Frederick A.

Bettelheim
William H. Brown
Mary K. Campbell
Shawn O. Farrell
www.cengage.com/chemistry/bettelheim

Chapter 1
Matter, Energy, and Measurement
Modified by Dr. Maurizio Bianchi

William H. Brown • Beloit College

 Overview
ØIntroduction
ØAlgebra
ØChemistry, Matter and Properties
ØScientific Method
ØMeasurements and Significant Digits
ØScientific Notation
ØMetric System: Units, Prefixes
ØConversion Factors: Factor Label Method
ØDensity, Specific Gravity
ØEnergy: Potential and Kinetic
ØHeat
1-2
 Introduction
Welcome – Name, Phone number.
Attendance sheets – Sign Sheet!
Conversion Factors Lab : page 377 Lab Manual! Jan. 25
Worksheets and Practice Tests on Bb Error reports
Schedule- test DATES X LAB –& objectives X
No makeup tests: ISS – C 107 – 453-3770
Grading - Class policies: X Syllabus Sign Policy Sheet!
Sign Grading policy, syllabus and exam schedule form!
Important dates
Group Tutoring –Office hours- Student Handbook - Online
Emergencies exits – Fire alarm-
Punctuality
NO CELL PHONES – Palm-pilot
Calculator
4-5 hours study each lecture
Elements to Know: 41 1-3
TEST OBJECTIVES -Syllabus
From SYLLABUS
TEST # 1 Chapter 1 : All
Chapter 2: All
TEST # 2 Chapter 3: All
Chapter 4: 4.1 - 4.4
TEST # 3 Chapter 4 : 4.5 - 4.11
Chapter 5: All
TEST # 4 Chapter 6 : All
Chapter 7: All
TEST # 5 Chapter 8 : All
Chapter 9: All
Chapter 10: All & Notes-hand-out
Optional FINAL Cumulative
1-4
TEST OBJECTIVES Text Book

From Text Book

TEST # 1 Chapter 1 : All
Chapter 2: All
TEST # 2 Chapter 3: All
Chapter 4: 4.1 - 4.5
TEST # 3 Chapter 4 : 4.6 - 4.8
Chapter 5: All
TEST # 4 Chapter 6 : All
Chapter 7: All
TEST # 5 Chapter 8 : All
Chapter 9: All
Chapter 10: Notes-hand-out
Optional FINAL Cumulative

1-5
Office Hours
Monday: 12:30 – 13:30
Tuesday: 10:30 -11:30
Wednesday: 12:30 – 13:30
Thursday: 10:30 -11:30
Friday: 11:30 – 12:30

1-6
Algebra
ax=b
a/x=b

x/a=b

abc def
=
gh km
defgh
k=
abcm

1-7
Algebra ax=b

ax = b
a a

x= b / a

If a = 5 b = 10

x = 10 / 5 x = 2
1-8
Algebra a/x=b

If a = 20 b = 5

a*x = b*x a=bx a = b*x

b b
x
a 20
= x x= x= 4
b 5

1-9
Algebra
x/a=b

If a = 7 b = 2

a*x = b*a x=ba

a

x= 7 2 = 14

1-10
Algebra If
g=9
a=2
b=3 h=5
abc def
= c=15 m=30
gh km
d=6
e=3
Solve for k f=10

k abc def k kabc def

= =
gh km gh m

kabcgh defgh defgh

= k=
ghabc mabc abcm
6x3x10x9x5
k= = 3
2x3x15x30 1-11
Chapter 1

Matter, Energy,
and Measurement

1-12
 Chemistry
• Chemistry is the study of matter and its changes.
•Matter is anything that has mass and
takes up space
• Matter can change from one form to another
• in a chemical reaction (chemical change), substances
are used up and others formed in their place
Example: when propane (bottled gas) burns in air,
propane and oxygen are converted to carbon dioxide
and water
• in a physical change, matter does not lose its identity
Example: ice (solid water) melts to become liquid
water; liquid water boils to become steam (gaseous
water)
1-13
 The Three States of Matter
• Gas
• has no definite shape or volume
• fills whatever container it is put into
• is highly compressible
• Liquid
• has no definite shape but a definite volume
• is slightly compressible
• Solid
• has a definite shape and volume
• is essentially incompressible

1-14
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Properties of Matter — characteristics
by which a sample of matter can be
identified and described. There are two
types of properties:
- physical properties
- chemical properties

1-15
Properties

Physical properties — those you can determine without

changing the composition of the material — color, odor,
boiling point, melting point, state

Chemical properties —the behavior of a substance when

changes in composition occur — burns, rusts, reacts,
ferments, decomposes

1-16
Properties
Physical properties of iron — melting point
conducts electricity
metallic color
hard
Chemical properties of iron — combines with
oxygen (rusts)

1-17
Intensive Properties

• Do not depend on the amount of substance.

• Melting point
• Boiling point
• Color
• Flammability
• Reactivity
• Conductivity
• Physical State (solid, liquid, gas)

1-18
Extensive Properties

• Depend on the amount of material present

• Mass
• Volume
• Length
• Moles
• Weight
• Total amount of heat given off in combustion

1-19
 Changes
Changes that take place in matter can be classified as physical
or chemical changes.
Physical changes occur with no alteration of the chemical
composition of the substance — ice changes to liquid water,
salt dissolves in water [ sometimes these can be reversed],
shred paper, cut wood.

Chemical changes always produce a change in composition

[new substances are formed] — burn paper, rust iron, digest
pizza, cook meat
Difference between property and change — property
distinguishes one substance from another, change is a
conversion from one form to another. 1-20
 Scientific Problem Solving
We study matter and all its changes utilizing:
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
a systematic approach to solving
problems.
You use it yourself when you have a
problem:
i.e. Which car to buy?
Experimentation and observation:
cost, # of passengers, trunk space,
miles/gal, comfort. 1-21
The Scientific Method
• Parts of Scientific Method
• 1. Observation (Scientific Laws)
• 2. Hypothesis
• 3. Experiment
• 4. Model (Theory)

1-22
Scientific Problem Solving
• OBSERVATION : Identify and state the
problem.
• Formulate an HYPOTHESIS : Possible
explanation for observations . (I can choose
the best car that fits my constraints).
• Perform EXPERIMENTS to test the
hypothesis by collecting data
• Analyze data :
• Propose solution
• Give possible explanation
( If the hypothesis is supported by the data,
we can treat it as a THEORY.)
1-23
Scientific Method Definitions

• Natural Law
•A statement that summarizes
experimental facts about nature
where behavior is consistent.

1-24
 Theories

• Theories have Limitations

• May be incomplete or oversimplifications
• Subject to change based on new experiments

1-25
 Measurement
• Components of Measurement
• Numerical quantity
• Unit
• Name of substance In a Measurement the
• For example, LAST digit is the
ESTIMATED DIGIT!
• 325.0 mL water

Numerical unit Name of substance

quantity

1-26
 A Comparison of
Accuracy and
Precision
Accuracy: getting the TRUE Answer
Really: is getting closer!

Precision: is getting several measurements

Closer to each other!
If you are accurate you also
are precise!
Precision does not imply
accuracy! May or may not!
1-27
 Determine the Number of
Significant Digits

• All NON ZERO DIGITS are significant

1-28
ZEROS
There are 3 possibilities:
• Zeros before non zero digit,
• Zeros between non zero digits,
• Zeros after non zero digit.

Zeros before non zero digit

NEVER SIGNIFICANTS
0123 Or 0.00123 3 significant digits

1-29
ZERO’S

Zeros between non zero digits:

ALWAYS SIGNIFICANTS

10023 or 0.010023 5 Significant digits

1-30
 ZERO’S

Zeros after non zero digit.

SIGNIFICANT ONLY IF THERE IS A DECIMAL POINT
9500. or 0.009500 4 significant digits

9500 2 significant digits

1-31
How many significant digits
does each of the following
numbers have?
• Number significant digits
• 0.0050 m 2
• 0.0003056 L 4
• 56,980 cm3 4
• 3.7890 x 104 s 5
• 1.2 x 10-8 mL 2

1-32
Exact Numbers
• There is no uncertainty associated with exact
numbers. Numbers that are a result of counting
are exact (if the counting is done exactly).
Conversion Factors by definition contain exact
numbers. For example 60 s in one min, 1000 mg
= 1 g, 0.01m = 1 cm
• Exact numbers do not limit the number of
significant figures in an answer.
• Exact numbers have the number of significant
digits the calculation requires.

1-33
 Multiplying and Dividing
• When numbers are multiplied and divided, the
answer has the same number of significant digits
as measurement with the least number of
significant digits. (Exact numbers have an infinite
number of significant digits.)
• E. g., 0.00569 x 0.91 = 0.0052
• 3 sd 2 sd 2 sd

1-34
Significant Figures in
Division

• 9863 / 876.89 = 11.25

• 4 sd 5 sd 4 sd

1-35
 Significant Figures in
Addition and Subtraction
• In addition and subtraction, the answer has the
same number of decimal places as the measurement
with the fewest number of decimal places:
• E. g., 23.560 + 2.1 = 25.7
• 3 dp 1 dp 1 dp
• 0.0056 - 0.004067 = 0.0015
• 4 dp 6 dp 4 dp

1-36
 Rounding
• The round a number to the proper number of
significant figures or decimal points, start at the
right of the number and remove all digits needed
to have the correct number of digits.
• If the last digit removed is >5, round up. (Increase
the last remaining digit by 1.)
• If the last digit removed is< 5 leave the remaining
last digit the same.

1-37
 Scientific Notation
• Chemistry often deals with very large or very
small numbers.
• To make them easy to write - we use scientific
notation also called exponential notation.
i.e. 3.424 x 10-2

1-38
 Scientific Notation
Numbers in Scientific Notation are in the form:
X.YZ … x 10 n.
• X.YZ is the coefficient = 3.567…
• n is the exponent that can be positive (+) or
negative (-).
i.e. 3.424 x 10-2
• 3.424 is the coefficient;
• -2 is the exponent.
i.e. 6.3 x 10+5
• 6.3 is the coefficient;
• +5 is the exponent
1-39
Scientific Notation
REMEMBER;
The coefficient MUST have ONE NON ZERO
DIGIT BEFORE THE DECIMAL POINT

i.e. 3.56
Or 1.789
NEVER: 0.234 , 0.0221
OR 12.567 ………

1-40
Scientific Notation
REMEMBER:
The exponent MUST be a WHOLE NUMBER
i.e. 10-2
Or 10+2
NEVER: 10-2.5 or 101.2

REMEMBER:
The NEGATIVE exponent MUST be INDICATED
i.e. 10-2
The POSITIVE exponent IS IMPLIED
i.e. 10 2
1-41
Scientific Notation
REMEMBER:
The exponent WILL BE POSITIVE IF THE
ORIGINAL NUMBER IS GREATER THAN 1
i.e. 1,359,000
The number is greater than 1 = exponent will be
positive
• move the decimal point until the number has
the proper form, then the exponent is = to the
number of places moved.
• E. g.: 5286.2 = 5.2862 x 10 3
3 places 1-42
 Scientific Notation
REMEMBER:
The exponent WILL BE NEGATIVE IF THE
ORIGINAL NUMBER IS SMALLER THAN 1
i.e. 0.0013590
The number is smaller than 1 = exponent will be
negative
• move the decimal point until the number has
the proper form, then the exponent is = to the
number of places moved.
• E. g.: 0.0013590 = 1.3590 x 10 -3

3 places 1-43
Scientific Notation
Convert the following numbers from normal
to scientific notation:
i.e.: 1,250
i.e.:0.00257
i.e.: 1
i.e. 10
i.e. 0.1

1-44
Scientific Notation
Convert the following numbers from normal
to scientific notation:
i.e.: 1,250 remember the implied
decimal point 1,250.

1.25 x 10 3

1-45
Scientific Notation
Convert the following numbers from normal
to scientific notation:
i.e.:0.00257
The number is < than 1 the exponent will be
negative!
0.00257

2.57 x 10 -3

1-46
Scientific Notation
Convert the following numbers from normal
to scientific notation:
i.e.: 1
REMEMBER: Any number to the power of 0
is equal to 1
1 = 1 x 10 0

1-47
 Scientific Notation
Convert the following numbers from normal
to scientific notation:
i.e. 10

1 x 10 1

1-48
 Scientific Notation
Convert the following numbers from normal
to scientific notation:
i.e. 0.1
The number is smaller than 1, the exponent
will be negative:
0.1

1 x 10 -1

1-49
Convert from Scientific to
Normal Notation
• If exponent is positive the resulting number will
be greater than 1, move decimal point n places
adding 0’s as necessary.
• E. g., 5.3 x 104
53000 = 53,000

4 places
• If n = 0, drop the exponential part. 10 0 = 1
• E. g., 2.5x100 = 2.5 x 1 = 2.5

1-50
 Convert to Normal Notation

• If exponent is negative the resulting number will

be smaller than 1 and move decimal point n
places adding 0’s as necessary:
• E. g. 7.23 x 10-4 0000723 = 0.000723

4 places

1-51
Multiply and Divide Numbers
in Scientific Notation
• To multiply, algebraically add
exponents and multiply coefficients.
Adjust decimal point if necessary:
• (5.3x104) x (6.5x10-7) = 5.3 x 6.5 x 10(4-7) =
34.24 x 10-3
• Remember only one non zero digit prior of decimal point!

• 34.24 x 10-3 = 3.424 x 101 x 10-3

• 3.424 x 10(1-3)
• = 3.4 x 10-2

1-52
 Dividing Numbers in
Scientific Notation
• To divide, divide the numerator coefficient by the
denominator coefficient and subtract the
denominator exponent from the numerator
exponent. Adjust decimal point as needed.
8.2x10 8 8.2x10(8-3) = 1.8 x 105
• E. g., =
4.6x103 4.6

1-53
Adding and Subtracting
Numbers in Scientific Notation
• Convert numbers to be added or subtracted to
have the same exponent. Add or subtract the
coefficients. Adjust decimal point and exponent
to proper form.
• E. g. 4.24x102 + 3.6 x 103
Move decimal point 1 place to the left to increase
the exponent by 1
•0.424 x 103 + 3.6 x 103 = 4.024 x 103 =4.0 x 103

1-54
 Scientific Notation

Scientific notation also called Exponential Notation

is used to show which zeros are significant:
• 9.5 x 103 has 2 significant digits.
• 9.50 x 103 has 3 significant digits.
• 9.500 x 103 has 4 significant digits.
• If the answer to a problem is 2000 m. and we
need to express the answer with only 2
significant digits, we need to change it to
scientific notation: 2.0 x 103 m.

1-55
 Metric System
The metric system is the measurement system used in science.
• USED by the International or SI system.
• Based on Units of 10
• SI base Units
• Other units derived from base units
• Prefixes indicating power of ten
Len gth meter (m)
• Base units Volume liter (L)
Mass gram (g)
in the metric
Time second (s)
system : Temperature Degrees Celsius (oC), kelvin (K)
Energy calorie (cal)
Amount of matter mole (mol)
1-56
1-57
 Metric System
• The most common metric prefixes
Prefix Symbol Value
giga G 109
mega M 106
kilo k 103
deci d 10-1
centi c 10-2
milli m 10-3
micro µ 10-6
nano n 10-9

1-58
 Mass and Weight
• Mass: the quantity of matter in an object
• mass is independent of location
• Weight: the result of mass acted upon by gravity
• weight depends on location; depends on the force of
gravity at the particular location

1-59
 Temperature
• Kelvin (K): zero is the lowest possible
temperature; also called the absolute scale
• K = °C + 273.2 °C = K – 273.2

1-60
 Dimensional Analysis also
called:Factor-Label Method
• Conversion factor
• a ratio, including units, used as a multiplier to change
from one system or unit to another
• for example, 1 lb = 463.6 g
• Example: convert 381 grams to pounds
381 g x 1 lb = 0.840 lb
453.6 g
• Example: convert 1.844 gallons to milliliters
3.785 L x 1000 mL = 6980 mL
1.844 gal x
1 gal 1L

1-61
Conversion Factors
1 kilo 1 K- unit = 1,000 unit

1 deci 1 d - unit = 0. 1 unit

1 centi 1 c- unit = 0.01 unit

1 milli 1 m - unit = 0.001 unit

1 micro 1 µ- unit = 0.000001 unit

1-62
Conversion Factors
1 kilo 1 Kg = 1,000 g

1 deci 1 dg = 0. 1 g

1 centi 1 cg = 0.01 g

1 milli 1 mg = 0.001 g

1 micro 1 µg = 0.000001 g

1-63
Conversion Factors
1 kilo 1 KL = 1,000 L

1 deci 1 dL = 0. 1 L

1 centi 1 cL = 0.01 L

1 milli 1 mL = 0.001 L
1 mL = 1 cc
1 mL = 1 cm3

1 micro 1 µg = 0.000001 g

1-64
 Density
• Density: the ratio of mass to volume
d = density
m m = mass
d=
V V = volume

• most commonly used units are g/mL for liquids and

solids, and g/L for gases.
• Example: If 73.2 mL of a liquid has a mass of 61.5 g,
what is its density in g/mL?
m
d= = 61.5 g = 0.840 g/mL
V 73.2 mL

1-65
 Specific Gravity
• Specific gravity: the density of a substance
divided by the density of water
• because specific gravity is the ratio of two densities, it
has no units (it is dimensionless)
• Example: the density of copper at 20°C is 8.92 g/mL.
The density of water at this temperature is 1.00 g/mL.
What is the specific gravity of copper?
8.92 g/mL
Specific gravity = = 8.92
1.00 g/mL

If the Sp. Gr. of iron is 1.45, what is its density ?

d= 1.45 g/ mL

1-66
 Hydrometers
for
Measuring
Insert figure 3.18
Specific
Gravity

1-67
1-68
 Energy
• Energy: the capacity to do work
• may be either kinetic energy of potential energy
• the calorie (cal) is the base metric unit
• Kinetic energy: the energy of motion, it increases
as the object’s velocity increases, and as the
temperature increases.
• Potential energy: the energy an object has
because of its position; stored energy, it
increases as the object’s height increases

1-69
 Energy
• The law of conservation of energy
• energy can neither be created nor destroyed
• energy can only be converted from one form to another

1-70
 Heat and Temperature
• Heat is a form of energy
• heating refers to the energy transfer process when two
objects of different temperature are brought into
contact
• heat energy always flows from the hotter object to the
cooler one until the two have the same temperature
• heat is commonly measured in calories (cal), which is
the heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g of
liquid water by 1°C, from 14.5 to 15.5 oC.

• Temperature is the measure of hotness of a substance

1-71
 Heat Energy

T=20oC T=60oC
2 identical cups with coffee. T=60oC
Same mass different Temp.

T=60oC
2 cups with coffee.
Same Temp. different mass

1-72
 Specific Heat
• Specific heat: the amount of heat necessary to
raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by
1°C.
Specific Heat Specific Heat
Substance (cal/g •°C) Substance (cal/g •°C)
Water 1.00 Wood 0.42
Ice 0.48 Glass 0.22
Steam 0.48 Rock 0.20
Iron 0.11 Ethanol 0.59
Aluminum 0.22 Methanol 0.61
Copper 0.092 Ether 0.56
Lead 0.038 Acetone 0.52

1-73
 Specific Heat
• The following equation gives the relationship
between specific heat, amount of heat, the mass
of an object, and the change in temperature
Amount of heat = specific heat x mass x change in temperature
= SH x m x (T2 - T1 )

• Example: how many calories are required to heat 352 g

of water from 23°C to 95°C?

cal
amount of Heat = 352 g ´ 1.00 o ´ (95 - 23) = 2.5x10 4 cal
g• C

1-74
OPTIONAL

1-75
 NLN Review Questions
from “Review Guide for RN Pre-Entrance Exam, Mary McDonald, Jones and Bartlett
Publisher, 2000

• An object is traveling at a constant velocity of 100

meters per second. How far will it travel in 20
seconds?
• a. 5 meters
• b. 120 meters
• c. 200 meters
• d. 2,000 meters

1-76
 NLN Review Questions
from “Review Guide for RN Pre-Entrance Exam, Mary McDonald, Jones and Bartlett
Publisher, 2000

• An object is traveling at a constant velocity of 100

meters per second. How far will it travel in 20
seconds?
• a. 5 meters
• b. 120 meters
• c. 200 meters
• d. 2,000 meters

1-77
 NLN Review Questions
from “Review Guide for RN Pre-Entrance Exam, Mary McDonald, Jones and Bartlett
Publisher, 2000

• If an object measures 5 millimeters in diameter,

what is its diameter in microns (micrometers)?
• a. 0.005 µm
• b. 50 µm
• c. 500 µm
• d. 5,000 µm

1-78
 NLN Review Questions
from “Review Guide for RN Pre-Entrance Exam, Mary McDonald, Jones and Bartlett
Publisher, 2000

• If an object measures 5 millimeters in diameter,

what is its diameter in microns (micrometers)?
• a. 0.005 µm
• b. 50 µm
• c. 500 µm
• d. 5,000 µm

1-79
 NLN Review Questions
from “Review Guide for RN Pre-Entrance Exam, Mary McDonald, Jones and Bartlett
Publisher, 2000

• The table below shows the specific gravity of four substances. Which
one will float on water?
• Substance Specific Gravity
• A 0.75
• B 1.21
• C 1.80
• D 6.32

• a. A
• b. B
• c. C
• d. D

1-80
 NLN Review Questions
from “Review Guide for RN Pre-Entrance Exam, Mary McDonald, Jones and Bartlett
Publisher, 2000

• The table below shows the specific gravity of four substances. Which
one will float on water?
• Substance Specific Gravity
• A 0.75
• B 1.21
• C 1.80
• D 6.32

• a. A
• b. B
• c. C
• d. D

1-81
Matter, Energy, and Measurement

End
Chapter 1

1-82