Jaguar D-Type

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Jaguar D-Type

1955 Jaguar D-Type

Overview

Manufacturer Jaguar Cars

Production 1954–1957

Body and chassis

Class Sports racing car

Body style Roadster

Related Jaguar XKSS

Chronology

Predecessor Jaguar C-Type

Successor Jaguar E-Type

The Jaguar D-Type is a sports racing car that was produced by Jaguar Cars Ltd. between 1954 and 1957.
Although it shares several components, including the basic Straight-6 XK engine design (initially 3.4 litres
 and uprated to 3.8 litres in the late fifties), with its predecessor the C-Type, the majority of the car is
radically different. For example its innovative monocoque construction introduced aviation industry
engineering to competition car design, and also an aeronautical understanding of aerodynamic efficiency.

D-Types won the Le Mans 24-hour race in 1955, 1956 and 1957. After Jaguar temporarily retired from
racing as a factory team, the company offered the remaining unfinished D-Types as XKSS versions whose
extra road-going equipment made them eligible for production sports car races in America. In 1957 25 of
these cars were in various stages of completion when a factory fire destroyed nine of them.

Total D-Type production is thought to have included 18 factory team cars, 53 customer cars, and 16 XKSS
versions.

Contents

[hide]

 1 Design

 2 Competition history

 3 XKSS

 4 Value

 5 References

 6 External links

Design[edit source]

1955 cockpit

1955 D-Type with stabilizing fin

Double overhead cam 3.4 litre straight six cylinder XK6 engine

The structural design, revolutionary at the time, applied aeronautical technology. The "tub", or cockpit
section, was of monocoque construction, mostly comprising sheets of aluminium alloy. Its elliptical shape
and comparatively small cross-section provided torsional rigidity and reduced drag. [1] To the front bulkhead
was attached an aluminium tubing subframe for the engine, steering assembly, and front suspension. Rear
suspension and final drive were mounted to the rear bulkhead. Fuel was carried in the tail and the
designers followed aviation practice by specifying a deformable Marston Aviation Division bag [1][2] in place of
a conventional tank.

The aerodynamic bodywork was largely the work of Malcolm Sayer, who had joined Jaguar following a stint
with the Bristol Aeroplane Company during the Second World War and later worked on the C-Type. For the
D-Type, he insisted on a minimal frontal area. To reduce the XK engine's height, Jaguar's Chief Engineer
William Haynes and former Bentley engineer Walter Hassan developed dry sump lubrication, and it has
been said that the car's frontal area was also a consideration in canting the engine at 8½° from the vertical
(which necessitated the offset bonnet bulge). Philip Porter, in his book Jaguar Sports Racing Cars, says that
"[a] more likely reason was to provide extra space for the ram pipes feeding the three twin-choke Weber
carburettors."[1] Reducing underbody drag contributed to the car's high top speed; for the long Mulsanne
Straight at Le Mans, a fin was mounted behind the driver for aerodynamic stability. For the 1955 season,
factory cars were fitted with a longer nose, which lengthened the car by 7½ inches and further increased
maximum speed; and the headrest fairing and aerodynamic fin were combined as a single unit that
smoothed the aerodynamics and saved weight.[1]

Mechanically, many features were shared with the outgoing C-Type. Its rear suspension and innovative all-
round disc brakes were retained, as was the XK engine. Apart from the new lubrication system, the engine
was further revised as development progressed during the D-Type's competition life. Notably in 1955
larger valves were introduced, together with an asymmetrical cylinder head to accommodate them.

Elements of the body shape and many construction details were used in the Jaguar E-Type.

Competition history[edit source]

D-Type XKD403, winner of the 1954 Reims 12 Hours race

D-Types fielded by a team under the leadership of Jaguar's racing manager Lofty England were expected to
perform well in their debut at the 1954 24 Hours of Le Mans race. In the event, the cars were hampered by
fuel starvation caused by problems with the fuel filters, necessitating pit stops for their removal, [1] after which
the entry driven by Duncan Hamilton and Tony Rolt speeded up to finish less than a lap behind the
winning Ferrari. The D-Type's aerodynamic superiority is evident from its maximum speed of 172.8 mph on
the Mulsanne Straight compared with the more powerful Ferrari's 160.1 mph.[1]

For 1955 the cars were modified with long-nose bodywork and engines uprated with larger valves. At Le
Mans, they proved competitive with the Mercedes-Benz 300 SLRs, which had been expected to win. Mike
Hawthorn's D-Type had a narrow lead over Juan Manuel Fangio's Mercedes when another Mercedes team
car was involved in the most catastrophic accident in motorsport history.[3] Driver Pierre Levegh and more
than 80 spectators lost their lives, while many more were injured.

Mercedes withdrew from the race. Jaguar opted to continue, and the D-Type driven by Hawthorn and Ivor
Bueb went on to win.

D-Type XKD606, winner of the 1957 Le Mans 24 Hours race, in Ecurie Ecossemetallic Flag Blue livery

Mercedes withdrew from motorsport at the end of the 1955 season, and Jaguar again entered Le Mans
in 1956. Although only one of the three factory-entered cars finished, in 6th place, the race was won by a D-
Type entered by the smallEdinburgh-based team Ecurie Ecosse and driven by Ron Flockhart and Ninian
Sanderson, beating works teams from Aston Martin and Scuderia Ferrari.

In America, the Cunningham team raced several D-Types. In 1955, for example, a 1954 works car on loan
to Cunningham won the Sebring 12 Hours in the hands of Mike Hawthorn and Phil Walters, and in May
1956 the team's entries for Maryland's Cumberland national championship sports car race included four D-
Types in Cunningham's white and blue racing colors. Driven by John Fitch, John Gordon Benett, Sherwood
Johnston and team owner Briggs Cunningham, they finished 4th, 5th, 7th and 8th respectively.

1956 Jaguar D-Type Long Nose

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Jaguar D-Type Long Nose at Goodwood

Festival of Speed 2009

Problems playing this file? See media help.

Although Jaguar withdrew from motorsport at the end of the 1956 season, 1957 proved to be the D-Type's
most successful year. D-Types took five of the top six places at Le Mans;
Ecurie Ecosse, with considerable support from Jaguar, and a 3.8-litre engine, again took the win, and also
second place. This was the best result in the D-Type's racing history.

Rules for the 1958 Le Mans race limited engine size to 3 litres for sports racing cars, which ended the
domination of the D-Type with its 3.8-litre XK engine. Jaguar developed a 3-litre version to power D-Types
in the 1958, 1959 and 1960 Le Mans races but it was unreliable, and by 1960 it no longer produced
sufficient power to be competitive.

The D-Type’s star waned as support from Jaguar decreased and the cars from rival manufacturers became
more competitive. Although it continued to be one of the cars to beat in club racing and national events, the
D-Type never again achieved a podium finish at Le Mans. By the early 1960s it was obsolete.

XKSS[edit source]

Main article: Jaguar XKSS

Road-equipped XKSS

After Jaguar temporarily retired from racing as a factory team in 1956, the company offered the remaining
unfinished D-Types as XKSS versions whose additional road-going equipment—including a second seat,
passenger-side door, side windows, full-width framed windscreen and windscreen wipers, trimmed interior,
folding hood, and bumpers—made them eligible for production sports car races in America.

On the evening of 12 February 1957, a fire broke out at Jaguar's Browns Lane plant and destroyed nine of
the 25 cars that were in various stages of completion. With the requisite jigs and tooling also destroyed, this
effectively ended production of the XKSS version, although Jaguar later converted two additional D-Types. [1]

Value[edit source]

The first factory production D-Type (XKD-509) was sold at Bonhams auction for £2,201,500 in July 2008.
The previous highest confirmed price was £1,706,000, set in 1999. [citation needed]

References[edit source]

1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Porter, Philip (1998), Jaguar Sports Racing Cars, Bay View Books, ISBN 1-901432-21-1

2. Jump up^ Wood, Jonathan (1998). Jaguar: The Legend. New York: Smithmark. p. 28. ISBN 0-7651-0847-X.

3. Jump up^ Deadliest Crash:the Le Mans 1955 Disaster (Programme Website), BBC Four documentary, broadcast 16 May 2010.

External links[edit source]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Jaguar D-Type or Jaguar XKD

 Coventry Racers - Pages for each of the 71 D-Types, including photos and short histories for many.

 Steve McQueen's XKSS