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    Shayne Lim
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    Governance and Economic Change in Singapore

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    47 просмотров18 страниц

    Governance and Economic Change in Singapore by Lee Soo Ann

    Загружено:

    Shayne Lim
    Governance and Economic Change in Singapore

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 18
    eriesn. 1d Scientific S Dears of uilding es 50 Years of Nation B ORE'S ECONOMIC EV ELOPMENT ection and Reflections Linda ¥,.C.Lim CHAPTER 2 Governance and Economic Change in Singapore Le See Aon “The Sagas conomy went ough sel changes de wo hans in is ode cf goeance om beng a eading utp of he Eas lia Campary (10) ‘hing pr of te cloy ofthe Seas Selemens, and more xa to ecg © Bh nlony by il, then to eg pat of Mea and now a ndependeat ‘epble Thn def governance eae the eno to gow ss Singapore ‘eran note nore 2d a mare co linked to the ose wel. esis ‘al icp and he eopona of the prop who cme ened Sager © Inne wthalgialchaage to ht snow pee f= gb nee. Home 1 denigrate of bie ons le Sgn poplin sow compel ingore © ‘aoe fer chang 1. Introduction “Tha the Singapore economy hat grown and changed i withour doubt. ical wis changes the rode of govenance ofthe economy andthe characeiics fits peo le These fico interacted with cach ether o bring abou change inthe economy ‘which enabled groweh to eke pace. There wee obo ether factors at work 00, dnch a the growth ia popalaton, che iow of capial from abroud, ecologeal ‘eae and oon, But changes inthe move of gvemance and people characteristics ‘weremade pose by these tors Tar modes of govemance ae ientied in this ey. The fine iste Singapore sun the Est fads Company (E1C) and the India Offic ofthe Brith goverment Up wo 1867. Second isthe Singapore una par ofthe Seats Selemets colony of| ‘th Bish government fom 1867 omar. Ted isthe Singapore ase Bis coloay fiom 1946, inllycomplealy ron by dhe Bush and then intra self govering nding with Singapore being pre of Mali in 1968-1965. “The fourth mode ie dat of the Singypore governed at an independen republic from 1965 It ago in this ey that major suuctrl canges in he Singapore 18. Spr Boni Dreipmne Reso nl iin economy ecuned under theft thre odes of goveance, There were undou ‘Spee danger he 5O years that Singapore bas bern an independent repli Sel ahee were dependent on the economie stuctore chang which occured before 1905, nbc ako help determine what further changes are probable after 2015, “eons sory lak the foundation root ofthe spreading ee thar is Singapore tole: Witbur snadequste appreciation of such root, itwoud nore wise 10 pes [ote on wha farther changes ae pose or probable 2, Singapore as Pat ofthe EIC and the India Office “Seamford Rafe an agent of he EIC sigaed the prement with he Sultan of Johor tertup ¢aadingserdemen in 1619, inaly ona tenancy basis and then chrough fren of the and in 1824. Tn 1815, Mab was eurme co che Duss eg Deen occupied bythe Brith fiom she sar ofthe Napoleonic Wars in 1795 t0 proves the Tench from occupying what wee dhe Dutch posesian in South Faun Macca war ane of hese a stutegie pre ebtane fm the Pocus by che asc 1641. s. “afer Malacca wat rezune othe Dut, marie vary wth the British screed, The Dutch ween suptiorpodon becase Malice ws located a the panowes point of the Sus of Malacca which inked the Indian Ocean andthe South Chiea Sex. As noted by Woog (1991, p. 20), “whoever poses Malacse set choke he spice wade thar pasted through the Set. Lard Hastings, chen (Governor Gencal ofthe EIG; ootequenly revived an old scheme wo serue he Serer of Mances by “ie eablshmen of xadon beyond Malar, such as may aera the southern entance of thote Se, while leaving impli eo the ‘Dusch che command of he Sunde Sais? ‘nu mara psy, but alkerativey Rafe could try for another site the hen Johor Rou valerate Afr Gnding the Kerman islands (the southern end ofthe Foca Sosa) and Sik (onthe est cos of Sumatra) not suitable, Rafe ded in hate the and of Singapoc in January 1819. The ld same of Singapore ms “Teaneck and Rafles had rad about i blag previouly an importa sea-rown (ahch war nha Temasek means), fom the Sah Melay or Malay Annals in the sa char ke was governor ov in 1812-1815 (when he ned Mala. Thus "he Ciacci wa rerio 75a pli ona ee nl igint heey Quen en vermin 60. Fasc tees tan amt nt gar wi ce Si of Mac and ani cat tern Jel Ll cured emus prev he pista ebhe ssc reacel te on fore e Rih IC 160 bra te Du IC inion (CHAPTER: | Gorman snd sane Cg Sopp: 19 ice of Singapore a «Brith semen wat more the outcome of circumstances ‘tan of design” (Weng 1991. p. 19. ‘Slagaore ws then aargly dese and with only few hundred een Lut (a people), but Rafe envssged i becoming s importa «por as Temaadl bad been He inated an exnomic change, tha of laying the framework for fe wade, her than chat ofmercane uade which had ben the preva blosopiy. Adam Sith had writen about fe trade in The Wealth of Nevon (1783), and Rafer doped this new plc ia cosas woth aed ade rane by neighboring pos ‘hich fellowed meri plilosphy. ‘A che iand bad hardy any people, Rafer alto adopted policy of che ee ‘movement in and out of people of any rac, language origin. Spice ides cme in esponse to the incendv ofbeing fe of uade wes; many Wete Chace residing nother pts of Sohea Ais chaz Nalaos, who for centres had hoc dhe eae ‘ies of wade bowen China and Southeast Asa Thi people Soe plat a change in the made of governance of Singapore cele the economic change of ie trade 1 propel he grow of tadein pcs, In an 1824 Anglo-Dutch wea Macs cane Bish and, cogether wih Penang (obsined in 1784) and Singapore Founded i 1819), conse the Suits Saemens aa presidency ofthe FIC In ers of governance, the Sis Serdemen capil wat moved fn 1836 from Penang wo Singepore, which emeaged atthe hub of the apie trade through it ‘apaciy wink Bugis and Chinese pice wader with the FIC and British independ- eat waders. Afr governors ofthe Src Selements came to be located in Siggapoc, dey emphasized it growth. For example, fe trade mean ha evenie in Singzpore was vay low, bu Sr Seedement goveraozt aw tthe impor of ‘onvie abo rom India who bul roads and imperanc buldings in Singspore that sel exe today ‘Compesiion bewees the EIC and independen waders edt the 1838 ls of ‘he ECs Chin wade monopoly. Bute spice ude though Singapore grew whether ‘conducted by the EIC or independent rader Sling hie aed in Singapore ee "November ro Mach with he area monsoon ad lf Singapore fem May to ‘September wth the southeast monsoon. There wer lo othe places in the Riss a Ra Reels nse ign oh Sng cppeaaelnie cearhoareett Sr Rete SEE gems taenas tomes aan alae JSotinrciarmsa toms soc Sela eheerenlntten imeem om snc 2 Sse oi: open ere define “BhieL. Exh mbafogpe Je Tew) Seeben Am) ala Oeste ws i 6 a a) 5 6 20 oy ‘Archipelago and Sumatre-where slg shipe could satin beeneen monsons (which ‘xplsas che ise of Plena, for example, «major port) ba the ataction of Singapore lyin het tha the FIC was Bish and had made Singapore the cpt ofthe Sit Serdemens. ‘Briain became se jor world power inte 19u cota, basal lrg on es vy having defeated he French under Naplen in 184. In 1836 dhe EIC intaned ‘ors wo elniaae pirates, he sao es 0 fo wade, and by 1854, coopeion ‘eaweca dhe Bish, Dutch and Spanish (who contol the Philippine navies had mina this threat. Te ade of Singapore in is fis 0 years wa agely wi he rer of Southeast Ai (Table 1) ‘As 1857 uprising of Indian sepa olden) led to a x-xamination of Bish rule in indi, ain 1858 the EIC war abolished by the British paamene and an India Office of the Briish goverament was setup to run Tndia. As the Siri Sexlemeas hed been part ofthe EIC, came under the purview ofthis ofcefrom 1858, bc traders pediond the goverment to wasfer its governance to that of the Colonial Office. The Sere Seulements was jus too fi forthe India Office ‘ficial oeake into consideration it epcial neds sow thar its ade had become sce 3, Singapote as Pat ofthe British Stats Settlements Colony “A mleqaea 1867 taser ofthe Seats Setemens the Caloial Ofc enabled the Bish wo extend te inuence over the nine Maly States inthe peninsula when fie tin and then euber poducton became inportat The Sits Seulemens ill ‘comprised Penang, Malasa and Singapore, but no the governor was appoinsed by ‘he Colonial Office rather tha bythe Goveror General of Indi. These governrt tame fom ouside India and brought wth them Sei Setlement-centi achx ‘han Indiarcnsie pois, | ‘Singapore experienced anew ese ofc afer he pice taeda owe with | the advent of elton, Raber clason and in ning lw unprecedented ospesiy ao nly forthe nine Maley Sasa the pesinsala but lo fr Singapore, ‘which by then had become no aly the por of entry for immigrants ro the May (CHUITER2 | Gowran Ramo Chin Sopa 21 Ses, bus the processing enter fora rober and tn andthe port am hich rubber and tefiaed in were exported. "To handle che export of rubber and tn, Bish shipping and insurance, Bh management of rubber ests and tn mins ld wo Singapore becoming «busines ‘ater han merely a spice wade center. Handsets expanded ino the ti ‘ng of epi for rubber and i rater than just Sanding envepo wade in ps, Sngapore became Southea Aus buses ete a Indonesian uber od also ima is way t Singapor By virtue of ite geographical poston, Singapoee alee became the center for Srksich expansion into Sarawak and Sabah in the neighboring lage land of| Kalimantan ot Boeneo. The ducavery of el in Sarawak cemented the positon of| Singpot asthe dscibution hub forthe dee commode of rer, tin and ol Sabah a had sinber which was xpored to Singapore (Tale 2) ‘Daring this period, a major economic change war he ie oF new Sei dear curecy by 2 currency bard sep by dhe Suis Seslements goverment in 1906. “his cusrency replaced the previous ws of mukiple euntencis, some based on god snd some on sex. The sdements of Penang, Malaca snd Singapore had no sige curency serving all hee trtitorca Tiara immigats brought thek cuteney ‘with them fom ther counties of origin. Thoe from Inds would bringin thes ‘sed onthe pe, those om the Dutch Fat Inder hat based onthe Dust guider and those from Chin tat based on Chives sive a more commonly Spanish ot Mexican dlls, so-called because the sve came fom Mexio which wat hen red bythe Spanish. Coins based o the rupee sad pier were ingld wheres thos for (China or Mexico were in svt. When che pice beween gold and silver became ‘oil taders od be caught holding the weaker met eons. ‘By dhe mid-1880s, notes had replaced coin and although this wis convenient id noe remove the inseabiliy case by Suction in gold or iver pices a the ote would cher be gold or sier-bised Al unde eid the eof money of| some sort nd she flue of some Avan bana which ted ots compounded the ‘Bile2 Mir omni pons of Soi Senet Sapp oer iperoar Mr__Toal__Tin_Rbey_Terseun copia cami oo — 9s m4zM i947 ak aes 190s 79 S890 sha 5 sunseD sso 4602 1an6 8K was e883 Taste desaM TUT 9 Sora 90 ppd Tea 22 Sgr Eamon Dp Reps nd efits inscuty of having malig caenies, Hence tades in Singapore (which by then dad oveken ening and Maaca inthe volume an valu of trade pesoned the Son Selemens to ake on thers of eaency isu. Foraratey, he practice oF ‘irteny bods ising cuency had been done eewhet inthe Bish Empire and the Strats Seemens goverament fellowes, "The new Sats dalla tified the needs of ac immigrant and new Chinese bunks sve which ued the Scat dollar deposit of Chinee immigrants and ompanic formed by Chinese, Thee ask served th Chines in both the Stas Serdements and the Malay ster ax Chinese immigrants usually knew only the ‘Chinese engeage, They complemented he Brtsh banks which sevice the Sends ofthe gly BrGigh-owned robber plaaacion, shipping and insurance Companies, and in mines The Bish banks did serve Chines teers through ‘here of compradoree who knew both English and a veracalat language, but their caasmers were lenge Bish companies and individuals who knew muinly Engle “The currency board sytem efiectvely made the economy of Malaya (Boh the Seis Serdements and the Malay States) part of the seing arc, a curteney Moe ‘Comptsing moch ofthe then But Empire. Cepia was fre wo move berwecn the UUnted Kingon asthe vat of hat Empl andi clones and protectoares ted techange ie Although the pound Ifthe old standard in he 1930 chat tes (Gree capital morement made posible bythe cureney oar inne ofthe Seis dol far beafied the growth of nance and banking in Singapore, which was the head (Gui of the bot The bord ivesed is ase inthe London apical mask ll Meeney being aly backed tan echange ate which was to remain wachange For ‘ore 60 yeas ren 1906. "Another import change was de integration of Briss direct rule over che “Seria Semen with Bs indict re ve the nine Malay Ses which. ate Topas accepted Desh advice in che sdiisraon ofall arene excep those in| ‘Maloy digion and easomas. On papen the govemce ofthe Sits Selement red ly Feng, Malces and Singapore. The Bets advisers the sans (or rales) of ‘he Maly Stes were aache ely to he appropriate autan. However thee Bash “Uhiooe bengal members ofthe ect Clonal Service cameo report the Sess | Serloments governor because of hs seioryand also becuse Singapore was the majority of he Seis Sedemess "This meant tht thee erceged a Bi policy for what came ro be known 38 | ‘ei Malay, comping the bree Batish Sits Serlements and the nine Malay | ‘Sores Singapore ough his change became the hub ofthe Malayan economy based | ‘oe export commodity production. The Bes though the Federsted Maly Sates | (Gn alin eeration ofthe four Malay Sas of Perk Sango, Pahang aed | [Nagi Sembilan) eonsruced a allay bagi cin and rubber down to Singapore | (CHAPTER2| Gover nd Fone Changia Sapo 23 whose prt wat expanded by dp water whan in Tanjong Paar o andle mea “ippag, Previous the Singapore pore mes the only one tht wat eund Singapore rine which Banded the pce wade ‘Singspor isan isan and gods rom dhe enn ad o Be fred by barge cot the ato Johar. But wih dhe gro inde rbber cade aauseway orld ‘bidge was bull ia 1921 on which lone, ar and tin could move people and ood and fom Singapore. This ntegraion under Bee rle enabled people to ‘ove beeen the Se Serdements andthe ine Malay Sates in way which woud ‘er the sage for further population and economic growth in Singpor. The fee movement of people fom other pas of Southeast Ais an fom Singaporecaused she popelton of Singapore to grow fom a ew undead in 181929 114000 in 1824 and 82,000 in 1860. Singapore was very much oni own made up of mainly ingle males. Those who were mated came larly rom Malice mich hada Chinese population fom te time Cheng He, th Chinese alia ofthe Ming Enero, vied Malcea inthe ety 14008 Chinese immigration ino Singrpore accelerated ae the Sits Selemears became 2 clony in 1867. The advent of ia ising and thea suber eukvion bough in ange numbers of Chinese who were now allowed to lave China more fey fer Cina ls th Second Opus Wr in 1858-1860. More ear pores were sven w po only Bein but aio France, Japan and Garman, om which Chere (ainly single mes) cou board sips fr the Nanyang, o South Ses of which ‘Slagpore was the hub, The arinisratie change from 1867 intepaing direc le ofthe St Senlement with indict eof the Malay Sats edo a gster ow of ‘eagle wo Singapore over and shore dhe needs of ennepo ae, Now people came to Singapore in aero go up to the peinsla where there was now raber clan sd Ga mining: ome stayed in Singapore (Table 3). More importa, there now emerged a increase inthe eure of Ferman At Se ely maried women wer allowed oleae with thee urban aie 1860, but slier the Chinese Empire war ovetrown ia 1911, cage women were allowed 1 Tiled. Compe in en Sar pplin nme W910 a0 +7600 ss0rtsit 9500 “3500 ssa ass ‘300 20st 390 125500 Saxo LTD, 24 Spr Eamon: Dshpmene Rerpin and fn Jeayeas pspons wee then id by dhe new Republic of Cine. Wish be immiges ‘on ofsiage women, the demography of Singapore changed, Single women maried ‘he single men who were then dominant ia the Singapore population profil and ‘Eom 1921, there ws « pst ate incee (excess over dex) in pop Iain, the aurber of dest fling de zo improvemens in public ed “More single women ft China afer the Japanese invaded Chis in 1930, de co soe commited by the Jpuset andthe wo ened into he Gree Depesion| ‘which Bly fected the tin and rubber inde. The Sues Seclements gover Inent cut the cusber of males who could enter Singapore since obs would noc be tvalable foe them. Hloweve they left incact the numbers of fale wh cold be died and lrg nue of Chines females entered Singapore They found jobs in fod retaling, domestic rerice and siloring. Asa consequence, the sex xio| became more balanced, Marriages took place and 2 major demographic sructare merge which would chunge the amit of Singapore fom being uansient to ‘becoming penmanen ace. Diag the 1930s, women and children made up the nso of mmigrans ening Singapore (bl 4) Entre of gon domes produc fm 19001 1939 show the vile nature the Sngaporeeonomy dae ie bag par ofa Malayan ecnony dominaced by tn, ubber an ol (Tible 3). Feel uae in ruber and tn ace both as an engine of goweh nd a souceof economic instability (Choy nd Segineno, 2013). “The majo Asan natin of span warbeconing mor miltinicar he same dane that he became indiana, Anccptig the Jepanesencenton 9 obasin the ab bes in ano hey ned rors Bh Soohen: Ai the Bish se bout baling ‘naval bs in Singapore in de en Freall che Japanese nary. Howe this made Singapore even mor af ange forthe Japanese to am when Work War I broke ein 1939. [Aer the Japanes:occuparon of Singapore ia 1942-1945, the Brith dsmaaded he Sue Seement and sepsis Singapore outa «separate colony. This separe- tion emabled a ne adainiative change, thao devdoping Singaporean is ov rather than at prc of ete Sri Seeman. Hwee, inks eonsaued with he “les, Compson faa niga nie Teal Ment) Women (8) Cher rary weak we wisis nso 3 sais ne 43a are) or 2s stig aot 6461S nats Falina wearer pie wo 72a 52 mo 7B ta mmo m7 ses mesa wo mk SS Seri OO ST peslnla and tothe Bish Horne tore, 8 all f chm sated dhe sae cu ‘eazy the Sots dll, reamed the Malayan dla when the Maly Sees and the Bah Borneo textores joined the currency board agreement in 1938, 4. Singapore at Self Governing Under British and Malaysian Rae Rae, tin and ol contnuad to be expand fom Singapore afer 1945. Thee industries were not dally fete bythe Japanese oonpaton and che Korean ‘War boom ofthe ely 19505 restored the fertanes of thse ivobed in commodity production, ll three were demanded for miltaryporpse and withthe onze ofthe Koxean War, GDP was much higher in 1953 sha 1952 sherri coninued lag due co the eles ofthe boom (able 6. 1946 saa iin change in he goremance of Singapore, which was now fun byya governor reponse only othe Colonial lice as Penang and Malaca were mega iat what was fst known asthe Maayan Union (1946-1948) and then 5 ‘he Federation of Malaya fiom 1948 onwards The British governor of Singapore wat gen the tak of inating a fanchise and expanded ceed epesetation i the Tegan. Ts edt a couna of lgelyeleced minis in 1955 formed from 2 largely lected leprae. The sche minister was Did Marsal, the ede of {Labour Fontaine 1959 saw another change Inthe governance of Singapore, 0 self-government “Though sill acoony, there was now no longer 2governar but nomial head of ate 26 Signe omni Daven epi din Thble6_ Sng COP an i compson 19501959 Conanpion Gree _inemmer Newpus GDP wi woslz 923 kos ws 62m ass ws gma ws 7 va We smd 56 tsa E2096 ps6 7 723s asa wai stamps a mms 99163 a7 2s 28 ‘whan eed pime miner leading a eabinet answerbe oly oid legs ‘ure The Beh government oul sl supend uch a cosdon and was ee seated by a Commoner Genel fr Soueart Asia o whom the gremon of Sabab and Sarawak bo eepored. He was located in Singapore, which all had = ‘able mary bse comprising lind saad afc wis Bean asl epor- ‘ble for defence nd fren aan bad the ning vote in mates conering inal esatiy ‘The goverment ered ino pomer wat thao he Pepe Action Pry (PAD, hich rnin the 1959 elecons onthe platform of meting the dome ees ofthe ‘people. In 1957 the majoiy of Singapore adals were given the vote The PAP rreched the mandate ofthe cleoratebywiing 43 0 the ST sexs in che lgirre ‘hough wih oly 52% hare of he oe ‘Anjo almiisratve change ce bythe ected govemment was the deve opment ofthe inland a whol, abolhing the rtl board which adninisered ot slice quarters ofthe ind, and the cy oun whch adisisteed the other one quater ia the sourhes which hour she busines dic and port. Hac se ‘saison and physical infsrucrre wee then provided fo the en ial a integrated whole, The purpose was to stimulate economic growth which took place exept for 1964, when Indonesian Confrontation apn the Federation of May formes 1963 cad sigh dp ‘Peeviouly Singapore was fun as par ofthe Stee Seements of Penang, Macs ad Singapore, sd eden of anyone ofthe ents could mre ‘anyone ofthe ocers Tha wns se for the cht view Sagar 2 (UPTER | Goenane snd Evie Chaya Sapte 27 sept cay ustan deer in Singapore were ot said witht amen, ‘dep could move to Georgetown in Penang o roide ia Malaca town. Both Penang tnd Mala bad ual ara a wel, comparable othe rural amas ofSngpore “The ew mode of governance of Singpore plas he characteris ofthe popule sion that of any babies Being born through mariage which took place withthe {low of gle women etabled thi adminszative change cake place. With ‘hie the ned wo mobilne vine forthe developmen ofthe whole sand, Tis wat ‘Tone ough th exablshmen ofthe Cena Provident Fund (CPE) in 1955 which {aiily was ited to fund the rerement nexds of young workers, However the 1959 grnenment used cco buy newly sed ong term bonds, the proceed of which ‘nce ed wo aequre land and sonar public bowing vo meet the needs of young Famili. A development und was sep 29 Szance longtexm projec. revo capialexpendizare was on a earo-year bas ar was the rae with mos eoonal goverment, Developing the whol nd meant a change to muld- Jat profs equiing long-term fnaning Like the CP, financial insaons were, {lo compel to buy long-term bonds, since «percentage f thir sets had 1 be foal seule in ode uncon ae nancial attutons i Singapore. The percent age was ser bythe replatorof financial nstucions the Ministry of Finance, for ‘wich these bonds epresened he lguid person ofthe nsintion ase. ‘With the administrative change of whole-isand, pial developement came a tse inthe share of ive in GDP, om 128 in 1955, when a ound of mini tess made up dhe exetveof Singapore 10 229 in 1965, the year that Sigppore ‘wasn Malaya, When Singapore ied Malaya i 1963, iva greed astnomny Tn bor cation and Snancl mates, andthe overamene continued it plans id 1 1959 opal taf the land. Aland seuistion at wa eff in 1960 cabling he government to acquire the tee quares ofthe island then in private ‘vnerthip for development purpose ae almost confscatory price This land wat Tena in ther aes which were then devoted to agscare and ih furs, The pveraments Commissioner of Lads value land a ts arclrrl vale though the Potential ale due to development woul be seer times higher. Thus the gun due fo development would acre the new wer ofthe and ho would obtain eer indies and houing for 60 9. years Tvecors in factories pl an anal renal equivalent o6¥6 of the development coe asthe lind wat aouied at mor coafscatory prices the eect was alow land ‘et for new enterprises. Equally dramatic was the eft on wages, dt the publi Douog contracted on se land shus acquire: workers and thei fies obtained Iusing oa pice eal four imer thee annul salary, Ivestors ound hat they need not pay high wages t employ labor, and shis made profitable the use of Singapore ss 4 manufacturing production bre tate when induces in the USA, ‘Wertz Europe and Japan were moving ofthor o lover ches cos, EE 18. Sper Bani Does Rares nd fei “The arial of che jumbo jr meant that component could be shipped to Sinpipre cheap and che asembld pars re-exporced bya wa Eastin of aay eed more open shipping Singior alo rok abana of dma see peat enmepx ead, now found ie tans fil employ ae eriod dat Sagaporewsin Malaya meant Sat Malin ale did ‘pot oly atthe nea el govesning epabliry of he 1939 goreramnene pasado betwen the federl and the Singapore tae govermens lw the afin of Singapore fiom Masa in 1965, With tet came anew mods of See that ol iadepedzace aa sore sion Singapore home ba Foes caring many aspects of overigaty before thi. 5, Singapore at an Independent Republic 7 “Two spec of soergny case 1 be exec bythe Singapore gene wih “oe nae in 1965 — defence and foreign afi. Fr a seine, FeeE Trango provider defence wa nsf hog the gem wat sae a, he Brith had arg ily bate in Singapore with army, | aa ot afc uit A Minizy of Ineo and Defence combine he ned © aan a yak Defeee wit the eitng Minis of Home Ais sth the Te one of Pie n ec had handle some ltr ai, dl force alsin the goveramest lanl on it fees connections 3 8 colony inthe ten Bes pie. Many Bish Commonvea oui ed close seer Sapper ough ber bing node in Bris Empire anspors copia and ae wie nero, The goerament had within iowa cl service seven coast aed fom the Federation of Malay, nd they ed in he foreign servis ee rre abn eal compte of many who we borin he Federson ois Peer Malay Sates or Ba Sit Seriements, but who chow 1 tae ‘geno cenship and pay ale in ber development. Fy alminsusn bane wa tere of aia consti os compa sex) el sie boied mol Amal rofsiona defen: fee wold complement Fr cainznce im bulding up te ae forces cae from Leal The aha be aad yan the Beish announced 1970 asthe dt for wihdrowal oftheir ae duce however Prime Mininer Lee Kaan Yew icerceed wih he Baik Frees Minuten Harold Wilon, with whom he was om good tems, and this wat postponed 1971 [UR Comma plore ett oun belgie ith Ci on Bite oes Espn fovea omg bei le bc pore (CHAPTER? | Gone ed ssamie Changin Sage 29 iar cnsespton for wo ro thre yess provided de manpower nea for “deena at lately low core. The penpe responded posively due othe waning Fine ancien 195710 quater ofthe aul who had noc been bor ia the ‘rate Seelments leas fall Singapore, Wi the separation of Singapore fom the Fadention it aso Singapore bad her bck othe wal and new and old eiens tite alae thar hte would be ao Singapore he did or provide che bods for | rniltary service. [nthe same way; landownesrhad given up their land at almost con Feary acs dt land sequin. “The svcl yeu of fl internal el-gvernance fom 1959 gate Singaporeans a seas of en eventhough Singapore was not ll independent wt 1965, This peti had been wed bythe 1959 elected government to build up a Tayalty ro | Sgepore: state te atonal) anhem, sate crest and even sate (ater rational) | pledge ad bea inated in 1959 ro bul wp such yay icing among shoot Childe Equal rexment ol language in education and goverment was efited, | wilt prceling nd many lee of grenmentommaniion king ‘ein al fou guages of English, Chinese, Malay and Tam. Thee movementof people ia and out which haan the founding of Singapore aan EIC meement fn IB19 was continued, excep chat sow only four “kinds” of people wer filly rrognne athe peopl of Singapore the ro Inia China andthe Federation of ‘Malaga (he use of Malay meane tat people fom the former Du East ladies or ‘utetly Indonesia were lo ecogpizd as being among the people of Singapore) English was an official language although there were few of Bris ethnciy ia Singapore: Hower: se Beh in tir og re of Sngpoce a Seats Sedement had rn Engish madi cols nd ven Englsrmeium higher edn n onder ‘0 pace people who end eomplemens the rh oficial who ra Singapore ‘h second adminiasve change ince newly independent Singapore was dhe isu ofthe Singapore dala in 1967. Aa mentioned previously, che Brith sue of ‘he Sai della in 1906 simulated economic connections wth the Maly Stas and the Belch Borneo tereitories tothe benef of Singzpor’s economic grow. Singapore continued to have the Sereda fesmed the Maran dollar afer he Malay States joined the currency boa agreement) over she-me that she was & ah clon, then se governed, nd prof Malaysia dng 1963-1965. "However the change in governance of Singapore in-1965 brought about cis cconamic change due to dsagreemext beoven the two 20m independent counties, the Feleration af Malaysia andthe Republi of Singapore, over who was the ulate Ihldr of eazency boned ates. Under the eanency board ageement the Federation ‘el «65% share in the prot of the cutency board and Singapore 2 29% share, 7 Wing Ev Vfl of ic wa ae i Sip in 1905 by Seni Sdeness [premseat a pec aoa Rb Call ng he Boi wa rata 129 (peda chad vl er ES ssp Eom pen Regen fins she ersning blogg the Bh Barco eit 255 0 TEMS Shy Se nd 073» Branch ecg we oe ot Soar ma othe caer ceeagin ch of he ie pe pvanment wel ove he eration rig Sal 6 06 Sey he einony fom the 1965 separa sil eae, and Pe mine ta Sew Sn rm he Feetion 2 Got NO ae gence dane ck bt nc mente Sine nef See aay ba pecan 17, br on dine 9 wey soc aplan angi ad he Songer dolla we torn So a0 ws a Al ne conc agedto veshnin = ny pty eres al ene cred, Hover! dh Neves ewe Fedonon wt at reneed in 1973 wie dhe bene Base Spe irene lay Ban hgh en end ese 2 ere pry Ha cle, The Fein hovers Bet irene eldcton av pangos1seabingrerler | se ing ring» Square alate Snore 0 oi fn aa ie 7 td wp oy ch move fom el th Gjurable change este "73 toa loting change este coda." ee ong of wing eninge iy ca ia an ae nal ego berms ens wi henson nin 1999 cabling rnscon to be made in eond Banks and i nr ned Saprby vais ay od ht a he en nem o gn esin wh cae ing ol” he br anced 1968 Seo Aine abe change inthe Ss dolar of 1906 remains ody: the a Sean yak ein ain FY Sor Tn ne ge can wet of te thon nl 1 fer arenes, no dlsed and periodically adjued by bea east of Sngre OAS). Th oes of he MAS ed ee fecin change te eng re on abun ee ines ngepre Th as cane iy ee and i the ors econ ing de Sgr: ea yon __ Sena ra Bh prc a yg ome SE Be aay adahnlezaanen enna wn eine Se Sy i gi vest wee "a irk nm meme USS SS j ] sano. Seger thus ond our he ingame money indepen so net Bish Cosson welened an ancl and os Tie coun senginned. Singapore beanie x lbal cy inxs of owe) wel in Goan mae 6, Future Changes iow do the gomcnance an economic changes ofthe pax condiion Sinenpoes vr ely Sic and who hunger posible rly Despe some ok of er erat sining Maley, the mode of govern: of Seton 8 ag ange, Snrpee wi temain an indpendent republic: Howes the “Sarees ft people wl change Tn 1970 with the then frchcoming fl fir spor looked blak and the goverment ined an asst popula efi. Aleton wa ibrzd and ensles we encourage 1 “0 #0) See eee wer lin aking place, wth increasing whanaton and exlsged eceaonal opportuni for women, Te bir rae fl so resicly chat > 3625 ae poreamentrevesed ws race. Abortion thot il gl som dco ea teeogh counseling, and the govemment embed on spro-nsalpoick ce onpig couple wo have hee or more cidten fhe can fod Tre exe i nw 1.3 which it fer below the reproduction ste of 22 75 ee 1990 the goverment beri ts fori bor 1 wth of Bei armed forces the economy continued to grow seta Bron ony hve fom Malesia could ett fr emporio ier hth peninsula. Now foreign workers fom Serre sce soar can eur on work penis for hoe below cra 07 cere waployment panes for shove above that level Tae wokfores inom ware dm one ed foreign so mach 2 thee ira backlash among Singapreass Who oa har ei lies ee kee Lowby the inflow of such foreign works THs Th pn poly of fee movement of pepe in and ou is showy Bing reas B® caeeeet ow of foreigners Carsendy, the government is complementing Ae $0.00 bin x year with de fe of cigzensh co 20,000 freigness every 7 Modileatene wo her previous changes ae possible, For sample, ¢ sparse repedvenes trough exchange ce ne ight be modi to ‘electing Singapore sri Singapore dllar meas tbat nainaining export rave deprecation enon posible ® The pas policy of ke a a i er eer drerbng ee png neg de aah eld wae sh a Chi —_ 32. Seger Bono Delp Rein on Rife proc me enon aves ch tse oI ns which fae il Ee compan in th high csc envionment. The geament seat dipping into space fom i mnie eserves to bel the poor among the icresing number of ee he waza Plone: Genenson palag 2nd pope Sve Support shee sale of he pat policy of avng individual to ake car of themsele. The Sawfly eonespton can be we. prepa bebo men forthe Fara edocaton and job wining. “Connin putas change sachs deroping te end aa waleare il ‘ng gua, fo example through exploring he posses of ndeground caverns or ie are nto what an be physically done in Singapore iceland Singapore AEG caer lang more of economic aces ouside the snd, Tere sn0 ed ogo to fr away Singapore can ive aren neighboring Mali ad aseceae tac these people ané hind n sbupdanc. This would soi a reirn ae meleingul policy etd ia. 1959 when much importance was arached to ‘Malthe atonal langage, bf the swith ns "noher ogi paiyin chee 170 bon eas lear Singaporeans Wer xing ouch with Chinese vires, Moder Singapore (1815) beg by expanding ilk wih ce erie which snake up present day Maly dane. Ama rt Southeast Aan roe ‘Ray ot dace Singapore gow ate, btw ip Rep ccna owt ens ering equi. The ounsys naar locaional want ha ben under wed rms of more cent hotry 2a independent epubli. As the word economy ecumcymotegvgrapbiallfngenced, Singapore fares morein ts Soutrst (Ria coset athe than the label path ic prsud in much ofthe lst 50 ya "Admiaindve changes orienting Singapore back ois ross can sar with ln- guage inmotion and goon ro fe Singapore

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