Duhok

Polytechnic University
College of Technical Engineering
Department of Petrochemical

THERMO-ELECTRIC EFFECTS

By

Îbrahîm Dêwalî
Thermodynamic Practical
Group.B
Report No. 2
PROCEDURE

The first process: we started to fill the cup (heater) with pure
water and then put the thermometer and thermocouple in the
heater and then we started to increase the heat of the heater until
it reached 45 degrees and we read the readings every 10 degrees
and see how much the voltmeter reads and the degree of
voltmeter rises so we continued reading Until it reached 105
degree proof of any seven readings.

*The first process table for temperature readings and voltages.

Temperature
Voltmeter(mV?
(C)

45 0.5

55 0.9

65 1.2

75 1.5

85 1.7

95 2.4

105 2.8

The second process:we put Snow pieces in the freezer and then
put the pure water in the second cup (heater) and we put in each
of them thermometer and thermocouple and we began to raise
the temperature of the heater until it reached 45 degrees and the
freezer temperature 0 degrees and we read Every 10 degrees,
such as the first process, until the temperature of the heater
reached 95 degrees Celsius and in every ten degrees we read
height of the voltmeter, without changing the temperature of the
snow.

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*Second process table for temperature readings (water and snow)
and voltages.

Temperature(C) Temperature
(C) Voltmeter(mV?
(Cold)
(Heat)

0 45 1.6

0 55 2.1

0 65 2.4

0 75 2.7

0 85 3.2

0 95 3.6

-What is the thermometer?

A thermometer is an instrument we can use to measure

temperature. An analog thermometer consists of a sealed tube
with markings on it. These markings are increasing temperatures
in Celsius or Fahrenheit. The markings on a clinical and weather
thermometer are different, but they work in the same way, The
liquid used can be pure ethanol, toluene, kerosene or Isoamyl
acetate, depending on manufacturer and working temperature
range.Since these are transparent, the liquid is made more visible
by the addition of a red or blue dye. One half of the glass
containing the capillary is usually enamelled white or yellow to
give a background for reading the scale.

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 -What is the thermocouples?

A thermocouple is a device used extensively for measuring

temperature. Learn how the device works here.
 A thermocouple is comprised of at least two metals joined
together to form two junctions. One is connected to the body
whose temperature is to be measured; this is the hot or
measuring junction. The other junction is connected to a body of
known temperature; this is the cold or reference junction.
Therefore the thermocouple measures unknown temperature of
the body with reference to the known temperature of the other
body.

-What is the difference between thermometer and

thermocouples?

Thermocouple is a related term of thermometer.

As nouns the difference between thermocouple and thermometer
is that thermocouple is (physics) a transducer consisting of two
different metals(chromel and alumel) welded together at each
end; a voltage is produced that is proportional to the difference in
temperature between the two junctions (one of which is normally
held at a known temperature) while thermometer is an apparatus
used to measure temperature.

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DISCUSSION:

1-What was the output between the voltages and the heat
when the temperature rise?
#When the temperature rose, the voltages rose rapidly.
2-Why When the temperature rose, the voltages rose?
#Because the heat is directly proportional to the voltages, But
speed decreases.
3-On what to depends the effect of temperature on effort?

1-Temperature variation.
2-Material that acts as resistance.

4-Why when connected between snow and water hot we

noticed the speed of high degree voltages increase?
#Because when connected between this mode reduces the
temperature and in the result lower the voltages because the cold
water increases the velocity of the voltages.