Q1

A. what is the extension of first part of axillary artery? 1.5,

B. Eneumerate branches of each part of axillary artery? 3.5
a. Answer: EXTENSION Lateral border of the first rib to the upper border of the pectoralis major
muscle
b. BRANCHES
c. IST PART: highest thoracic artery
d. 2ND PART:
e. thoracoacromial artery
f. Lateral thoracic artery
g. 3RD PART: subscapular artery
h. Anterior circumflex humeral artery
i. Posterior circumflex humeral artery
Qs
A. Enumerate muscles of rotator cuff? ,briefly describe origin ,insertion , nerve supply and actions of
terse minor ?
a. subscapularis
b. supraspinatus
c. infraspinatus
d. teres minor
e. TERES MINOR:
f. ORIGIN: upper 2/3 of lateral border of scapula
g. INSERTION: greater tuberosity of of humerus ,capsuleof shoulder joint
h. NERVE SUPPLY: axillary nerve
i. ACTION: laterally rotates arm
j. Stabalizes shoulder joint
Q3
A. Boundaries of Axilla? (5)
Answer: definition: it is a pyramidal space situated between the upper part of the arm and the chest wall.
Boundaries:
1: Apex
2: Base or floor
3: Ant wall
4: post wall
5: Medical wall
6: Lateral wall
Apex: it is truncated can not pointed and corresponds to a triangular interval bounded
Anteriorly: by the clavide.
Posteriorly: by the superior scapula.
Base or floor: is formed by the skin and fascia.
Anterior wall: is formed by
 pectoralis major in front.
 the clavifectoral fascia, pectoralis, minor, subclavis.
Posterior wall: it is formed by subscapuleris terse major and latissmus dorsa.
Medical wall: is formed by
 upper four ribs with their intercostals muscle.
 upper part of serratus anterior muscle.
Lateral wall: it narrow between anterior ad posterior wall converges on it. it is formed by
 upper part of shaft of humerus in region of bicepital groore.
 cora cobrachialis and short head of the biceps.
Q4
A. Difference between Rt & Lt Lung in 5 Points.
Rt Lung
1: it has 2 fissures & 3 lobes.
2: Anterior border is straight.
 3: larger & heavier wt about 700gm.
4: shorter & broader.
5: has two principal broncos.
Lt Lung:
1: it has only fissure & 2 lobes.
2: Anterior border is interrupted by cardiac notch.
3: smaller & lighter wt about 600gm.
4: larger & narrow.
5: has one principal broncous
Q5
A. What is the azygos system of veins (1.5) explain course relation & tributaries of main azygos vein.
Ans: the azygos veins consists of the main (0.5)
(a) azygos vein
(b) sup hemiazygos vein
(c) inf hemiazygos vein
(d) accessory azygos vein.
Drain:
Post part of the intercostals spaces (0.5)
The post abdominal
The pericardium
Esophagus
Bronchi
Diaphragm
Main Azygos vein (0.5)
the azygos vein forms the union of "Rt ascending lumbar vein & Rt subcostal vein".
Drains the thoracic wall & upper lumber region Azygos mein unpaired.
Course & Relation (1)
Azygos vein enters the thorax either by entering the aortic opening of diaphragm at "T 2" ascending up ware on the
Rt of aorta at "T5" it arches over the root of Rt lung then drain's post aspect of superior the pericardium.
Tributaries (2.5)
Rt super intercost vein (0.5).
4 to 11 Rt post intercost vein (0.5).
Sup & inf hemiazygos vein (0.5).
Mediastinal vein (0.5).
Accessory hemiazygos vein at level of ( T8 or T9) (0.5).

Q5
A. Enumerate the Hamstring Muscles. Describe adductor magnus muscle. (5 marks)
Hamstring Muscles:
 Semitendinosus.
 Semimembranosus.
 Biceps Femorus.
Adductor Magnus:
 Large, triangular muscle consisting of adductor & hamstring portion.
 Origin: From the outer surface of the inferior ramus of the pubis; from the ramus of ischium and ischial
tuberosity.
 Insertion: Posterior surface of the shaft of femur (adductor portion), adductor tubercle on the medial
condyle of the femur (hamstring portion).
 Nerve Supply: Obturator nerve (adductor portion), Tibial nerve (hamstring portion).
Action:
 Adducts the thigh at the hip joint. (Adductor portion)
 Assists in lateral rotation. (Adductor portion)
Extends the thigh at the hip joint. (Hamstring portion)
Q6
A. Inversion & eversion of foot takes place at which joints? Name the muscles involved
Joints involved: Subtalar & transverse tarsal joints.
Muscles of inversion:
i) Tibialis anterior.
ii) Extensor hallucis longus.
iii) Medial tendons of extensor digitorum longus.
iv) Tibialis posterior.
Muscles of eversion:
i) Peroneus longus.
ii) Peroneus brevis.
iii) Peroneus Tertius.
iv) Lateral tendons of extensor digitorum longus.
Q7
A. define primary(1) secondary(1.5) and tertiary(2) villus and What is the function of tertiary
villus(0.5)?
Answer: the primary villus consist of cytotrophoblastic core covered by a syncytial layer.
The secondary villus is when the mesodermal cell penetrate the core of primary villi in grow toward the deciduas.
The tertiary villus is when the mesodermal cell in the core of the villus begin to differentiate into blood cell and
small blood vessels forming the villus capillary system.
function of tertiary villus:
Connection of intraembryonic circulatory system, connecting the placenta and the embryo.
Q7
A. give formation the notochord (5)?
Answer:
Prenotochordal cell invaginating in the primitive pit move forward cephalad unit they reach the prechordal
plate. These prenotochord cells become intercalated in the hypoblast, the midline of the embryo consists of
two cell layers that form the notochordal plate. Formation of definitive notochord. Temporary apperence of
neurenteric canal. Apperence of allantoenteric diverticulum or allantois
Q8:
A. classify connective tissue?
Embryonic connective tissue.
 Mesenchymal C.T
 Mucoid C.T (0.5)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER:
 Loose C.T (0.5)
 Dense regular C.T (0.5)
 Dense irregular C.T (0.5)
 Reticular C.T (0.5)
 Adipose tissue (0.5)
SPCIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
 Cartilage (0.5)
 Bone (0.5)
 Blood (0.5)
Q9
A. draw a labeled diagram of medium sized artery?
Answer: the diagram should show
Tunica Intima
 Endothelium
 Subendothelial C.T
 Internal elastic lamina
Tunica Media
 Thick layer of smooth muscle fibers and external elastic lamina
Tunica Adventitia:
Lengitudlinally arranged collagenous and elastic fibres .
Q10
A. draw a labeled diagram of a nerve?
nswer: the diagram should show
1: nerve cell body
2: nucleus
3: Cytoplasm
4: dendrites
5: axon and axon hillock
6: myelin sheath
7: nodes of ranvier
8: telodendria
9: nissl bodies
10: oligodendrocytes / Schwann cells
Q11
A. Enumerate phases of fertilization (1.5),what are the results of fertilization(1.5),briefly explain cortical and
zona reaction (2 marks)?
Answer:
PHASES OF FERTILIZATION:
1. penetration of corona radiata (0.5)
2. penetration of zona pellucida ( 0.5)
3. fusion of the oocyte and sperm cell membrane 0.5
RESULTS OF FERTILIZATION
1. restortation of the diploid number of chromosomes 0.5
2. determination of the sex 0.5
3. initiation of cleavage 0.5
CORTICAL AND ZONA REACTIONS: As a result of the release of cortical oocyte granules containing
lysosomal enzymes ,the oocyte membrane becomes impenetrable to other spermatozoa ,,,, and zona pellucida alters
its structures and composition to prevent sperm binding and penetration ,this reaction prevent polyspermy.

Qs: 12
A. classify synovial joints 3.5? Classify joints on basis of degree of mobility 1.5.
Answer:
classify synovial joints
1: Plane (0.5)
2: hinge (ginglymi) (0.5)
3: pivot (trochoid) (0.5)
4: condylav (bicondylar) (0.5)
5: ellipsoid (0.5)
6: saddle (sellar) (0.5)
7: ball and socket (spheroidal) (0.5)
Classification on basis of degree of mobility.
1: synarthrosis (immorable) (0.5)
2: amphiarthrosis (slightly morvable) (0.5)
3: diarthrosis (free) (0.5)