Metropolitan area

A metropolitan area, sometimes referred to as a metro area or commuter belt, is a region consisting of a
densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and
housing.[1] A metro area usually comprises multiple jurisdictions and municipalities: neighborhoods, townships,
boroughs, cities, towns, exurbs, suburbs, counties, districts, states, and even nations like the eurodistricts. As social,
economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political
regions.[2] Metropolitan areas include one or more urban areas, as well as satellite cities, towns and intervening rural
areas that are socio-economically tied to the urban core, typically measured by commuting patterns.[3]

For urban centres outside metropolitan areas, that generate a similar attraction at smaller scale for their region, the
concept of the regiopolis and respectively regiopolitan area or regio was introduced by German professors in 2006.[4]

Contents
General definition
Unique country-specific official definitions
Algeria
Australia
Brazil
Canada
China
Denmark
Egypt
Pakistan
European Union
Belgium
Ireland
France
Greece
India
Indonesia
Israel
Japan
Philippines
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
Tunisia
Turkey
United Kingdom

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 United States
Vietnam

Megalopolis
See also
References
External links

General definition
A metropolitan area combines an urban agglomeration (the contiguous,
built-up area) with zones not necessarily urban in character, but closely
bound to the center by employment or other commerce. These outlying
zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt, and may extend well
beyond the urban zone, to other political entities. For example, El Monte,
California is considered part of the Los Angeles metro area in the United
States.

In practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and Paris (France), one of Europe's
unofficial usage, are not consistent. Sometimes they are little different from major centres
an urban area, and in other cases they cover broad regions that have little
relation to a single urban settlement; comparative statistics for
metropolitan area should take this into account. Population figures given
for one metro area can vary by millions.

There has been no significant change in the basic concept of metropolitan

areas since its adoption in 1950,[5] although significant changes in
geographic distributions have occurred since then, and more are Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area, Israel
expected.[6] Because of the fluidity of the term "metropolitan statistical
area," the term used colloquially is more often "metro service area," "metro
area," or "MSA" taken to include not only a city, but also surrounding suburban, exurban and sometimes rural areas,
all which it is presumed to influence.

A polycentric metropolitan area is one not connected by continuous development or conurbation, which requires
urban contiguity. In defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus that other areas
have a high degree of integration with.

Unique country-specific official definitions

Algeria
Algeria has two major metropolitan areas: Algiers and Oran. Algiers is the capital with more than 4 million inhabitants
and Oran is the commercial and industrial city with more than 1.4 million inhabitants.[7]

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 Australia
The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines Greater Capital City Statistical
Areas (GCCSAs) as the areas of functional extent of the seven state capitals
and the Australian Capital Territory. GCCSAs replaced "Statistical
Divisions" used until 2011.[8]

Brazil
In Brazil, metropolitan areas are called 'metropolitan regions'. Each State
defines its own legislation for the creation, definition and organization of a
Perth, Western Australia, an
metropolitan region. The creation of a metropolitan region is not intended
isolated metropolitan area
for any statistical purpose, although the Brazilian Institute of Geography
and Statistics uses them in its reports. Their main purpose is to allow for a
better management of public policies of common interest to all cities
involved. They don't have political, electoral or jurisdictional power
whatsoever, so citizens living in a metropolitan region do not elect
representatives for them. There are currently 52 metropolitan regions,
distributed in all major regions of the country, the largest of them being the
metropolitan area of São Paulo with over 21,242,900 inhabitants, making it
the largest metropolitan area in the southern hemisphere, and the 7th
largest in the world.
São Paulo, one of the largest
metropolitan areas in the world.
Canada
Statistics Canada defines a census metropolitan area (CMA) as an area
consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major
urban core. To form a CMA, the metropolitan area must have a population
of at least 100,000, at least half within the urban core. To be included in the
CMA, adjacent municipalities must have a high degree of integration with
the core, as measured by commuter flows derived from census data.[9] As of Vancouver, on Canada's Pacific
the Canada 2011 Census, there were 33 CMAs in Canada, including six with Coast
a population over one million—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa,
Calgary and Edmonton.[10]

China
Metropolitan regions of China

Denmark
In Denmark the largest metropolitan area is Greater Copenhagen,[11] consisting of the Capital Region of Denmark
along with the neighboring regions Region Zealand and Skåne County (Sweden). Greater Copenhagen has an
approximate population of 1.25 million people.[12][13] This area is the most densely populated area in the Nordic
Region.[14] The definition broadly overlaps with that of the Øresund Region. The second largest metropolitan area of
Denmark is the East Jutland metropolitan area, or Greater Aarhus, in the Central Denmark Region.

1/17/2018, 7:17 PM 3
 Egypt
In Egypt, there is officially a region called Greater Cairo, which includes the capital and its province as well as
surrounding cities. Alexandria's urban area is another metropolitan area, but not considered officially as such.

Pakistan
The largest metro areas in Pakistan are centred upon the magacities of Karachi and Lahore. The Islamabad-Rawalpindi
metropolitan area is the third largest, followed by Faislabad's urban area.

European Union
The European Union's statistical agency, Eurostat, has created a concept named Larger Urban Zone (LUZ). The LUZ
represents an attempt at a harmonised definition of the metropolitan area, and the goal was to have an area from a
significant share of the resident commute into the city, a concept known as the "functional urban region".[15]

Belgium
Belgium has five metropolitan areas, Brussels, Antwerp, Liège, Ghent and Charleroi

Ireland
The Republic of Ireland has three metropolitan areas, Dublin, Cork and Limerick.

France
France's national statistics institute, the INSEE, names an urban core and its surrounding area of commuter influence
an aire urbaine (official translation: "urban area"[16]). This statistical method applies to agglomerations of all sizes, but
the INSEE sometimes uses the term aire métropolitaine (metropolitan area) to refer to France's largest aires urbaines.

The top ten metropolitan cities based on 2012 Census population are Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Toulouse, Lille, Bordeaux,
Nice, Nantes, Strasbourg and Rennes.

Greece
Greece has two metropolitan areas, Athens Metropolitan Area and Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area.

India
In India, a metropolitan city is defined as, one having a population of 1 million and above.[17] As of 2011 census of
India, there are 46 metropolitan cities in India and the top ten are, Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru,
Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat .[18] Residents of these cities are also entitled to a higher house rent allowance.[19]

Indonesia
Indonesia has five officially recognised metropolitan areas – Bandung, Jakarta, Medan, Surabaya and Makassar.
Jakarta is Indonesia's capital and largest city with approximately 28 million metropolitan inhabitants.[20] Outside this
5 metropolitan region, there are more than 15 cities with metro population more than 1 million.

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 Israel
In Israel there are four recognized metropolitan areas: Tel Aviv,
Jerusalem, Haifa and Beersheba. Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area in late
2005 numbered about three million inhabitants. This is a center of
metropolitan employment and business in Israel. Today, some argue
that the Tel Aviv metropolitan area—Gush Dan, will be deployed in
future from Hadera to Gedera (for all "rings"—inner, middle and
outer). Nazareth is also a developing metropolitan area, somewhat in
the scale of Beersheba. By most definitions a big part of Jerusalem's
Kolkata Metropolitan Area is one of the
metropolitan area is in the West Bank and so is some of Tel Aviv's.
largest metropolitan areas of the world
Japan
The term toshiken (都市圏, metropolitan area in Japanese) refers to a metropolitan area in Japan. The Greater Tokyo
Area is a major metropolitan area in the nation, consisting of the Kantō region of Japan, including the Tokyo
Metropolis, as well as Yamanashi Prefecture.

Philippines

Metro Manila

Metro Manila is the largest conurbation or urban agglomeration in the Philippines, and its official metropolitan area is
composed of the city of Manila plus 15 neighboring cities and a municipality. Other metropolitan areas are centered on
the cities of Angeles, Bacolod, Baguio, Batangas, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Dagupan, Davao, Iloilo, Naga, Olongapo.

South Korea
In Korea, the term of metropolitan area is gwang-yeoksi (광역시, officially translated in Korean) and Teukbyeolsi (특
별시).

Spain
Spain has a few large metropolitan areas, Madrid, Barcelona, Bilbao, Valencia, Seville, Málaga, Zaragoza, Mallorca, A
Coruña. The largest is Madrid, with about 6 million inhabitants.

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 Sweden
Sweden has three metropolitan areas, Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö.
They are defined as a group of municipalities, based on statistics of
commuting between central municipalities and surrounding municipalities
and taking into account existing planning cooperation in the three
regions.[21] They were defined around 1965. In 2005, a number of further
Barcelona
municipalities were added to the defined areas.

Tunisia
Tunisia has 3 major metropolitan areas: Tunis, Sfax and Sousse. The largest being Tunis with 2.7 million
inhabitants.[22]

Turkey
The word metropolitan describes a major city in Turkey like Istanbul, a city
that is dominant to others both financially and socially.[24] There are 16
officially defined "state metropolitan areas" in Turkey, for governing
purposes.[25] More than ten of these metropolitan areas are populated with
more than one million people: İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Bursa, Adana,
Gaziantep, Konya, Antalya, Samsun, Kayseri, Eskişehir and Mersin.

İstanbul-Kocaeli-Sakarya-Yalova-Bursa metropolitan areas, almost

continuously inhabited, form one single megalopolitan area around the
Istanbul, straddling Europe and
eastern part of Marmara Sea, with total population of almost 20 Million
Asia, is one of only two metropolitan
and with the combined economy of US$750 Billion. İstanbul Province itself areas to span two continents, the
has a population of 17 Million and an economy of almost US$500 Billion. other being the Port Said
metropolitan area, which straddles
Africa and Asia[23]
United Kingdom
There are currently (2011) 46 metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom
with a populations in the range 150,000 to 25 million inhabitants, according to the European Union's ESPON project,
with the following population distributions:

1/17/2018, 7:17 PM 6
 Category Populations - 2011 Count

A 12.8 - 25 million 1

B 6.4 - 12.8 million 0

C 3.2 - 6.4 million 1

D 1.6 - 3.2 million 3

E 0.8 - 1.6 million 7

F 0.4 - 0.8 million 9

Gi 0.2 - 0.4 million 19

Gii =<0.2 million 6

Total 46

The largest is London Metropolitan Area with 14.0 million inhabitants; the next largest metropolitan area,
Birmingham,
is a step change down with 3.7 million inhabitants.

United States
Most recently on February 28, 2013, the United States Office of
Management and Budget defined 1,098 statistical areas for the
metropolitan areas of the United States and Puerto Rico.[26] These
1,098 statistical areas comprise 929 Core Based Statistical Areas
(CBSAs)[27] and 169 Combined Statistical Areas (CSAs).[28] The
929 Core Based Statistical Areas are divided into 388
Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs – 381 for the U.S. and seven
for Puerto Rico)[29] and 541 Micropolitan Statistical Areas (μSAs –
536 for the U.S. and five for Puerto Rico).[30] The 169 Combined
Statistical Areas (166 for the U.S. and three for Puerto Rico) each New York City is the most populous city in the
United States and also anchors the most
comprise two or more adjacent Core Based Statistical Areas.
populous metropolitan area in the United
States.
Vietnam
Vietnam's two metropolitan areas are the Hanoi Capital Region
and Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area.

Megalopolis
The concept of a "megalopolis" was first examined in detail by the Scottish geographer Patrick Geddes in his 1915 book
Cities in Evolution. Geddes describes it as a "city-region", a chain of interlinked urban or metropolitan areas.

One prominent North American example of a megalopolis is the Northeast megalopolis, sometimes called the
BosWash after the cities on either end: it consists of Boston; Providence, RI; Hartford, CT; Greater New York City;
Philadelphia; Wilmington, DE; Baltimore; Washington, DC and their vicinities.[31] Two other prominent megalopolises
in North America are as follows:

1/17/2018, 7:17 PM 7
 1. In California and Baja California, Ventura County, Los Angeles County,
Orange County, San Diego County, part of Riverside County, part of
San Bernardino County, Tijuana Municipality, Rosarito Beach
Municipality, Mexicali Municipality, and Tecate Municipality. There are
hundreds of cities and towns in this megalopolis, with the largest ones
being Los Angeles, Long Beach, Irvine, Anaheim, San Diego, and
Tijuana.
2. The bi-national Great Lakes Megalopolis consists of the group of North
American metropolitan areas surrounding the Great Lakes region
within the Midwestern United States, Southern Ontario, and parts of
Pennsylvania, New York, and Quebec. The region extends from the
Milwaukee–Chicago–Gary corridor to the Detroit–Toronto corridor, and
includes Buffalo, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton, Erie,
Grand Rapids, Indianapolis, Louisville, Ottawa, Rochester, and Toledo,
reaching as far as Pittsburgh and St. Louis. The region had an
estimated population of 54 million for the 2000 Census and is
projected to reach about 65 million by 2025, although much of this
area has remained rural, due in part to the decline of the Rust Belt.
The world's largest megalopolis is probably the Taiheiyō Belt (the Pacific
megalopolis) of Japan on southeastern Honshu that consists of the
metropolis of Tokyo, Kawasaki, Yokohama, Shizuoka, Hamamatsu,
Nagoya, Kyoto, Osaka, Kobe, Okayama, Hiroshima, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka
and their surrounding cities and towns. Major means of ground
transportation in Japan such as its railroad network (for both passengers
and freight), many expressways, and the "Shinkansen" bullet train are
concentrated in this region, which also includes the northern shore of the
Inland Sea of Japan. This is a highly industrialized part of Japan, and it is
also the location of its most important seaports in Japan – such as at This picture demonstrates the
Yokohama, Osaka, Kobe, Hiroshima and Kure – and its most important agglomerating metropolitan areas of
international airports – such as at Tokyo and Osaka. The population of this the Northeast Megalopolis of the
megalopolis can be as high as 83 million people, depending on where one United States, including far-flung
suburbs and exurbs illuminated at
draws its boundaries.
night.
Seoul National Capital Area is a megalopolis with a population of 24
million, which includes Seoul,
Incheon, Suwon, Goyang and
the rest of Gyeonggi-do and
extends to some fraction of
western Gangwon-do, and
Chungcheong-do. Its area is
over 10,000㎢ and about 11,745
㎢, which is connected by
Tijuana-San Diego's international ground transportation such as São Paulo's megapolis converges
metropolitan area is part of the the port city of Santos
its railroad network, many
Southern California and Baja expressways, and High-speed
California Norte Megapolis along
rail so-called "KTX".
with Los Angeles, Mexicali among
others Guangdong Province's Pearl River Delta is a megalopolis with a population
of 48 million that extends from Hong Kong and Shenzhen to Guangzhou.

1/17/2018, 7:17 PM 8
 Some projections assume that by 2030 up to 1 billion people will live in China's urban areas. Even rather conservative
projections predict an urban population of up to 800 million people. In its most recent assessment, the UN Population
Division estimated an urban population of 1 billion in 2050.[32]

Europe contains numerous large metropolitan areas, such as the Madrid metropolitan area in Spain (pop. 6.3 million),
the Milan metropolitan area (pop. 8 million) in Italy, the Barcelona metropolitan area (pop. 5 million), the Randstad
(pop. 7.1 million) in the Netherlands, the Upper Silesian metropolitan area (pop. 7 million) in Poland and the Czech
Republic, and the Flemish Diamond (pop. 5.5 million) in Belgium. The largest are the London metropolitan area (pop.
13.6 million), Paris metropolitan area (pop. 12.2 million), and the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region (pop. 11.5 million)
in Germany. However, it is generally considered only to contain one megalopolis, best known as the 'Blue Banana'. The
concept was developed in 1989 by Frenchman Roger Brunet. Its precise extent is not universally agreed, but it typically
stretches from London and the Thames estuary down the Rhine corridor including the likes of Brussels, Paris and the
Rhine-Ruhr as far as Turin and Milan. Assessments of the total population range from 92 to 110 million, depending on
the inclusion of the Parisian area which was most explicitly excluded by Brunet. It has been subject to criticism,
particularly due to the discontinuity caused by the very low-population areas of the Alps and the North Sea; alternative
models have also been suggested, such as the overlapping Golden Banana, and an emerging English megalopolis
comprising most of southeastern England, the Midlands and parts of northern England. Indeed, using the criterion of
population density, England as a whole already has a population density of 407 people per square kilometre,[33] which
is higher than the United States Northeast megalopolis.

Africa's first megalopolis is situated in the urban portion of Gauteng Province in South Africa, comprising the
conurbation of Johannesburg, and the metropolitan areas of Pretoria and the Vaal Triangle, otherwise known as the
PWV.

Brazil has one megalopolis: the Rio de Janeiro—São Paulo Megalopolis, which includes parts of Minas Gerais, Rio de
Janeiro and São Paulo states and has a population of over 45 million inhabitants. It spreads throughout much of the
Southeast Region of the country, a conurbation that brings together more than 450 cities – defined primarily by
metropolitan areas of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo and the whole catchment area around and between them
(separated by about 300 km) is by far the most urbanized and industrialized in the country and Latin America.

Megacity is a general term for metropolitan areas that usually have a total population in excess of ten million people. In
Canada, "megacity" can also refer informally to the results of merging a central city with its suburbs to form one large
municipality. A Canadian "megacity", however, is not necessarily an entirely urbanized area, since many of its named
"cities" have both rural and urban portions. Also, 10 million inhabitants is an unreasonably high number for Canada.
Moreover, Canadian "megacities" do not constitute large metropolitan areas in a global sense. For example, Toronto
has a metropolitan population of about five million people, but is part of a much larger metropolitan region called the
Golden Horseshoe, which has about eight million people.

The census population of a metro area is not the city population. However, it better demonstrates the population of the
city. Los Angeles may only have a city population of slightly less than four million, but depending on the definition, it
has a metropolitan area population of either 13 million, or 18 million people in its combined statistical area. A major
question is whether or not to include San Diego and Tijuana.

See also
Developed environments Terms

1/17/2018, 7:17 PM 9
 Economic restructuring Amalgamation (politics)
Metropolitan statistical area Census metropolitan area
Metropolitan economy Combined statistical area
Urban sprawl Consolidated city-county
Urban heat island Conurbation
Ecumenopolis
Lists of metropolitan areas
Industrial region
List of metropolitan areas that overlap Larger Urban Zones (LUZ)
multiple countries Megacity
List of metropolitan areas by population Megalopolis (city type)
List of metropolitan areas in Asia Metrobus
List of metropolitan areas in Africa Metropolis
List of metropolitan areas in the Americas Overpopulation
Urban sprawl
List of North American metropolitan areas
by population Urban area
List of metropolitan areas in Europe World's largest cities

List of metropolitan areas (LUZ) in the

European Union

Metropolitan planning theories

New Urbanism
Smart growth
Transit-oriented development

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expansion-in-east-asia-indonesia). World Bank. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
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1/17/2018, 7:17 PM 11
 27. The United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines a Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA) as one
or more adjacent counties or county equivalents that have at least one urban core area of at least 10,000
population, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as
measured by commuting ties.
28. The United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines a Combined Statistical Area (CSA) as an
aggregate of adjacent Core Based Statistical Areas that are linked by commuting ties.
29. The United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines a Metropolitan Statistical Area (μSA) as a
Core Based Statistical Area having at least one urban cluster of at least 50,000 population, plus adjacent territory
that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as measured by commuting ties.
30. The United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) defines a Micropolitan Statistical Area (μSA) as a
Core Based Statistical Area having at least one urban cluster of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000 population,
plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as measured by
commuting ties.
31. "Megalopolis 50 years later" (http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2011/us-megalopolises-50-years.aspx).
PRB. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
32. "People's Daily Online – China's urban population to reach 800 to 900 million by 2020: expert"
(http://english.people.com.cn/200409/16/eng20040916_157275.html). Retrieved 27 April 2016.
33. 2011 Census – Population and Household Estimates for England and Wales, March 2011 (http://www.ons.gov.uk
/ons/dcp171778_270487.pdf)

External links
"The World's Cities in 2016" (https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization
/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf) (PDF). United Nations. October 2016. (page 1 illustrates
metropolitan area versus city proper and urban agglomeration)
Metropolis.org (http://www.metropolis.org), An organisation of world metropolises
Urban Employment Areas in Japan (https://web.archive.org/web/20070202012748/http://www.urban.e.u-
tokyo.ac.jp/UEA/index_e.htm) (Metropolitan Employment Areas in Japan)
Turismo.fvg.it (http://www.turismo.fvg.it/poli), (Metropolis read by maps in Friuli Venezia Giulia – Northeast of Italy
– EU)
Geopolis (http://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20091012202651/http://www.e-geopolis.eu/) : research group, university
of Paris-Diderot, France — Urbanization of the world

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This page was last edited on 17 January 2018, at 17:35.

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