts 1 Ganything) exes, eter she exinene ext or she nonextet ot both the extent exes ad the sopexisent. Bat, 6 he will eb, ether does th existent exit nor te nove, a8 be wil make leas, nor the extent and ihe) nonestent a he wll so cach eis pot the eave then that ayshing esis. (67) More specie, the sonasisteat does aot est; for the soneistent eis, $e wal both exist and not exits the ame tine fo inofar a is undertood 1 aonesistes itwll ot exit, bat insofar ai nooexinet i il, fon th other hand, ext Te woud, however, be ently absurd for coun co eit nd we the enn Ci act eet, none, ‘eros, doer oot exist. And to sate another argument, the aoa. eis cists, se olsen wil ot exit, for dase ae opposes 20 (Ser other, 208 f exinene ie an atbate of the nonetent, 900: ‘reac wll bea atte ofthe extent. Bu it 00, fy, eve ‘har the ecient doa noe ese. Acortingl>, sles wil the aon: einen eit, (6) Moreover the exset des ot exis either. For the exten ex, i i lhe eter or geaeated, or ste ie tine exeml and geoeced, But it i ether eral aoe generated nor both, ab we shall show. The extent theelore does oot exist Fo if ‘he einen seem one ms begin with his pint) dos not have say bepiaaiog. (6) For everthing which is geneated bas rome begining, butte eral, bing wngenete, didnot hve begiae ing. And oot having a Seploning i x without lie. And ie ‘without iit tis nowhese. For eis sousewher, that a whichis is someting other than i, and that he exsat I coated ia sorting it wil n0Toogee be Without lint. For the coonine [gtr tas the contsaed, but nohiag is guetertha the uit, ‘oat the unlimited cannot exist anywhere. (2) Moroves, its act ‘ontined in nef For in that cave consner and consent wil be the same, aad the existent wil become exo thing, place and body (place isthe connine, body the conte’), But tise abeoed. Ace ‘cottingy,exnc root conned in lf. So that the exes i tural itis unlimited, and if ie is ulimze ts nowhere, and if i is osthers i does not xt, Accordingly, dhe existent is tem i «ong ot existent at all (93) Moreover, mltes can the einen be gener sted, Forifithaseome ito beng, tas come che Fm he extent fr he asssitent Buti ae not come from te extent. ori i eset it bas noe come tobe, ba aleady exis. Nor om the non (sennt For the noaesstene cant gente anrhing, bee what ie generative of someting of necesy ought pare of poskive essence. Tis nc te ether, theeor, at he extant genera (G2) In the sume way i isnot footy atthe seme te efemal and ‘genrated Forshee quilts ae matalyealoive of each other, sod ifthe extent is ema ie has not been gente and a deen gectted its aot eter. Accondngly, fhe existent asthe eral nor genented nor both at ones, he existe should aot exist. (73) And cow another argureny, if ex iis either one o any [Bot ti neler one nor many, 8 vill bese forth. Taeefze, he cise doesnot ex. For fit one, tie an extent oe «cons fr magetice or a body. Bet whatever of thee i i aot one face whatevee hat extent wl be divided, and what == concn sell be cat And sina, what i eoneived as mapaitade wil at Deladivisible Aadifitsby chances body i will be thee-dimensionl, fr it wl have lng, and rex and depth Bu i i aba ay thatthe existent is noce ofthese hings. Therefor, he extent i not foe. (74) Aad moreover its not many. For Pits ot one ics ct fancy ites, ste the many iss compose of spare ene and ‘hs, when the pote tat i one wa eft, te poe ‘hat ie many we refed a well Now el from ht eter does the extent ent nor doe the nonexint exe (73) Kin eny to coneiade that bom the extant an the nonentent do not exist citer, For i the sooexistent exists aed he eiteae exis, the nom sistent willbe the mime thing asthe einen as fr as xence i ooceoed. And for this rato ster of thm nts. Fortis aged thatthe aooesisent does aot exist and the existeat has bean shown, tobetheramess the nonexitentand tacontingly wilactess. (7) ‘Ofeoure ifthe ete the ze athe nonexistent poepossible foe both t ex. For f both exit, they ae ot the same, 288 if he same, both donot ext To which the eonciason follows that nothing “ ins. For if either she tent exit nor the aoexisent ot both, ‘ad if po additional poset i concxeale,oohing eat, (77) Next must be shown that even if aapthing ext une loowable ad incomptebeatibe to aan. For, mye Gorgas, things ‘opsderd lathe mind are not exten, the eine not conrad ‘And tht is logie. For f "white" wore «pole abate of wha is fecsideced, “being considered” would ato have been + posible ehute f what 5 white; may, if “pot «0 be exe” were a possible azabate of whats being considered, scr "aor 1 be fecridesed” willbe « posibe arate of wists cust. (98) AS + rly the ratement “i tinge conidered are not ett, the ‘exizen is aot considered is soupd aad lopialy follows. Bo ings considered (for tls must be oar sttng pent) are so exten, a6 ‘esha show The extent aot therfore conidred. nd roe over, I claret things cnaidred are aot existent (9) Fort ‘hinge considered are extent, ll thing conser exit ania w= ever Way anyone coasdes dem. Which i aud. For pe conde san fing o: chit racing in these, 2 man doesnot seaigey Sy noe + ast sce ia the sea So da things considered are not cestent_ ($2) Ineo, things considered inthe mind ae eaten, naeristent ngs wil aot be cosidesed For apposite are stibuer cf opposites apd the noneima is opponed tothe existent Fo tit resi is gute eideat da if "being eoasdeed inthe lad” san bate ofthe extent, “oe blag considered in te mind” wil be fan szabate of the nonexistent. Bat ss abrucd. Foe Sela and CChimaca and many other aooexsent tinge ace consdered inthe sinc, Therefor the ete not coniere inthe mind (1) Just 4 objes of sight ar sd to be vile for the zeaton tat they ze seen, and objects of heaing ar sd toe nae forthe reason tat ‘ey ee heard, and we do aot ject vse sing onthe grounds that ‘hey af oot head, or dismiss audible digs bacase they are 208 sean (since each object ought be jdged by its own rene, but not by ashe), 0 00, things considered inthe miod wil exe even ‘hey should not be sea bythe igh nos heard by the easing, besase ‘hey ate perceived by tir owe eteion (8s) Kf, serefore, someone “6cope comer ithe mia that aco et ia thes, even ie doe aot See thm, be should bboe that there ae chaos agin he sn Burt absrd Thr, the eat 20am bjt of cone ‘Elerion an rot apres (5) Bar even it shoud be apprehended would be acpble of Ialag coved to toch For exten ngs are vse and sbi and groealy poptle wlce meas that hy arena ‘brane, and of he te things which evil ae persed by the ight, hoe tnt ae abby te hei, end ot conti, dnow ean th hngs be revi oases fron? (4) Fort by etek we noel se, Do ge ot branes and eng ‘Bigs Thor edo aot vel exiting eigs to or agnor, ‘tf, obich someting oie than mabe. Tha, ut Ysble woud aot become andl sod vice ve, snl, when ‘ceil realty it voles, would no become ob ps, (8) and ot bingy, i would oe have been ved 0 anotee. Te ‘a,b yy ht ag leone gs npoging pom {tai fom peel hinge. From eenuner wth a Baro, gy fepresed by us abou hc quay, aod fom eacune wth cls, Seespreon of lor. Bot fis othe cae, iis ot eee of theme, th nel Deco the ever of fe (0) Aad Sst es ot pone on at ge as uae athe wy ble tod aul thing have, wo the robeanl and eaest hinge canbe ‘veld fom i tnboe od execs. Fr, he ey, even fas subarea he ote aban nd ible odie neo the gst degree fen fom words, Wt ibe dr comprehnded by oe ores, hy anata. Le oe no thee fee anion teeny of omy jut thy ome malo shear feck her (i) Sac bang, Corgi view, he eles naa ey ae sl te exter desoyed or there woul be ao esion ‘ac eter exis ne ea be urdetood aor conveyed 9 another: Sie mary in (Answers Me, Neopet Ce 3, SG srgnestobt. Asiose Hal wr »moaopriph De Rep > ‘be Opin of Gun, See Drowns Lara © 3. “ | Paro Mans 768, [Meno and Socmte a spesking How do you GeSne color, Sscmtes? —— You mally ase twoubleake, Meno "You inyore on an old man the coabesomeaes of answering, bat YOO soar oot wane so ebro wht Gorgias sve toe {Do you want et ssswer you inthe manner af Gnas, as way ct You could mot aly follow? — Yer, of coure. — Then ou two [Meno and Gorgas) folowing Empeioces, sy, don" yoo, tit txiniog things have sone eftences?-—— Cerily. —— And pores Toto which and though which the efunces are cn? —— Yes, hod some of the sence Be ome of he ports, but vome D> sxe male or lrgec? — Thats so. —— sn thee sso something you cll gin? —— Yeu —— From tare premises “gaup what I sap" fa Pindars words [f-:0yf6 Schroeder cl. Color is an uence of things commensurate sn perepble to sight. — You teem to hive spoxen ths anit vey wel, Sorte, —~ Pesbably [wee spoken in accornce with your expeution, And 1 sappore you undentand sao tha you could dene what voi i, at ely ‘hie way Wand smell and many other sma things? —~ Ceraily The ansver, Meno isin te grand se 5. Timomnnasrus Or Fike 75 p20 Geece (Pr. Gp. 1698) And ‘ther they! Lindl the light fom the run by rtanton fom ences srfaes (tnd the fae mingles together), but they do aoe Kinde he Ligh om Se, the reason i he nsteace of small panies io te former case and the fac tha the light becomes dense the more ee sefeced, but dhe othe light cannot become dense becuse is consis of disinies cements, Thus the ane, melng into fel by means of| condensation and snoothnest, is able to catch Gre, bot the ater, Jacking these characte, i aot able wo. Combustion frm 2 oe sod fom brome and ser sures poled in some way door sot ‘aks place ae Gorgas ay and some otter bebove, “by meine of he fire passing say trong the pores” a bang or inom.Oe FUNERAL ORATION Ct A (5): Bar sa Amuasts Intnctin 1 Hemagues, BAGr. xe ro, 9 Rabe (Tail he shied kindof eheoric tae which is coneened wih some ‘ing sdialous, swakening the gufiaws of the young and being biel a shameles faery. The cece of Tarasymachs and Gosyiat precced this in style and is shee sald segments, malig uve of| ‘many equal caates and filog to uadewand when tht figte sppropriae, Many also have dsplayed ie in gore of thought and ope, but especially Goris, since ne was the mow afer doing fe courte of the very surmtive in is Faral Ort, not veing to say “valores” he spoke of "animate tombe.” Inthe thought be falls below wat ib secon, a6 Ieocrts aso estes when he “For how could one..." [B t] [Lawes] Or 2h Sabine 5 To this way alto the wridags of Gorge of Leoni te laghed ance healed erues “the Pemane’ Zest” and vultees “ving tombs” sb. Pemosrnares Live of te Supios & 5,5 (See above A (3) ‘Vises over she barbians segure hymns of clebation, over the Greeks ttn.” 6, Puswupas on Hemsocnsts Ri Gr ¥ 48 Wale. Dionysia the elder inchesecond book Ox Kind So, peaking of Gorgas, sts follows: "Thave sor ms with judicial sotches by im, but witha few dale sie speeches of sort and techni! enti and autos epidiee ‘peedhes The flowing ean example ofthe ope of his apeches (be |S pring thore ofthe Athenians who were citingised for their bravery in was) "Wat was absent to thee men ofthat which shold be preient to men: and too, what was prea of tat which shoal sot be prevent? Would iat I can spk wh I wish snd wl tat 1 wish speak-ohat I shuld raiding divin plese and exaping ‘noma envy. For thee mea atined an exelecee which is dine snd a moray whch i hums, often profecing gene fics 12 Inleile Janice, ofen scaghtoas of speech 2 exaemese of ne, believing dat de most godlike and nivel law wi this in tne of o rg ye ory dilly © sak and to leave unspoken, wo at nd to are vedooe, eleaeng two needed ules eopedilly, jdgment Gad ssrengih, one for delbeaisg, the oter for arcomplihing, giving Ip to those unjustly afte’ and punishment 10 tote wary outishing, detemined in regard to che expedioa, gone in cogacd to the iting, bythe prdence ofthe mind checking te kmatonliy ofthe body), inolee withthe inslest, dace with che dese, fess with the fous, tre among terror. Ar evidence of he ‘quale hey ee ap a eopiy over the ene, as honor to Zeus, sm omament fo themselves; got laespeenced wexe thay in naive ‘ilor of leptinste pations oe amnee ste or aenccble peas, reverent the gods by means of justice, expec so pens 7 sneies of ee, just eo Fellow etisne by equality, lpi to fends By fates Waerefore, though the have ied, desi for them has id, but ves om moral among bodies ot immoral, hough ey ‘donot lve SPEECH AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES CE A, 7p Ansrorss Rhorc mr 14, r414b29 The suse of procemia is ple spencer is prize or Sams for example, Gg in the ‘Olympic speseh "They dererve eo be admised by may, O snen of ‘Gzeece” Fos be pres those who crste the atonal eee, 8. Cunser Minar (3 3,38 Sto) _Accosing vo Gorgas of Leoni, "A contest such a9 we have sequin bao Kinds of ‘een, ding and sls dang aedad 9 witend droge, 208 fil to understand how 2 tp the opponent [2]. Fors peach, lice the suraone at the Olpic gees, ells hi who wal, but csowes him ho cn.” fa, Purancn Adie fo Bride and Grow 45 ps When Gorgie the ontor read a spech t Olympia aboot concord among the Gees, [elas sad: “Ta flow advises ut about concord, though he as not persunded himself and his wife and his ma, oaly thee in °cue umber, olive in prvce concord.” Fo ie een tat Gorgas ha a Desion for the ile maid and hie eile wat jeloes. CE, boweves, SPEECH AT THE PYTHIAN GANES 19. Pascosrnaren Liter of te Sophie, [See 2 (4) ENCOMIUM FOR THE PEOPLE OF ELIS to Ansrorae Riviris mt 14, raat Goepts! Eni forthe Pap of Biri of tis tor. For without any preliminary skiishing or prelude be bins immediatly, "Bis, hap ey.” GORGIAS’ ENCOMIUM OF HELEN an. (9) What besomning to 4 cy x manpowes to body Beaty, te soul witdom, 2 an aston vie, o a speech tn, and the ‘posites of thee ate uabecoming. Men and woman and speech and (2e5 and ty and ober shold honored with praise if praiseworthy God ious blame If unworthy, for is is a9 oyu eor and isa © Une the praable and copie the bam. (3) Tes che dy of cone ad the same man both > speak Se sniflrighly and co refve ‘he unighally spate. Tho it right raft dose who reba Flen,» woman sbout whom the tesinony of inspired poets hat ‘ecome ubivoal aed unanimass at bad the Il omen of her nam, which has become a semundee of ifores. Foe my part, by a= Toducng sme resting into my speech, I wish to faethe sored of Dane and, having spproved ber cecacors 46 prvaricators and rowed the eth, o fee Re ron ti igoorzce (G) Now ite not ules, or even to few, tha inmate and ie ood the woman who it the sje of th speck i preeminent * Aci DAES ego para i. ° 2 Ragman test among peceminent en and women, For i i clas tht er mother ‘oir Lads ander father wat i feta god, Zeus, but allegedly assoral, “Tyniaees, of whom the formar was shown to be ber fnhee beanie era and he ater was dpeored esse be war dt be, and she cone wat the most poweeful af men aad the other the led of al a) Bota ftom roch stock, she had godlike beay, whieh aking 54 not misting, se hep. To any di abe work mech deze for her love, aod her one body was the cause of bringing together sy ‘odie of men thinking pest hoops for gr goals, of whom some {nd gris of wo, some the glory of anne acy, some the igor of penona! agty, some command of soqited Knowledge ‘Aad all cane beesteof «passion which loved to cncuer aad a love of honor which was uncongusred. (s) Who it was and why and how healed ssn, dng Helen at his Love, I shall sot say. Toe the Jnowing what they know shows iis rghs but binge so delight Hiring now gone beyond the ene once st for my speech, I sbal go cn tothe begining oy tice spose, and Thal nt forth te eases ‘hough which war likly dat Helen's voyage to Troy shold ake ‘te, (@ For ethe by wil of Fate and decom of che god and vote of ewig did the do whet she dd, ov by fore seduced or by words educa (or by love poset), Now if through she Set, 15 eight for the reponse one to be held responsi for god's predets sinadon canoe be hindered by haman premediadon. For ics the ature of tings, aot forse tong wo be hindered by the weak, but forthe weal to be eied 20d dem by the sung, and forthe scronges to lend and the wetkert follow. God i a teange force thao ts ia might and in wit od i othe ways. I then ape must lice Bane on Fate and on god one must ee Helen fom disgrace. (G) Bat if she wns nped Op volece and legally asled and wn jsf tis cee shat the capes athe raer dd he wong Ing, and the expe, tthe ined, ld the efecng. i ght chen {or he buasan who undertook = barbaric undetsking ia word and law and deed fo mex with blame in word exason in la, aad punitiment in deed. And sus its prope for a wom saped and =one sobbed of her county and deprived of he fens to be pi ater ‘han plied. He dd the dre dee; she ered them. ti jot Berta opty hee ba fateh (@) Bus i ie war reach which peroaded her and desivd het heat sor evento isis ic elt to make an anever and wo Bish Ihara fallowe. Speech ea pow! lord, which by mate ofthe nest and mor ievisble body efes the diviaet work: i aa stp fear and bac gi und crate op tnd urtre pty. Teal show how this isthe cee, snce (9) 16 sees to oe pratt the opinion of my hearers Toth deam and define al pores speck with mete Fearful shuddering and renfl pity and grievous loogiag came upon ‘sbewes, a tthe aetlons and physi segs of other in good forrans sn in ei orune,tzough the agency of wor the soul i wont to expeince 4 sucng of es own, But come, Taal tra fom one argument 9 another. ('0) Steed incatons sng with ‘wonds ae beares of plese and bashers of pul, for, meging ‘with opinion in the aba, she power ofthe Incauaton it wot °0 Dogue tan peesade i and seri by wit, There have been szoverd to aru oF wieheaft and mapiz one conte of ero of ‘on an the other of deceptions of opiaion. (23) All wh ave snd de pemuade people of tinge do so by moling a fle argument. For {Fal men on al subjens bad (hots) memory of tings past and (ovaana of hage presen ond forcnowledge ofthe tur, speech ‘would no be smal sma, sine at tinge sre now i cot ony {or them o eal the pst aoe consider the present aoe to prec ‘he four. Soda on most ubjees most men ake opinion as counselor ‘0 thei sos, bot sage opinion i lppery and inecae i ts cote crmplaying i nt slippery end insecure sucones. (12) What case ‘hen prevents the conclusion that Hsien simi, agua her Wi, righ have come under the indurace of speech, jst a if svished by fs force ofthe mighty? For ie was possible to su how the force of pesuision prevalls persusion has tke form of neces, butt does ot have theme power For speech constained the soul, persuading *Aacpag Dik "ne a ie inthe ppt s | J which ic persuaded, both to believe the tings sland to approve the things done, The persuade, Hee « container, doe the wong snd he persuided, like the conetained a apoch is wcoagly charged (G3) To understand that perssason, when added > speech, is ont alco to impress the stl abt wiches, one mur rudy: Bt, the words of stronomer who, beating opinion for epiaion, king aay fone but erenting another, mie what is incredible and unc sem sue tothe eps f opinion thes, second logic acesay debates Jp which a ingle spat, ten with ac bus not spoken with ath, bends grat eeowd and peunes; (and) shir he verbal pote of philosophers in which he swifness of thought i algo shown raking the beef ia as opinion subject to cay change. (+4) The et of speech upon the condition ofthe sul compute fo the power of drogs over the aurze of bodies. For ur acre dags Alupel diferent sere from the body, and some bung an end 10 sare and other (if 0 ls in the cae of spaces, ome dite, thes deghe, some cause far here make he beset body and tome drug and bewiteh che soul witha ad of el person. (9) Tels Bean explained theif she was peraided by oped she [ad zot do wrong but war unfortute, Isl dco the oust enue Jina fou passage. For fic was love which dal hee tings, there vill be no diel in escaping the ehage of the sa which i aleged to bave taken place, For the things we vee do aot have the ace which we wish them to have, bt the matte whi ech eal as ‘Through sight che soul secives an impresion even ip ie lanet fexrres. (15) When beligerers in wae buckle on thc wale sccontements of broae and rel, some designed for defen) ober for ofa, if the sight sees ths, immedanly isalarmed and it sluens te sal, so thet ofen en fe, panie-rcke, from fru Aaoger (a though & were) present. Por cong a2 i the babi of obediznce to the ew itis ejected by fae ceulng from sgh, which coming to 2 maa causes he wo be indferen bot #9 wat i edged honorable becase ofthe wand othe adranage co be desived from ‘veto. (1) Its happened hae poop, fer hing cen figheen- 1g sgt, have alo lose presence of mind for the presat moment; 8Gone in ths way fone ennyuisher and exindes thought, And many ave fan vii to weet labor and deed dicres and hardly cable tmadosses. fa thie way the sight engaves upea the mod images of things which have been son. Aad many fightening impresons linge, and want lagers is xicy asalogous to Cert i) spoken (G8) Moreover, whenevespctres pela este single gre sad foem from many colors and gues, ey daghe te igh, ee the tration of statues and the production of works of at furish = plesan ight te eyes Th ie marcel fr the Sight glee for ome thingy tnd to long for ote, and mach love and daze for tracy objec and gue i engrved Ia many mea. (09), hese fre the eye of Hsien, pleted by the pure of Alexandee,pcseated ‘ete oul gee deste td contest of ove, what wonder, (being) 1 god, ove hs) the dive power of the gos bow coulda ese being reject and refoe i? But fics a dsewe of human oxgin and fale ofthe soul t should aot be Blaned a si, bat regarded as an Mfc, For she came, 25 the did come, caught in the et of Fase fot by the plans ofthe mand, and bythe contin of love no by the devices of (G2) How then can one regard Bame of Helen as ort nce she i wed salted of al cage wbether she did what she dd though filing ia Tove of pertuaded by specch or rished by force ot com sirined by divine const? i) have by means of epeech removed dognce from « womans I ave observed the procedure whlch Tet up a the beginning of he {pecs {have teed end the fj of Dims andthe noranc of pinion: f wed ro wee speech which would bea pe of Helen aed ediverion vo aye |A DEFENSE ON BEHALF OF PALAMEDES BY THE SAME AUTHOR saa. (2) Proseetion and defeae are not 4 means of judging aboot dent; for Natoe, witha vore whichis clas eats « ote of death Sys every octal on the day on which be is erm. The danger Fy ets codihonge and honoe,whuther I must le juslyo¢ whee T rast de roughly with che gretestreproaches and most shameful foun. (2) There ae the two alemativs; you have the sxond ‘within yous power the Ses; justice up o me, roughness p to sos You wil ely beable to hl me if you wi for You have power ver these matter, ores which at happene Thave a0 poser (3) IE then she amas, Odptes, cade fr aeration through good il toward Gree cher deny knowing tat T'was betasing Grose 1 the barbacns or imagining somehow tat ais was the ease, he Wout ‘be best of man, Fortis woud of coun! be tae of one who set is homslan, bis parents, snd all rece, gi a don parishes 2 ‘wrvagdoet.Bat fhe at pet togetar dis allgation out of envy ot spicy of knsvery, fast ab in che former Eve he sould be the Sntst of ten, coin tis he would be the wosst of en.) Where ‘al Jens to speak about care mazare? Waat shall Tsay Set? To ‘wa par of he defense shall Ita ay atenton? Foran wnuppor ‘Megson eats evident pepsi, and beaate of de pepe t follows tat Iam at aloe in my spec, uals I Gover romething fot ofthe tun ielé aad out of she pzsent ace, having met with eachers moe dangerous han nvenve, (3) Now Teleey kaos that ny aco accuse withose (knowing) the mates cle for Tkoow in ny beast ceaty that I Bae done 9 sch og; ad 7 do fot know how anyone could kaow what didnot bappen. Bat in ase te made te acruaion thinking tt be zo, Tahal how you in two ‘raj hate not speaking the eh, Foe Teoalé not withd, noe would TFT coal, put my had to such works as thre (@ some Ste he aegomens, tat [lack the epaiy of per- fein the scion charged. Thaze must have bees some fs bgia- ing tothe tesoo, 00 the beginning woud have been speech, for ‘before any four dads es acrsary fist for theze ro be dscusions But how could cher be cscarions unless deve had been rome meet- ng? And how could ther have Been a maz wales de opponent wou we emuadten of Sptase Bi, te mung woud be “of 8seat to me or Geomeone) went from me #9 hia? For no mesage arcves in wating without a bare, () Bat this can sake place by fpedh. And suppoce be is with ne and am with Kim-—how doe take place? Who is with whom? Greck with bartaran, How do we lsten and how alk to each ober? By ounelves? But we do ot know cach other's language. With an ieterpets then? A thi person sed as 4 witness singe which eed to be hidden. (8) Bat tatae that this too hasten ple, eventhough it has aoe. New twas necessary f0 give and receive a pledge. Whar wonld the pledge be? An onth? Who was ape co east me, the titr? Pehape thee Wee howages? Who? For lates I mighs have given my brother (oe 7 Jd no ove ei) andthe barbacaa might Pave given one of his sos: Jn this way the pledge Would have been mot secue tome fromm Sm sad 10 him fram me. But these ting they happened, woul have ‘been ceacto youall. (3) Someone wl say sat we made the contac for money, be giving i Taking ie Wa fo lite? Bat iis not probable tat «ma wosld take ie moaey foe «gros sevice Pot toch money? Who was che go-berween? How could one petton bring it? Pesaps thee were many? If may brought, there "wo Inve been many witese of the plo, bat f oe bough iy what Wes brought would act ave ben anything mics) Did they big it ‘by day ox by night? Bat the guards are many and cosy placed and is isnot posible zo eeape cee nice, But by day? Caaily she light enlinses agin sach tings. Well hen Did Igo out and ge it ‘oF did the oppoaea come bringing it? Fox both ee impossible TE Ind in fit then, How would Ihave hidden it both from thve ia the emp and fom those outside i? Where would I have poe i? How would Ihave protected it? IT made are of, I wosld have been ‘onspicuousifT did’, what advantage would Ihave goten tom i? (63) Stil sue the what did ot happen has happened We ret, wwe talked, we reached 4a ndestuning, 1 so0k money fom thay, Iwas not deed aftr taliog i, hid Ik was then necessary to ‘sfoom dat forthe sake of which thee aeangements were made, ‘Now this is sill tanger than what bat been disused Fr in ding 4 Laced by mye or with thers. Bu the seon was at the wock 2 Fegmee of one man, Bat was it with others? Who? Clesy my ascites ‘Were they fee men or Saves? My fee asocats are you. Who thea mong you eas avuee? Lat him speak. How iit cite tat I would te Sves? Foe sey bring charges Cts) in hopes of thie dem and out of acestirywhea hard peewad.(t) Ar fc th ation, how (rou ithave taken pace? Clty eoeny fares outmamberng you tad to be brought ny stich war imposible. How could T have beoaghs them in? Theaugh she gater? But it wat aot ey job o hat or open them, but he commanders were in hare ofthese. But it vex over the walls (bp sadder? Would’ Ihave been seen?) The ‘ebole place was full of gasds. But wat through + ole made ia the wall? It would then have bea clear al. Life underarms ‘ted a outdooes (or thi ex camp) in which (everybody) set ‘erating and crerbedy is seea by everybody. aleogetiet then sad in every way ie was impossibe for me todo all these tinge (G3) Coase among youteltes the folowing point a wal. What ‘reson Was there to wish to do thee things, saruming tas I had a ‘pecs! eapabiy? For 90 one ithe to ria the greatest daogess ‘without cevaed aor t be mot wished io the greet wickedaes, ‘Bur what reson was cece? (For agin Irvert to this point) For the sake of ruling)? Over you or over the batbaranr? But ovee you it ‘would be inponibe fr me to ru, considering your mmr 20d ‘ature and che fee chat you have all manaer of great seeourcer: sobilcy of Smily, weak of mone, fre, stength of bea the ‘hones of cies. (4) Bat over the (bucbasians? Who i ging 10 ‘bx them? By meas of what power shal Ja Grek ake over tbe ‘barbarians, when Tam one and they are many? Persad oc con- ssning chen? For dey woul ace wit o be perraded sod would fot be slew contin. But possi hea hore wlling to betay them oa wing eave by avin money ia rerum fr the earender? Bur both to baeve and azcape dhs ir very folch For who would ‘choose saver inne of sovergaty, the Wont insta of the bet? (Gs) Someone might say thar TYeotsed on ths out of 2 dete for wees and mone. But I ave a podersteamoant of atone, sad 1 Jaye 20 acd for much. The who speed mich money ated nach, 7sot those wn ae continent ofthe plaroes of ate, bu ase who ts saves to pleats ad sec to aque honors fom wealth aad Show, None of this appt © me.I stall ofr ny pase fe a sore ‘evidence that Iam speaking the uth, and you be wees co he Sites, for you ae my companions snd thus now chee thing (G6) Nor, mossover, would 4 maa even modentely pradent put hie {and io such work even for Honor. Honors come from goods, not fiom badness, How wold there be Aoace for « mas who isthe ‘euyer of Geese? And in aon, a happens Lam ae without oor, For Iam Fonored forthe most honoeble reason by the most Irosonble men, tat is by you for wisdom. (27) Nor, moreover, Srould anyone do tht hinge forthe ake of cui. For he ealtot [s the eaeny ofall the lnm, une, the g08s, the Dall of mankind For he eontavenes the Is, negates jue, desuoys the masts, x GSshonor what shay, and aman does ao have scurty whose Le (Ge) ofthis sort among the geet daggers, (8) Bot was Yansous to ass fends oe han enemias? For someone might com in- jstie for thee reson. Bu la may case everthing was the opp. {vas harming ny tends sod heping foe The action thereto ‘olved no aston of goods, ad there is 90 one who does wrong. tue of dese to ser Loat. (15) The semaining posbily is that (22 eto ctape some fear oe labor of danger. Bat no one could say {hat the motives applied 0 me Se any way All men do all ngs in put of shew eve gole: citer secking some prose of escaping {ome punthmen, and whatever kaevery is doze for reasons oer ‘han thee Ga apt co iaolve the docr in geet evs: Tha I would Ion)? hur snael a doing shee hinge it 22% wale. Foe in be teajing Gree Twas beraying myself, my pares, my fends he ‘Sgt of my ancertoe, he sof my atv lan he tombs of ny arly and my grat cova of Greece. Those tings which ae alia {tol en, {Would have cateted m9 mea who fa ben wronged * (Gs) Bt consider the flloning a wel. Wot sot my ife have Been 1 Te cnn f Ke, wh Dagon ee prt ‘Rha tad tone wee"), Dale ss 2 Fognen nt salvable 11 Id done these things? Where must T have cuned for Tip? To Grosee? Stall I make amendr to thote who have been ‘wronged? Who of chore who need ould heep bir hands of me? (Or must T soma among the bararans? Abandoning everything Important, depived of the ables honor, passing my fe shameful dagmce, rowing sway he Inbore labored far view of ny pa ife? 'Sod thi of ny ova Aeot, although 2 fl troup he owe doiag |e mote shamefl for a mas. (21) Moreaves, act even amoog the [acbasane would Ibe tarted, How could Tbe, they Kew tht T ad dose something move ustastvorh, id besnyed my fends co tay coon? Bas he ect lable for # mga who as lot the cose fidence of others. The man who loess money (ot) sho als from power or who tele fea hit cooney mighe ge om his fre asi, Sot he who tows away good faith would aoc anymore acquire ie ‘Thezefoe, that] would not Gf cou, nor ould fT would, beray Gress ht been demoninted by what hat been sd. (Ga) I with est adder che accoser. What ia the worl do you trast wien, bong what you ae, you acrae such acne a8 me? Tis ‘sorh enuining the kindof mn you ate who says the Kind of things yor do, like he wore aeachig the worthls. Do you aus me, owing scouiely what you ry, imaging i? Hit ists knoe lige, you know eter fom teving oF parcipting o eesing from tomncone (who wes paricipsng) IF thea you sr tell thee judges (e manaer, the place, the tine, when, where, how you saw. Fyou paricpated, Jou ae lable othe se ansecons. Abd if you beard fom someone ho parscipted, who i he? Les him eome forwards Jeti appen; let hn bear wines For its witneste in this way, the accontion will be more cetible, since a 1 alter of us Furssting a witnes, (23) You wil ay pchape sat i i equable {or you nott fotnigh wires of what you alge to have happen, bot tha shoud aris winentes of what has sot happened Bs chit Is aot equitable, Forts gute inpoeible for waa hs 20 bappeaed to be tried toby wits, bot on the subject of what as happaned, tot only iit at impossible ort even ety, sed sot only ite, bur (even aeceiay. Bu for you it war aot pale, (00) only 91 coe find wimestes, but evento id false witnese, and for me it was posible to nd acter of these. (24) Therefor, ite ear tat you fo noe have knowledge ofthe things about which you make scuse- ‘en. I fellows ta since you do et) bave knowledge, ou have 48, opinion, Do yor then, O most dusing of ll men, tring in cpcion, most uncresworthy thiag, aot kaowing the th dst fo bring 2 capil chaege aguas» man? Why do yu share knowledge dat he tas done suc a deed? But surly i's ope al me ove opiions| fom al sabe, ain this ou a a0 wer than others. But fe ot fight o ese thve with an opinion istend of thoes who know, sot to think opinion more tstworcy thin tut, bot eater tut thao opinion (G3) Youscoued me though spoken words of rw dretly opposed ‘tings, wisdom and madaes, which the vane maa seancebave. Whete you my that Lam anil and eever and reoarefl ou acite me of svsdom, and where you my thar Iwas beaying Gres, you aos ime of madness. For it is midges © uoderae tks which ae ee possibile, inexpedien, and sharefo, which wil ha it eens, help his enemies, and mike his own fe dgrcefal 20d peilous, Yet dow ean one esta man ofthe ror who ins single speech eyes he soe a the mostincoasistent things shout the same sbjeme? (25) 1 would lke t6 atk you whether you think wie nen are witless of inellgen. If wise, our spech i vel, bar act re; naligest, sosely i snot sigh fr itellgest men to make the woot mistakes and to prefer eis co presnt goods. I therefore Lam wit, 1 have not ewes fT Iave ered, Tam act wise. Thos in both cases yo ‘would be wrong. (27) 1 do not waac to inoduce in reply the many enorme, bot ld and new, which you hive commie, hough coud. Foe (ish to csape thie charge by meane of my own vstem ot by meant of your vies. So much, teseore, 20 you (G8) To you, O jade, I with to ay something iavidous, but ee shout mya, sot appropite to ooe wh hes at) been ace, bat fring 1 o8e who hes bats sessed, For Tam now sadergoingsxvioy sod fishing an acount of my pas life 1 therfore beg of yo 1 & regen oe remind you of rome of the fe things dane by me, that no eae be naoyed at wht ssi, bor thiak i secesary for obe who is dead folly and fly acroted to sy ar well some tru things sso0g Jou ‘eho know them, Thi i the moet plan for me. (39) ne em, sod second and geste, in every respect fm begianig to ead my pst life has beea Marcle, fee fom all Mame, No one could tah fully speak any imputation of ev 0 you abou te For aot even tc sccueshimelf as provided any evideace of what he as sid. Th ‘is speech bas the impact of abuse lacking proof. (6) I might ay. sd saying it I would at i nor would Ibe efited, thet Lam aot only mee bor also a grit benficor of you asd the Grove 22d all ‘mankind, nt eal of those now lve but (sso) of thot o come, For ‘who ele would have made humaa fe wel provided instead of dest ‘ie spd adorned intend of unadorned, by iaventng military eguip- sent of the greatest avntage snd weicen avs, the gutdags of Jase, and lene, the cool of memory, and menses tnd weigh, the convenient sundiels of commensal exchange, and aumbes, de seardan of tems, and very powerful bexcons and very swf me Senger and deaghts, the karslex gee of use? Way do reid yos ofthese? (3) For the purpose of mtking ic clea (oa the one and) that es fo this tort of ting hae Lappy ape, tom the cotter giving an ineson ofthe ft that I abvan fom shame snd wicked ded, Frit is impose far one applying hime he lanes to apply himself to this sort of thing. And thik igh aot fo be harmed myself by yos if Impelftave dove yor 20 bam. (3) Nor am I, beans of other ative, deterring ofl tatment a he Inna of younger or olde men. For Iam inteasive tothe olde, not ‘unelpful to the younger, at eaviout ofthe frnuat, but mesa to the onforunac; ae beds of power aor valuing welh abexd cf vies, but vise abend of weather sueler in eouael aoe Sy in wa, doing wha is asgoed te me, bering shoes a coma, ‘To be sure ts no for me eo praise ysl, bu he presen oxaion| requis me 10 male my defensin every poate way sine I have ‘ben scauad of tex digs (G3) For the tes any speech > you and abou yo when Tiare &ts on si ha eo ets. pal yn ene ce cee eeD cates aul werner, SEER SSSTSN Stee Gi nt nn of eis oe Sees earth fit or nser ae SESE Upton ope suey me a SEPES te net prog mow atemen o Sor as eS rs pele te rt ode aor ik ELIS on ta oy soe sero ba SoS TEAS St Cotandtnowege Fon bates a Sieg ign wing on on oe ichcinhe aan in hore ened For tse within he cota Se tcl rn baw tase by oe se nel tinc marl ts ober om Rages EMO Nags vn ove exe oe pe OD IE SEG LSENSNGrR ieee pnt in esa 0 atom Se SET ae ay car er, lgucsro of ere ec aud Bur tom tem t omypoet Sr eae Tiers lone wie sa ute yoo ea wh Fn eS ge aartywenng wher youl oe pe PLDI INE cater To genders een one San aos lo st oer a Se i jee beevaan many, ro {Gos oaks, and Jor wicked wil be known an da oll eter cua he eee wie pea Cee Le ite corn For be cuome oh a ter enor an cold oc as y= gre SERRE SoA tee tesa ny ogee SS ite birt your acne you me ure ope Woe ee crf, gos, une, wae deed having bled a a evades mao ou shoeioor Gr, SELENE Gea tough omg San oo ie a nite ne So sof be ans pon a Te For eit wa IN en engi gett te ees & butit ent appropiate t think cat Gres who ate Si of the ist > st pay ateton nd do ot remember what ha bon ld CE Sarmnoe & 5; Booonus Siowtus A 4 (2); Scnoan to Isocnares 15, 9] Soraren Commentary ot Fragen, RAG? v 6 Wala 2, Ausrorts Rlsrie m 1gigbs Gorgias sid that “the op: poion'sexousnest i 2 be demolished by laughter, and later by sescusass.” in which satemeat e was cone. 15, Drowises oF Hacrcannasees Or he Arrnpmon of Words p84 No onus o¢ phlocopher as up 20 his time defined che ar of che ‘inely,” aot ven Gorgias of Leona who fst ted to wre about, aor did be waite anything worth meaoning. 4, [To the Art of Rite her probably being seo short modes of defensee in the grand ale ke she Hela and the Pelemeer® ‘Anotores On phi Refuse wom 185636 The ection! ‘pated of thote ming money by teaching contoveralsegumen ‘Hon was like the aymem of Gorgie. For some signed store speeches and otters queion-indenrverdircusons tbe leaned by fan. Eich though tat cach othe? atgumects were forthe mort par cacompatied in shes. Ay 4 rel he taking was quce bat {aselenue for tos leeng from chem. Foe they thought Shey were feichog, lkough presening, aot ae but the ssult of st js 5 foconeckimed r9 presents sans o prevent fee from hang aed thes did aot each shoenakiag, oe where it wat possible © get sch clogs, but oftred many Wiad of shes ofall sont. OE Prato ‘hss abt (Phanrce and Soctes are speaing] Bat most of what rpc CL Crp Kemnay Te onan ne ee 61 conie 1s spoken and wre vader the rls of an ast is eit eo laws, ‘bec here is use ofan ac loin dliberive seis; mote than het have aot bard, —— But sory ten you save ete only of dhe “Arts of Spc by Nestor apd Odjseas which they composed When ‘ot busy at Troy, and you have been vstware of those by Palmer? — Why, indeed, Iam unaware of thore bY Nexo, ro, ales by somebody samed Nestor you ate disguising Goris, os Sy a0 Odyseus, Thasyraches ard Theodor FROM UNIDENTIFIED WRITINGS 15, Ancor Rivrit st 5, 140x634 Fagiiy ia ele occ in fur forms: in the ws of compound words alo at Gorgias spoke of “begging-port-faeren” and “forerwota ad wel-swoen.” a 140604... snd further the Fouts form of ‘igi isin the we of metaphor... for example, Gorgias "ges pale (sembliag)” and “Bloods cates.” And “you sharetlly owed shee and wetchedly reaped” For tht is ton poeialy ex prose Fa sotige In elds tis atte to any the speech with episodes of prabe as Teoetes doe, For bei lvaye Tnging in somebody. And what Gorgis sa isthe ete, tht be ‘oss “never at alse for words." Forif he spe of Acie Pe pases Peles, thea Acs, hen the god sd sill in theese of man es which doer dso tat o i facet ore s —— Palter + 5, sa6easy Those who itemise viewen, 8 Gorgias does, speak much bener than tose who 20 daie [vite fa 2 general wal 15, Puasro Mae 726 (Mena i speaking with reference so Gorgias 705] In the Gs place, f you want to know what excloce ia 2 rn | | 1B Fagmens ry ‘an hat easy, best exllence ia en is this, tobe compet to peiorm pubic dues, ad in doing dem o bel ends and han senies and w avoid sulecog anything of the tort himelé- And you want to know she exalence of 2 woraa, i isnot dele co Asti, for she ought to manage her howschold wel, fecping the ovens safe and Deing obedicat o hes hatband. There ate diet ‘excelenees fra el, fale and mal, and for an older man, of 008 som if fe, another if slave yan And thee ae mumeous oft ‘cles fo that these it a0 ely in ping what exelent For thet isan excelece foreach of tein each activity and in exch tie of life in repued te each anion, andthe ame is tse T bi, Seantes, of Gl 420, Pusan Gisar 10 orgie of Leoni sys that “Cimon. sequlted money 1 weit and need it tobe honored” 25, ——— Hl fs Tell Basie 35 puGye A fled wil not a8 Gorgias though, “expect his fend to hei hes oj uaderingy, Dur himself help the other aio la many wich age aot art” 22, ——— Dror of Wome poses Gorge seems 0 in benee teste when he demands thar“ womn’s Sane cathe tan her fom ‘pt to be knowa £9 many.” 25 —— Oe Fame of th Atheros 5p. 480 Tragedy bloomed sod was cloned, a marvelous sound tnd dpenace for the men of {hat time and oae which by means of myth and suring produced "deception," as Gorgiss says, “ia which the destive is rote fly ‘etcemed than the aondeciver and the deceived wiser hat he ‘ndecive." The deceiver s more justi eseemed bese he raceeds in wine he intends, and the deoived i wit, for a man tat isnot limperepsve is ealy aed by the plese of words 24 ——— TohicTolk vas 1 2 ps 29 Gorgias sid tat one of| bis (Aeichylay} dramas was “Sled with Aron” ately, tbe Ser Asset Tabs, CE Anions Frog tot, 6Goa 35, Phocuss Lief Honr p36, 14 Wiamowtes Helaniess (FGrétie {CF 3), Damases [PGr Hs F 1] and Peceodes(FGriit 5 F v6} ‘ake is [Homer') anczaty bak 9 Orga... Gorgias of Leoni ‘ket him back eo Moses. a6, —— on Heston Werks ad Dee 764 What Goria sid is fot gle the tut, He id eka “exience i ot manfere if it does fot involve opinion, and opinion i snrlabe i it does nt involve sp Souotsa + on Hoven Hid ov 230 [p.154 39 Mass) «and ‘Gong’ statements “rent 06 mingled with eens and amea- tations with ayes.” (From she Pana! Orato?) OF DOUBTFUL AUTHENTICITY sh Guasco-Srms Tee cnn. ato Geman by Rye [Rha ‘Moo, L850) p 42, 2.34) Gog (2 Spi: Gog) Oustnding beaty deve from some hidden qual is detected Fediios puis cannot alot k with cei castomary clos. For Their etensve experience and thee get exertion thereby exhibit » foe totimonal of how geet the bese i ia ie concealment. And Svhen he epune steps of thie Work Have bem exaust’, by thie ‘Sone in rata thy give the crown of vcory to the original. Bot how (Sa the tongue express or the car of « beaze perceive what 20 aod ocompuaes and Bo eye ses? 29. Gronorocron Vamncawa 73 20, 266 [od Stembich Pir ‘Shale 36) Gorgias the tote ti hae those aeglecng pilsopby “nd devoting thanslvs to general wads wore ke the tors who, ‘Soph wanting Penelope, sept wit her ais. go —— 745 v0. 16y [0 Sterbach unr Sai 57] Gongs ideas orate ese Uke froge forthe laser made csi cryin water tad the formes before he warlock St. Sonaren Commentary on Hirmapr, RsGr, vat 33 Wala Goes, Soho says the san it aed © maraTION 1. Passo Symp spezsgre_ [Spedh of Agnon on Lov, parody Gorgas syle of Agithoa) CE. ip. [Soetes i tpenng) the speech semioded me of Gargi, 90 that I quite expeneaced ‘shes Homer say [was afloat end of Be speach Again tiga breadth the Gorgias head of over spoech at my speach and tan me ito stone dad emke me dab, 1850 When Paonia had paused (he shine tech me (Apolodons] to speak ia is way Like ‘hemes, 2 Xrwomion Spepusiow 2 26. Buti the slaves scale ura ile ‘ith the ide caps, 1 too say speak in Gorge pase, ex83. LYCOPHRON sransated by WILLIAM O'NEILL Lycophton wat reputedly 2 sophie and an initor of Gongis (GW. Nene, Zllr Neale Tp. 1935 235 Mi. Unetcine, Te Spe, wns. K. Freeman [Oxfox, 1954, pp. 339-401 E. Havelock, The Literal Teper in GPa (New Haven, 7957}, FP 979-76 4 Ansrons Mata v6 43h Some mpakef prtidouion| sodareperplsed a o wha ir te case ofthe partcpaion, and what “to paricte” mense. Other speak of “communion.” as whea Lyeophron us at “knowiedge i 2 cnumanion of keowing and of toa” Aumuspen oF Aasaonisas sd Joc Bu some speak of a ‘omsmuaion of vos, a8 when Lyeophson the sopis sys thar know edge ea cormmanion of knowing snd of soul Butt would have been ‘beter and cleter if the woking had ron somewhat Like thie: “hat nostedge is of knowing eoenmanion and of soa.” Fos when asad ‘shar wat the cae of the uly of hoowlege and he sol, Lyooproa replied: “the eommasion:” > Anaroms Pst, stybay Evan che more cet of he ancient thinkers [he Eley, Heli] were erbied lee se same thing sm out for them, a he ame tne, ope and many, So some, lke Lyeopvon, removed the “i” while others changed the foun of xpi, co the eos not tat man “la whi” but "has been made swte” lest bythe edison of the “is” they shoud make the one to be shy, CE. Puno Sophie asim; Diseases Ox Fut Pir 6 fie Rosle}? 1. Lyng me -—— Paties m4, 128eb6 che commmunicy becomet an Tiss ding ot in loan hom the ain vce of ence, ‘whore the members live at a disance. And the In becomes & ot vention and, a& Lyeophron the ophit sid “a gusacor of mati pits” bur aot rah a 10 mks the cinens good and jst 4 ——— Fagen px Rowe (CE, Sronaros wv ag.) What 1 ‘hess i this Ie (good Si] something valle and wort while of, 8 Lycophene tbe sophet wrote, comehing aogether wore? Comparing it with otbee goods he asec “Now the nobly of 00d birt x obicue,and lis grandeur a mater of word,” on the {rounds thar psefeeac for looks to opiion, wher i fc her [ino diference berwen te ignable andthe wel-bor. 5 —— leet 5, s4npbs4. Taspid expressions ooo in fos ists in compound word a when Lysophtoa spe of“ my ‘saged sky ofthe mighy-peaked earth” and “the marrow parsed promoaten.” [Here follows DK $2 B 15, Alidamas fx. so Seppe] now tisk one case of dines, and another ee use of tage expressions, as when Lyeophron calls Keceet "a moaster of an,” ted Sszon'"t human destoyes” Here fllows Alcdamas f 14 Orants 19635 (The Lycophson mensoned io. Rhvre m5 roast is probably the Tyuaat of Phene) CE Vatlen Rhsiir Mes XE (3866) p. #43 — Klee Sbfon 395. 6 ——— On Sephnial Ryftons sv ey4by Somes slo one should aerope pots other Usa the one mentioned hing tina feet sense, one has a0 spy to make = the topic ander de tution, a¢ Lycopheen did when st wes propoted that he pre he Iyee. Aumann or ArsnootnAt ad ou coding toa abe ner pteton) oe aie, when he was contined by eerain Peron to pre the Ie, and then found hime t loss for many words, hepa this tangle Ie fora livia then sefed eo the benwealy oe: for there ie im the hesvens 2 comsalaion compoeed of many sar which is lled che Lye. On this subject be found many good ings say. CE. Anusrome Rte 24 401484: 37, 2426498 684. PRODICUS ranted by DOUGLAS J. STEWART Prodicu wat bom on the Say land of Ceo, nett Athens, Boome heaypes in Plats Protaras ekely younger tha the dope ‘mas spake, tis cals a is bic fll in he decade aro-aSo the. He became an sampled speaker aad, ao doube beause of this eminence, wat fnguenly denigrated 2 ambusadae fom his small commatiy to ber large ad powefloeighber, Athens where too, he boame popular and rscsewfal. Combing pablic eervce ‘ith pron pro, he employed his rei wich is Atbenan hows fo buld up a thving ade in lecsing and ticlag for lege fs ‘wile on his offi vis, Hs owe remarible appearince ia extnt {oor evietally&noasppearinc inthe Protas Socestes reports ‘Sat e tied io vain fo get Into the room where Peodius was dis ‘ouring, ell bed to group of sdmises who ile the rom r Sreslowing (of. 2 below). Botte sophie was wrapped ia bod ‘other sad ls buts voce contre withthe acoustics of te room to cbioue ht words, Whether or not isis « symbolic epiphany Cksigacd by Pato to wigmate Se man ar abseaze aod femote, fs tundenuble dat Pto's genonl estnation of hm was very negadve: Pla ie parscllyictient spon Prodew’ avid pul of both plesste sod the Snandal ses t achiev ft aad pon his mono Fania for overly prec denisons. His second sppanincs, nov out of bed inthe Pepa (oor fA x3), ls basically a parody of chs Spenliy. Other, soa Peon, sous do not ncssay soppor ‘inwr they give ts ther an impenion of a widemnging leas ‘shore interests acaded eds and physiology, cosmology snd antzo- pology—and, of coane, sto, the chief proeeupalion ofall the opis. Is isnot parity clear that ope shold anempt 2 unifed ‘gue of man posestng #0 any dispannte and apparently bie > A lead ting ineross, Hispreneeapaton with semantics is lal exalted. His tltiate amhoriip of the Cake of Hiacly, 26 eepored by Kenophon, is genelyscepted and testis to his ites in tics. Init bald to be a fapmeat of « major work, the How (perbape “Sexson”, but thee 8 no general agcemeataboct its coments not ren abou the seal meaning of tide. He seems to ave wsten ‘ther ples incilag teste Or Nat to one or another af which foe igh sibs the oer old bs of infomation and spelen ‘oetined inoue fragment Bot prevaling opinion is ta the eal ioe fers ofa ehesophitt were betel od ecaional he, elemaniy puteelogil ia 2 cough and peagmaic sens) aod thes eporet ‘Views and wliags on spec ques in viene, sory, o# pales ie normaly ten as mese methodological deviews aod stnaie ‘bound p weit tse prime goe af caching thele pups cultura and polite adciticis, M Untrtines, Tie Sot ane, K.Frsoma (Oxéeed, 1954) Pp. 257-33, the one serous mode ater [msrp te ris we pote at pars ofa unifed sytem of co6- ‘moloicaastvopologcal, snd politcal thought To the option of ‘modern scholarship, the dite and maanes of Frou’ dea renin Aankaow scolar urvenally sje he stent inoue Fe. A that ‘be ike Socrates, wis exited at Ahens upon conviedon fo erp {ag the yours, A. LIFE. AND TEACHINGS 1 Sumas Proce, 4 Gas fr the isand of Ceo, ofthe town of {hs anton poeopher snd sophie, contemporary of Does of Abc and Gori, 4 stant of Protagone of Abden He was frecited at Athen om + charge of comoping the youth! [Fem Fasremme; a homer vesion in Soot on Puzo Reb Goce} elt semen oly Ste We Bye nephrin coal i Seen aa Pancosrnaros Liss of se Sepline x 14 Prods of Ceos bad sich « grst name for wiklom chat the ton of Gayla [Xenophon], ea pone in Bocotis, sed to go her hi leer fee poring a bond for his etum to curady. Wha om an coins co Aten, Be ‘sppeured before the coun ad showed himeelf an exemely capable ft, cough abit hard to hear because of his low-ptched roe. He edt sek out nobly bors youshe and perons fom sich fms, nd eve employed go-bereero in this para, fc he wat very food of making money ad addicted to his pleases And even Xenophon id not dsdhi to recount Proc’ spec Thr Chote of Heractr ‘which T mendoned atte begining [ofthis exalog]. OF course, why should we dwell os the nature of Produ’ eloguene, nce Xenopon as done ie tse lenges set? 2% Paso Preeiess25c0 Ad then T saw TantluiforPeodicas ‘of Geos was ako visage was in 4 camer which st oe tine ipponices Ind used as 2 storezoom ... Process, appeased, was sD Tying in be, wrapped in skins anda rest many cover [Pose hs Agithoo and otter were aio tare] © But fom oubide the oom was usable heat what they were dosing, although fied ‘ery hard to hear Pron, since he suck me ately wie and ‘evn 316 divanly gue. Br beste ofthe deep pitch of bis vos, ‘a soible wa et going nthe tom that obscured what was being sid 3 ——~ Hipias Mair 2820. [Soemes is epeaking] Ove comeade Prodioas here hn oft inthe pst come twin «public capacity, Dt just seal, when he ease here fom Ceo on ple sins, be ‘sed the greatest renown, both in speaking before the coun nd fo giving pate letures—aad he alo axed ee mcvelous fees by twtocng young ton FA ——— Thess 1519 But when there young mea do act scm co be relly peeps, engnning tat they have no aed of me 2 Quod tm Ory 3. The ple Gcodag wo Bate) of te ce ses eat Flow tad ha “pal weed” ode Sos n Ae ad cing 3 wig lead them oy sd as 2 matchmaker, speak on the side of "he go and I ean prety wel gues fom whose eompationtip thy -woeld profi. And many of them Ihave set o Bodies wel 2 other wise and divinely ged men 4 —— Anil 198 Sine this indeed sets 10 me « fe thing, that one should beable o tech men, at do Gorgias of Leni a Prodcss of Gsos and Hlppas of Els. For, flow eins, each of these men can go ito everyone of thee tad pervade yung mee, ‘wo have the frodom t associate with whemeret they plete san to lave this other companions aad join thir own cite, ping & fee for de ehuace to do so end asking them nt the bargin. 4 Xmtomsow Spmpusim 1 62 1 know, be sid, dat you [Ane sxheoes] have pliyed the pander bervcen Calas here andthe wie Prodi, ismuch as you saw th the former was in love wich ‘wisdom and the ler is eed of ch, 4b. Arimuscs ¥ 2208 His [Acehioes the Soca’; f& 6 p30 ‘Keas) Gulla cotaas the discord berween Calin and his ft so well as abuse of the sophits Prodicws and Anwagens. For be aye (hat Peodious wat to blame for his pupil Therameoe, sad the ate for Philoous the son of Eryxs and Acphmdes the brother of Srgnons the fer the point of his give being co delete the ‘ature ofthe then insseion though an epost ofthe sade? comiption and enthositn foe vie, Soeecpenetoten eee Snes Dune SUC gees eae Siac Ress Ein “SUT La tay «pte ere ms ee Saree rs De nom tien emotes Soca eceyoncmas ne n4. Anistoomases Chad 3608. [The Chores of Gowdtsee Br 6] ‘ee would pay boed to no other epacechinker expt Proicus— becsse of his rsdom aad wit—-and you [Socets-.- Tepmir fe ago Kock Ether some book has eoeupied this ma, ox Prods, for one ofthe wosdspianess! 6, Souoxso om Anrortoses Clad 361 He (Podics} wis aio the teacher of Therm, who was elled “Loote Boce"™ 4. Diowrsws or Haucansies Inert «He (oer) was 8 Tear of Prodioe of Caos and Gorgias of Leontil and Tass of ‘Syrnensee men having athe de che grees fame among the (Gree for witand, a seme cepor of Thenazens the thes, Who ‘yas patio desth under he Tiny Tyra fo ppeting lesa tovaed democrat plies 1 Avubs Groars Atte Nigh av 20, 4 [Eospidey) attended she lecrre of Anssagerr the stl plosophe and of Prodis the eto og: Mancexinss Lif of Thay 36 Fors shor tine, as Ansys Sys, he [Thucydides feces she blascod dautes and antiheeal ‘osbulzy employed by Gorgias of Leonts, whieb were at atime in vogue among the Ges and aso the sic deing of words as propounded by Peoicas of Cen spc” morgen eae: aly one wen whe in be gbor sauce" To some 8 tiburon tne al scone lo wet bo al ua ip ‘pie coi me. Tes npn rnd we ede “wd wh» Pa or Aid or cn Reap uae, bat te de nat oe 10 Rom thet ‘ret ened eho ae ts tiny mor wa comme, Pela sey 9 " ro, Qumran it +22 OF these Sige the fs who ase wld 2 Inve dei ith commonpless wee Proagors and Gorgias; Prod ‘ty, pps thesforenid Promgoms, and Tarssyeachus, theft © Touthon guetoas of enodian® ScHoW om AnsTorores Bide (e"When once you lesen fom ar what is cones eneralag the ravens». 708 may tell Prodieus © dinppee for good.” [DK 1 Ars flows] Calimachor war income iting Prodicss among ‘he theron; cess, compared with tbe, he was a philwopr. x Passo Crap $840 (Socrates Se spetking] Knowaige aboot feoms happens to be a lmporant mater 1 indeed 1 bad beard Prodi fify-drchma lecee, which be calmed woald succeed ia conveying a complete eduction in she matter tance who heard fothing would have kee you (Heemogene) from learing the euth oat te corer weage of word. Bur id’ het it only the ene she wine cee, se eneant MTndiuy, “Sinnls on Are “howe of Amin lel Aan, EXARIV G9 BP 9 * A. Lea eins st (eh i Sct, Tsay ha all ace terms mesa the tie thing, aldough Prodics might disgree with me. 16. ——— Batindome srraf. Fier of al, a8 Prion sts, ne must lio the otect wage of word, Which indead ir what oat Fro vistors here (Euthydemas and Dionysodors) have jst been demoae sting t0 you, samy hat you did aot anderen the messing of (he wm "Nerang" [watan. The tem ie ed by men ia too senses Sen, of tation wher pvt bea a stpleigaosance of something and 278 tbeseapon proces to gain knowledge of ‘but second, iis wed of dhe axe whenca 4 peston ale having aowladge of comathing ues tat knowledge ciel to nque nto somthing tht i being sid or done. More fequenty, men cll hit Jsner stetion “ndermanding” (pein) eter tan leaning, but sonneizes also “esring” “Lae 1970, But T hike hee the tam “feet” and Slane” a noe the me thing. Tey option fo con satin “rave” [oe] asd forethought, wale many posses “boldeee™ (repeat daring and fealessers which i really fe thnk shad. CE sg: Don't answer him, Lach, For you seem set © ave noted that eas the piece of adom fom ous fend Damon, ted Damen isa close follower af Prodius, who of al the sopiss sens to be most accompllhed ia making Sae diicedont bewean HE. ——— Cherie 1659 Tell me, Ti, do you sy Hat “doing” (pei) and “making” (rts) are the same thing? No, indeed, be Sa, nor that “working” [eyez] and “doing” mean the ae ‘hing I dessa this fom Hesiod, who and tha “work” [pt ‘0 shame [Yor ed Day 311 Rene] Do you tin, ihe sid ta he “inde cfacvtes you wer justmentionlag were ample of" making” snd “working,” hate mean tha here no same inking eoee or selng pickles or serving aa broth? Tes hardly ight ink 0, Sozzats and I eoatea dat nse dintacion beens meze “Slag” 7[pss and “aking” oc “wading” (pram gue) cand fee ‘Sava ob [ptm hing done sometines an occasion for same, ‘when le unscrompsnied by dsiociveexelence, but tit a work it fever a same. Tasks done with n zcompaniment of execs and to some good end he cilled “works,” and called euch enerpics “workings” of makings” CE. o: Indend, T have beard Proicos making soch dstasionsaboct temas tea thousand tes. ig. Ansroree Topi 16 ssabes Then agua, thee i the cate “hese someone hes chimed ha an accidental charac of «hing [5 diferent fom tel, jor bose is mame i diferens, as Prods iL, ciingising thie forme of please “joy” [core], “étighe™ [ues 20d “good chess” [pbropm); ba altos are js erent tunes forthe sue hag, “pluaze," AumANDex oF AreODBAS a Joe 18, + Bodionaterpied to amiga to every term it own peralie gvifesace, 2 the Sis also do eben they arge ht jy a more- ‘next [of Se soul} ia tcordance with reason, while plese is & ‘movement conic to roa: tt Aight i form of plate con- ected ith he seme of beeing, 2 good chees x form consects (Sin spesh But ste or of thing wid by pea who Tove ay dows tv iw, bat have ao ae to say anpcing sess. so. Peavo Piedra fAfer DK 82 A 25), Hesing me sty this Pradiens laaghed and declared cha he alooe had dicoveed the rel tt of dicoue, {9 wit one must employ asker lg oct short “pecs, but spesces of ast the proper lng. 1B. FRAGMENTS ‘THE HORAT (SEASONS) OF PRODICUS 1 Sowooro on Antrornins Gad 6 ‘Thee eat book of Protos eaided Hore in which he portayed Hence ineviewed in ruraby Virus and Vice, ch soliting him so elect cbe meaner of * A Liens Teng she Began oe fe sepetensd by hen, with Herks obimatly choosing the hie ofeed by the former over the fewing plete promized by Won, Pearo Symposium s7ya Ox ifyou wish consider te exe leat copie, who wrote works pang in prose—the views of Hcles and other, epeilly the move wordy Proicar. CE Protege 5400 2, Xemoonon Menai 2, 28 Aad de wise Produ also x= pts tl inthis manner in ls composion on Henle, which bs read so lege audinces, pI ral he story went this wey “Heres” he sd "when be wae groving Grom childhood iaro sous esta ata tne fife whan young men are begining to make ‘heisows dion and thus to show whether yar embaed on he path of vite o tat of vce, went of wo ponde i seclusion which Dat he sboulé choose, (22) And kee appeeed to appeoucs he a {al onale gases On ada noble ates anda beating woeosched by sccvlty with sk Ge 20d pure, ber gence crcumspet, ber pen Inodes, desed in white, The other's figure berpoke softaess and Tamu, Hee coumenance showing che xeggertad whites and eeds induced by connate, hee cisage saaturaly fy and sled, hee esd abut relent, and wearing e eostume suds made her physical sipenas ey eo cimate She paid + grest dal f tenon fe bewof and hope match ro ae I abe wie aoeced by ote, and (fen eve looked bck he own shadow. (:3) Aa they approached [Hens the forme comiaaedather sme pe, bt the ater, aeas to rach im Gre, bargd ahead and acested Horals that ‘Tse, Herace, thas 700 ate endecided shout the outs of our bie. 1 you Should accept ay nde sod flow me, Isa show! yu the path of rents enjoymens and exe, aad you il not fl experience every fie plese while Ging que fee from ersble, (4) Fis of al you wil have 20 thought for ware ot woes, and your oalyeoaceea Srlbe to decide which dlious food o en you may ook for, what Tighe and sounds you migheesioy or what pleues of mel of touch ‘Gl pene yoo, what aniorose connectors wil iy you most, bow sou wl sep moe contented, d—iadhor-—Aow you will un al »4 Potion ‘ete good things withthe lease efort (43) But if you have any sospicion that the eapply of my gifs mighe fil, tave no fone that ‘would ever abject the acai of physic or meatal ogee tw oban your desies.Rethe, yu wil enjo) ze we of whether mea proce 2nd never know what t isto retin urn exploiting whatever you can. Fo, aly, I gaunt tomy asoetes abot ight 2 plete he any from every sour whatoenee” (26) When she ad snd ths, Herc asd, "Lady, whats yor name? She replied, Tan, known to my fieads ae Happinas, although those with «blows temper bate me and cll me Vice" (7) AE tat poise the eecond ‘woman approached 20d addeessed Hace: "to peepote sy suit to you, Heracles, wit some lnowledge of your parentage 24 ell at your characte acto shape through he couse of your apbunging. ‘Whence in fe avipate tat if yo should take the path o me you vel achieve honorable snd weadsor dads, and that you wil eam 10 Bio me sail moze sdmile apd esti bene of he exelenee youatnin, But sal aot dezive you with overazes promising ple sre, rather Isl uhflly eos w you the fee of cel 2 he gods themselves have canine ie (13) The gods give 0 se benefits or honoe fo men without stugyieand peneverce: 9 obtain the gods favor you mas rere them to ahieve the love fends you ‘mast do well by them: to wia the honors of a comemusity you matt ‘become ts benefice to gate admit you might eave Geo a Greece you mast aremp: to serve Greer well to get abundant fit from the eat ane mus cust 9 ear wealth rom ivetoc oo sustain o cae for thm to prospe in way, to gai the power to socor fiends and best oes enemies, one most dy the techniques lof waste from te master and exes onesl n thei proper epoy- ‘ent—aod Saal, if you shold with to enjoy physi vigor 0 Che lad thatthe body mor fseaebjeron, aad dpe hl wih ard workand sent? (a9) Vie interpre at hs pons a rode ‘els is ‘De you real, Herc, tat this person ie promising you ‘ong and arduous founey to etch er sation? on the ot fund, Mall conduct yox oo the show and easy road co Happinest’ (G9) And then Viwe spoke, “Hussy! Wat good have yous oer? & 2 rng 2 ‘Oxi plessre, you who wil Zo nothing ogi oven el? You who do not even wait for the urging of dete, before you rth tsa Youreé with enjoymens? You et before hunger and dink before this. You drch ose fod in aes to exjy if the more; you vase ‘he worl for expensive wine ad ices in te tummies ode {et some plasre from what you dink, To sles move confocal, os ootcve al manne of hxsious bedding —ient ou seth exp soto ratsh youre fom abors bat jst bees you have nothing ‘0 do, You ty to incite exaust lang before anture prompts them ving every ii and using mena women, This how you fest your devotes, dsbsuchng them by night sad making them slop away the ‘mos importa part of the day. (52) Though you ae inmara you ave been denied the company ofthe gos, and you gait no hone ssmo0g decent men either And tae which i moe pleas ofall pre of yourelf—yoa myer experience; aoe do ou ever contecplte {be mort besa ofall sighs, «ie work of your ove doing, Who ‘vould belere you invitation? Who would gaat any sequent of ou, sad who in possesion of is tenis would become 2 member of your ‘comping? Flabby young mea aad stupid old one: tho who have passed though youth lay and sitrs, and pss ino old age pained tc feb, the ashamed of what they tave done aad burdened by ‘what dey should do, cove who semper afc pleas in yout nd ‘has mt fed off wor ia old age. (2) 1 on the other ha am a ‘companion of the gods ar well as of upright meas ao great dees ate ose, in hetven or on eth, expe trough mel am honosed mote highly han al se Lock among gods and these men whe have vse ‘Ta the fvotite spi of the sled, she tf guardian of howe. olde, the sey hnlper of sevingmes, the active prometer of the ‘wots of peice and aston ly ache tis of war a the best possible slater offeendship. (3) My friends eo a pletont and wataoubled A, because thy leave food and drink lone unt they realy dese them the seep is sveuter than that ofthe any, ad they do not zumble when they mit it nor neglect thie spose to pe Young men enjoy she prise of thi elders aad the Inter ces the spect ofthe young. Thy take please book in the memory of patdeeds and she peconmance of preset tasks. On my acount they ase breaded bythe gods, Beloved by thie Eends and ebraed in fcr commute And when thi pointed ead comes, they donot le forgoten and uahonore: their glory fouthes fever ia se memory of he ac andi oct Al hese hogs ate yout posses ‘Herc, tn of noble parons, fyou underae to work igen fot the most geoune form of tappiass”™ (3) Ta sore such fubion as ths, Proc eelated the intrusion of Hencls by Vive. OF eouse bs peroemance wat a mareplece of sje elegance compared svi tat ¥managed fst 20 (ON NATURE 4. Gren On e Beet 487 Keb 521 Heme DK 24 1.2) Cexno Os tv orate 3138 Why should 1 meni Prodicos of Con, Teashmnchus of Chaltdon,o¢ Psstagocs of Aber, all of Svhom lathes tie wrote and spake on the subject of natu pi losopiy? CE. Ay and A x0 above, 44 Geiss On te Pe! Feuer m9 e195 Helms of 2 os Kana) Prodica sida ie work Ove Naas of Mes, “Polegm is 2 porion ofthe humors tha hat een sbjet to hex aad a were ‘overcooked’. He gota thie by deving te words from the verb ‘mo bur” (phic) sine he bad a specih mening for ex slitoagh be acknowledged the thing el ia the tame way a8 ober peop, The man's iasmpicieg asention to sexs i well enough Ener in Plo. [S= A 15] On che coher band, char whieh all wen ‘Si pilcgm, blag wate in color, e elle lime ['mseus], which, ‘eing eld aod damp usor, found in gente quan i the aged Sods tose wo have udeed fori, and a oe in is senses would fall theve sathing bot enld and damp. CDK og A 27 and 6b Ans. 2B. Fogmen og FROM UNIDENTIFIED WRITINGS 4 Panootas Os Pity cols 5,7 pp. 75-76 Gomper, Horalnie Shui I (Cpe, x86) Perse sppeis ia realty to be an ath ‘oat leat an agai ia his On se Gar be aye has Prods wat ‘sot uspersussve io waking shar nourshment and sees ies Wee fist acinowledged snd hosorei as gots, and luer a peroes who fest iveated sheles ar found aew meine of obtaining food oF Nt spon usefol techniques were cled sames like Demees, ios, sd the Lhe CE Mavens FEL Oxedar2t, : CiceRO Or te sate of egos, 228 Bat what of hit? Proics of Cos, the maa ‘shosnid tat thot higs which beat human fe are what ae led gode—hathaseleiusofsaigion? 2,38 Desaear... ape tastey te belé to be gods eho have dicoveeé some sigaieut llevan fife’ daly wants: moreover, even dae deve wefl tinge oF Peo tecing devies shamselves are called by cine names. [See leo Heckcascs or Aorns, DK 73 B 7] Sexrus Aye le Sloincire ‘ex6 See slo Dacocnires, DK 6 A 7} Pros of Coo sy "The socens considered that the su, the moo, aad vers sad speinge and anthing else that helped satan Ife were gods, becave of tee ‘wefalnes; fr instance, the Egyptas eoasidered the Nile # god” ‘And dhs bread bat come o be alld Demeer, and wine Dionysos, vwuter Poseidon, fe Hephaets, and so on with everything that is ‘refi to min,” (52) Those who ae cae in deion athe say (bar thee no god at all each ar Esbemense «and Dagores of Melos and Prodioa of Caos and Thendorse. (Ja) Produ ye * Pindem sot toowe ony om pap found a ec a sey uted conn, lg rernmee fog «minting et {ue om npe the tae unl ey Con, ls, rd Toe {retnw vr, t4)-OnPenseura very soe sea ebay a Se Sag xn ee cre ‘Wash ada ng” ely spe a» Sven” vers angi, npg a ean sot ony ube bee te ‘tines of he ode erst hf vrs ape te pa bed of nt Str ded oe mse Tle Sus pe oh he nodfe Pie ‘has anything whic benef if is asuned tobe «god each a sun snd oon sed #er spd pags and gland and everthing ofthat sor. Trnasivs Oration o pas Dindost we re aed aca t0 ‘he ata ster and we shal blend the widow of Proc am out dzcourte, He derived all of mankind's ste and myers and cls fom the fe works of lags, nce is hie opinion both tht ‘he ides of the gods comes vo ee inthis way, and thas =** be gszantces every a of ley. 6 Paco Extpdems ose These men arth sor, Crit, who Prod Jeos mys “are on the boundary Sereeea philosophy aed pole,” Uti fer dey thnk she ae th wisest ofall mea.) They hii ‘hey are wit indeed, cat sae forthe ate moderately plore 1 wel ss modentalypoltial + Sronaavs v2, 6; rom Produ: tht dace doabled is love, od love doubled it madoeee, DOUBTFUL 8 [Piaro} Epxisr yprD A wise man, Prodcus of Coos, was sdreming ths very plat « ile while wgo in the Lyceum, bot be ‘ecm to hie heres 9 be aleng co poieay that he was weno pesuade «soul dar what be ald was s0.... © Fora younger had ‘ked hit in wha cans he shought war good t be wealthy ania ste x ee De odi of 8 in = ea” te cue vo Prods cold my eee and of gen et ‘pone of ee a son) ep Of eu, ae eros ‘sr thomivs epg Posi weir ums fs cog enare ‘rary devon pte wm ny hn i ow Protas omen rhe uth opel cueain on e onto gn cand kei af Ss Uae Te pt, Seren (ee, yp 9b 29 % 1B. Fogmow 5 ‘vintsese bad And he anrsered, mich ae you have jst done, hat swath was a good formen of honoe who kaow how to ue peopey Dotan evil forthe dtepouble who do aot know how to we it Aad ‘he same is ti, he manned, ia the cave of everthing eae the things themselves will be good or bad in cotrependence to he saszer ofthe who make us of them. 9 —— Ariss 3662 [Soemtes is speaking) You ace 00 ving ‘seiowonhyteximony about me, Asoc, for you thin, jas ke the populace of Athens, Seaute T have a intnee cation aboot ‘hings that T am leaned in some spec or oer Indeed, Y would |B¥e much just to koow # few aommon things no ager of my Sndentunding sublime thought, These things which Ihave beea sping ae oat chance echoes fom the words of Prices, whi purchased from tine to tine for a falf-dachm, or to deine, re four—for the man would teach 20 one for nothing and wae fo ‘pest consansy the tg of Epicharmot, “Ose band washes anos {2% in order to get” Not long ag, in’ speach be delivered a he ouse of Cals, 02 of Hipponius, hes ach ching about ie har ‘se sey to setgn from mine fortwith ang, Axcis my sol ached weds, FALSE to Pusrancit Or Heal p60 Produ, itsemed, handed the spsson say, when he id that re ithe bes pce. 1 Gauss On Mae! Mads x 474 Kobe And indeed, milk is ‘tif one seks ie ered rom the te, as Buryphoo and Herodoes 2d Prodios think,85. THRASYMACHUS raxoted by FRANCIS E. SPARSHOTT Nothing is kaown of Tasynacha hfe sad wosks beyoed what may ‘be gathered om the nateral anced bre. He ere fom Caledon in Badia (At), where be dd, oat lta + memorial (A 8), Diooyaas (A 5 thinks he was bor lates thas Lysas, whose Me be tisgns t 439 ne. (Lp: 9 He was well known a an ontor before ‘ey @ 9) aod alve afer she bgianing of Archlane’ ign ia 425 {@. Ansote's puting him eae than Taeodors(A 2) 20 help, ece theater's dates ate ulioown, The reeeance of ifeences from Plato's Repl (2 20, B Gs) depend oa the ext 10 which Paoaic lalogus ae tke tobe hire! documens ‘Matera fora ei i of Thasyaactns' works ac lacking, The se given in Said may be complete (A 3). Le Tothk @ 9) Ione (B 4), Pats (Bf, Kosh-Dows Arpanet: (B 7) a Exemplary Specks (A is) tay be alee des for orks tpentoned in Sids, for pars of them. Cicero's sogestion tat he ‘prot On Nate (A) lacks anyesbrncation ad seems ually A. LIFE AND TEACHINGS 4 SuroasThsynahus of Chlerdon; sophia com the Caledon fm Bilyeia, Fast demonstated the uee of period and aus, and insoduced the crtnt sl of theo. Seen [7 ofthe philosopher Dlsto aad te ortor Locate, Wrote Deiat Spo, Tew Ras, Tre, Sabi for Spots 6 2% Anstoris Or Sopa! Refine ocr r8ybap_ Bot the people ‘ith big mames nowadays have taken up the mining (it wer) for many mea who made the subjcr grow by advacing ic pincer: ‘Tiss ier the ploeers, Taaspmachus afer Tiss, Theodorus ‘im. Many mes fave made many prt eee, js Droweses oF Hawcsnsior Lyitr 6 Besides thse 1 fod 2 truly cemaskable exeleoce ia Lysee Theopheere (Or Dion Schoidt) says chat Thenymachas wars ongiator, but I tio it ‘was Lys, ho in ny jdgmens hae the peo over him in hone logy as welimgritng at bots of them vere in thei pine at sare ne. Wit i his excellence T speak of? The dion tat cadens the thought sad express it dict, a icon whichis ‘wholly appsopeite and Indeed event to forensic speeches and to very genuine cone 4 Ansrornaes Bespirs (produced in arf) 198, 36. (From Guan Gina of Hipparate Tring, Introduction xx 6 Keka, logue berwcen aon and fhe Wel, you wil be ripped up by ins, nye Ther “sipped” comes fom the eats — Whar wil be he upthoe ofthese hogs you sg? That “be the upshot” comes from Alcibiades. Why do you kp making insinuations and spealdag Ul of men —0 God! O Thrasynachs Which advocate wer that pes of sapling? fe Amarome Riri, 1gtsay so aad ell Necsass “a Phlocees bites by Pays” aa inage shat Thasymachoe used sohen he stw Nicentor el ankempe and unwathed afer be dfn by Pag na seation coer,te Termes 6 ————— 8 sy, aod9 «28 Conon called They acing counsel,” and Herdicar tld Taaeymachos, "You a vaya ding Spee” and Play, "You ze vay col"® 7 Jormuns ve 205 Many have repented of te vale ad wee li ae he deat of Thatsyachor 2] proves? Sewounst Sid of 4a onitoe ia Athens who banged hime 8 Armeancex asqr Neopolemat of aoe spine Ear (Calo tht he Folowingeptsph ited on she memotal 1 he soptist Thasymachos| "Name: thes, ho, alpha, sigma, upon, ms, tlphs ci omieton, sigma. Btiplace: Oaledon, Profsin:wisdoen” 1 Cictno Or tl raterus 32,128 [Prolens, Thexymachas, Pesta gos; see DK 44 Bj) each of whom bots spe and wot a grat ea ethane abou the autre of he pyc! world to, Prsro Repub 3y6Evea wile we were aking, Thsymachos repeselly waned «beta to the agamess, bet wet promgly sappresed by hs neighbors, who wanted to hear the argument ot But as we broke off wih thee words of mine he hed is pecs 20 loge, bu gathered himself ie a wild beat and wen for uta fo teat ws apa Polemarcs and I ook fright and stipes, They schosaddretedhimrelf to the company at lrg: “What aoaente i Bis, Soca.” he sid, “at Ine goren into you?” ee CE 380 ro) sa, Answors Rlvorir mt 8, gopa2 These remoe the paca, which people he uid since Tkurymachar! day without beng able wo de foie Tac ae Sony pe a ang of "Tybee shun acd “Pane” ae "eng uae” aang Bek ad epee Pi Cen (OCH can at harman he aig ft et MS. Whnwvr hs mon th sng geet Ads wt ot ‘inspontny who eat ded a“ Canon” Se at te Und of cune «pra ee A md Tecings O04 8 Ferment 12 Ccas0 Ors 15,40. snes. eho thought Taessymachas so Gorgis (who oevenbees, were theft, sexoding to tation, to bave sabmied words to mote o¢ let wedfodal seagemee) ‘eee chopped up into tiny phnses, wheres Taseyides wit a Bt sbrapt asd not plump enough (60 to spa), wat the fr to begin adding thoughts with worde and ling them out with gentet yt 45. Drowns or Haticansius eau 20 OF those who made ¢ profession of acconte expreion aod devoted thet entgies 10 gemeatiive ontory, among whom were Aatiphon of Rhamay, ‘Thrasymachs of Chalcedon, Plyetes of Athenee Cee who led the Thin, and the Zollar who le the watinge aguas tomes, ‘Thesymachs was clean-cut od pee, formidible in invention tad In giving his meaning disince and sting expression, but hs works seal echaleal or showpiees, and no fren [or pli} onion of isha survived. Onemghtsay tere about Cats and Zola 0, sept nso as tey difler from one another in thee lt i, 4: Sumas Vestn, eld “Jl” sophie. Epon of Parphis Glany in 99 Books; Set Vaal fram the Warks of Denier; Sets fom Thor, Ian, Thranmachs (1b Ora) and Oe Ona, B. FRAGMENTS ( And be wat great oct for carping many, a7 Be ad, aod charming the eared agin by hi ‘pels; and eampion at dandeing and dipeing sander from what- crersoureeHasacasadlocp.239,1€ Courenr Tae Chaledonian, dey Theepmctvs, aught at follow: one mar arouse the usa fomom and soli hi iy, bewaling one's age, poverty, cen, sad elke, (a. Peazo Repablensste [Thansmachss) spe thatthe janisaoting testa the ner of he sca, 1 Pooraon TohnTale 1 ny p 6160 (Un pltag oo’ goes st Sie) one most ave Atos Tair ( 38) of Tarsoactor KnwksDoon Arne edy, 8 oe were ppg 4 theme om ‘Conpastons and thor ge ooting wel dose, bor sxpor halo age om the mheplace and hetes ino oo utes. a Prmooms Rat ap (Supplement, ef. Suthase (Legis, 19s) pp 42] Mewodorus [ft 208,,A. Kot, Jal. Pl, Sap. plement 17 (25) 58) seam to make icles enough is fee book (Or Pome tat the shetoric of the sopiste has the stars ofan Are speakadogately (ia pbc) boar what i uel to she bl, witout o Pens ving leaned the Arf of Threymachs oe of ay ofthe et of them ‘Theasymchae and many others who have the sepottion of poste Slag toch techniques of polide or sheotiel speaking? but have achieved ochiog ia thore Gide of which they chim to post the veces! FROM AN UNSPECIFIED WORK & Hemsas on Paro Phas p. 235, 21 Coston [on “eength” at 2670; see BG] Te oae of his own writs he (Taasyach] ‘wrote romching co this fcr: thatthe gods take no aod of aman is, or they woald aot have lout atc, which ite greatest of goods among men. For we seat men tke no eo {The DK txt oni pas ates apd, provi Bye. {he ndco of base hen sng n eB en inset oe ndaoutoeoe fh vhs ced tv ane ph em dy Shy se ae C ie pee8. HIPPIAS ‘rented by DAVID GALLOP ipa? dees casnot be fixed aly. The song of Plato's Prat (pray in which be Spares prominently (C»), appears co be shoal tefore she Peloponnesian Wan. At Pipa Major 2128 (A 7), epee ents higselt at snoch younger” chun Protgoms He may heefore be megane as «coctemporry of Socrates, in mide if i about pone, He was evidently an impor Sgore in Els and made a get ROE Rc hiowel on diplomatic sone aad lecrare cours throughowt Greece The vo dialogues being his mame inthe Phioni corpus portay Rima coneces polymath, claiog great ecsng ia mathe Faves asuonomy, ms, inguie sedis, Herne, bandera, aad ‘Bnemoric, glee to ortoxeal diay and edifying mon bomile, ‘The mune iipreson conveyed by other sources. Few if any of Bis toon words have survived. Weng aseibd to hin inde a Tryit Dial (A 2,495 B 3,30 Bley B 1) and a List of Obmpe Vite {@ 5) te seaioed by Prods (B11) a5 the codivooverer ofthe ee Keown athe quadenin, wich wae vied forthe sseion of Seetlnese anges sd force sgusing ofthe ce, A. LIFE AND TEACHINGS 1 Soxous Fippias of Ei, son of Diopeths, sophist and pilsopber, popilf Hepestiamos, who defoed he cod elfsflery. He wrote soany gt a Prnosreares Lines of the Sophie 1, 1 ‘Hippos of Bis the ophin, had such powet of emory, even ald age, baat being ‘any as ity aes ony once, be cold repeaters rom memory is * Lent Tings ‘he order which he had bead them. He nroduced ino hs eouses geomet, assonoms, music, od shythes. (2) He aso dscased flctng sod sulpuc. (3) There things he didi other placer; bat in Laowtaemen fe went though geomlogie and he oundinge of cist and their schievens, 2 theme that the Lacsienonsne xjoyedbecase ofthe bin to rle._) Theil ean it Trejoe Diaige B 3), whlch incldes a epecis Nestor at che lof ‘Troy couses Acti’ son, Neoptlems, a6 tothe pasts whieh 4 min should follow to gain good mpumtion. () Although he ‘epfernted Blsina grat many Greek cite, inno paced he deteoy 1s eeputaton for public speaking and dren, bat he amaaed grat ‘woth and sas eepisured ia the communities of lage aed smal Cds, | (6 Forte ate of making money he een went Taye he ‘Say oma of Sina, whom Pao makes on of (a) te Goran? (9) Becoming fous, forthe at of i ie be encasted Geese at (Olympia with his waied and carefully prepared speeches, His itex- iting wee aot fev, but fal 40d net, seldom searing %2 poetic expressions 4 (Puswanc Lis of he Toe Ort. 8384 ‘These wat alto bora {ohm Groce nso ge, eld Apes, who was eoesived ‘by Pahang, davgher of Hips te orto, and who wa the youngest of er tre crea. 83 Asa Young man he did not acy, bot Inold age be bad a minwers named Lagskt 20d lw he mated Plathand, daughter ofthe ontor Hips. She bad chree elise, of ‘chomaviasbera nid, Apncr washis. Hansocnumow Apbarae eva the son of Hippas, though thoughteobe the son of oes. oss Lief Inert p25, Wenermarce He mand corsa Plating, odepeing of Hippias the onor. 4 Pusro Ah 92 Ie steos tome Se thing, one a race ‘ben, ae do Gorgiat of Leoni, Prodics of Ces, and Hipias of Ble CE DRG Aa, Reig al adhe dru. eon ah