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1. Definition 0f management?
Management is the art and science of getting work done through people. It is the process of
giving direction and controlling of various activities of people to achieve the objectives of organization.
F.W.TAYLOR
“Management is the art of knowing what do you want to do and then seeing that is done in the best
cheapest way”.
System concepts
System theory was first applied in field of science and engineering.
Contingency approach
The Contingency approach is called as situational approach. It is developed by managers,
consultant and researchers who tried to apply for real life situation. Some management concepts are
different and are very effectively in one situation. The same concept is failed in another situation. Results or
solutions differ because situations differ.
In this approach the managers identify which is suitable technique for a particular solution.
Particular environment of the organization at a specific time.
4. Comparison between art and science.
Science:
It is a systematic body of knowledge with array of principles.
Art:
1. It is the application of skill in finding desired results.
2. Management is both science and art:
3. It contains general principle
4. It also an art because it require certain personal skills to achieve desired result.
5. Functions of management
1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Staffing
4. Co – ordinating
5. Controlling
6. Management level and functions.
1. Top-level management
2. Middle level management
3. Lower level management
Top level management functions
1. To formulate goals and policies
2. To formulate budgets
3. To appoint top executives
Middle level management functions.
1. To train motives &develop supervisory level
2. To monitor and control the operations performance
Low level management
1. To train &develop workers
2. To assign job
3. To give orders and instructions
4. To report the information about the workers
10. What are the arguments against the social involvement of business?
1. Social involvement may reduce economic efficiency.
2. Social involvement would create excessive costs for business, which cannot commit its resources
for social action.
3. Social involvement can weaken the international balance of payment.
4. it may leads to the hike in prices of the commodities
5. Incomplete support for involvement in social action &&disagreement among groups will cause
friction.
6. There is a link of accountability of business to society.
21. Explain in brief about the two approaches in which the hierarchy of objectives can be explained?
There are two approaches in which the hierarchy can be explained.
1. top-down approach
2. bottom-up approach
in the top-down approach, the total organization is directed through corporate objective provided by
the top-level management. In the bottom up approach, the top level management needs to have information
from lower level in the form of objectives.
43. What are the three basic approaches to select among alternatives?
1. Experience
2. Experimentation
3. Research and Analysis
Experience:
Relying on post experience, the choice among alternatives is selected to avoid mistakes.
Experimentation:
A firm may test a new product in a certain market before expanding its sale nationwide.
Research and Analysis:
The trend in research and analysis is simulation i.e. to develop mathematical tools.
98. What are the basic steps involved in the process of controlling?
1 establishment of standards
2 measurement of performance
3 comparing performance with the slandered
4 taking corrective action
99. What are the different technologies based productivity improvement techniques?
a) CAD
b) CAM
c) CIM
d) Robotics
e) Laser technology
f) Energy technology.