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1.Introduction
With the development of 3G, network planning and optimization have become more and more
important. For future WCDMA/TD-SCDMA carriers, what they care most is how to establish a
WCDMA network economically and keep the high performance-cost ratio in the construction.
Generally speaking, they want to get high network capacity and satisfy wireless coverage demand
under the condition that supports multi-service with given Qos requirements. Moreover, they want
to offer optimal service by balancing the relation among capacity, coverage and quality. To obtain
high performance, WCDMA/TD-SCDMA system must apply many advanced technologies.
Therefore, the network planning and optimization methods used in the second generation
communication system cannot meet the requirements of 3G. New network planning and
optimization methods and tools are needed.
Normally, network optimization can be divided into several steps. First, quality targets should be
specified, which include point-to-point quality target, performance targets of different types of
service and relative KPI (Key Performance Indicators) value. Then performance datum can be
collected by network management system, foreground gather equipment, protocol analysis
equipment or even subscriber complaint. Network report tool will then deliver quality statistics
and pre-analysis data According to network configuration; we can analyze the method in detail,
which is applied to increase network quality. Single parameter is corrected at first, and the whole
parameters set is corrected by multi-iteration. At last, total solution is obtained when expected
quality target is achieved. A new quality continuous increase loop begins, after overall adjusting to
the network according to the total solution.
Generally, the tasks of network optimization include: optimal system coverage, minimum call
drop and failure access rate, proper handoff (hard/soft/softer/baton handoff), even and proper base
station load, optimal pilot frequency distribution. The parameters of optimization include:
transmission power of each sector, antenna location (azimuth, depression angle and height),
neighboring lists and priority order of pilot frequency, size of neighboring pilot frequency
searching window, handoff threshold, etc.
In the process of network optimization, different tools may be adopted, and each plays different
roles:
In general, network planning and optimization is a multi-iteration process with theory and
experience coexisting. With various network planning/optimization tools, through judgment and
deduction, we can configure network properly, optimize network performance. So the investment
and profit are satisfied, and the carriers will get maximum profits at reasonable cost.
1.Handoff
The optimization of handoff is very vital for any cell system. From the view of network
efficiency, when user equipment is located in improper service cell, its service quality will be
influenced. The load of whole network will increase as well. More seriously, interference to other
user will increase. Mobile user should adopt the optimal communication link to connect with
corresponding base station.
In WCDMA, soft handoff is used between the same frequencies. However, in TD-SCDMA, baton
handoff is used, which is between hard handoff and soft handoff. As a result, we need to analyze
the difference of baton handoff from other handoff methods in optimization process.
(1) The scope of handoff measurement is different. For traditional handoff methods, the exact
location of UE isn’t known. Therefore, we have to measure all neighboring cells. While in baton
handoff, handoff measurement is based on accurate location of UE that has been known. So it is
unnecessary to measure all neighboring cells except a few cells that near UE and with the same
moving direction as UE It is important to have proper measurement range in optimization. If the
range is too large, baton handoff tends towards ordinary soft handoff. The measure time becomes
longer, and network load is heavier. The delay also becomes longer. On the other way, if the range
is too small, the possible candidate cells will be missed.
(2) The delay of signal strength of target handoff cell is larger. Baton handoff aims to establish
communication link with target cell and at the same time disconnect communication with former
base station. As a result, its judgment is stricter than soft handoff to reduce handoff times. Users
care about measurement results of current cell. If the service quality of current cell is good
enough, it will not measure the other cells. Otherwise, it will do so. Therefore, in baton handoff,
the cell with strongest pilot frequency strength is not always the service cell. But in WCDMA, the
cell with concentrated activation definitely has strongest pilot frequency strength (the cell with
strongest pilot frequency strength in delay stage isn’t taken into account.)
2. Channel allocation
The channel allocation in WCDMA is simpler. In the same carrier frequency system, it only need
allocate channel properly. But in TD-SCDMA, even in the same carrier frequency system, DCA
algorithmic is adopted to help allocating channel in the multi-dimension space constructed by
codes, time slots (spatial field of smart antenna isn’t taken into account.) DCA algorithmic
contains fast DCA and slow DCA. Slow DCA allocates resources to cells while fast DCA allocates
resources to service. In actual situation, RNC manages some available resources in cells, and
allocating these channels to users dynamically according to network performance target of each
cell, system load and service Qos parameters. There are many DCA algorithmics. DCA
algorithmic based on interference is researched and applied widely, which adjusts channel orders
according to measurement results of real-time interference to UE and network. Proper application
of DCA algorithmic can allocate channel resources flexibly, increase frequency band utilization
ratio without channel pre-layout and is adaptive to the change of load and interference in network.
But, if DCA is applied improperly, system interference will increase and capacity will be reduced.
4 indoor coverage
In WCDMA, for hot spot coverage, especially for large building indoor coverage problem, indoor
distribution system is widely used to increase service quality. It takes micro cell or repeater as
signal resource, and installs omni antenna or beam antenna in ceiling or wall according to output
of antenna. Therefore, user can receive /transmit signal when he is moving indoors. And the signal
is transported to base station via feeder. Base station regards the signals received from different
antennae as multi-path signal of one user signal.
In TD-SCDMA system, there are some problems for indoor distribution system. (1) TD-SCDMA
can estimate DOA of user signal by Smart antenna, but with indoor antenna it can’t estimate DOA.
(2) TD-SCDMA adopts uplink and downlink synchronization. The establishment and maintenance
of TD-SCDMA uplink synchronization are based on user transmitted power estimation. According
to user transmitted power estimation, it calculates the user location and indicates user forward or
delay time. The gains of indoor antennae are different. If the user is moving among different
antennae coverage all the time, base station can not judge user distance according to transmission
power. So uplink synchronization can not be maintained. Even if the user does not move, different
user signals via different antennae to base station have different time delay. For synchronization,
base station must compensate the time delay. However, it is not practical. Indoor coverage
problems need further research.
Conclusion
Network optimization is a process to improve whole network quality and guarantee effective
utilization of resource. The main aims of network optimization are to guarantee and increase
network quality, enhance company’s competition advantages and make customer more satisfied. It
is the backbone of service development, so it is very vital. It contains network analysis and
improvement of network configuration and performance. Network performance includes access
success ratio, reliability, service performance and service distribution statistical information, etc,
which can be obtained from network management system, foreground gather system, protocol
analysis and customer complaint. By analyzing the information, we adjust and improve the
network performance. Because there is no any existing extensive network for TD-SCDMA and
WCDMA, network planning and optimization can only be analyzed from theory. It needs future
research and summary in practice.