LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BY GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD

AIM:
To perform load flow (Power Flow) analysis for the given power system network by
using Gauss-Seidal power flow method.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED
POWERWORLD Simulator

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Power flow analysis or load flow analysis is the most fundamental study to be
performed to determine the steady state operating condition of power system network during
planning and operational phases. It is performed to determine the voltage, active and reactive
power flow at various points in the given network for different operating conditions.

Power flow studies are undertaken for the following reasons.

 To find the line flows

 To determine bus voltages and system voltage profile
 To minimize the System losses
 To study the effect of temporary loss of transmission and generation on system.
 To improve the existing system by changing the conductor sizes and system voltage
levels etc.,

The result of power flow analysis helps to know the present status of the power
system required for continuous monitoring and alternative plans for system expansion to meet
the ever increasing demand. A basic method of power flow was developed by German
mathematicians Carl Friedrich Gauss and Philip Ludwig Seidal which is known as Gauss-
Seidal power flow method.

Conditions for Successful Operation of a Power System

 There should be adequate real power generation to supply the power demand at
various load busses and also to the supply the losses.
 Bus voltage magnitudes should be maintained close to their rated values.
 Generators, transformers and transmission lines should not be overloaded at any point
of the time during the system operation.

IDEAL LOAD FLOW PROBLEM:

Ideal load flow problem is stated as follows:

The network configuration (line impedance and half line charging admittance) and all
the bus power injections will be given.
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝐺 − 𝑃𝐷

JJCET/EEE-POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB 18

Where Pi = Bus power injection
PG = Bus generation
PD = Bus demand
To determine the complex voltages at all the buses:
The state vector X is defined as
X = [V1, V2,……, VN, δ1, δ2,……., δN]T
Once the voltages at all the buses are known, then we can compute slack bus power, power
flows in the transmission lines and power loss in the transmission lines.

PRACTICAL LOAD FLOW PROBLEM:

Practical load flow problem can be stated as follows:
The network configuration, complex power demands for all buses, real power
generation schedules and voltage magnitudes of all the P-V buses and voltage magnitude of
the slack bus will be given.
To determine:
 Bus admittance matrix
 Bus voltage phase angles of all buses except the slack bus and bus voltage
magnitudes of all the P-Q buses.
State vector X = [V1, V2,……, VN, δ1, δ2,……., δN]T

Algorithm for Gauss-Seidal Power Flow Method

Step 1 : Read the given network data such as line and load data, specified power and
voltages, Q limits at the generator buses, and tolerance for convergences.
Step 2 : Compute and form bus admittance (Y-bus) matrix.
Step 3 : Assume 𝑉𝑘 = 𝑉𝑘(𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 ) ∠00 at all generator buses.
Step 4 : Assume 𝑉𝑘 = 1 ∠00 at all load buses.
Step 5 : Set iteration count = 1 (iter=1).
Step 6 : Let bus number i=1.
Step 7 : If ‘i’ refers to generator bus go to step 8, otherwise go to step 9.
Step 8(a): If ‘i’ refers to slack bus go to step 10, otherwise go to step 8(b).
Step 8 (b): Compute 𝑄𝑖 using
𝑁

𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = −𝐼𝑚 𝑉𝑖∗ 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗

𝑗 =1

𝑄𝐺𝑖 = 𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 + 𝑄𝐿𝑖

Check for Q limit violation
If 𝑄𝑖(𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) < 𝑄𝐺𝑖 < 𝑄𝑖(𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) , then 𝑄𝑖(𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐 ) = 𝑄𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
If 𝑄𝑖(𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) < 𝑄𝐺𝑖 , then 𝑄𝑖(𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐 ) = 𝑄𝑖(𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) − 𝑄𝐿𝑖
If 𝑄𝑖(𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) < 𝑄𝐺𝑖 < 𝑄𝑖(𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) , then 𝑄𝑖(𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐 ) = 𝑄𝑖(𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) − 𝑄𝐿𝑖
If Q limit is violated, then treat this bus as P-Q bus till convergence is obtained.

JJCET/EEE-POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB 19

Step 9 : Compute 𝑉𝑖 using the equation
𝑗 −1 𝑛
1 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗 𝑄𝑖
𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑤 = − 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗 𝑛𝑒𝑤
− 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑖=1 𝑖=𝑗 +1

Step 10: If i is less than number of buses, increment i by 1 and go to step 7.

Step 11: Compare two successive iteration values for 𝑉𝑖 .
If 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑉𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑑 < 𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 , go to step13.
Step 11: Update the new voltage as
𝑉 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑉 𝑜𝑙𝑑 + 𝛼 𝑉 𝑛𝑒𝑤 − 𝑉 𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑉 𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 𝑉 𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 1; go to step 6.

Step 12: Compute relevant quantities.

Slack Bus Power,
𝑁

𝑆1 = 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉 ∗ 𝐼 = 𝑉𝑖∗ 𝑌𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗

𝑗 =1
Line Flows 𝑆𝑖𝑗 = 𝑃𝑖𝑗 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖𝑗
= 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖∗ − 𝑉𝑗∗ 𝑌𝑖𝑗∗ 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 + 𝑉𝑖 2 𝑌𝑖𝑗∗
𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃𝑖𝑗 + 𝑃𝑗𝑖
𝑄𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑄𝑖𝑗 + 𝑄𝑗𝑖
Step 13: Stop the execution.

PROBLEM

Using Gauss-Seidel method, determine the following for the given powe system
network.
 Phasor values of the voltage at the load buses 2 and 3.
 Find the slack bus real and reactive power.
 Determine the line flows and line losses.
0.02+j0.04
1 2
256.6 MW

110.2 MVar
Slack Bus 0.01+j0.03 0.0125+j0.025
1∠0°

138.9 MW 45.2 MVar

JJCET/EEE-POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB 20

OUTPUT:

Bus Power and Voltage

Bus No Bus Type P (MW) Q (MVAr) V(p.u) (deg)

1 Slack 411.40 192.99 1.0 0
2 Load 256.6 110.2 0.9277 -3.894
3 Load 138.9 45.2 0.9482 -3.178

Line Flow Results:

From Bus To Bus Real Power Flow (MW) Reactive Power Flow (MVar)
1 2 190.95 66.90
1 3 205.34 90.27
3 2 65.57 43.27

JJCET/EEE-POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB 21

Line Losses:

From Bus To Bus Real Power Loss (MW) Reactive Power Loss (MVar)
1 2 9.514 19.027
1 3 5.596 16.787
3 2 0.897 1.793

RESULT

Load flow analysis of the given power system network was carried out by using
Gauss - Seidel method in POWERWORLD Simulator and the results were verified using
manual calculation.

JJCET/EEE-POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB 22