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Materials/Setup:
Lesson will take up two class periods or around 2 hours
Engage
o Food coloring (dark colors work best)
o Three large clear containers/beakers
o Bunsen burner/ alternative heating source (ex: microwave)
o Ice cubes
o Thermometer
Elaborate
Number of materials needed varies on size of classroom. Additional materials needed can vary.
o Beakers/cups (6)
o Thermometers (6)
o Stop watches (6)
o Tap water
o Bunsen burner/ alternative heating source (ex: microwave)
Nicole Denny SCI319 10/23/2017
Requisite Knowledge:
Heat- The transfer of energy from one object to another because of difference in temperature
Heat Transfer- When two objects are combined or come in contact with one another, their
molecules will transfer energy (heat). The colder objects molecules will speed up motion as their
temperature increases and the warmer objects molecules will slow down as their temperature
decreases. Heat moves from an area of high temperature to an area of low temperature.
Heat Source- An area of higher temperature
Heat Sink- An area of lower temperature
Three types of heat transfer: convection, conduction, and radiation
1. Conduction- Occurs when two objects of different temperatures are placed in direct
contact with each other. Heat energy moves from the warmer object to the colder object
until both objects are the same temperature. When an object is warmed its particles bump
into nearby particles and make them vibrate as the energy spreads.
2. Convection- Occurs when particles physically move into an area of different temperature
and warms or cools the area. The particles of the warm object take the place of cold
particles.
3. Radiation- Occurs when heat energy is gained or lost through electromagnetic radiation
(It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma
rays).
Kinetic Energy- the energy an object has because of its motion
Nicole Denny SCI319 10/23/2017
relatively cool in comparison. Thinking of it at a molecular level, what did the molecules look
like inside the hot metal? What kind of motion did they have? Why?
The hot metal molecules were moving very quickly, vibrating and bumping into one another. We
saw this quick motion in our first experiment with hot water. The molecules move faster when
they are heated up. Compared to the hot metal molecules the molecules of the boys’ skin were
moving relatively slow. When the hot metal came in contact with the cool skin the fast moving
molecules begin to transfer their energy (heat) to the slower moving molecules. As a result the
fast moving metal molecules begin to slow down and the slow moving skin molecules begin to
speed up as there temperature increases. This shows an example of the second law of
thermodynamics.
Second Law of Thermodynamics- heat always moves from hot to cold
The area of higher temperature like the metal marshmallow stick, is called a heat source. The
area of lower temperature like the boys skin, is called a heat sink.
Heat Source- An area of higher temperature
Heat Sink- An area of lower temperature
There are three types of heat/thermal energy transfers. You may have noticed some differences
in the three examples from your Moving Heat worksheet, what were they? These differences are
the differences between the three types of thermal energy transfers. As we go through the
different types of thermal energy transfers think about the examples from the Moving Heat
worksheet and see if you can identify each thermal energy transfer.
The first type of thermal energy transfer is called conduction.
Conduction- Occurs when two objects of different temperatures are placed in direct contact
with each other. Heat energy moves from the warmer object to the colder object until both
objects are the same temperature. When an object is warmed its particles bump into nearby
particles and make them vibrate as the energy spreads.
The second type of thermal energy transfer is called convection.
Convection- Occurs when particles physically move into an area of different temperature and
warms or cools the area. The particles of the warm object take the place of cold particles.
The third and final type of thermal energy transfer is called radiation.
Radiation- Occurs when heat energy is gained or lost through electromagnetic radiation. The
molecules absorb the heat and energy from the heat source (the sun, fire) through the
electromagnetic waves and begin to move quickly.
Now which example from your previous worksheet would be an example of conduction?
(Example one) Convection? (Example two) Radiation? (Example three)
Nicole Denny SCI319 10/23/2017
There are ways to maximize and minimize the amount of heat that is transferred. There are
certain types of materials that will let the thermal energy flow. (students have worked with these
ideas previously)
Conductor- a material that an electric current can flow freely
Insulator- a material that an electric current cannot flow freely through
Can anyone list any examples of conductors? (Copper, aluminum, most metals)
Can anyone list any examples of insulators? (Non-metallic materials, wood, cloth)
is unfinished. To keep students attention show them a video on how professionals work to make
devices that battle thermal energy transfers.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mThNcqpko7s
Discuss as a class: Why would you want a vacuum sealed cup? How are these mugs
similar/different then what we are doing? What do you think the scientific process was like
behind these mugs before they created machines to make the mugs? How did they decide a
material? How did they find out what worked the best?
Once all final temperatures are taken after ten minutes have students evaluate their products.
Talk about what worked and what did not work. See whose device held heat the best (which
device changed the least amount of degrees). Discuss the differences in design and students
thinking processes when they approached their design. What were the devices attached to the
mugs trying to prevent? (Conduction) What were the devices around the mugs trying to prevent?
(Convection) Note: some devices might have been preventing both.
*Thermal Investigation worksheet will be graded for completion
References:
Heat Transfer For Kids. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2017, from https://www.real-world-
physics-problems.com/heat-transfer-for-kids.html
Physics for Kids. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2017, from
http://www.ducksters.com/science/heat.php
Read the Standards. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2017, from
https://www.nextgenscience.org/search-
standards?keys=thermal%2Benergy%2Btransfer&tid_4%5B%5D=All&tid_1%5B%5D=All&tid
_2%5B%5D=All&tid%5B%5D=106
Studios, A. R. (n.d.). Energy Likes to Move. Retrieved October 24, 2017, from
http://www.physics4kids.com/files/thermo_transfer.html
S. (2017, January 14). Heat Transfer Projects For Kids - STEM activities. Retrieved October 24,
2017, from https://www.steampoweredfamily.com/activities/heat-transfer-projects-for-kids-
stem-activities/
Nicole Denny SCI319 10/23/2017
Name: ___________________________
Date: _____________________
Moving Heat
1. Last weekend James went on a camping trip with his family. At the end of the day James family
wanted to make s’mores on the fire. James used his metal pronged tool to cook his marshmallow.
When it was a perfect golden brown from the fire James tried to take his marshmallow off the end
of his metal tool and accidentally burned his finger on the hot metal.
2. Katie wasn’t feeling good Sunday morning so her mother offered to make her some hot tea.
Waiting for her tea to cool enough to drink Katie reached over her cup to grab her book. As she
did she felt that the air above her hot tea was very warm. Think of how the air above the hot tea
was warmed.
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3. On a hot summer day Damon hears the ice cream truck coming down his street. He runs to his
front yard and makes sure he stays on the grass to avoid his black cemented driveway because he
knows his driveway will be hot from the sun. Think about how the black driveway became so hot.
Think about all three of these examples. How are they similar? How are they different? (How is the
heat moving, what is happening to the molecules, etc)
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Nicole Denny SCI319 10/23/2017
Think about all three of these examples. How are they similar?(1) How are they
different?(1)
They are similar in that they are all transferring heat from a warm object/source to a cold object.
They are different in that they are three different types of energy transfer. One example heat was
transferred through direct contact, another the heat was transferred through warmer molecules
physically moving cooler molecules out of the way, and the third was heat transferred from
electromagnetic waves.
____/8
Nicole Denny SCI319 10/23/2017
Name: ______________________________
Date: ______________________________
Group Members: ________________________________________
Thermal Investigation
Every morning your teacher’s coffee is cold by the time they get to work! They need your help to
design a way for the coffee to lose less heat from thermal energy transfer. You will be put into
groups of four. Each group will be presented with the same materials.
Your device can be built around or on the cups/beakers, although keep in mind that whether the
device is touching the cup or around the cup may change the form of heat transfer you are
preventing. You will be given time to collaborate with your group members on material choice
and design before starting to create their device. Make sure you DO NOT SEAL YOUR
CONTAINER PERMINANTLY, we will be pouring water into the cup to test your devices
ability to hold heat. Water will be provided by the teacher once all groups finish making their
devices.
Planning: List the ideas your group comes up with in the space provided.
(When planning how you will make your device consider: material type, construction, ability to
hold heat.)
Answer the following questions about your device and its purpose in the spaces provided.
Should you use conductors or insulators to stop the thermal energy transfer?
Does color of the material matter? Why of why not? What does color affect?
What will the molecules of water (hopefully) look like when using your device?
Nicole Denny SCI319 10/23/2017
Once you are finished creating your device your teacher will pour water into your cup. Make sure to take
an initial temperature measurement of the water. You will take additional measurements after one, five,
and ten minutes. Use the stop watch to help you keep track of when you will take your measurements.
Use the table provided to record the waters temperatures at the varying times.
Name: ______________________________
Date: ______________________________
The following questions are true/false statements. If you think a statement is completely true, put
a T on the line next to the statement. If you think the statement is completely false, put an F on
the line next to the statement.
____ 6. The transfer of heat always goes from an object of cooler temperature to an object of warmer
temperature.
____7. An insulator is a material in which an electric current cannot flow freely.
____8. In a cold substance the molecules are moving very slow.
____9. Thermal energy transfers that happen through radiation can only happen when it involves the sun.
____10. Copper is an example of a conductor.
Nicole Denny SCI319 10/23/2017
Heat
3. What type of thermal energy transfer is a hot air balloon rising when its heater is turned
on an example of? (One point)
Convection
4. What type of thermal energy transfer is Ms. Denny burning her hand on a hot bowl of
soup and example of? (One point)
Conduction
5. What is thermal energy transfer? (In your own words) (One point)
When two objects are combined or come in contact with one another, their molecules will
transfer energy (heat). The colder objects molecules will speed up motion as their
temperature increases and the warmer objects molecules will slow down as their
temperature increases. Heat moves from an area of high temperature to an area of low
temperature.
__F__ 6. The transfer of heat always goes from an object of cooler temperature to an object of warmer
temperature. (Hot moves to cold) (One point)
__T__7. An insulator is a material in which an electric current cannot flow freely. (One point)
__T__8. In a cold substance the molecules are moving very slow. (One point)
__F__9. Thermal energy transfers that happen through radiation can only happen when it involves the
sun. (Radiation transfers can happen from fire too) (One point)
__T__10. Copper is an example of a conductor. (One point)
_____/10 points