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Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 105 (1993): 267-309 267

Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam

Marine incursions and the influence of Andean tectonics on


the Miocene depositional history of northwestern Amazonia:
results of a palynostratigraphic study

Carina H o o r n
Hugo de Vries-Laboratory 1, Department of Palynology and Paleo/ Actuo-Ecology, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan
318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
(Received N o v e m b e r 2, 1992; revised and accepted June 10, 1993)

ABSTRACT

Hoorn, C., 1993. Marine incursions and the influence of Andean tectonics on the Miocene depositional history of northwestern
Amazonia: results of a palynostratigraphic study. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 105:267 309.

New palynological and sedimentological data permit the age of Neogene sediments in northwestern Amazonia to be estab-
lished more precisely, and indicate that major environmental changes occured in the area during this time.
Based on a study of borehole samples the age of the SolimSes Formation (SolimSes Basin, northwestern Brazil) is determined
as Miocene and five pollen zones are distinguished which are correlated with existing zonations for northern South America.
In addition, 30 new sporomorphs are described which belong to the following 12 genera: Psilamonocolpites, Retimonocolpites,
Retitricolpites, Retibrevitricolpites, Psilatriporites (nov. gen.), Bombacacidites, Psilatricolporites, Retitricolporites,
Rugutricolporites, Psilastephanoporites (nov. gen.), Psilastephanocolporites and Heterocolpites. A correlation is made between
the Brazilian wells and some of the studied outcrops in Colombian and Peruvian Amazonia based on palynological marker
species.
The presence of coastal elements such as mangroves (Zonocostites), indicates that during the Miocene this area was influenced
by marginal marine conditions caused by several marine incursions. These incursions may be related to global sea level
fluctuations. Miocene marine phases also are known from sites elsewhere in northern South America which at present, like
northwestern Amazonia, are entirely ruled by continental conditions.
Sediment composition shows that during the Early Miocene the Guyana Shield was the major source area of sediment input
in the basins of northwestern Amazonia. In the interval from Early to Middle Miocene the Andes became the major sediment
source area. The change in provenance is related to the uplift of the Eastern Cordillera. This event caused a major change in
palaeoenvironment and palaeogeography in northwestern Amazonia which was characterized by the reverse of a northwestward
directed fluvial system into an eastward directed fluvial-lacustrine system with an estuarine character.

Introduction level change be inferred from new palynological


and sedimentological data. These data allow us to
The Neogene depositional history of Amazonia place the Amazonian Neogene history in a time
has r e m a i n e d l a r g e l y u n k n o w n . T h i s is in p a r t d u e frame and to establish extrabasinal correlations.
to ~he h o s t i l i t y o f t h e t e r r a i n a n d t h e l a c k o f The palynology of the SolimSes Formation was
b i o s t r a t i g r a p h i c d a t a , O n l y r e c e n t l y c o u l d the first presented by Daemon and Contreiras (1971)
i n f l u e n c e o f r e g i o n a l e v e n t s s u c h as t h e uplift o f who suggested a Paleocene to Pleistocene age. Da
the E a s t e r n C o r d i l l e r a a n d the effect o f g l o b a l sea Costa Cruz (1984) later studied samples of the
C P R M ( C o m p a n h i a de P e s q u i s a s de R e c u r s o s
1Also in cooperation with the Department of Soil Sciences and M i n e r a i s ) b o r e h o l e s a n d d i s t i n g u i s h e d 3 z o n e s (A,
Geology (Agricultura5 Urfiversity, Wageningen) and B a n d C) p r o p o s i n g a M i o c e n e to P l i o c e n e age.
Tropenbos, Colombia. However, more detailed information was required

0031-0182/93/$06.00 © 1993 - - Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. All rights reserved.


268 c. HOORN

in order to reconstruct the depositional history of the Solim6es Basin. Previously several wells had
the Neogene in northwestern Amazonia. been drilled in the same area by Petrobras for oil
In 1988 research on Neogene stratigraphy of exploration.
northwestern Amazonia was started as part of the The data presented here are the result of a
Tropical Rain Forest Program "Tropenbos- detailed study based on palynology and sediment
Colombia". The objectives of this study were to: composition of the well IAS-4a-AM.
(1) create a biostratigraphic framework based
on palynological analysis for Neogene sediments Geological setting
of northwestern Amazonia,
(2) establish a correlation between Neogene sedi- Neogene Amazonian sediments cover a vast area
ments of Colombian, Brazilian and Peruvian and are part of the sedimentary infill of several
Amazonia, basins: the Pastaza-Marafi6n Basin in Peru, the
(3) reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental condi- Solim6es Basin and the Acre Basin (formerly Alto
tions in which these sediments were deposited, and Amazonas Basin) in Brazil, and the Amazonas
(4) determine regional events that could have Basin in Colombia (Fig. 3). In Brazil these sedi-
affected the area during this period. ments are formally described as the Solim6es
With this purpose a field study was carried out Formation (Moraes Rego, 1930; validated by
with emphasis on Colombia and part of Peru. Also Caputo et al., 1971) and the type locality is situated
two Brazilian wells (Figs. 1 and 2) were put at the along the Solim6es River. In Peru these sediments
disposal of the project and sampled by the author. are unofficially called the Pebas Formation (Orton,
These wells were drilled in the seventies as part of 1876; Steinmann, 1930; De Gr6ve, 1938; Ruegg
the "Alto Solim6es coal project" which was carried and Rosenzweig, 1949; Sanz, 1974; Pardo and
out by CPRM in the northwestern part of the Zufiiga, 1976). Neither do they have an official
state of Amazonas, Brazil (Maia et al., 1977). The name in Colombia, and informally, are called
target of the exploration was the economic poten- "Terciario Amazonico" (Galvis et al., 1979).
tial of the lignites of the Solim6es Formation in The area under study forms part of the intracra-
tonic Colombian Amazonas Basin and the
Brazilian Solim6es Basin (Fig. 3). These basins are
809w 60~W 40°Wl
situated between the Guyana Shield in the north
N and the Brazilian Shield in the south, and are
subdivided and limited by structural highs (arches)
in the basement. The Solim6es Basin is limited in
the east by the Purfis Arch and in the west by the
0o"
Iquitos Arch (Caputo, 1991). The Amazonas Basin
is limited in the north by the Vaup& Arch and in
the west by the Florencia Arch (Bueno, 1988). The
latter is probably a northward continuation of the
Iquitos Arch which forms the main division
20°S between the Subandean foreland basins and the
intracratonic basins.
The Amazonas Basin may be the shallow contin-
uation of the Solim6es Basin based on the fact
that there is no clear boundary between them
40o (Caputo, pers. comm., 1991). However, no seismic
data are available to support this. Both basins
originated in the Paleozoic and were reactivated
\ I / during the Late Jurassic due to plate tectonic
Fig. 1. The study area. movements (Caputo, 1991). During the Tertiary
MARINE INCURSIONS AND INFLUENCE OF ANDEAN TECTONICS ON MIOCENE DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF NORTHWESTERN AMAZONIA 269

73] W 72] W 71; W 70° W 69 ° W


Legend ~ ~ J~.
" ~ CPRM wells i '
• outcrop 4[ ~ \
® village/town [ Mal~ame~ ~X~t"oA4t).t0 P..- ~ ~:b~ x.~
7-
_ / " bo~ " -- ~ - ~ G Z'~%~:..
o . > ~ "~
.
Scale ~ StaMsabO ~ ~'L
,%

[quit " / ~ ;

, .... .--.-..- ,
Fig. 2. M a p with locations of wells and outcrops. Coordinates of wells: IAS-4a-AM (lat. S = 0 4 2 3 ' , long. W = 70°55 ", altitude =
90 m); 1AS-51-AM (lat. S = 01°51, ' long. W = 69°02 ', altitude= 79 m).

the area was subject to slight subsidence and (reptiles, fishes etc.), fresh and brackish water
finally, during the Late Miocene to Pliocene, as a molluscs, ostracodes and vegetal remains occur.
consequence of a climax in the uplift of the Andean The sediments are characterized by a variety of
Cordillera, a last phase of deformation influenced colours ranging from red to black. The darker
at least the most western part of the area (De colours (blue, grey and black) prevail in the upper
Loczy, 1966; Pardo and Zufiiga, 1976). part of the formation. In the sandy intervals
sedimentary structures such as cross bedding, len-
The Solim6es Formation ticular bedding and flaser bedding are common.
Bioturbation is frequent. These sediments were
General characteristics deposited in a fluvial tO fluvial-lacustrine system
with an estuarine character, episodically influenced
The Solim6es Formation has been extensively by marginal marine conditions.
described in the CPRM report (Maia et al., 1977) At its base the Solim6es Formation is in contact
and in the Radambrasil report (1977), and further with the Ram6n Formation (Fig. 4). This contact
field observations were made in the course of consists of a gradual transition from a reddish clay
this study. and sand-dominated lithology into finer clastics
The Solim6es Formation consists of clay, silt, with a variety of colours. The Ram6n Formation
sandy clay and fine to medium, subangular sand is equivalent to the eastward situated Alter do
with intercalations of lignite, gypsum layers and Chao Formation of Cretaceous-Tertiary age
calcareous and limonitic nodules. Abundant fossil- (Caputo et al., 1971).
rich layers, containing remnants of vertebrates The top of the Solim6es Formation is overlain
270 c. HOORN

80~w 70 ° W 60°W

N /+ + ~ + ÷ ÷ + ÷ ÷ ÷ +
÷ + + + *
Pacific Ocean

t 4-
) . . . .
+
4-
Guyana Shield
+
+
÷

÷
+
4-

÷
4-

4- + + + +

..... -7

oOO
(o Basin o'~.,~ I
. . . . . . _-~
Amazonas Basin ~ - - --
Napo Basin - ---7
--_ _ _ --7.
0 o
i~;lslllza
Marafion ~' ~ _ ~ _ . Solim6es
..... Basin __ _ __
Basin o o
o ;
o 0

o
o ~--
Acre Basin "~
Ucayali \ o o o
o Basin ~ ,~ o + + + -+ + +
+ + + + +

+ Brazilian Shield +

~'"'"~ T ° r r \ Madr°e de Dios Bgsin) ~ +


i i
Legend ~ Amazon craton Scale
Marginal Pacific basins ~ Foreland basins I
0 500 km
[zT~ Intramontane basins [~=Zd Intracratonic basins
!iii'.~ Study area

Fig. 3. M a p o f sedimentary basins with the study area outlined (modified after Petrobras, 1991).

unconformably by the Pleistocene I~fi Formation.


The thickness of the former increases from NE to
ICPRM/1AS.4a-AM
by Cadna Hoorn
7] SW to a maximum of around 980 m. The Solim6es
Lithology Formation onlaps the basement of the Guyana
depth (m) 0 50 100 %
Shield towards the north.
Fm. Age F ........... Heavy minerals

,d Opaque

I Tourmaline
The C P R M wells
Zircon

_,_._,_.. [Z~ Ruffle The well 1AS-4a-AM (Fig. 2) was fully cored
I Anatase and covers in total 353 m. The contact between
[~ Staltrolite
the Solim6es Formation and the Rambn
==r.=: ~] Garnet
2<-~:---_-
Formation is at 329 m depth. Based on lithology
Epidote
-__-_-__.-_~, no dab
Aggregates
the section is divided into three parts:
~-::-- Diverse core interval 353-274 m; consisting of grey,
yellow, orange to reddish sandy clays with sand
m
intercalations. This interval is barren of palyno-
morphs, but two thin intercalations rich in mollusc
? L).?--C-.---! Lithology
sand ~ clay-silt ~ lignite remains are present at 330 and 286 m.
core interval 274-170 m; the base of this interval
is formed by an initial organic-rich layer, followed
Fig. 4. H e a v y mineral association o f well 1 A S - 4 a - A M . by a level consisting almost entirely of pyrite
MARINE INCURSIONS AND INFLUENCE OF ANDEAN TECTONICS ON MIOCENE DEPOSIT[ONAL HISTORY OF NORTHWESTERN AMAZONIA 271

nodules. This interval is further dominated by tion is dominated by moderately stable minerals
yellow, orange and red clay/silt alternating with such as garnet and epidote. Unfortunately, no
green, grey and blackish clay-silt intercalations suitable samples were available between
and numerous thin lignite layers (10 50 cm thick). 271.6--140.5 m. However, it is clear that the sedi-
The change from reddish colours, at the basal part ment composition changed somewhere in the
of this interval, into green, grey and black colours interval of the Early to the Middle Miocene.
is ascribed to a change from oxidative to reductive The assemblage of ultrastable/stable heavy min-
conditions. erals accompanied by high percentages of quartz
core interval 170-23.5 m; the base of this interval is an erosional product to be expected from weath-
is formed by the beginning of a mollusc-rich ering of Precambrian basement under tropical
sequence which continues to the top. The mollusc conditions (Franzinelli and Potter, 1983; Potter
assemblage is, in general, characterized by brackish and Franzinelli, 1985; Johnsson, 1988). This, and
water species (Wesselingh, pers. comm., 1992). The the fact that fluvial sediments with westward trans-
lithology is basically similar to the former interval port were observed in the outcrops of Early
but dominated by darker colours and the sequence Miocene age (Van der Hammen, 1952; Hoorn,
consists of green, grey and blackish clay-silt 1988, 1990), leads to the conclusion that in the
alternating with yellow, orange and red clay silt Early Miocene the provenance area was the
intercalations and numerous thin lignite layers Guyana Shield.
( 10- 50 cm thick). Previous studies on the Llanos Basin
The well IAS-51-AM (Fig. 2) was drilled in the (Valderrama, 1982) and on the Eastern Venezuela
northern part of the basin near the margin of t h e Basin (Lorente, 1986) confirm that the Guyana
Guyana Shield. The well covers a total thickness Shield was a regional source of sediment during
of 172 m and the contact between the basement pre-Miocene and Early Miocene time.
and the Solim6es Formation is at a depth of 167 The assemblage of moderately stable minerals
m. The well was fully cored and the lithology is such as epidote and garnet is characteristic of
characterized mainly by clay, silt and sand. metamorphic parent rocks. In the outcrop samples
Noticeable is the scarcity of lignite intercalations, this association is accompanied by chloritoid, sug-
and the lesser thickness in relation to the more gesting a provenance of greenschist facies meta-
southward positioned well 1AS-4a-AM. morphic parent rocks. The source area of these
sediments is likely in Cretaceous metamorphic
Sediment composition and provenance rocks of the Eastern Cordillera in Ecuador
(Feininger, 1982). This is supported by the east-
A study on heavy mineral composition of the ward transport directions measured in outcrops of
sand fraction (>2.89 g/cm 3) of borehole and the upper part of the Solim6es Formation (Mason
outcrop samples was carried out to determine the and Caputo, 1964; Hoorn, 1991), and by the
provenance of the Neogene sediments in north- presence of reworked palynomorphs of Cretaceous
western Amazonia. The sediment composition of age in the organic matter fraction. A similar
13 borehole samples was analyzed in order to assumption for the provenance of the sediments
relate them to the palynological data. The samples of the upper part of the Solim6es Formation was
were processed following the standard procedure made by Dos Santos and Da Silva (1976).
for heavy mineral analysis, and the results are In conclusion, between the Early and Middle
shown in Fig. 4. A striking difference is observed Miocene the source area of sediments in the
in the composition between intervals 294.5 271.6 Solim6es Basin shifted from the Guyana Shield to
m and 140.4-15.3 m. In the lower interval the metamorphic sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous age
composition is characterized by ultrastable and in the Eastern Cordillera. This implies the impor-
stable minerals such as tourmaline, zircon, rutile, tant role of the Andes in the sedimentation history
anatase and staurolite. In the upper interval the of northwestern Amazonia. It is known that the
stable minerals are subordinate and the composi- uplift of the Eastern Cordillera started in the
272 C.HOORN

Paleogene and intensified from the Late Miocene minimum of 100 was counted. The data were
to Pliocene (Van der Hammen, 1961, 1973; stored and processed in Excel 3.0TM (spreadsheet
Helmens, 1990; Kroonenberg et al., 1990; program) and the pollen diagrams were con-
Sarmiento, 1993). Therefore, it is concluded that structed with Pollen Diagram (drawing program)
the change of provenance of Amazonian gediments in combination with Macdraw II xu (drawing
is related to an early phase of Neogene Andean program). Pollen diagram was created by
uplift. J.J. Duivenvoorden at the Hugo de Vries-
Campbell (1992) showed that the siliciclastic Laboratory.
influx in the Guyana Basin (Atlantic margin) The sporomorphs included in the diagram are
increased largely at the end of the Middle Miocene, listed with full references in the Appendix; 30 new
drowning the carbonate platform. Sedimentation species are formally described.
of siliciclastics continued during the rest of the
Neogene. A similar phenomenon is known for all Local zonation and pollen diagram
Brazilian Atlantic margin basins. Campbell (1992)
suggests this is due to infilling of the Subandean Based on palynological analysis, a local zonation
basins as a result of the Andean uplift and the was established for the Solimfes Formation. The
development of a transcontinental drainage zones were named after the generic names of the
system. The Miocene history of the Guyana Basin marker species that characterize them, and accord-
constitutes a good parallel with which to compare ing to the International Stratigraphic Guide (1980).
the Amazonian data. It shows the unfluence of A great similarity was observed between the paly-
Andean tectonics on a regional scale, and its strong nological zonation of the Tertiary of Venezuela
effects on both terrestrial and shallow marine (Lorente, 1986) and the palynological sequence
ecosystems. recognized in the Solim6es Formation. For this
reason the Amazonian zones received, in part, the
Palynology of the Solim6es Formation same names as the Venezuelan zones and the
introduction of new names was kept to a minimum.
Material and methods Figure 5 shows the pollen percentage diagram
and a cumulative diagram. The pollen percentage
Forty-nine samples of organic clays and lignites diagram includes the 93 curves of the taxa included
were taken from well IAS-4a-AM and processed in the pollen sum. These taxa are presented in
for palynomorphs. Additionally, 5 samples of well order of first appearance. The three elements
1AS-51-AM were taken to establish correlation excluded from the pollen sum are: Azolla sp.,
between the wells. Botryococcus sp. and marine palynomorphs
The palynological samples were processed (microforaminifera/acritarchs/dinoflagellates).
following the standard procedure of the Hugo de Almost all taxa counted were included in the pollen
Vries-Laboratory. From each sample 1 cm 3 of sum since, dealing with pre-Pleistocene material, it
material was taken and sieved at 250 lam. The is often uncertain whether local or regional ele-
organic-rich clays and silts were treated with ments are involved.
sodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2OT.10H20) in a The cumulative diagram represents the taxa
10% solution with H20, and lignites were oxidized included in the pollen sum, the undetermined
with Schulze mixture (2HNO3, 60% : KC103, Angiospermae and Pteridophyta, and further
7%). Bromoform with density 2.0 gs/cm 3 was used Verrucatosporites usmensis and Psilamonoletes
to separate the organic/inorganic fraction and the tibui. The latter two were excluded from the pollen
organic residue was mounted in glycerine and sum and represented independently in the cumula-
sealed with paraffin. tive diagram because their almost continuous
Sporomorphs were counted taking a minimum abundances would otherwise overshadow the
pollen sum of 300 angiosperms. In exceptional remaining data.
cases, when pollen concentration was very low, a On average the sampling distance was several
by Carina Hoom 1
~ s ~°'~ ~o~'~c~s s
Lithology
Depthfin)
Samples o 80 o 20 o 600 20
0 [ , £ ~ L ± ~ L , [ , L • L ~ I , I , J I ,

Fm Zo.es

,2 E GrimsdaleaI~!~'_iI 50

00

D Crassoretitriletes
~ 50

Psiladiporites~ O0
C V--------R
l Cr°'°'ri"°ZP'e'~lI--:_~I
B lRetitricolporites~f:~j 50
~~yerrutrk'olPo~;t~es
# ~ 300
Legend ~ sand [-_-'?_-i--_'sandy
i]

35O ~ shells ~ pyrite

Fig. 5. Pollen percentage diagram of well IAS-4a-AM.


. . . ~.s • •* S s ~S .

0 40 0 200 600 600 0 200 200 200 400 20 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0

I
i

Elements included in the pollen sum

. Bic~stratigraphical markers 1
lay IS--_--_"]clay-silt ~ lignite Scale Biostratigraphical boundary |
0 l t X ) c~ # Barren inlerval /
odules
+ = < 0.5 c~ @ = reworkcd ]
~s o ,_~s. ,~ ,,~s . ~ . ~#s~s . oC~,~', c~s "

~ ~:, ~'~ s'~° " :,, ~"~s ,~ ~ ~,~ ,,~ o, ,o~ ~,,.,~,, ,~s ~ ..ca,g.,,:,., ~o~,..,:, ,~\~.','~so,~

0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
l , la k ~ ~ k~ I * t , I , I , L , t , I , t , I ~ L , 1 , ~ t a t , I * I . I * } t , [ ~ l , I t , [ , L , L ~ t ~ t ,

1
.I- +

, fgt
~. ~ 4-

+
4- I-- .+ + b-
i

) +

+
I

F i

• ~ 4- I- +

+
+- + + ,I- t-

. . . . 4-

1 +
i

I-
i + I- I

+ !
,s ., •~ , o ¢~~ ,s~ '

t. c. s v"¢~- < b . ~ v' r- ~-. V- ?" ?' ?- ?" S. ?. &. lt. ? - . ' 6 . ~,.g.~?-.~g,.'~.~?.~-.g-.'&.
) o o o o o o o o o 600 o o o o o o 2o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
t ~ L~ La ta L~ [ , I,I , L , I * t * 1 , I t ~ L, /, t , L, L ~ t l 1 * L a I , L ~ I , L J I , I , LJ L~ [~ ta L~ L

i + + 4- i+ l- ~- ~"

+
l- +" +
4.-

~ ~ I'I~tL ~ ~ F ~ ~

t-
._: L ÷ k _ ~

; .
~~,r~!~~!i~,,,~,~i~:~i~!!~1~i.
0 0 0
'....
0 0 0 0 0 0
. ..
0 0 0 0
i: ; ~ .. .-.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.i "
0 20 0 0 0
.!."
0 0 0
~..
40 0
i¢~I'
0 0

¸ : F! ,r
+ ~"

,÷ ÷ ÷ *1 ~ ÷ ~ ~ ~
÷

I ÷ ++

rrr i4 ~ i !ii: it
pp. 273-280

~ ~¢~ ~X~ ococc~s


~,5~" .,~,~ ~,~0~.\~ ~,0~ Cumulative diagram
0 0 40 0 0 50 100
I , I ~ I ~ I , , , , I , , , , I

:+
Legend
I
+
I l v. usmensis

Indet. Pteridophyta

FAemenlsof the pollen sum

l Indef. Angiospcrmae

+
@ +
÷

, ÷

I I. . . . Elements t
excluded from
the pollen sum
MARINI- INCURSIONS AND INFLUENCE OF ANDEAN TECTONICS ON MIOCENE DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF NORTHWESTERN AMAZONIA 281

metres. As a result, the pollen diagram shows a interval of Zonocostites ramonae, Psilastephano-
sawtooth pattern. The zones and their most diag- colporites schneideri and Deltoidospora adriennis.
nostic palynological aspects are described below: In the cumulative diagram we observe that
Verrucatosporites usmensis is virtually absent while
Psilamonoletes tibui presents moderate values.
Verrutricolporites Acme Zone (core interval
274 263.5 m)
Psiladiporites-Crototricolpites Concurrent
The Verrutricolporites Acme Zone is defined by
Range Zone (core interval 238.7-181.8 m)
the abundance of Verrutricolporites rotundiporus.
The base of the Psiladiporites-Crototricolpites
The top of the zone is just below the major
Concurrent Range Zone is defined by the first
decrease of this species. The base of the diagram
appearance of Psiladiporites minimus, Crototricol-
is characterized by peaks in the curves of Mauriti-
pites annemariae, Proxapertites tertiaria and Reti-
idites franciscoi, Psilamonocolpites amazonicus,
monocolpites absyae and a major decrease of
P. nanus, Zonoeostites ramonae, Psilastephanoeol-
Retitricolporites guianensis. First appearances in
porites schneideri and Deltoidospora adriennis. In
this zone are: Retitricolporites leticianus, Psila-
the upper half of this zone these species decrease
stephanoporites herngreenii, Psilatricolporites mag-
and an increase is observed of Heterocolpites ineomp-
niporatus, Eehiperiporites spp., Echitricolporites
tus, H. verrucosus, Verrutrieolporites rotundiporus,
maristellae, Ephedripites renzonii, Echitriletes cf.
Retitricolporites guianensis, Magnastriatites grandi-
muelleri, Retitriporites sarmientoi. Polypodia-
osus, Psilatricolporites cf. varius, P. operculatus
ceoisporites potoniei, Podocarpidites sp. and Psila-
and Echiperiporites akanthos.
periporites minimus. The zone is further
Verrucatosporites usmensis and Psilamonoletes
characterized by the absence of Crassoretitriletes
tibui show strongly fluctuating values in the cumu-
vanraadshoovenii. The top of the zone is just below
lative diagram.
the first appearance of this species.
This zone is dominated by high values of Mauri-
Retitricolporites Acme Zone (core interval tiidites franeiscoi, Psilamonocolpites nanus, Psilatri-
263.5-238.7 m) colporites cf. varius, P. opereulatus, Zonocostites
The zone lacks unambiguous marker species and ramonae and Retitrieolpites simplex. In particular
is characterized by an abundance of Retitricolpor- the latter two have highly fluctuating values. The
ites guianensis. The base of the Retitricolporites curve of the marine palynomorphs shows a peak
Acme Zone is defined by a major decrease of at 218.2 m depth probably representing reworked
Verrutrieolporites rotundiporus. First appearances acritarchs.
in this zone are: Heterocolpites rotundus, Bomba- The cumulative diagram shows moderate values
cacidites bellus, Psilatricolporites eyamus, Re- for Verrucatosporites usmensis while Psilamonoletes
titricolporites ellipticus, R. muinaneorum, R. tihui reaches percentages ranging from ___ 15 to
crassicostatus and Retibrevitricolpites yavarensis. 50% of the total.
The top of the zone is just below the first appear-
ance of the Psiladiporites-Crototricolpites Crassoretitriletes Interval Zone, sensu Lorente,
association. 1986 (core interval 181.8-89 m)
The zone is further characterized by conspicuous The base of the Crassoretitriletes interval Zone
peaks in the abundances of Heterocolpites is defined by the first appearance of Crassoreti-
incomptus and Magnastriatites grandiosus. The triletes vanraadshoovenii. In this zone Echitri-
zone also presents relatively high percentages of colporites spinosus, Retitricolporites tieuneorurn,
Retitricolporites guianensis, R. irregularis, Hetero- Bombacacidites baculatus and llexpollenites sp. also
colpites verrucosus, Psilatricolporites operculatus, have their first appearance. The top of the zone is
P. cf. varius, P. exiguus and Eehiperiporites just below the first appearance of Grimsdalea
akanthos. Mauritiidites franciscoi increases at the magnaclavata.
top of the zone. Noticeable is the absence in this In this zone a prominent feature is observed at
282 c. HOORN

165 m depth where Monoporites annulatus becomes tites ramonae and Deltoidospora adriennis accom-
suddenly more noticeable. The increase in Mono- panied by a relatively abundant Crassoretitriletes
porites annulatus is accompanied by a peak in vanraadshoovenii. These elements show a major
Rugutricolporites arcus. Between 165 m and 155.3 decrease in the second half of the zone in favour
m depth, the curve for Mauritiidites franciscoi is of Grimsdalea magnaclavata. In the entire interval
interrupted and Psilamonocolpites nanus and Reti- Mauritiiditesfranciscoi has low values. Also promi-
monocolpites maximus, prevail accompanied by nent are Heterocolpites incomptus, Monoporites
increases of Magnastriatites grandiosus, Azolla sp., annulatus, and Psilatricolporites cf. varius. There is
Psilatricolporites operculatus, Psilatricolpites minu- a slight peak in marine palynomorphs representing
tus, Retitricolpites depressus, Crototricolpites dinoflagellates (Brigantedinium sp.).
annemariae and Proxapertites tertiaria. A slight The cumulative diagram is similar to the former
interruption is also observed in the curves of two intervals showing large fluctuations of
Crassoretitriletes vanraadshoovenii, Psilatricolpor- Psilamonoletes tibui and moderate values of
ites cf. varius, P. devriesii and Retitricolporites Verrucatosporites usmensis.
irregularis. At 155.3 m depth, Retitricolpites sim-
plex stops its fluctuating dominances that started Age
at the base of the Psiladiporites-Crototricolpites
Zone, and the zone becomes dominated by Deltoi- The local palynological zonation of the Solim6es
dospora adriennis, Heterocolpites incomptus and Formation is very similar to palynological zon-
Psilatricolporites crassoexinatus. There is a slight ations established for the Cenozoic of Venezuela
peak in the curve for marine palynomorphs at 117 and most of northern South America (Fig. 6).
m depth representing dinoflagellates (cf. Opercu- Therefore, northwestern Amazonia formed part of
lodinium) and microforaminifera. Rare in this zone the same floristic province during the Neogene and
are Zonocostites ramonae and Psilastephanocolpor- the age assigned to the Neogene zones in northern
ites schneideri. Although Echitricolporites spinosus South America may be extended to the zones of
(Compositae) has its first appearance in this zone the Solim6es Formation. These ages were based
it is not considered age indicative. The Compositae on correlation of palynological zones with plank-
first appear in the Oligocene (Muller, 1981). It is tonic zones (Germeraad et al., 1968; Lorente,
in the Late Miocene when they become abundant 1986). The age of the zones of the Solim6es
and are considered as age indicative (Lorente, Formation are as follows:
1986; Muller et al., 1987). Verrutrieolporites Acme Zone and Retitricolpor-
As in the previous interval Verrucatosporites ites Acme Zone: Early Miocene
usmensis presents moderate values while Psiladiporites-Crototrieolpites Concurrent Range
Psilamonoletes tibui ranges from a few percent up Zone: Early to Middle Miocene
to 60% in the cumulative diagram. Crassoretitriletes Interval Zone: Middle Miocene
Grimsdalea Interval Zone: Middle to Late
Grimsdalea Interval Zone sensu Lorente, 1986 Miocene
(core interval 89-23.5 m). It is possible that sediments of Pliocene age are
The base of the Grimsdalea Interval Zone is present in Amazonia as suggested by Da Costa
defined by the first appearance of Grimsdalea Cruz (1984). However, no evidence for this was
magnaclavata. In this zone Retitrieolpites lorenteae found during this study.
also has its first appearance, and at a depth of 59
m the last Bombaeacidites bellus occurs. The top Paleoenvironmental interpretation
of this zoneis artificial and limited by the top of
the well. In order to simplify the interpretation and to
This interval is dominated at the base by Retitri- make the palaeoenvironmental changes easier to
eolporites irregularis, Magnastriatites grandiosus recognize, the palynological data are summarized
and Azolla sp. followed by dominances of Zonoeos- in Fig. 7. This synoptical diagram shows the distri-
MARINE INCURSIONS AND INFLUENCE OF ANDEAN TECTONICS ON MIOCENE DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF NORTHWESTERN AMAZONIA 283

a& Guyana The Caribbean Surinam & Brazil N. South America Venezuela Amazonia
Wijmstra,V"
d. ltammen1964
& Germeraad et al., 1968 Fr. Guiana Regall et al.. 1974 Muller et aL, 1985 Lorente, 1986 Hoorn, this paper
,Wijmstra, 1971
Pleistocene
Pliocene G
~
]
1
2
A. verus
E. mcneillyi c t2 1
E. spinosus
A. verus
E. mcneillyi
Alnipollenites
F. longispinosus
l- Late E. spinosus msteraceae
P. diederixii ~sdalea " Gmnsdalea
Middle C', vanraadshoovenii ~rassoretitriletes Crassoretitriletes
G. m_ag_naclava_ta E. maristellae/ Psiladiporites Psiladiporites/
Early M. vanderhammenii P'. minimus Verrutricolporites ~'XC rottotxicolpites
F F E'. muelleri
P'. minimus V. rotundipoms/ Verrutrlcolporites/ ~ Reti~-icolp%ntes
" -.. _ _J= saemrogiformis E E". barbeitoensis Cic a t r i c o ~ i _ s ~ Nerrutri_colporites
MagnasU'iatites Magnastriatites
Oligocene E C. dorogensis C. dorogensis
C. dorogensis c, dorogensis 1

abbreviations used in table: A = Alnipollenites M = Multimarginites E' = Echitriletes F = Fenestrites


E = Echitricolporites P' = Psiladiporites C' = Crassoretitriletes
P = Pachydermites J = Jandufouria V = Verrutricolporites
G = Grimsdalea C = Cicatricosisporites E" = Echidiporites

Fig. 6. C o r r e l a t i o n between the pollen zonation of Amazonia and other areas of northern South America Imodified after
L o r e n t e , 1986).

bution of biostratigraphical markers and ecological modern spore genera, the curve of Deltoidospora
groups, and is divided into zones according to age adriennis shows a very close relation to that of
and general environment. The taxa which were Zonocostites ramonae. This supports the idea that
grouped together and the environment they charac- this element is likely a component of the mangrove
terize are listed below. The botanical affinities and vegetation.
their ecological significances are based on 5. Gramineae: grasses are characteristic of open
Lindeman (1953), Muller (1959), Germeraad et al. vegetation and occur in a range of environments
(1968) and Lorente (1986): from humid to dry. Another characteristic of some
1. Mauritia: the genus Mauritia is a palm members of this family is that they act as pioneer
common in swamps of the coastal and alluvial vegetation in open water habitats (floating mead-
plain, and is characteristic of poorly drained soils. ows) and on mud and sand flats. Fossil pollen of
The fossil equivalent of this genus is Mauritiidites this group is referred to Monoporites annulatus.
J?anciscoi. The earliest records of grasses in South America
2. other Palmae: this group is composed of are known from the Paleocene of Brazil (Regali
Psilamonocolpites amazonicus, P. nanus, P. rinconii et al., 1974). During the Oligocene and particularly
and Retimonocolpites maximus. These palms are in the Late Miocene (Muller, 1981; Traverse, 1988)
of unknown generic affinity and environmental they became more abundant.
significance. 6. Podocarpus: this is a genus of mountainous
3. Rhizophora: the genus Rhizophora (mangrove) areas. In this group is included Podocarpidites sp.
is an indicator of coastal, marine to brackish water which is probably of Andean origin.
and belongs to the tropical vegetation. The fossils 7. Alluvial plain elements: this group is formed
that constitute this group are: Zonocostites ramo- from several elements known to be associated with
nae, Z. duquei and Psilastephanocolporites the river bank environment. The following species
schneideri. are included: Retitricolporites irregularis (Amanoa
4. Acrostichum: this fern is associated with the sp.), Striatricolpites catatumbus (Crudia sp.) and
mangroves, and Dehoidospora adriennis is a fossil Bombacacidites baculatus (Paehira aquatica).
representative of this genus. Although the genus 8. Aquatic elements: this group is composed of
Deltoidospora is similar in morphology to other ferns and algae common in fresh to oligohalinous
284 C. HOORY

aquatic environments of the alluvial and coastal sive, the regional data suggest a marine influx
plain. Included are Magnastriatites grandiosus, during this interval.
Azolla sp. and Botryococcus sp. The Middle to Late Miocene Grimsdalea Zone
9. marine palynomorphs: this group consists of (interval 89-23.5 m) is interpreted as another
microforaminifera, acritarchs and dinoflagellates. coastal plain phase based on the abundances of
The latter two are algae and often common in Rhizophora, Acrostichum and the presence of
brackish and saline aquatic environments although marine palynomorphs. This zone is further charac-
they also inhabit fresh water environments. terized by an apparent succession of alluvial
In interpreting the diagram, the major environ- and aquatic elements, Rhizophora/Acrostichum and
mental trends were first defined based on the Grimsdalea magnaclavata. Grimsdalea is an extinct
presence or absence of unambiguous coastal indi- palm which probably had the same environmental
cators such as Rhizophora and marine palyno- requirements as Mauritia, and which probably
morphs. In addition, the indicator element constituted a major part of the backswamp vegeta-
Acrostichum was considered. Based on these cri- tion during this period.
teria, the distinction between coastal and alluvial The aquatic elements are related to the fluvial
plain was made. In the diagram Rhizophora can environment and tend to show very strong peaks
reach percentages as high as 60%, alternating with (around 70%). This is possibly due to fluvial
peaks of Mauritia. For this reason it was concluded flooding episodes on the alluvial plain. After the
that although the palaeoenvironment was charac- initial flooding, stagnant water conditions prevail
terized by the mangroves of the coastal plain, and the accumulation of palynomorphs is domi-
nated by aquatic elements. The curve of the alluvial
minor shifts to palm dominated backswamps of
elements shows that this group is present through
the alluvial plain took place.
almost the entire section and presents a close
In the Early to Middle Miocene (Verrutricolpor-
relation to Mauritia. Both curves show inter-
ites Zone up to the basal part of the Crassoretitri-
ruptions which seem to be complemented by
letes Zone) two coastal plain phases were
other palms and the aquatic elements. Species such
recognized alternated with one alluvial plain phase
as Heterocolpites incomptus and H. verrucosus
(interval 274-167 m). Both coastal plain phases
(Melastomataceae) seem to be related to the fluvial
are characterized by high values in the Rhizophora
environment, but their ecological significance is
and the Acrostichum curves. No marine palyno-
not clear. Also Crassoretitriletes vanraadshoovenii
morphs were observed, except for reworked acri-
and Deltoidospora adriennis seem to relate to each
tarchs at _+ 210 m.
other, indicating probably an ecological affinity.
In the Middle Miocene Crassoretitriletes Zone
Other abundant elements such as Verrucatosporites
(interval 167-89) alluvial plain conditions domi-
usmensis and Psilamonoletes tibui are related to
nate the palaeoenvironment. However, an episode the Polypodiaceae, but precise data about their
of coastal plain conditions is inferred from the ecology is lacking.
palynological characteristics of interval 135.3- Another aspect that stands out in the pollen
117.7 m. Although Rhizophora is absent, the pre- diagram is the onset of a more prominent and
sence of Acrostichum and marine palynomorphs constant grass curve from the Crassoretitriletes
are considered as indicative. In addition to this Zone towards the top of the well. This phenome-
should be mentioned that the sedimentary non is related to a major environmental change
sequences studied in Pevas (Peru) which belong to probably induced by a change in sediment com-
the Crassoretitriletes Zone (Hoorn, 1993) do corre- position, sedimentation rate, watertable, and nutri-
late with this interval. In the Pevas sequences ent content. The sediment provenance changed in
brackish water molluscs were observed together the interval from Early to Middle Miocene
with evidence of tidal influence in the sedimentary (271.6-140.4 m) due to the uplift of the Eastern
structures. For this reason it is thought that, Cordillera, and it is likely that the changes
although the palynological evidence is not conclu- observed in the grass curve in the Crassoretitriletes
Biostratigraphical markers
CPRM/1AS-4a-AM p
by Carina H o o m
~,~o~~s ~s -,~'c~e ~.o ~s bs'°°°'y
Lithology
Depth (m)
0 20 0 20 0 20 0 0 0 0 40 0
Samples
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Fm At e Zones Soil
~_'-" ~,..~,.,

vv~v.
"3 '~-~-~-~-, 50
"" E ] Grimsdalea .....

....

~-?. 0o ' !

Z ~' m D ] Crassoretitriletes ~ '' - ~- ' --~ -~~ ' - ~

o
~ ---=-_-_
:_:_:_:_:
~ 50

........ L-. . . . . . . . . . .
k [

r /
r
Psiladiporites -~'-"-"---7-:=t O0
i [
! ~ lflCrotomco,pites ~--i:-
.... I
...... [ .... __: ................
;rd Retitricolporites~--~---"-:--: :50

~ ~00 [ Selected elemenl


It~
' # --:'--.".'-7}:
Legend sand ~ sandy clay
:--:.2
.-7:-.7_-.:
"_-.'_-.-".'-.'.
shells ~ pyrite nodu
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Fig. 7. Interpretative pollen diagram of well IAS-4a-AM and the relation of Amazonian Miocene marine ph
Environmental indicators
t . . . . . . .

x c~e'c'

60 0 100 0 80 0 60 0 60 0 20 0 5 0 20 40 60 0
~ J~± , [ i I I ~ L ~ J ,J L~ L ~ I • l ~ Z ] L & ~t ± l ] t~ 2 ± J ~ I t * I i ~ L L ~ 2 ~ I L

N
_~_-----------L---------------_______~___________.
~ ............ ~

( 2 ~oo %) .......
Biostratigraphical boundary
~[:q clay-silt ~ lignite Scale -- - Environmental boundary
0 100 % -- Regional event +=0.5 %
~s L~ L & • J , I J I # Barren interval @ = reworked

Lses w i t h t h e g l o b a l s e a level c h a r t .
pp. 285-288

~" Paleoenvironment Eustatic curves Age


20 40 60 80 0 20 (after Haq et al. '87) Tinle
Sea level abovepresent in
m.y.
150 m 100 50 0
. . . . . L~.__ I (
10.6
oa
plain L

Alluvial
plain 14.21 ~
~'- ~ _Coas~plain i ~ ~
Alluvial
plain 16.3 ~

Coastal
plain i II

I /
/
Alluvial
plain
Coastalplain 21.8 1
290 c. HOORN

Miocene zonation Wells Outcrops


of the Colombia Peru
Solim~es Formation "Terciario Amazonico" Pebas formation
Brazil I

1AS-4a-AM BuenosAires
Age Zones 1AS-51-AM LosChorros Bocanas
"~" N S Pto.[~
~Caiman
d
E Grimsdalea

Iquitos
Pevas

D Crassoretitriletes

Sta. Isabel
Psiladiporites
C Marifiame
m
B
Crototricolpites

Retitricolporites
"D
A Verrutricolporites mainpalaeocurrentdirection

Fig. 9. Correlation between wells and outcrops of northwestern Amazonia.

the Amazon rivers in Colombia and the Pebas matter fraction. This is strong supporting evidence
Formation along the Amazon River in Peru. The for the marginal marine conditions already sug-
data concerning the Amazon Basin will not be gested by the large amounts of mangrove pollen
presented here in detail. in well 1AS-4a-AM.
Palynological marker species indicate that 3 Outcrops of Bocanas (Apaporis River area,
zones can be distinguished in the sediments of well Colombia), were difficult to position stratigraph-
1AS-51-AM: the Psiladiporites-Crototricolpites ically. Here high abundances of mangroves and a
Zone, the Crassoretitriletes Zone and the minor presence of the marker Grimsdalea mag-
Grimsdalea Zone. These correlate with the upper naclavata were observed. These outcrops were
part of the section of well 1AS-4a-AM. correlated with the Grimsdalea Zone.
The fluvial sediments that crop out in Colombia
along the Caquet/t River, at Marifiame and Santa Regional correlation
Isabel, are considered to belong to the
Retitricolporites Zone and the Psiladiporites- On a broader scale, the marginal marine phases
Crototricolpites Zone. The sediments that crop out recognized in northwestern Amazonia are related
at Pevas and Iquitos (Peru) belong to the to transgressions that influenced the entire region.
Crassoretitriletes Zone. In the northern Llanos Basin (Numpaque, 1986;
All the outcrops sampled along the Colombian Duque, pers. comm., 1991) fluvial-deltaic deposits
part of the Amazon River, and the localities of characterize the Carbonera Formation
Puerto Caiman a n d Buenos Aires along the (Oligocene-Early Miocene), and deltaic deposits
Caquetfi and Cotuh~ rivers, correspond to the with marine influences constitute the Leon
Grimsdalea Zone. In samples from this area and Formation (Middle Miocene). The aforenamed
from the Caquetfi River area, large quantities of units were dated by means of palynology
marine palynomorphs were observed in the organic (Robertson Research, 1986). In the Eastern
MARINE INCURSIONS AND INFLUENCE OF ANDEAN TECTONICS ON MIOCENE DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF NORTHWESTERN AMAZONIA 291

Venezuela Basin, the Oficina Formation Shield deposited sediments in northwestern


(Oligocene-Middle Miocene) and the Freites Amazonia while sporadic marine incursions
Formation (Middle-Late Miocene) also show evi- reached the area, entering the continent from the
dence of strong marine influences and extensive Caribbean or through a gap in the Andes in
development of mangrove vegetation (Lorente, the west.
1986). In Brazil the Pirabas Formation of Early 2. In the Early to Middle Miocene the prove-
Miocene age (Garrafielo and De Araujo, 1990) is nance of the sediments changed from east to west
characterized by shallow marine conditions up to due to the uplift of the Eastern Cordillera. From
about 200 km landward (Machado, pers. comm., then on the Eastern Cordillera formed the new
1991), and the Barreiras Formation of Middle source area of the sediments deposited in north-
Miocene age (Arai et al., 1988) shows a transition western Amazonia. A fluvio-lacustrine system with
from coastal to continental conditions. an estuarine character and eastward transport
dominated the palaeogeography. During Middle
Palaeogeographical reconstruction to Late Miocene times marine incursions continued
reaching the area through the Caribbean connec-
The general outline of the Miocene history of tion, while the western gate through the Andes
northwestern Amazonia, based on sedimentologi- was probably disconnected due to uplift of the
cal and palynological evidence, can be summarized Eastern Cordillera.
as follows (Fig. 10): 3. At present, northwestern Amazonia is drained
1. During the Early Miocene a fluvial system by the major Andean rivers. The area is of positive
with northwestward transport from the Guyana relief due to intensive uplift of the Eastern

1. E a r l y M i o c e n e 2. Middle Miocene J,,'~ Mi, <ene

3. P r e s e n t

Direction of major sediment influx

' ~ Marine incursion

m,,,. Direction of minor sediment influx

Fig. 10. P a l a e o g e o g r a p h i c r e c o n s t r u c t i o n in r e l a t i o n to n o r t h w e s t e r n A m a z o n i a .
292 C. HOORN

Cordillera during the Late Miocene tO Pliocene. exclude a direct connection with the Atlantic to
Subsequently, northwestern Amazonia was at least the east.
partially uplifted and the marine connecti0n With
the north was closed.
Conclusions
Discussion
1. Based on a palynological analysis o( well
1AS-4a-AM (Amazonas, northwestern Brazil) the
The suggestion of a marine connection to
age of the Solim6es Formation is established as
Amazonia is not new and has been put forward
Miocene, and 5 zones are distinguished which have
by several authors (Steinmann, 1930; Ruegg and
been correlated with existing zonations for the
Rosenzweig, 1949; Da Cunha, 1963; Khobzi et al.,
northern part of South America.
1980; Sheppard and Bate, 1980). However, conclu-
2. During the Miocene northwestern Amazonia
sive data were lacking. Recently this hypothesis
was influenced by several marine incursions.
was more firmly supported by Nuttall (1990) as a
Marine and marginal marine conditions are also
result of an extensive malacological study. Nuttall
known from other areas in this time interval e.g.
(1990) reconfirms the presence of brackish water
the Llanos Basin (Colombia), the Eastern
molluscs related to marine species and suggests
Venezuela Basin, and the Maraj6 Basin (Brazil).
four possible entrances for the marine connection:
It seems likely that the marine incursions that
(1) the Caribbean, (2) the west Pacific gate, (3) the
reached Amazonia were of Caribbean origin.
Rio de La Plata area and (4) from the east through
3. Based on a change in sediment composition
the lower Amazon valley. Nutall (1990) seems to
and transport directions, it is concluded that
favour the first two options. The results of the
during the Early Miocene the source area that
present study further confirm this view.
provided the major sediment input in northwestern
Additionally, the following should be mentioned
Amazonia was the Guyana Shield. In the Early to
regarding option 3. In the light of the data reported
Middle Miocene the source of input changed from
by Bolthovskoy (1991), a connection with the Rio
east to west due to the uplift of the Andes. From
de La Plata is plausible. Bolthovskoy (1991) refers
then on the Eastern Cordillera formed the main
in his work to the Ihering theory. Von Ihering
source area for sediment deposition in northwest-
(1927) postulated a marine connection during the
ern Amazonia with Andean nutrients enriching the
Cretaceous and the Eocene that divided South
waters and the flooded areas.
America, and connected the northern and the
4. Major regional events such as Andean uplift
southern Atlantic by the so called "arm of Tethys".
and global sea level rise influenced the palaeo-
Bolthovskoy (1991) suggests this connection still
environment and the palaeogeography of north-
existed in the Miocene because of the presence of
western Amazonia during the Miocene.
foraminifera of Miocene age and northern Atlantic
origin in the Rio de La Plata region
(Argentina-Paraguay). Data from northwestern Acknowledgements
Amazonia confirm the presence of shallow marine
foraminifera in this area (Hoorn, 1990, 1991). I am grateful to E. Meister of Petrobras (Rio
However, it remains speculative if a complete de Janeiro, Brazil) for giving me the opportunity
connection existed from the Caribbean to as far to work on the Solim6es Formation. Also I am
south as the La Plata River area. grateful to M.V. Caputo of Petrobras (Belem,
As to option 4, it can be said that in Brazil no Brazil) for valuable discussions and exchange of
evidence has been found of marine or marginal ideas about the geology of the Solim6es Basin.
marine deposits between the Purfls high (which Further I thank J.O. Schneider of CPRM
limits the Solim6es Basin in the east) and the most (Manaus, Brazil) for his warm interest in this
westward extension of the Pirabas Formation research and for making possible the sampling of
(Caputo, pers. commun., 1991). This would the boreholes, and the Departamento Nacional da
MARINE INCURSIONS AND I N F L U E N C E OF ANDEAN TECTONICS ON MIOCENE DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF NORTHWESTERN AMAZONIA 293

Produ~ao Mineral (DNPM, Manaus, Brazil) for Monocolpatae


giving their permission. Mauritiidites franciscoi (Van der Hammen 1956)
I am indebted to my supervisors T. van der Van Hoeken-Klinkenberg 1964 (Plate I, 8)
Hammen, T.A. Wijmstra of the Hugo de Vries- Psilamonocolpites amazonicus nov. sp. (Plate I, 3)
Laboratory (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), and Psilamonocolpites nanus nov. sp. (Plate I, 5)
S.B. Kroonenberg of the Department of Soil Psilamonocolpites rinconii Duefias 1986
Sciences and Geology (Wageningen, The Proxapertites tertiaria Van der Hammen et Garcia
Netherlands) for their support and advice. With de Mutis 1965 (Plate I, 16)
regard to this I also express my gratitude to M.A. Retimonocolpites absyae nov. sp. (Plate I, 4)
Lorente of Maraven (Venezuela), H. Hooghiemstra Retimonocolpites maximus nov. sp. (Plate I, 2)
of the Hugo de Vries-Laboratory (Amsterdam,
The Netherlands) and H. Duque of Ingeominas Monoporatae
(Bogota,, Colombia). I acknowledge H. Visscher Monoporites annulatus Van der Hammen 1954
of the Laboratory of Palynology and Palaeobotany (Plate I, 7)
(Utrecht, The Netherlands) for his valuable com-
ments on the systematic part. I also thank G.F.W. Diporalae
Herngreen of the Geological Survey (Haarlem, Psiladiporites minimus Van der Hammen et
The Netherlands) for the determinations of the Wijmstra 1964 (Plate I, 6)
dinoflagellates and A.T.J. Jonker of the Psiladiporites redundantis Gonz&lez Guzm~n 1967
Department of Soil Sciences and Geology (Plate I, 10)
(Wageningen, The Netherlands) for the analysis of Remark: although the form-genus was originally
the heavy minerals. Finally, I thank W.A. van der named Psilodiporites (Varma et Rawat, 1963), at a
Kaars and P.L. de Boer for their comments on the later stage it was referred to as Psiladiporites (Van
manuscript and A.J. Milne for correcting the der Hammen et Wijmstra 1964; Gonz~,lez Guzm~n
English. 1967). Since also a pollen zone was designated as
This study was financed by the Dutch Psiladiporites (Germeraad et al. 1968; Muller et al.
Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical 1987; Lorente, 1986) preference was given here to
Research (WOTRO, grant 75-312) and Tropenbos- the latter in order to avoid confusions.
Colombia.
Dicolporatae
Appendix--species list Multimarginites vanderhammenii Germeraad et al.
1968
All species and genera applied in the pollen Remark: an orthographical change has been intro-
diagram are listed, accompanied by references. duced. In the original publication the species name
Suprageneric categories are after Iversen and was spelled M. vanderhammeni.
Troels-Smith (1950), Potoni6 (1956) and
Germeraad et al. (1968). The list includes 30 new Tricolpatae
species; these are formally described in the section Crototricolpites annemariae Leidelmeyer 1966
Systematics. Plates I-IV illustrate holotypes of new (Plate II, 1)
species, biostratigraphical markers and the most Perfotricolpites digitatus Gonzfilez Guzm~m 1967
important palaeoenvironmental indicators. Psilatricolpites acerbus Gonz~,lez Guzmfin 1967
Psilatricolpites minutus Gonzfilez Guzmfin 1967
Pollenites Retitricolpites amapaensis Regali et al. 1974
Retitricolpites depressus Wijmstra 1971
Inaperturatae Retitricolpites lorenteae nov. sp. (Plate I, 27)
Ephedripites renzonii Duefias 1986 Retitricolpites simplex Gonzfilez Guzm~n 1967
Grimsdalea magnaclavata Germeraad et al. 1968 Retibrevitricolpites catatumbus Gonz~lez Guzm~,n
(Plate I, 1) 1967 (Plate II, 2)
294 C. HOORN

PLATE I
MARINE INCURSIONS AND INFLUENCE OF ANDEAN TECTONICS ON MIOCENE DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF NORTHWESTERN AMAZONIA 295

PLATE II

1,1.
I
lo •
296 c. HOORN

Retibrevitricolpites yavarensis nov. sp. (Plate II, 5) Ilexpollenites sp. Thiergart 1937 ex Potoni6 1960
Striatricolpites eatatumbus Gonz~ilez Guzm~m 1967 (Plate II, 3 and 4)
R e m a r k : included are the pollen grains assignable
Triporatae to this form-genus which were not identifiable at
Corsinipollenites oculusnoctis (Thiergart 1940) species level.
N a k o m a n 1965 Margocolporites vanw~ihei G e r m e r a a d et al. 1968
Psilatriporites corstanjei nov. sp. (Plate I, 14) Psilatricolporites atalayensis nov. sp. (Plate II, 9)
Psilatriporites desilvae nov. sp. (Plate I, 13) Psilatricolporites crassoexinatus nov. sp. (Plate II,
Psilatriporites sarmientoi nov. sp. (Plate I, 9) 10 and 11)
Retitriporites dubiosus Gonzhlez Guzm~in 1967 Psilatricolporites cyamus Van der H a m m e n et
Scabratriporites redundans Gonzfilez Guzmfin 1967 Wijmstra 1964
Psilatricolporites devriesii Lorente 1986
Tricolporatae Remark: an orthographical change has been intro-
Bombacacidites baculatus Muller et al. 1987 duced. In the original publication the species name
Bombacacidites baumfalkii Lorente 1986 was spelled P. devriesi.
R e m a r k : an orthographical change has been intro- Psilatricolporites exiguus nov. sp (Plate II, 22)
duced. In the original publication the species name Psilatricolporites garzonii nov. sp. (Plate II, 6, 7
was spelled B. baumfalki. and 8)
Bombacacidites bellus Frederiksen 1983 Psilatricolporites labiatus nov. sp. (Plate II, 14)
Bombacacidites muinaneorum nov. sp. (Plate II, 19) Psilatricolporites magniporatus nov. sp, (Plate II,
Crassiectoapertites columbianus Duefias 1980 24)
Echitricolporites maristellae Muller et al. 1987 Psilatricolporites operculatus Van der H a m m e n et
Echitricolporites spinosus Van der H a m m e n 1956 Wijmstra 1964 (Plate II, 15 and 16)
ex G e r m e r a a d et al. 1968 Psilatricolporites obesus nov. sp. (Plate II, 20)

PLATE I

1000 ×
1. Grimsdalea magnaclavata 9. Psilatriporitessarmientoi, nov. sp. (holotype)
2. Retimonocolpites maximus, nov. sp. (holotype) 10. Psiladiporitesredundantis
3. Psilamonocolpites amazonicus, nov. sp. (holotype) 11-12. Retitricolporiteskaarsii, nov. sp. (holotype)
4. Retimonocolpites absyae, nov. sp. (holotype) 13. Psilatriporitesdesilvae, nov. sp. (holotype)
5. Psilamonocolpites nanus, nov. sp. (holotype) 14. Psilatriporitescorstanjei, nov. sp. (holotype)
6. Psiladiporites minimus 15. Psilastephanoporitesherngreenff, nov. sp. (holotype)
7. Monoporites annulatus 16. Proxapertitestertiaria (500 × )
8. Mauritiiditesfranciscoi
; !
PLATE II

1000 ×
1. Crototricolpitesannemariae 14. Psilatricolporites labiatus, nov. sp. (holotype)
2. Retibrevitricolpitescatatumbus 15-16. Psilatricolporites operculatus
3-4. llexpollenites sp. 17-18. Retitricolporites ticuneorum, nov. sp. (holotype)
5. Retibrevitricolpitesyavarensis nov. sp. (holotype) 19. Bombacacidites muinaneorum, nov. sp. (holotype)
6. Psilatricolporitesgarzonii, nov. sp. (holotype) 20. Psilatricolporites obesus, nov. sp. (holotype)
7-8. Psilatricolporitesgarzonii, nov. sp. 21. Psilatricolporites silvaticus, nov. sp. (holotype)
9. Psilatricolporitesatalayensis, nov. sp. (holotype) 22. Psilatricolporites exiguus, nov. sp. (holotype)
10. Psilatricolporitescrassoexinatus, nov. sp. (holotype) 23. Psilatricolporites cf. varius
11. Psilatricolporitescrassoexinatus, nov. sp. 24. Psilatricolporites magniporatus, nov. sp. (holotype)
12. Retitricolporitessolimoensis, nov. sp. 25-26. Retitricolporites milnei, nov. sp. (holotype)
13. Retitricolporitessolimoensis, nov. sp. (holotype) 27. Retitricolpites lorenteae, nov. sp. (holotype)
M A R I N E I N C U R S I O N S A N D I N F L U E N C E O F A N D E A N T E C T O N I C S ON M I O C E N E D E P O S I T I O N A L H I S T O R Y O F N O R T H W E S T E R N A M A Z O N I A 297

PLATE III

15
i
t ~

23
298 C. HOORN

PLATE IV
MARINE INCURSIONS AND INFLUENCE OF ANDEAN TECTONICS ON MIOCENE DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF NORTHWESTERN AMAZONIA 299

Psilatricolporites cf. operculatus Van der Hammen Syncolporites poricostatus Van Hoeken-Klinken-
et Wijmstra 1964 berg 1966 (Plate III, 9)
Psilatricolporites silvaticus nov. sp. (Plate II, 21) Verrutricolporites rotundiporus Van der Hammen
Psilatricolporites transversalis Duefias 1980 et Wijmstra 1964 (Plate III, 13)
Psilatricolporites triangularis Van tier Hammen et Zonocostites ramonae Germeraad et al. 1968 (Plate
Wijmstra 1964 Ill, 5 and 6)
Psilatricolporites cf. varius Duefias 1983 (Plate Zonocostites duquei Duefias 1980 (Plate III, 7)
II, 23) Remark: in the original publication of Duefias
Psilatrieolporites venezuelanus Lorente 1986 (1980) the name of this pollen grain was written
Retitricolporites caputoi nov. sp. (Plate III, 1 and 2) as Z. duquensis. However, this was a wrong formu-
Retitricolporites crassicostatus Van der Hammen lation as later recognized in Duefias (1981). The
et Wijmstra 1964 correct name should be spelled Z. duquei.
Retitricolporites ellipticus Van Hoeken-Klinken-
berg 1964 Stephanoporatae
Retitricolporites guianensis Van der Hammen et Retistephanoporites crassiannulatus Lorente 1986
Wijmstra 1964 (Plate III, 4) Psilastephanoporites herngreenii nov. sp. (Plate 1,
Retitricolporites hispidus Van der Hammen et 15)
Wijmstra 1964
Retitricolporites irregularis Van der Hammen et Stephanocolporatae
Wijmstra 1964 Psilastephanocolporites fissilis Leidelmeyer 1966
Retitricolporites kaarsii nov. sp. (Plate I, 11 and 12) Psilastephanocolporites schneideri nov. sp. (Plate
Retitricolporites latus Wijmstra 1971 II1, 8)
Retitricolporites leticianus nov. sp. (Plate III, 3)
Retitricolporites milnei nov. sp. (Plate II, 25 and 26) Periporatae
Retitricolporites solimoensis nov. sp. (Plate II, 12 Echiperiporites spp. Van der Hammen et
and 13) Wijmstra 1964
Retitricolporites ticuneorum nov. sp. (Plate II, 17 Remark: included are the pollen grains assignable
and 18) to this form-genus which were not identifiable at
Rugutricolporites arcus nov. sp. (Plate III, 11) species level.

PLATE I I I

1000 x
1 2. Retitricolporites caputoi, nov. sp. (holotype) 13. Verrutricolporitesrotundiporus
3. Retitricolporites leticianus, nov. sp. (holotype) 14-16. Heterocolpites verrucosus, nov. sp. (holotype)
4. Retitricolporites guianensis 17. Podocarpidites sp.
5-6. Zonoeostites rarnonae 18. Brigantedinium sp. (dinoflagellate cyst)
7. Zonocostites duquei 19. Heterocolpites incomptus nov. sp. (holotype)
8. Psilastephanocolporites schneideri, nov. sp. (holotype) 20. Heterocolpites incomptus nov. sp.
9. Syncolporites poricostatus 21. reworked acritarch
10. Perisyncolporites pokornyi 22. Botryococcus sp. (500 x )
ll. Rugutricolporites arcus, nov. sp. (holotype) 23. Azolla sp. (200 x )
12. Heterocolpites rotundus, nov. sp. (holotype)

PLATE IV

1000 x
I. Magnastriatites grandiosus 5. Echitriletes cf. muelleri
23. Psilamonoletes tibui 6. Deltoidospora adriennis
4. Verrucatosporites usmensis 7. Crassoretitriletes vanraadshoovenii
300 C. HOORN

Echiperiporites akanthos Van der Hammen et Other palynomorphs


Wijmstra 1964
Echiperiporites estelae Germeraad et al. 1968 Dinoflagellate cysts: Brygantedinium sp. (Plate III,
Psilaperiporites minimus Regali et al. 1974 18), Spiniferites sp.
Reworked acritarchs (Plate III, 21)
Pericolporatae Chlorophyta, Botryococcus sp. (Plate III, 22)
Perisyncolporites pokornyi Germeraad et al. 1968 Pteridophyta (Salviniaceae): Azolla sp. (Plate III,
(Plate III, 10) 23)

Systematics
Heterocolpatae
Heterocolpites incomptus nov. sp. (Plate III, 19 A number of the new species recognized in the
and 20) studied samples is placed within the form-genera
Heterocolpites rotundus nov. sp. (Plate III, 12) Psilatriporites, Psilastephanoporites, Psilatricolpor-
Heterocolpites verrucosus nov. sp. (Plate III, 14, 15 ites, Retitricolporites, Ret!tricolpites and Heterocol-
and 16) pites. The names of these taxa were originally
proposed according to the concept for palynologi-
Polyadeae cal nomenclature developed by Van der Hammen
Polyadopollenites mariae Duefias 1980 (1954, 1956). Contrary to the provisions of the
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
Vesiculatae (ICBN), this concept allowed for a typification of
Podocarpidites sp. Cookson 1947 ex Couper 1953 taxa of fossil pollen and spores by selecting recent
(Plate III, 17) types. According to Jansonius and Hills (1976)
such a procedure would create illegitimate names
that are later synonyms of recent taxa and ought
Sporites to be discarded in the classification of fossil pollen
grains and spores. However, following the inter-
Triletes pretation of the Index Nominum Genericorum
Crassoretitriletes vanraadshoovenii Germeraad Plantarum (Farr et al., 1979) such names are also
et al. 1968 (Plate IV, 7) invalid. Since invalid names have no status under
Remark: an orthographical change has been intro- the ICBN they can be subsequently validated.
duced. In the original publication the species name Pending a review (Van der Hammen, in prep.) of
was spelled C. vanraadshooveni. the present status of all the names proposed by
Deltoidospora adriennis (Potoni6 et Gelletich 1933) Van der Hammen (1954, 1956), it can be confi-
Frederiksen 1983 (Plate IV, 6) dently claimed that Psilatricolporites, Retitricolpor-
Echitriletes cf. muelleri Regali et al. 1974 (Plate ites, Retitricolpites and Heterocolpites have already
IV, 5) been correctly validated by designating fossil types.
Magnastriatites grandiosus (Kedves et So16 de In this paper the names Psilatriporites and Psila-
Porta 1963) Duefias 1980 (Plate IV, 1) stephanoporites are similarly validated.
Polypodiaceoisporites potoniei Kedves 1961 The holotypes of the new species were mostly
Verrucatotriletes cf. bullatus Van Hoeken- selected from core samples, and from a few outcrop
Klinkenberg 1964 samples which contained better preserved speci-
mens. The holotypes are stored at the Hugo de
Monoletes Vries-Laboratory of the University of Amsterdam.
Psilamonoletes tibui Van der Hammen 1956 (Plate The following information is given for each holo-
IV, 2 and 3) type: core number (4a or 51) or sample location
Verrucatosporitesusmensis (Van der Hammen (Tres Islas etc.) followed by the sample number or
1956) Germeraad et al. 1968 (Plate IV, 4) depth in metres; the residue number at the Hugo
MARINE INCURSIONS AND INFLUENCE OF ANDEAN TECTONICS ON MIOCENE DEPOSIT1ONAL HISTORY OF NORTHWESTERN AMAZONIA 301

de Vries-Laboratory; the country of provenance; Taxonomic affinity: Palmae.


and the location of the pollen grains on the slides. Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones A - E
Coordinates were measured with a Leitz micro- Remarks: this species differs from P. medius Van
scope PO 6 in the Hugo de Vries-Laboratory. der Hammen et Garcia de Mutis 1965 and P.
New species were described according to their amazonicus nov. sp. in size and wall thickness.
structure, sculpture, shape, size and variability in
size (measured on 5 different pollen grains). The Form-genus Retimonocolpites Pierce 1961
following abbreviations have been used in the
descriptions: Lg, + longitud; Lt, + transverse lon- Retimonocolpites absyae nov. sp.
gitud; ex-M, + thickness of the exine. If possible, Holotype: 4a-89m-Hdv18647, Brazil. Location in
taxonomic affinities are suggested, and age and
slide: 101.5/59.3 (Plate I, 4).
stratigraphic ranges are given.
Derivatio nominis: named in honour of the
Brazilian palynologist Maria L~cia Absy.
Form-genus Psilamonocolpites Van der Hammen et Diagnosis: Monocolpate, microreticulate pollen
Garcia de Mutis 1965
grain. Medium sized with subtriangular-wedge
shape, Bilaterally symmetrical. Heteropolar.
Psilamonocolpites amazonicus nov. sp. Tectum, perforate. The colpus is peripheral with
Holotype: 4a-272,6m-HdV18677, Brazil. Location
inconspicuous margins.
in slide: 104.8/57.8 (Plate I, 3).
Dimensions: Lg,+ = 27.5 p.m: L t , + = 18.5 p.m;
Derivatio nominis: the name is derived from the
ex-M, + = 1 p.m.
Amazon River.
Variability in size: Lg,+ = 22 38.5 /am; L t , + =
Diagnosis: Monocolpate, psilate-scabrate pollen
16.5-20 p.m.
grain. Medium sized with prolate shape. Bilaterally
Taxonomic affinity: Myristicaceae; resemblance to
symmetrical. Heteropolar. Columellae indistinct.
the genus Virola.
Dimensions: L g , + = 27.5 p.m; L t , + = 11.5 btm;
Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones C-E.
ex-M,+ = 1 lam.
Variability in size: L g , + = 25-34 p.m; L t , + =
10-15 p.m.
Retimonocolpites maximus nov. sp.
Holotype: 4a-272, 6m-Hdv18677, Brazil. Location
Taxonomic affinity: Palmae; resemblance to the
in slide: 105/53.8 (Plate I, 2).
genus Euterpe.
Derivatio nominis: the name is based on the large
Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones A - E .
size of the pollen grain.
Remarks: this species differs from P. medius Van
Diagnosis: Monocolpate, microreticulate pollen
der Hammen et Garcia de Mutis 1965 and P.
grain. Large sized with prolate shape and acute
nanus nov. sp. in size and wall thickness.
edges. Bilaterally symmetrical. Heteropolar.
Dimensions: Lg,+ = 44 p.m; L t , + = 24 p.m; ex-
Psilamonocolpites nanus nov. sp.
M , + = 1.2 gin.
Holotype: 4a-272,6m-HdV18677, Brazil. Location
Variability in size: Lg,+ = 36-53 lain; L t , + =
in slide: 108.7/50.4 (Plate I, 5).
20 29 btm.
Derivatio nominis: the name is based on the small
Taxonomic affinity: Palmae.
size of the pollen grain.
Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones A - E
Diagnosis: Monocolpate, psilate pollen grain.
Small sized with prolate shape and acute edges.
Bilaterally symmetrical. Heteropolar. Columellae Form-genus Retitricolpites Van der Hammen 1956
indistinct. ex Van der Hammen et Wijmstra 1964
Dimensions: L g , + = 20 p.m; L t , + = 10 lam; ex-
M , + = 0.5 p.m. Retitricolpites lorenteae nov. sp.
Variability in size: Lg,+ = 20-24 p.m; L t , + = Holotype: Mocagua 36-HdV18216, Brazil.
10 15 p.m. Location in slide: 105.3/55.6 (Plate I, 27).
302 C. HOORN

Derivatio nominis: named in honour of the concavities in the intercolpia, near to the colpi.
Venezuelan palynologist Maria Antonieta Lorente. Radially symmetrical. Isopolar; polar area large.
Diagnosis: Tricolpate, reticulate pollen grain. Tectum, perforate. Planaperturate. Heterobro-
Medium sized with semi-triangular amb. Radially chate. The mesh wide of the reticulum variates
symmetrical. Isopolar; polar area medium. Tectum, from microreticulate at the intercolpia to mesoreti-
perforate. Planaperturate. Heterobrochate. The culate (lumina 1 lain) at the polar area. Costae
mesh wide of the reticulum variates from microre- colpi 1.5 gm thick.
ticulate at the intercolpia to mesoreticulate (lumina Diameter in polar view: L t , + = 33 ~am; ex-
1 gin) towards the polar area. Costae colpi 2 M , + = lgm
gm thick. Variability in size: Lt, + = 33-35 gm;
Diameter in polar view: Lt, + = 52 gm; ex-M, + = Taxonomic affinity: Bombacaceae; resemblance to
1.5 Ilm. the genus Bombacopsis.
Variability in size: Lt, + = 37.5-55 pm. Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones B-E.
Taxonomic affinity: Bombacaceae; resemblance to Remarks: this species differs from B. zuatensis
the genus Bombax. Lorente 1986 in size, shape and sculpture.
Age: Middle to Late Miocene. Stratigraphic range:
zone E. Form-genus Psilatriporites Van der Hammen 1956
Remarks: this species differs from B. baumfalkii ex Hoorn nov. gen
Lorente 1986 in size, structure and because of the
heterobrochate exine. Type species: P. sarmientoi nov. sp. (Plate I, 9).
Diagnosis: triporate pollen grains with a psilate
Form-genus Retibrevitricolpites Van Hoeken- sculpture.
Klinkenberg 1966 Remarks: based on a recent type (Psilatriporites
inornatus, Van der Hammen 1956) the name
Retibrevitricolpites yavarensis nov. sp. Psilatriporites was invalidly published as a "form-
Holotype: 4a-95.6m-HdV18646, Brazil. Location subgenus" by Van der Hammen (1956). The eleva-
in slide: 100.2/50.6 (Plate II, 5). tion to generic rank of Psilatriporites by Mathur
Derivatio nominis: the name is derived from the (1966) did not validate the name. The name is here
Yavari River (Brazil/Peru). validated by designating the holotype of
Diagnosis: Tricolpate, microreticulate pollen grain. Psilatriporites sarmientoi nov. sp. as the type of a
Medium sized with subtriangular arab. Radially new form-genus. This form genus differs from
symmetrical. Isopolar; polar area large. Tectum, Cricotriporites Leidelmeyer 1966 because the shape
perforate. Short, costate colpi. Costae 3 lam wide. and pores are not necessarily circular and the
Diameter in polar view: Lt, + -- 21 gin; ex-M, + = absence or presence of annuli or costae are not
1.5-2 lain. distinctive criteria.
Variability in size: Lt, + = 20-22 gm.
Taxonomic affinity: unknown. Psilatriporites corstanjei nov. sp.
Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones B-E. Holotype: Marifiame 37-HdV14994, Colombia.
Location in slide: 102.2/43.7 (Plate I, 14).
Form-genus Bombacacidites Couper 1960 Derivatio nominis: named in honour of the Dutch
geologist Marinus Corstanje.
Bombacacidites muinaneorum nov. sp. Diagnosis: Triporate, psilate-microreticulate
Holotype: Tres Islas 72-HdV15957, Colombia. pollen grain. Small sized with subtriangular arab.
Location in slide: 102.3/38 (Plate II, 19). Radially symmetrical. Isopolar; polar area
Derivatio nominis: named after the Indian medium. Pori 4 gm in diameter with thick annuli
Muinane community of the Caquetfi River area. up to 6 gm in diameter. Relatively thick exine.
Diagnosis: Tricolporate, reticulate pollen grain. Diameter in polar view: Lt, + = 22 gin; ex-M, + =
Medium sized with triangular arab and 2 slight 2.5 gm.
MARINE INCURSIONS AND INFLUENCE OF ANDEAN TECTONICS ON MIOCENE DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF NORTHWESTERN AMAZONIA 303

Variability in size: Lt, + = 14-22 gin. (2 x 2.5 ~tm) and funnel shaped due to a constric-
Taxonomic affinity: Rubiaceae; resemblance to the tion. Costae colpi 2-3 gm wide.
genus Faramea. Dimensions: L g , + = 27.5 p.m; L t , + = 22 gm; ex-
M,+= lgm.
Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones A-E. Variability in size: Lg,+ = 24-31 p.m; L t , + =
Psilatriporites desilvae nov. sp. 20-22 gin.
Holotype: Marifiame 34-HdV14991, Colombia. Taxonomic affinity: unknown.
Location in slide: 110.6/61.2 (Plate I, 13). Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones A-E.
Derivatio nominis: named in honour of the Remarks: this species differs from P. crassoexinatus
Malaysian geologist Sriyanee de Silva. nov. sp. because of the thinner exine and the
Diagnosis: Triporate, microreticulate pollen grain. psilate to microreticulate sculpture.
Medium sized with subspheroidal amb. Radially
symmetrical. Isopolar; polar area large. Diameter Psilatricolporites crassoexinatus nov. sp.
of pori 5.5 gm. Pseudocolpi. Derivatio nominis: the name is derived from the
Diameter in polar view: L t , + = 27.5 gm; ex- thick exine that characterizes this pollen grain.
M , + = lp.m. Holotype: 4a-131m-HdV18644, Brazil. Location in
Variability in size: L t , + = 27.5-30 gm. slide: 106.7/59.4 (Plate II, 10: holotype and 11).
Taxonomic affinity: Caesalpineaceae. Diagnosis: Tricolporate, psilate pollen grain.
Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones A E. Medium sized with subspheroidal shape. Radially
symmetrical. Isopolar; polar area medium.
Lalongate pori (2 x 4.5 gin) with a central constric-
Psilatriporites sarmientoi nov. sp.
tion (butterfly shape). Costae colpi 2 p.m wide. The
Holotype: 4a-218.2m-HdV18632, Brazil. Location
exine is very thick with relatively short columellae.
in slide: 96/54.3 (Plate I, 9).
Dimensions: Lg,+ = 30 Jam; L t . + = 25 I~m; ex-
Derivatio nominis: named in honour of the
M , + = 2p.m.
Colombian palynologist Gustavo Sarmiento.
Variability in size: Lg,+ = 20-30 lain; L t , + =
Diagnosis: Triporate, psilate-microreticulate
16.5 25 [am.
pollen grain. Small sized with subtriangular arab.
Taxonomic affinity: unknown.
Radially symmetrical. Isopolar; polar area large.
Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones A-E.
Diameter of pori 5.5 p.m.
Remarks: this species differs from P. atalayensis
Diameter in polar view: L t , + = 17.5 lam; ex-
nov. sp. because of the thicker exine and the psilate
M , + = llam.
sculpture. This species differs also from P. pachy-
Variability in size: Lt, + = 17.5-20 p,m.
dermatus Lorente 1986 by the presence of costae
Taxonomic affinity: unknown.
and the absence of variation in thickness of the
Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones C-E.
exine.

Form-genus Psilatricolporites Van der Hammen Psilatricolporites exiguus nov. sp


1956 ex Van der Hammen et Wijmstra 1964 Holotype: 4a- 131 m-HdV 18644, Brazil. Location in
slide: 98/56 (Plate II, 22).
Psilatricolporites atalayensis nov. sp. Derivatio nominis: the name is derived from the
Holotype: 4a-218.2m-HdV18632, Brazil. Location small shape of this pollen grain.
in slide: 111/58.1 (Plate II, 9). Diagnosis: Tricolporate, psilate-microreticulate
Derivatio nominis: the name is derived from the pollen grain. Small sized with subtriangular amb.
village Atalaya (Amazonas, Brazil). Radially symmetrical. Isopolar; polar area large.
Diagnosis: Tricolporate, psilate-microreticulate Very thin, short colpi. Pori 2 p.m in diameter with
pollen grain. Medium sized with prolate shape. a small vestibulum.
Radially symmetrical. Isopolar; polar area Diameter in polar view: L t , + = 17.5 lain: ex-
medium. Tectum, perforate. Pori slightly lalongate M , + = 1.3 p.m.
304 C. HOORN

Variability in size: Lt, + = 13-17.5 lam. Diagnosis: Tricolporate, psilate-microreticulate


Taxonomic affinity: unknown. pollen grain. Medium sized with prolate to oval
Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones A-E. shape. Radially symmetrical. Isopolar; polar area
large. Slit shaped, costate colpi. Costae 5/am wide.
Psilatricolporites garzonii nov. sp. Large and almost equidimensional pori (4 x 5/am).
Holotype: 4a-238,6m-HdV18630, Brazil. Location Thick exine and relatively short columellae.
in slide: 102.8/45.7 (Plate II, 6: holotype, 7 and 8). Dimensions: Lg, + = 32 /am; Lt, + = 20 lam; ex-
Derivatio nominis: named in honour of the M , + = 2/am.
Colombian palynologist Antonio Garzon. Variability in size: Lg,+ = 29-32 /am; Lt,+ =
Diagnosis: Tricolporate, psilate-microreticulate 19-20/am.
pollen grain. Small sized with spheroidal to subsph- Taxonomic affinity: Leguminosae?
eroidal shape. Radially symmetrical. Isopolar; Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones C-E.
polar area large. Pori slightly lalongate (1 × 2
/am) and very thin colpi. Noticeable is the thick Psilatricolporites obesus nov. sp.
exine in relation to the small shape of the pollen Holotype: 51-23.5m-HdV18656, Brazil. Location
grain. in slide: 100.3/56.4 (Plate II, 20).
Dimensions: Lg,+ = 9 /am; Lt,+ = 11 ~tm; ex- Derivatio nominis: the name is derived from the
M , + = 1.5/am. latin word for fat.
Variability in size: L g , + = 9 - 1 1 /am; L t , + = l l - Diagnosis: Tricolporate, psilate pollen grain. Small
13/am. sized with subspheroidal shape. Radially symmetri-
Taxonomic affinity: unknown. cal. Isopolar; polar area large. Indistinct columel-
Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones A-E. lae. Colpi transversalis: 0.5 x 6 /am. The exine
thickens towards the equator presenting a protrud-
Psilatricolporites labiatus nov. sp. ing costae colpi.
Holotype: 4a-131m-HdV18644. Location in slide: Dimensions: Lg,+ = 14 /am; Lt,+ = 13 /am; ex-
105/61 (Plate II, 14). M , + = 1.5/am.
Derivatio nominis: the name is derived from the Variability in size: Lg,+ = 14-16.5 /am; Lt,+ =
lip shaped thickening of the exine of this pollen 13-16/am.
grain. Taxonomic affinity: Sapotaceae.
Diagnosis: Tricolporate, psilate pollen grain. Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones C-E.
Medium sized with prolate shape. Radially sym-
metrical. Isopolar; polar area large. The exine Psilatricolporites silvaticus nov. sp.
thickens towards the equator showing a lip shaped, Holotype: 51-27.7m-HdV18687, Brazil. Location
protruding costae colpi. Short colpi (10/am). Pori in slide: 95.3/47.7 (Plate II, 21).
slightly lalongate, 1 x 2/am in diameter. Derivatio nominis: the name is derived from the
Dimensions: Lg, + = 27.5/am; Lt, ÷ = 19/am; ex- word jungle.
M,+= 1-2gm. Diagnosis: Tricolporate, psilate pollen grain. Small
Variability in size: Lg,+ = 22-29 /am; Lt,+ = sized with subspheroidal shape. Radially symmetri-
16.5-19 tam. cal. Isopolar; polar area large. Indistinct columel-
Taxonomic affinity: Sapotaceae; resemblance to lae. Short, thin colpi. Lalongate pori (2 x 4 /am)
the genus Pouter&. with a slight constriction and an irregular outline.
Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones A-E. The exine thickens towards the equator showing a
protruding costae colpi.
Psilatricolporites magniporatus nov. sp. Dimensions: Lg,+ = 19 /am; Lt,+ = 15 /am; ex-
Holotype: 4a-131 m-HdV18644, Brazil. Location M, + = 0.5-1 /am.
in slide: 112/49.8 (Plate II, 24). Variability in size: Lg,+ = 19-22 /am; Lt,+ =
Derivatio nominis: the name is derived from the 13-17.5 lam.
large size of the pori of this pollen grain. Taxonomic affinity: Burseraceae or Sapotaceae.
MARINE INCURSIONS AND INFLUENCE OF ANDEAN TECTONICS ON MIOCENE DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF NORTHWESTERN AMAZONIA 305

Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones A-E. Taxonomic affinity: Euphorbiaceae; resemblance
Remarks: this species differs from P. transversalis to the genus Dalechampia.
Duefias 1980 because the latter presents equatorial Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones A-E.
furrows rather than lalongate pori.
Retitricolporites leticianus nov. sp.
Form-genus Retitricolporites
Van der Hammen Holotype: 4a-140.9m-HdV18642, Brazil. Location
1956 ex Van der Hammen et Wijmstra 1964 in slide: 106.1/60.7 (Plate IlI, 3).
Derivatio nominis: named after the city of Leticia
Retitricolporites caputoi nov. sp. (Amazonas, Colombia).
Holotype: 51 - 150.5m-HdV 18684, Brazil. Location Diagnosis: Tricolporate, microreticulate pollen
in slide: 109/58.7 (Plate III, 1 and 2). grain. Small with subspheroidal shape. Radially
Derivatio nominis: named in honour of the symmetrical. Isopolar; polar area medium.
Brazilian geologist Mario Vicente Caputo. Homobrochate, the diameter of the lumina is _+
Diagnosis: Tricolporate, microreticulate pollen 0.7 p.m. Thin, costate colpi. Lalongate pori (0.5 x
grain. Medium sized with prolate shape. Radially 2 p.m) with a constriction.
symmetrical. Isopolar; polar area medium. Dimensions: Lg, + = 20 jam; Lt, + = 16,5 p.m; ex-
Heterobrochate. The diameter of the lumina is 1 M , + = 1.2 p.m.
p.m and becomes smaller towards the equator. Variability in size: Lg,+ = 14-21 p.m; L t , + =
Costae colpi 3 p.m wide. Equidimensional pori (3 13 18 p.m.
x 3.5 jam). The exine is thick and the columellae Taxonomic affinity: unknown.
are relatively large and closely packed together. Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones.C-E.
Dimensions: L g , + = 31 p.m; Lt,+=- 22 p.m; ex-
M , + = 1.5 p.m. Retitricolporites milnei nov. sp.
Variability in size: Lg,+ = 27.5-31 p.m; L t , + = Holotype: 4a-234m-HdV18631, Brazil. Location in
15 22 p.m. slide: 109.4/60.2 (Plate II, 25 and 26).
Taxonomic affinity: unknown. Derivatio nominis: named in honour of the British
Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones A E. geologist Alastair Milne.
Remarks: this species is distinguished from R. Diagnosis: Tricolporate, microreticulate pollen
hispidus Van der Hammen et Wijmstra 1964 grain. Small sized with subspheroidal shape.
because it presents much larger pori. Radially symmetrical. Isopolar; polar area large.
Short, thin colpi (+_ 10 jam). Slit shaped colpi
Retitricolporites kaarsii nov. sp. transversalis (1 x 4 p.m) with a slight constriction
Holotype: Pevas l17-HdV166796, Peru. Location in the centre.
in slide: 107.8/45.1 (Plate I, 11 and 12). Dimensions: Lg,+ = 19 p.m; L t , + = 15.5 Jam; ex-
Derivatio nominis: named in honour of the Dutch M , + = 1.2 p.m.
palynologist Alexander van der Kaars. Variability in size: Lg,+ = 19-22 p.m; L t , + =
Diagnosis: Tricolporate, reticulate pollen grain. 15 20 p.m.
Large sized with subspheroidal shape. Radially Taxonomic affinity: unknown.
symmetrical. Isopolar; polar area large. Colpi Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones B-E.
rather short (16.5 p.m). Costate colpus equatorialis.
Heterobrochate, mesh wide of the reticulum vari- Retitricolporites solimoensis nov. sp.
ates from microreticulate (lumina 0.5 jam) near the Holotype: Solarte 7-HdV 15936, Colombia.
colpi up to mesoreticulate (lumina 2.5 p.m) in the Location in slide: 97.8/53.2 (Plate II, 12: holotype
intercolpia. and 13).
Dimensions: L g , + = 40 Bm; L t , + = 40 p.m; ex- Derivatio nominis: name derived from the
M , + = 4p.m. Solimoes River (Brazil).
Variability in size: Lg,+ = 40-66 p.m; L t , + = Diagnosis: Tricolporate, microreticulate pollen
40-57 ~tm. grain. Small sized with subspheroidal shape.
306 C. HOORN

Radially symmetrical. Isopolar; polar area large. Type species: Psilastephanoporites herngreenii nov.
Very short colpi (4 p.m) and equidimensional pori sp. (Plate I, 15)
(1.5 ~tm). The costae form a wedge shaped thicken- Diagnosis: stephanoporate pollen grains with a
ings at the top and the bottom of the pori. psilate sculpture.
Dimensions: Lg,+ = 16 lam; Lt,+ = 16 Ixrn; ex- Remarks: based on a recent type (Stephanoporites
M , + = llam. fornicatus, Van der Hammen, 1956), and incor-
Variability in size: Lg,+ = 14-17.5 lam; Lt,+ = rectly citing Van der Hammen (1956) as the original
14-16.5 I~m. author, the name Psilastephanoporites was inval-
Taxonomic affinity: unknown. idly published by Regali et al. (1974). The name is
Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones C-E. here validated by designating the holotype of
Psilastephanoporites herngreenii nov. sp. as the
Retitricolporites ticuneorum nov. sp. type of the new form-genus.
Holotype: 4a-59m-HdV18651, Brazil. Location in
slide: 105.2/47.8 (Plate II, 17 and 18). Psilastephanoporites herngreenii nov. sp.
Derivatio nominis: named after the Indian Ticuna Holotype: Agua Negra 16-HdV17611, Colombia.
community of the Amazon River area. Location in slide: 96.6/46.3 (Plate I, 15).
Diagnosis: Tricolporate, microreticulate pollen Derivatio nominis: named in honour of the Dutch
grain. Small sized with triangular amb. Radially palynologist Waldemar Herngreen.
symmetrical. Isopolar; polar area medium. The Diagnosis: Stephanoporate (4 pori), psilate pollen
exine is thinner towards the colpori (arch shape). grain. Medium sized with subspheroidal shape.
Dimension in polar view: Lt,+ = 13 ~tm; ex- Radially symmetrical. Isopolar; polar area large.
M , + = 0.5-1 ~tm. Pori 2 ~tm in diameter with thick annuli of 8 ~tm
Variability in size: Lt, + = 12-16.5 ~tm. in diameter. Annuli granulate at the base.
Taxonomic affinity: unknown. Dimensions: Lg, + = 48 ~tm; Lt, + = 38.5 Ixm; ex-
Age: Middle Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones M , + = llxm.
D-E. Variability in size: Lg,+ = 34-48 p.m; Lt,+ =
28-38.5 lam.
Form-genus Rugutricolporites Gonzfilez Guzmfin Taxonomic affinity: Apocynaceae.
1967 Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones B-E.
Remarks: this species differs from P. caribiensis
Rugutricolporites arcus nov. sp. Duefias 1980 in size and in the structure of the
Holotype: 4a-234, lm-HdV18631, Brazil. Location pores.
in slide: 99.6/54.8 (Plate III, 11).
Derivatio nominis: the name is derived from the
arch shaped exine of this pollen grain. Form-genus Psilastephanocolporites Leidelmeyer
Diagnosis: Tricolporate, rugulate pollen grain. 1966
Small sized with triangular amb. Radially symmet-
rical. Isopolar; polar area medium. The exine is Psilastephanocolporites schneideri nov. sp.
thinner towards the colpori (arch shape). Holotype: 4a-274m-HdV18675, Brazil. Location in
Diameter in polar view: Lt, + = 18 ~tm; ex-M, + = slide: 97.8/45.5 (Plate III, 8).
1 Ixm. Derivatio nominis: named in honour of the
Variability in size: Lt,+ = 17.5-22 ~tm. Brazilian geologist Joao Orestes Schneider.
Taxonomic affinity: Chrysobalanaceae; resem- Diagnosis: Stephanocolporate (4 colpori), psilate-
blance to the genus Licania. microreticulate pollen grain. Small sized with pro-
Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones A-E. late to subspheroidal shape. Radially symmetrical.
Isopolar; polar area large. Costae colpi 2 lam wide.
Form-genus Psilastephanoporites Regali et al. 1974 Lalongate pori (2.5 × 3.5 ~tm). The exine is thicker
ex Hoorn nov. gen. towards the poles.
MARINE INCURSIONS AND INFLUENCE OF ANDEAN TECTONICS ON MIOCENE DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF NORTHWESTERN AMAZONIA 307

Dimensions: L g , + = 19 p.m; L t , + = 14 p.m; ex- Variability in size: L g , + = 16 120 lam; L t , + =


M,+= lp.m. 13 17 lain.
Variability in size: L g , + = 16.5-19 p.m; L t , + = Taxonomic affinity: Combretaceae and
12 15.5 p.m; e x - M , + = 1 btm. Melastomataceae.
T a x o n o m i c affinity: R h i z o p h o r a c e a e ? Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones A - E .
Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones A - E . Remarks: this species differs from H. verrucosus
nov. sp. in sculpture and from H. incomptus nov.
Form-genus Heterocolpites Van der H a m m e n 1956 sp. in size and because the shape o f the pores.
ex Van der H a m m e n et Garcia de Mutis 1965
Heterocolpites verrucosus nov. sp.
Heterocolpites incomptus Van der H a m m e n 1956 Holotype: 4a- 125.2m-HdV 18831, Brazil. Location
ex H o o r n nov. sp. in slide: 109/44.6 (Plate III, 14 (holotype), 15
Holotype: Santa Isabel 19-HdV15899, Colombia. and 16).
Location in slide: 101.5/40.3 (Plate III, 19: holo- Derivatio nominis: the name is derived from the
type, 20). verrucate sculpture o f this pollen grain.
Diagnosis: Heterocolpate, psilate-microreticulate Diagnosis: Heterocolpate, verrucate pollen grain.
pollen grain. Small sized with prolate shape. Small sized subspheroidal shape. Radially symmet-
Radially symmetrical. Isopolar; polar area rical. Isopolar; polar area large. Verrucae short
medium. Pori lalongate, oval shaped (2 p.m). and flat (_+ 0.5 x 2 p.m). Pori equidimensional
Dimensions: L g , + = 15 p.m; L t , + = 10 ~tm; ex- (2 I.tm).
M,+= l l , m. Dimensions: L g , + = 17,5 p.m; L t , + = 14 p.m; ex-
Variability in size: L g , + = 15 18.5 lam; L t , + = M,+= 1.3 lam.
13 btm Variability in size: L g , + = 17.5-20 p.m; L t , + =
T a x o n o m i c affinity: Melastomataceae; resemblance 13-15 p.m.
to the genus Miconia. T a x o n o m i c affinity: Melastomataceae.
Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones A - E . Age: Miocene. Stratigraphic range: zones A - E .
Remarks: Based on a recent type and included in Remarks: this species differs from H. incomptus
a invalidly published genus, the c o m b i n a t i o n H. nov. sp and H. rotundus nov. sp. in sculpture.
incomptus Van der H a m m e n 1956 is here validated
by designating a fossil holotype and describing
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