STAAD Pro REPORT

Primary Load Cases

Number Name Type

1 LOAD CASE 1 Dead
2 LOAD CASE 2 Live

Layout of Building

Material Properties

Concrete : M30
Steel : Fe 415
Support Condition : Fixed

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Section Properties

Property Specification
R1 Column 500mm X 250mm
R2 Beam 500mm X 250mm

Frame A

Frame B

Frames A and B

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Beam A1

Frame A and Selected Beam A1

Frame A Bending Moment diagram

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 Frame A Shear Force diagram

Beam B1

Frame B and selected beam B1

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FrameB Bending Moment diagram

FrameB Shear Force diagram

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 ETABS REPORT

Layout of Building with Column Plan

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 ETABS 3D Model

Section Properties

Member Specification
Beam 500mm X 250mm
Column 500mm X 250mm
Slab 120mm Thick

Material Properties

Concrete : M30
Steel : Fe 415
Support Condition : Fixed

Frames selected are same as that in STAAD Pro – Frame A and B

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 Frame B

Frame A

Frames A and B

Beam A1

Frame A- Beam A1

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 Beam B1

Frame B – Beam B1

Frame A Bending Moment Diagram

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 Frame A Shear Force Diagram

Frame B Bending Moment Diagram

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 Frame B Shear Force Diagram

Comparison of Results between ETABS and STAAD Pro

Result
Member ETABS STAAD Pro % difference
(Max)

BM 38.37 KNm 32.87 KNm 14.3

A1
SF 56.93 KN 41.83 KN 26
BM 52.76 KNm 50.661KNm 3.9
B1
SF 98.38 KN 63.79 KN 35

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 ANALYSIS REPORT – SAP2000 V16.0
WATER TANK

Volume of water tank: 40000litres

Tank Dimensions: 4.5 m x 4 m x 2.5 m
Height of Water tank: 10 m
Wind Velocity: 42 m/s
Terrain Category: 1
Earthquake Zone: III

3D Model of water tank using SAP2000

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 4.5m

4m

Plan View of the Tank Structure

SF AND BMD
Response spectrum analysis results

BMD for SL condition

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SFD for SL condition

Mode Shapes

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 Modal Participating Mass Ratios
Output Case Mode Period UX UY
Number Sec
MODAL 1 0.478475 0.0000004546 0.93819
MODAL 2 0.433146 0.93673 0.000000455
MODAL 4 0.064214 0.000000003531 0.05012
MODAL 6 0.053486 0.05011 0.00000000003243

Comparison Of Time Periods

Time Period from SAP Analysis:

Tx = 0.4331
Ty = 0.4784

Time period through manual calculations;

Mass of Water = 40000kg

Mass of Tank = 25484kg
Total Mass = 65484kg
Stiffness Calculation
Apply 1KN load at the centroid of the tank to obtain the displacements.
Ux = 0.00007103m
1
Therefore, stiffness, K = = 14078KN/m
0.00007103

𝐾 14078000
ω=√ =√ =14.66 rad/s
𝑚 65484

2π 2π
Tx = = = 0.428
ω 14.66

Uy = 0.00008604m
1
K= = 11622.50KN/m
0.00008604

𝐾 11622500
ω=√ =√ =13.32rad/s
𝑚 65484

2π 2π
Ty = = = 0.471
ω 13.32

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Design for DL + SL + LL

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 CSI BRIDGE – STUDY

Modeling, analysis and design of bridge structures have been integrated into CSiBridge to
create the ultimate in computerized engineering tools. The ease with which all of these tasks
can be accomplished makes CSiBridge the most versatile and productive software program
available on the market today.

Using CSiBridge, engineers can easily define complex bridge geometries, boundary conditions
and load cases. The bridge models are defined parametrically, using terms that are familiar to
bridge engineers such as layout lines, spans, bearings, abutments, bents, hinges and post-
tensioning. The software creates spine, shell or solid object models that update automatically
as the bridge definition parameters are changed.

CSiBridge design allows for quick and easy design and retrofitting of steel and concrete
bridges. The parametric modeler allows the user to build simple or complex bridge models and
to make changes efficiently while maintaining total control over the design process. Lanes and
vehicles can be defined quickly and include width effects. Simple and practical Gantt charts
are available to simulate modeling of construction sequences and scheduling.

CSiBridge includes an easy to follow wizard that outlines the steps necessary to create a bridge
model.

Completely integrated within the CSiBridge design package is the power of the SAPFire®
analysis engine, including staged construction, creep and shrinkage analysis, cable tensioning
to target forces, camber and shape finding, geometric nonlinearity (P-delta and large
displacements), material nonlinearity (superstructure, bearings, substructure and soil supports),
buckling and static and dynamic analysis. All of these apply to a single comprehensive model.
In addition, AASHTO LRFD design is included with automated load combinations,
superstructure design and the latest seismic design.

FEATURES OF CSI BRIDGE

► One Window, Many Views

CSiBridge offers a single user interface to perform: Modelling, Analysis, Design,
Scheduling, Load Rating, and Reporting.
► Templates

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 CSiBridge offers a selection of templates for quickly starting a new bridge model or
structure. This is often a good starting point to creating a model as the template can be
modified later.
► Interactive Database Editing
Interactive database editing allows users to edit model data in a table view which
simplifies the task of making changes to the model. Tables are easily exportable and
importable from Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Access.
► Bridge Object Model
The bridge object model is a comprehensive assemblage of components that make up
the entire bridge model. The parametric model is managed through the bridge object
model. This includes: the modelling of deck sections, diaphragms, bearings, restrainers,
foundation springs, superstructure variation, abutments, bents, hinges, tendon layouts,
and more.
► Bridge Wizard
The Bridge Wizard is a powerful tool that guides users step-by-step through the creation
of a complete bridge model with instructions at each step to ensure that all of the
necessary components are defined in the model.
► Layout Lines
Layout lines define the highway layout of the bridge. They can be defined within
CSiBridge using bearing and station notation, or they can be imported using a
TransXML file. As layout lines are modified, the entire bridge structure and its
parametric geometry is updated.
► Superstructure Deck Sections
CSiBridge has a wide array of parametric deck sections including concrete box girders,
precast I and U girders, steel boxes, and steel girder bridges. All deck sections are
parametrically configurable for an accurate bridge deck section definition.
► Substructure
Bridge substructures can very accurately be modeled in CSiBridge. Bents, abutments,
restrainers, bearings and foundation springs are all elements that can be defined as
either link or hinge elements.
► Diaphragms
Diaphragms may be located at the supports and along the spans. Types include concrete,
steel girder, and detailed steel cross-frames. These may be skewed and staggered.
Interior cross frames for steel U-girders may also be specified.

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► Post-Tensioning
Define post-tensioning in CSiBridge using the refined options for laying out tendons
and forces. When defining box girders, CSiBridge will automatically assign the drape
locations within the tendon; the engineer can edit them as well.
► Parametric Variations
CSiBridge allows variations for the entire bridge or just parts of the bridge alignment
and slope, for both horizontal and vertical variations of the deck section. Defining
variations parametrically significantly reduces the amount of time spent on the
modelling process.
► Lanes
Quickly define the lanes based on the layout lines of the bridge. The lanes can be
defined such that the width of each lane is wider than the design vehicle. Enveloped
response results can be defined later to accurately model vehicle loads on the bridge.
► Joints
CSiBridge automatically creates joints at structural object intersections or internal
joints when meshing structural objects. Joint coordinates and information may be
displayed on screen in the model window or in tabular format.
► Frames
The frame element uses a general, three-dimensional, beam-column formulation which
includes the effects of biaxial bending, torsion, axial deformation, and biaxial shear
deformations. CSiBridge has a built-in library of standard concrete, steel, and
composite section properties of both US and International Standard sections.
► Tendons
In CSiBridge, Tendons are easily drawn as independent objects, with geometry
specified as straight lines, parabolas, circular curves, or other arbitrary shapes. They
can also be defined parametrically to drape inside of a box girder. Tendon loads,
including all losses, are easily defined.
► Cables
The cable element is a highly nonlinear element used to model the catenary behaviour
of slender cables under their own self-weight. They are particularly useful in modelling
suspension bridges or cable-stayed bridges.
► Shells
The shell element is a type of area object that is used to model membrane, plate, and
shell behaviour in planar and three-dimensional structures. The shell material may be

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 homogeneous or layered throughout; material nonlinearity can also be considered when
using the layered shell.
► Solids
The solid element is an eight-node element for modelling three-dimensional structures
and solids. It is based upon an isoparametric formulation that includes nine optional
incompatible bending modes and is useful for modelling objects in which loading,
boundary conditions, section properties, or reactions vary by thickness.
► Links
A link element may exhibit linear, nonlinear, and frequency dependent behaviour. The
following link elements are available in CSiBridge: Linear, Multi-linear Elastic, Multi-
linear Plastic, Gaps, Hooks, Dampers, Friction Isolators, Rubber Isolators, T/C
Isolators, Frequency-dependent Springs, and Frequency-dependent Dampers.
► Hinges
Users can create and apply hinge properties to perform pushover analyses in CSiBridge.
Nonlinear material behaviour in frame elements (beam/column/brace) can be modelled
using fibre hinges. This approach represents the material in the cross section as discrete
points, each following the exact stress-strain curves of the material. Mixed materials,
such as reinforced concrete and complex shapes can be represented.
► Springs
Spring supports are link elements that are used to elastically connect joints to the ground
and can be linear or nonlinear in nature. Nonlinear support conditions can be modelled
to include gaps (compression only), multi-linear elastic or plastic springs, viscous
dampers, and base isolators. Advanced modelling capabilities allow foundations to be
included with the superstructure, including piles and spread footings. P-Y multi-linear
force deformation parameters and compression-only soil springs can be defined.
► Vehicle Loads and Classes
Vehicles are used to define the moving loads in CSiBridge and are most often defined
to act on the traffic lanes. There are standard types of vehicles in the program, or users
can design unique vehicles using the general vehicle specification. Vehicle classes are
sets of one or more vehicles that can be assigned to act on lanes in a moving-load case.
► Load Patterns
A load pattern is a specified spatial distribution of forces, displacements, temperatures,
and other effects that act upon the structure.
► Parametric Loading

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 Superstructure loads may be defined and assigned to a bridge object model
parametrically. Bridge Object loads may be assigned for any defined load pattern type
and may include loads due to wearing surfaces, parapets, forms, diaphragms, girders,
decks and more. Once the parametric bridge object loads have been defined they may
be easily displayed and modified.
► Analysis
CSI Solvers have been tried and tested by the industry for over 35 years. The SAPFire
Analysis Engine can support multiple 64-bit solvers for analysis optimization and
perform both Eigen Analysis and Ritz Analysis
► Moving Load
Moving load analysis is available in CSiBridge to compute influence lines and surfaces
for traffic lanes on bridge structures and to analyse these structures for the response due
to vehicle live loads. Vehicles can also be moved in a multi-step analysis. This can use
either multi-step static load cases or time-history load cases, the latter of which can be
linear or nonlinear.
► Buckling
Linear (bifurcation) buckling modes of a structure can be found under any set of loads.
Buckling can be calculated from a nonlinear or staged-construction state. Full nonlinear
buckling analysis is also available considering P-delta or large deflections effects.
Snap-through buckling behaviour can be captured using static analysis with
displacement control. Dynamic analysis can be used for modelling more complex
buckling, such as follower-load problems.
► P-Delta
P-delta analysis captures the softening effect of compression and the stiffening effect
of tension. A single P-delta analysis under gravity and sustained loads can be used to
modify the stiffness for linear load cases, which can later be superposed. Alternatively,
each combination of loads can be analysed for full nonlinear P-delta effects. P-delta
effects are included for all elements and are seamlessly integrated into analysis and
design.
► Pushover
Pushover analysis features in CSiBridge include the implementation of FEMA 356 and
the hinge and fibre hinge option based on stress-strain. The nonlinear layered shell
element enables users to consider plastic behaviour of concrete shear walls, slabs, steel

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 plates, and other area finite elements in the pushover analysis. Force-deformation
relations are defined for steel and concrete hinges.
► Dynamic
CSiBridge dynamic analysis capabilities include the calculation of vibration modes
using Ritz or Eigen vectors, response-spectrum analysis, and time-history analysis for
both linear and nonlinear behaviour.
► Time Dependent
Staged construction is a type of nonlinear analysis in CSiBridge that allows you to
define a sequence of stages wherein you can add or remove portions of the structure,
selectively apply load to portions of the structure, and to consider time-dependent
material behaviour such as aging, creep, and shrinkage.
► Steady State
Steady state analysis is available to determine the response of the structure due to cyclic
(harmonic, sinusoidal) loading over a range of frequencies. Frequency-dependent
stiffness and damping (complex impedance) properties may be included for modelling
foundations and far-field effects, including radiation damping. Steady state analysis can
be used to measure the effects of multiple machines operating at different frequencies
by combining the results of several analyses in the same model.
► Target Force
During nonlinear static analysis, cable and frame elements can be automatically
strained to achieve specified target axial force values. This is most commonly used to
tighten cables to pre-specified tensions, but it can also be used to jack structures to a
specified force using frame elements.
► Load Combinations
CSiBridge allows for an unlimited number of load cases and combinations. Load
combination types include: linear additive, envelope (min/max), absolute add, SRSS,
and range combinations. Combination components can include other combinations.
► Design
► Steel Frame
Fully integrated steel frame design includes member size optimization and
implementation of design codes. CSiBridge allows users to interactively view design
results at any frame member, change the parameters or section properties, and display
the updated member results.
► Concrete Frame

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 Fully integrated concrete frame design in CSiBridge includes: required area of steel
calculations, auto selection lists for new member sizing, implementation of design
codes, interactive design and review, and comprehensive overwrite capabilities.
► Automated Seismic
Engineers can define specific seismic design parameters to be applied to the bridge
model during an automated cycle of analysis through design. The new AASHTO
seismic design specification has been incorporated into CSiBridge, including pushover
analysis for seismic category D.
► Load Rating Overview
CSiBridge load rating calculates the safe load capacity of a bridge based on the
requirements of the AASHTO Manual for Condition Evaluation and Load and
Resistance Factor Rating (LRFR) of Highway Bridges October 2003 with 2005 Interim
Revisions and the Manual for Bridge Evaluation Second Edition 2011 with 2013
Interims.
► Deformed Geometry
Users can display deformed geometry based on any load or combination of loads, as
well as animations of modes.
► Force Diagrams
Shear and moment diagrams display internal shear forces, moments, and displacements
at all locations along the length of a frame element for any load case or load
combination. CSiBridge gives the option to scroll along the length to display values or
scroll directly to the maximum value location.
► Bridge Reponses
In CSiBridge, moving load response is calculated for all joints and elements. For each
of the following types of response, you may request a group of elements for which the
response should be calculated: Joint displacements, Joint reactions, Frame forces and
moments, Shell stresses, Shell resultant forces and moments, Plane stresses, Solid
stresses and Link/support forces and deformations.
► Influence Surfaces
An influence surface can be viewed as a curve of influence values plotted at the load
points along a traffic lane. For a given response quantity (force, displacement, or stress)
at a given location in the structure, the influence value plotted at a load point is the
value of that response quantity due to a unit concentrated downward force acting at that
load point.

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► Animations
CSiBridge allows users to animate results of vehicles and other loads on the bridge
model to help understand bridge behavior. Create movie files showing time-history and
moving vehicle responses, including multiple vehicles.
► Report Generation
Pre-formatted printed reports are now available at the push of a button. These reports
include all pertinent model data and the results of analysis and design. Data is presented
in tabulated format, along with graphics, table of contents, and a cover sheet displaying
project information and your company name and logo.

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