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Abstract—This paper describe a new ultra-high speed protection This paper describes a new algorithm for traveling-wave dis-
algorithm for traveling-wave distance protection for transmission tance protection; the proposed algorithm explores the possibility
lines, based on pattern recognition of the first wavefront that ar- to characterize the wavefront behavior for internal and external
rives at the relay location due to fault. The algorithm uses prin-
cipal component analysis (PCA) to preprocess data from the power faults of the protected transmission line using the first wave from
system in order to eliminate redundant information and enhance the fault. The principal component analysis (PCA) method ex-
hidden patterns in the traveling waves for internal and external tracts the features from the relaying signals in order to im-
faults. The algorithm was proven using PSCAD/EMTDC simula- plement a pattern recognition process in a 2-D space called fea-
tions in a three-phase 400-kV power system considering critical ture space. The representation of the original relaying signals in
fault cases. The results show the feasibility to implement this al-
gorithm for transmission-line ultra-high speed protection. the feature space shows a linearly separable structure and it is
not necessary to use a classification technique to solve it. The
Index Terms—Distance measurement, pattern recognition, pro-
basic concepts of this algorithm were described in [11].
tective relay.
The algorithm uses a data window with 25 sample points of
relaying signal , covering a period of 25 s at a sampling rate
I. INTRODUCTION of 1 MHz. Although the higher sampling rate in actual digital
OWER system protection has traditionally relied on the relays is 8 kHz, it will increase in the coming years. Addition-
P measurement of power frequency components for the de-
tection of faults. In conventional protection schemes, the signals
ally, the lack in the bandwidth of the CT and CCVT is an actual
restriction; however, the new optical transducers will solve this
of high frequency introduced by a fault are considered as inter- problem in the future.
ference and are filtered out [1]. However, these high-frequency The algorithm was proven using PSCAD/EMTDC simula-
components contain extensive information about the fault type, tions considering critical cases as faults close to the relay loca-
location, direction, and sustain time. In fact, the high-frequency tion, faults close to line remote end, faults occuring near a zero
transient signals generated by a fault contain more information voltage, and high-impedance faults. In all cases, the algorithm
about the fault than power frequency signals [2]–[4]. discriminates between internal and external faults.
The basic principle of the traveling-wave distance protection
is to measure the time interval between the arrival of an inci- II. TRAVELING-WAVE PROTECTION
dent wave toward the fault point and that of the corresponding
When a fault occurs in the transmission line by virtue of the
wave reflected from it. Most present schemes use the correlation
superposition theorem, the fault-injected components and
function method to recognize the wavefront returning from the
can be acquired by subtraction of the steady-state compo-
fault [5], [6]. This is the radar principle. Most recently, some dif-
nents from the postfault signals (incremental signals) using a
ferent techniques have been used to improve the results obtained
delta filter [12]. The forward and backward traveling waves
by the correlation function, such as wavelets [7], neural net-
and used in the traveling-wave protection are defined as fol-
works [8], and pattern recognition methods [9]. However, these
lows [13]:
new approaches use the same concept to recognize the second
wavefront returning from the fault. The common characteristic
(1)
of these algorithms is that they have at least an operation time
of , where is the travel time between the relay and the fault (2)
point. Recently, a hybrid algorithm [10] has been proposed to
solve the problem to detect faults that are very close to the relay where is the line characteristic impedance and and
location that use an impedance element equivalent to a first zone travel along the transmission line in opposite directions.
in typical distance relay. When they hit a discontinuity, part of it will be reflected and a
part will pass to other sections of the system.
When a fault occurs in a transmission line at a position that is
Manuscript received June 8, 2005; revised February 20, 2006. Paper no.
TPWRD-00336-2005.
km away from the relay, traveling waves would be generated
The authors are with the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey and propagate along the line. If we can get the time interval
66451, México (e-mail: evm@ieee.org; ochacon@mail.uanl.mx; con_de@ between the reflected wave and that of the backward wave, then
yahoo.com).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
can be acquired from and the surge velocity by
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2007.893376 (3)
0885-8977/$25.00 © 2007 IEEE
796 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 22, NO. 2, APRIL 2007
if
(10)
if
.. .. .. ..
Fig. 3. Data window used in the algorithm. . . . .
(11)
.. .. .. ..
. . . .
TABLE I (12)
FAULT CONDITIONS USED TO ESTIMATE PC (13)
VI. ALGORITHM
A. Fault Inception Time Detection Fig. 6. Discrimination between internal and external faults.
A correct representation of the traveling wave in the
principal components 2-D subspace, requires knowing the fault
inception time in order to select the correct transformation vec- the breaker. In addition, the algorithm has a directional detector
tors. To do this, a counter restarts every time the zero-crossing to block breaker operation for any fault behind the relay loca-
detector is activated. When a fault occurred, the algorithm ver- tion. Some directional detectors are explained in [13].
ifies the criteria to select the first sample of the data
window, and uses this condition to stop the counter. In this situa- VII. RESULTS
tion, the output of the counter indicates the fault inception time. The algorithm was evaluated in distinct scenarios simulated
When there is not a match between this time and the time used in the power system test (see Fig. 4). Every scenario was formed
to calculate any principal components, the algorithm uses the as combination of different faults, locations in the transmis-
transformation vectors for the next inception time available. sion lines, time inceptions, and fault resistances. Initially, the
PCA application for discrimination between internal and ex-
B. Discrimination Between Internal and External Faults ternal faults is described with the following six fault cases.
The proposed algorithm extracts the first two principal com- 1) Fault in line 1, 82 km from the relay position; inception
ponents from the absolute value of the data set, and the proce- time of 8 ms .
dure solves the problem of sign rotation. As result of this proce- 2) Fault in line 1, 91 km from the relay position; inception
dure, the left-side plane of the principal component subspace time of 8 ms .
corresponds to internal faults and the right-side plane corre- 3) Fault in line 1, 85 km from the relay position; inception
sponds to the external faults, including critical cases, when the time of 8.4 ms .
faults occur very close to the middle substation among lines. 4) Fault in line 2, 8 km from the transmission lines union;
Even more, it is enough to verify the sign of the first principal inception time of 8 ms .
component, as described in (15) 5) Fault in line 2, 15 km from the transmission lines union;
inception time of 8 ms .
Internal fault
(15) 6) Fault in line 2, 20 km from the transmission lines union;
External fault.
inception time of 7.8 ms .
Consequently, it is not necessary to use a classification tech- These six faults were not being considered in the principal
nique to discriminate between internal and external faults. components extract process and include two faults that did not
occur at 8 ms, but near it. Fig. 6 describes how the PCA differen-
C. Diagram Blocks of the Algorithm tiates between internal and external faults using these six faults
Fig. 5 shows the diagram blocks for the proposed algorithm. as an example. The first two graphics show the samples of the
The voltage and current signals are obtained thought ideal CT traveling wave for each fault, before and after the scaling
and CCVT, and using the Wedephol transformation, we obtain process. Once these signals are normalized, it is possible to ob-
the aerial mode 1 of the traveling wave . Once a fault oc- serve some differences between the waveforms for both internal
curred in the transmission line, the algorithm builds the data and external faults. The principal features of these differences
window as a normalized 25-dimensional vector and chose were captured in the PCA vectors during the process. After that,
the transformation vector to represent it in principal components the normalized signals are represented in the principal compo-
2-dimension subspace. If a fault is detected (projection of is nent subspace, where those differences are amplified, showing
in the left-side plane), the algorithm prepares the trip signal to that the final structure of the fault conditions in 2-D is linearly
VÁZQUEZ et al.: A NEW APPROACH TRAVELING-WAVE DISTANCE PROTECTION—PART I 799
Fig. 7. Waveshapes for phase-a-to-ground faults. Fig. 9. Waveshapes for three-phase faults.
Fig. 8. Phase-a-to-ground faults in a 2-D subspace. Fig. 10. Three-phase faults in 2-D subspace.
separable (third graphic); when the absolute value is used to rep- inception time and Fig. 10 shows its projection in principal
resents the wave , the separation plane corresponds to the component subspace; the results are correct in both cases.
vertical axes, as is described in (15). A problem in traveling-wave protection is the detection of
As we used information from the first wave of the fault, it closeup faults due to very short transit times of the waves. With
is not necessary to consider a more complex power system a 25- s data window, and considering a wave speed of 300,000
configuration, and a single-end fed system is enough. Addition- km/s (light speed), it is possible to detect a fault 7.5 km away
ally, if more elements are connected in the substation between from the relay position. A future work is to reduce the length of
both lines, as transformers or other transmission lines, their the data windows to improve this aspect.
impedance will change the waveshape for external faults, but In the second part of this paper, we used a two double-cir-
not for internal faults. In other words, the PCA characterizes cuit power system to test the algorithm; these results include
the waveshape based on the change of impedance experimented critical cases as faults close to the relay location, faults close
by the traveling wave from the fault to relay position. to line remote end, faults occurring near a zero voltage and
The first results of the new algorithm are described in high-impedance faults. In all cases, the algorithm discriminates
Figs. 7–10. Fig. 7 describes the waveshapes for 22 phase-a-to- between internal and external faults.
ground faults conditions simulated with for 90
as an inception time for the same fault locations indicated in
VIII. CONCLUSION
Table I. Projections of each waveshape (data window) are shown
in Fig. 8, and we can see that the algorithm recognizes between The basic principle of traveling-wave distance protection is
internal and external faults . In the same way, Fig. 9 to measure the time interval between the arrival of an incident
describes 22 solid three-phase faults simulated for the same wave toward the fault point and that of the corresponding wave
800 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 22, NO. 2, APRIL 2007