Transport System (Plants & Animal) • Absorption of water and nutrients from the

soil by the roots

What is the 4 Kingdoms in The Domain?
1st Kingdom of Protista
• Single celled organisms are placed under the
Kingdom Protista.
• Protista or Protists are able to transport
material for their food only to absorb nutrients
Just think about this: if drought or water scarcity sets
in, a plant which has lots of roots would have a
greater chance of survival compared to a plant with
a few roots. This is explained by the fact that a plant
with many root extensions has greater absorptive
capacity. It is the reason why during the summer,
grasses in your backyard wilt easier than big trees.

2nd Kingdom of Fungi

• A group of eukaryotic protists, including

mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc.,
which are characterised by the absence of
chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid
cell wall composed of chitin, mannans and
sometimes cellulose.

• Transport of food from their substrate into

their cell walls.
Third Level (Transfer of water and nutrients from the
3rd Kingdom of Plantae(Plants) root to the highest part of the plant even without a
mechanical pump.)
• Different parts of the plant are involved in
transport or movement of water and nutrients. • Among tall trees, water and nutrients, also
These parts are the roots, the stem and the called xylem sap, become transported along
leaves. The transport system of plants works a length of about 100 meters. This is made
similar to your circulatory system. possible through a process called
transpiration.
The Levels of Transport in Plants
First Level (Cellular Transport)
• Solutes and ions are transferred from one
cell to another.

• This typically occurs through diffusion and

osmosis. With osmosis, water flows from an
area of high solute concentration to an
area of low solute concentration. What is Xylem? (Straw)

• The xylem is a tube and transport system, that

helps water and dissolved substances go to
different plant parts.

• The dissolved substances are minerals from

the soil and food previously stored in the stem
and roots.

• The tubes are connected end to end.

• Xylem transport is said to be unidirectional,

which means transport occurs in a single
direction.

Second Level (Absorption of water and nutrients

from the soil by the roots) What is Phloem? (It’s Alive & Kicking)

• The phloem is another transport system in

plants that carries food or sucrose, a type of
sugar, from the leaves to other plant parts.
 • Sucrose is actually an end-product of Adhesion
photosynthesis. Up to 30% of phloem sap is
made up of sucrose.
• Phloem transport is bidirectional, which
means that transport occurs in two directions.
In flower-bearing plants or “angiosperms”,
the special cells in phloem are called sieve-
tube members.
Water Transport
Apoplast
Translocation
During translocation, when
phloem is loaded with sucrose,
water flows into phloem
through osmosis. When the
phloem sap reaches the
sugar sink, unloading occurs, Symplast
which means that as sugar goes out, water also flows
out. Water is then recycled through xylem transport.
Transpiration
• Transpiration is the
process of water loss from the
stomata in plant leaves.
• It also occurs in flowers,
stems and roots. It is similar to
evaporation. Transpiration or
water loss allows carbon dioxide to get into
the leaves from the air. Remember that
carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis.
Cohesion
• The action or fact of forming a united whole.
• Water Sticks to other Water molecule
Via Hydrogen Bond
• The action or process of adhering to a
surface or object.
• Water sticks to non-water Molecules
Via Hydrogen Bonds
• Water movement occurs through
intercellular spaces & walls
• No Crossing of Cell membrane
• Mass flow of water occurs due to adhesive &
cohesive properties of water
• Water movement occurs through cytoplasm
through plasmodesmata.
• Crossing of cell membrane occurs, hence
slower
• Mass flow occurs along potential Gradient
4th Kingdom of Animalia
• Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic
organisms, which are heterotrophic,
meaning they obtain nutrition from organic
sources. Most animals obtain nutrition by
ingesting other organisms or decomposing
organic material.
• Internal Transport: An internal transport
system is something that is used to move
nutrients, gases, and wastes. Small aquatic
animals can live without any internal
transport systems because they rely on
diffusion.
• Diffusion does not work in bigger animals
because they have so much more simple or
complex circulatory systems with hearts that
moves to transport blood through blood
vessels.
Circulatory System
Features and Functions
• Circulatory systems generally have three
main features:
• Fluid (blood or hemolymph) that
transports materials (both wastes &
nutrients).
• System of blood vessels
• A heart to pump the fluid through the
vessels
Types of circulatory systems
• Animals that have a circulatory system have
one of two kinds:
• Open: fluid is circulated through an
open body chamber.
• Closed: fluid is circulated through
blood vessels.
Open system
• Arthropods and most mollusks
have an open circulatory
system.
• Hemolymph is contained in a body cavity,
the hemocoel. A series of hearts circulates
the fluid. Internal organs are bathed in the
fluid.
Closed system
• Vertebrates, annelid worms,
and a few mollusks have a closed
circulatory system.
• Blood is moved through blood vessels by the
heart’s action. It does not come in direct
contact with body organs.
Blood
Blood is made up of four major components:
Plasma: the liquid portion. Contains dissolved
nutrients, hormones, gases.
Red blood cells: transport oxygen
White cells: defenses against invaders
Platelets: help form blood clots
Red Blood Cells
• RBCs are disc-shaped cells that lose their
nucleus at maturity.
• Make up about 99% of the blood’s cellular
component.
• Red color is due to hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin
• Hemoglobin is a complex protein made up of
four protein strands. Iron is used to form heme
groups.
• Each hemoglobin molecule can carry four
oxygen atoms. The presence of oxygen turns
hemoglobin bright red.
White cells
• White blood cells defend against disease by
recognizing proteins that do not belong to
the body.
• White cells are able to ooze through the walls
of capillaries to patrol the tissues and reach
the lymph system.
Platelets
• Platelets are cell fragments used in blood
clotting.
• Platelets are derived from megakaryocites.
Because they lack a nucleus, platelets have
a short lifespan, usually about 10 days.
Blood clotting
• Platelets aggregate at the site of a wound.
• Broken cells and platelets release chemicals
to stimulate thrombin production.
• Thrombin converts the protein fibrinogen into
sticky fibrin, which binds the clot.
Blood Vessels
Classes of blood vessels
• Blood vessels fall into three major classes:
• Arteries and arterioles carry blood
away from the heart.
• Veins and venules carry blood to the
heart.
• Capillaries allow exchange of
nutrients, wastes and gases.
Arteries
• Arteries are thick-walled, and lined with
smooth muscle.
• Arteries expand with each heart beat, and
contract afterwards, helping to move blood.
Veins
• Veins have thinner walls than arteries.
• Contraction of skeletal muscles helps move
blood up the limbs and back to the heart.
• Valves in the veins prevents backflow of
blood.
Capillaries
• Body tissues contain a vast network of thin
capillaries.
• Capillary walls are only one cell thick,
allowing exchange of gases, nutrients, and
wastes.
• Capillaries are so fine that RBCs must line up
single-file to go through them.
Atherosclerosis
• LDL cholesterol forms plaques in arteries,
triggering inflammation.
• The immune system forms a hard cap over
the plaque, partially blocking the artery.
Caps can rupture, creating clots that can
close off an artery.
Preventing heart attacks
• Both genetic and environmental factors
contribute to atherosclerosis.
• Blood LDL cholesterol can be reduced by a
low-fat diet that emphasizes high-fiber foods
and “good” fats (monounsaturated fats,
omega-3 oils).
• Regular exercise also helps reduce LDL
cholesterol.
Heart
• Heart is a powerful muscular organ lying
between lungs in the upper part of thorax of
our body. It is four-chambered- two (right
and left) atria (sing. atrium, also called
auricles), and two (right and left) ventricles.
• The heart is made of specialized muscle cells
(also called cardiac muscle fibers), which
contract and relax all the time without
getting tired. The contraction and relaxation
follows a rhythm called heartbeat to pump
blood into the vessels.
The Vertebrate Heart
• Vertebrate hearts are separated into two
types of chambers
• Atria (singular: atrium): receive blood
from body or lungs. Contractions of
the atria send blood through a valve
to the ventricles.
• Ventricles: receive blood from atria,
contract to send blood to body or
lungs.
Two-chambered heart
• The simplest vertebrate heart is
the two-chambered heart, seen
in fishes.
• A single atrium receives blood
from the body cells. A ventricle
sends blood to the gills to collect
oxygen.
Three-chambered heart
• Separate atria allow some
separation of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood, which
was an advantage for land
organisms (reptiles,
amphibians).
• Though blood can mix in the
ventricle, mixing is minimal.
Some reptiles have partial
separation of the ventricle.
Four-chambered heart
• The four-chambered heart,
seen in birds and mammals,
allows complete separation
of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood.
• Complete separation is
necessary to support a fast
metabolism found in
homeotherms.
TECHNOLOGIES

1. Pacemaker - A pacemaker is a small

device that's placed in the chest or
abdomen to help control abnormal heart
rhythms. This device uses low-energy
electrical pulses to prompt the heart to beat
at a normal rate.

2. ECG - An electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)

is a test that checks for problems with the
electrical activity of your heart. An EKG
shows the heart's electrical activity as line
tracings on paper.

3. Stethoscope - The stethoscope is an

acoustic medical device for auscultation,
or listening to the internal sounds of an
animal or human body. It typically has a
small disc-shaped resonator that is placed
against the chest, and two tubes
connected to earpieces.
4. Defibrillator - defibrillator delivers a dose
of electric current (often called a counter
shock) to the heart.
5. Sphygmomanometer - factor for coronary artery disease stroke ,
sphygmomanometer, blood pressure meter,
blood pressure monitor, or blood pressure
gauge is a device used to measure blood
pressure, composed of an inflatable cuff to
collapse and then release the artery under
the cuff in a controlled manner, and a
mercury or mechanical manometer to
measure the pressure. It is always used in
conjunction with a means to determine at
what pressure blood flow is just starting, and
at what pressure it is unimpeded.
6. CAT - A CT scan makes use of computer-
processed combinations of many X-ray
measurements taken from different angles
to produce cross-sectional (tomographic)
images (virtual "slices") of specific areas of a
scanned object, allowing the user to see
inside the object without cutting. Other
terms include computed axial tomography
(CAT scan) and computer aided
tomography.
7. MRI - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
is a type of scan that uses strong magnetic
fields and radio waves to produce detailed
images of the inside of the body. An MRI
scanner is a large tube that contains
powerful magnets. You lie inside the tube
during the scan.
DISEASES
1. Hypertension - Hypertension (HTN or HT),
also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is
a long term medical condition in which the
blood pressure in the arteries is persistently
elevated. [8] High blood pressure usually
does not cause symptoms. Long term high
blood pressure, however, is a major risk
heart failure, peripheral vascular disease ,
vision loss, and chronic kidney disease .
2. Aneurism - A brain (cerebral) aneurysm is
a bulging, weak area in the wall of an artery
that supplies blood to the brain . In most
cases, a brain aneurysm causes no
symptoms and goes unnoticed. In rare
cases, the brain aneurysm ruptures,
releasing blood into the skull and causing a
stroke . When a brain aneurysm ruptures, the
result is called a subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Depending on the severity of the
hemorrhage, brain damage or death may
result.
3. RHD - Rheumatic heart disease occurs
when attacks of ARF cause permanent
scarring and damage to the valves of the
heart. Normally, heart valves help move
blood through the chambers of the heart
with each beat. When valves have been
damaged by RHD they cannot open and
close normally, causing blood to move in
the wrong direction. When this happens the
heart cannot pump blood effectively,
causing heart failure. 4. Stroke - A stroke
occurs when the blood supply to your brain
is interrupted or reduced. This deprives your
brain of oxygen
and nutrients, which can cause ur brain
cells to die. A stroke may be caused by a
blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or the
leaking or bursting of a blood vessel
(hemorrhagic stroke).
5. Leukemia - Leukemia, also spelled
leukaemia , is a group of cancers that
usually begin in the bone marrow and result
in high numbers of abnormal white blood
cells. These white blood cells are not fully
developed and are called blasts or
leukemia cells. Symptoms may include
bleeding and bruising problems, feeling
tired, fever, and an increased risk of
infections.

6. Sickle cell anemia - Sickle-cell disease

(SCD) is a group of blood disorders typically
inherited from a person's parents. [2] The
most common type is known as sickle-cell
anaemia (SCA). It results in an abnormality
in the oxygen-carrying protein
haemoglobin (hemoglobin S) found in red
blood cells. This leads to a rigid, sickle -like
shape under certain circumstances.
Problems in sickle cell disease typically
begin around 5 to 6 months of age. A
number of health problems may develop,
such as attacks of pain ("sicklecell crisis"),
anemia, swelling in the hands and feet,
bacterial infections, and stroke0. Long term
pain may develop as people get older. The
average life expectancy in the developed
world is 40 to 60 years

7. Atherosclerosis - Atherosclerosis is a
disease in which plaque builds up inside
your arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that
carry oxygen-rich blood to your heart and
other parts of your body.