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Two Way Slab Design with Column Capitals

-4-
Introduction

The goal of this project was to design an intermediate floor of a six story concrete

building in one

direction using the Direct Design Method (DDM) outlined in ACI-318-02. In addition, the

Equivalent Frame

Method (EFM) for obtaining bending moments in the slab, also outlined in ACI-318-02, was

performed. The

bending moments obtained from the EFM were then compared to those found using the

equations of the DDM.

The following information was given to our design team:
c/c story height = 12 ft
min. c/c column spacing = 22 ft
cladding weight = 250 plf
partition weight = 20 psf
electrical/mechanical system weight = 6 psf
service live load = 80 psf
fc’ = 5 ksi
fy = 60 ksi
preliminary dimensions:
columns – 18x18 in
In addition to this information, our design team was instructed to follow a flat slab design
that had no beams
between columns and included column capitals.

Our preliminary estimates of the shear capacity of the slab showed that column

capitals were probably not

needed. However, since their use was required, we arbitrarily chose to use 9” column

capitals. Upon making this

decision, the minimum slab thickness allowed by ACI-318-02 was used and the general

procedures of the DDM

were followed for the North-South direction of the floor. Following this, checks for one and

two way shear were

made, as well as a check for unbalanced moment transfer. For the EFM analysis, two

equivalent frames were

analyzed. One frame consisted of a column line on an exterior edge of the building, and the

other frame consisted

of an interior column line.

Five computer programs were used to assist in our design. Mathcad was used to assist

performing the general

calculations. Excel was used for designing the flexural reinforcement and performing cost

and quantity
 Two Way Slab Design with Column Capitals
-5-
calculations. Fast Frame 2D frame analysis software was used for the EFM analysis.Adobe
Photoshop 7.0 and
Autocad 2002 were used to prepare figures and diagrams for this document.

Two Way Slab Design with Column Capitals

-6-
Design Summary
Initial Design Work

The first step in the design process was to take the given information and determine

the geometry of the

floor system. In order to make calculations simpler, all center to center column spaces in the

same direction were

made equal for all panels. This was accomplished by subtracting two one half column widths

from the out to out

dimensions in the North-South and East-West directions. The remaining dimension was then

divided into thirds

in the North-South direction and into four panels in the East-West direction to obtain center

to center column

spacing. Next, some preliminary estimates of the required column capital size were made to

ensure adequate

capacity for punching shear, because this often controls the acceptable slab thickness and

the need for drop

panels and column capitals.It was determined that column capitals would likely not be

needed. Because of this,

relatively small, nine inch column capitals were chosen.

 After defining the columns and capitals, the minimum allowable slab thickness was

determined using the

clear span distance.From Table 9.5 (C) in ACI-318-02, the controlling minimum thickness

was for exterior

panels without drop panels and without edge beams. This thickness was rounded up to 8.5

inches and used for

the rest of the design. Once all dimensions of the floor system were known, the widths of

column and middle

strips and the factored dead and live loads were calculated. To handle the effects of the

cladding load on the

exterior equivalent frame, all area loads were multiplied by the width of the frame to create

line loads. The line

load of the cladding was then added to the dead weight line load and the resulting dead and

live line loads were

subsequently factored. The effects from cladding located on East-West building edges were

neglected in the

DDM calculations since they will not create significant bending moments in the North-South

direction. The effect

of this cladding must be taken into account when the building is designed in the East-West

direction.

Two Way Slab Design with Column Capitals

-7-
Direct Design Method
 The next step in the design process was to use the DDM to determine the bending

moments for which

the slab system in the North-South direction must be reinforced for. Mo was calculated and

distributed to positive

and negative moment regions and between column and middle strips. Using these

distributed moments, a map of

where moments occurred was developed and the design moments were determined.

According to ACI-13.6.3.4,

negative moment regions must be designed for the larger of the two moments that they are

subjected to, thus

both moments were compared and the largest was selected for design. Fifteen different

moment regions were

identified and labeled Type1-15. The moments in each region were divided by width of their

region to obtain

moments per foot.

By inputting these moments per width into an Excel spreadsheet, a design for

reinforcement for all fifteen

regions was developed. The spreadsheet required the input of Mu, h s, f y, f c’,β1, clear

cover depth, and an initial

assumption of a bar size. Using a series of If() statements and equations, the spread sheet

retrieved the correct bar

diameter and area from a table, calculated d, and then solved a quadratic equation for the
required reinforcement

ratio to resist the specified moment. This reinforcement ratio was multiplied by b*d to obtain

As_req. From this

As_req per foot, the spreadsheet displayed the required spacing for bar sizes from 3 to 18 to

provide the necessary

area of steel per foot. Using this information, a spacing and bar size could be specified

causing the spreadsheet to

calculateφMn, the depth of the Whitney stress block, As_min, A s_max, the strain in the

tension steel, and the

maximum allowable spacing for shrinkage and temperature as well as flexural requirements.

Lastly, a series of If()

statements checked this output against code specifications and displayed a corresponding

text box stating if the

results were acceptable. Thus, with half a dozen key strokes per region, our team rapidly

designed the slab

reinforcement for the 15 different sections.

Two Way Slab Design with Column Capitals

-8-
Shear Checks

The next step was to check the slab system to see if it possessed adequate shear

capacity. First, the one-way, or beam shear, method of failure was checked. After some

consideration, it was decided to assume that thecladding weight was distributed over the

entire panel. While this is probably not an ideal assumption, it should besatisfactory because
the one-way shear capacity was three to four times greater than the applied shear

loading.ACI-318-02 provided no guidance on this issue, thus it is up to the designers

discretion.

Two-way, or punching shear, was the next check performed. Four separate regions

were identified: cornerpanel columns, E-W edge panel columns, N-S edge panel columns,

and interior panel columns. The edge columnshave the same shear capacity but not the

same loading.All regions were found to have excess shear capacity.

Unbalanced Moment Transfer

In accordance with the DDM, the slab system’s capacity for transferring unbalanced

moment was

checked. Four separate regions were identified for this check: corner columns, E-W edge

columns, N-S edge

columns, and interior columns. All regions were found to have sufficient shear capacity to

transfer the shear

portion of the unbalanced moment. However, several columns were found to have

insufficient flexural capacity to

transfer the flexural portion of unbalanced moment. The total amount of steel required per

foot in these regions

was calculated. The amount of steel in the column strips was increased where needed to

provide adequate flexural

capacity. Specifically, all of the edge column strips’ areas of steel per foot were increased to

handle the moment

due to unbalanced moment transfer.

Equivalent Frame Method
 Having the slab system completely designed, the bending moments for slab system

were determined using

the EFM from ACI-318-02 for comparison purposes. First, the slab/column system was

idealized as a two

dimensional frame.This frame was constructed of a series of individual members with

varying moments of

Two Way Slab Design with Column Capitals

-9-

inertia connected rigidly together. Once the members’ lengths were calculated, a sketch of

the frame was drawnand the moment of inertia for each member was calculated. Some of

these, such as the moment of inertia of theslab away from the supports, could be calculated

directly. However, most of the moments of inertia were morecomplicated. Given that the

idealized two dimensional frame was really a complex and non-homogenous

threedimensional frame, special considerations were necessary for many members. The

equations for the EFM fromACI-318-02 were followed where applicable for these calculations.

One area where the code provided no guidance was the column capital region. The

code specifies in ACI-

13.7.4.2 that “Variation in the moment of inertia of along the axis of columns shall be taken

into account”, but

provides the designer with no recommended means of doing so. The technique used was to

average the moments

of inertia for the columns in the column capital region. First, the moment of inertia for an 18
inch square column

and slab system was calculated. Next, a column having dimensions of the actual column

plus the column capital

width was considered.The moment of inertia of this fictitious composite column was

calculated. These two

values were then averaged and used as the moment of inertia for the entire 9 inch region of

the column where the

capital is located.

Once all needed properties and dimensions were determined, two frame models

were constructed using

FastFrame, the powerful and user friendly two dimensional frame analysis software available

at no cost from

Enercalc®. The analysis was run using the loads calculated for the DDM design.However,

the area at the end of

each frame between the center of the column and the edge of the floor had been neglected

in the DDM design.

The contribution from dead and live load was factored and added into the EFM model.The

most significant load

in this area was the cladding weight.A point load of 6.31 kips and a moment of 3.70 ft-kips

was applied to the

corner columns.To the south and north edge columns, a point load of 11.28 kips and
moment of 6.72 ft-kips

was applied.These loads can be clearly seen in the loading diagram for each EFM analysis.
After running frame analysis, the moments at the i and j ends of members 10, 21, and 32
were compared
to those found using the DDM. The moments on the East-West oriented edge columns were
approximately twice

Two Way Slab Design With Column Capital

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