JOURN AL O F RESEAR CH of the N oti onal Burea u of Standards - C.

Engineering and In strum enta tion

Vol. 74C, No s. 3 a nd 4, July- December 1970

The Use of Dew-Point Temperature in Humidity

Calculations

Lawrence A. Wood

Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234

(August 21, 1970)

Th e de w- po int te mperature has a number of desi rable features as a means of e xpressin g humidit y.
Th e Antoin e Equ ation, log ew= A - B ( T + C) - I , wh ere ew is the pa rtial press ure a nd T is th e te mpera-
ture of satura te d aqu eous vapo r , re prese nts th e Go ff- Gra te h formul ati on quit e well over th e ra nge of
te m perature from 0 to 140 of. Th e press u re ew , in in ches of me rc ury, is obta in ed by ta kin g th e co ns tan ts
A=6. 70282 , B = 3150 .5 15 (OF ) - l a nd C = 391.0 of, ca lc ul ate d fro m va lu es given b y Dre is bach. It is
s hown th at the d e w- point DP is rela te d to th e rela ti ve humidit y RH b y th e relation :

(D P + C) - l = (T + C) - I+ B- l log (RH )- l
"
Lin es of nearl y co ns ta nt pos itive slope rep rese nt co ns ta nt re lat ive humidit.y valu es on gra ph s of dew-
point aga in s t te mpe ra ture. The valu e of th e s lope d ecreases fro m unity fo r RH = 100 pe rce nt to abo ut
0.76 for RH = 10 perce nt, corres pondin g to th e lin ea r equ a ti on

DP = [ I + 0.147 1 log (RH )- I]-'( T - 70 ) + DP,o whe re DP70 = [2169 + 319 log (RH )- l] - l x 10li -391.

P sychrome tri c c harts s ho win g de w-point a nd dry- bulb te mperature as coo rdin a tes with lin es re pre-
senting co nsta nt relati ve humidity a nd cons ta nt we t-bul b te m pera ture (o bta in ed from t he Fe rre l Eq ua-
ti on) a re extre mely useful , since give n valu es for any two of th ese four va ri ab les se rv e to loca te a po int ,
from whi c h the valu es of th e oth er t wo varia bl es ca n be read d irect.ly.

Key words: Antoin e Eq ua ti on; de w po int; humi d ity; hyg rome try; psyc hromet ric c hart; re lat ive hu-
midity; vapor press ure of wa ter; we t-bulb te mpe rature.

1. Introduction humidity a t pressures n ear a norm al a tmos phere, where

In calculations of the humidity of air contamm g
moi sture, the dew-point te mperature has a numbe r of
desirable fe atures as a mean s of expressing the ab-
solute humidity_ In many in stance s in whi c h th e
temperature of th e air is changed the dew point re-
mains relatively constant. One illustration of this is
the ri se of te mperature when cold outdoor air in winter
is heated and brought indoors without humidification.
The dew point remains relatively constant also dur-
ing the normal daily rise and fall of te mpe rature of
outdoor air. In fact , the us ual morning weath er re ports
could provide a numb er whi c h would be much less
subj ect to c han ge durin g the day if th e value of de w
point were to be re ported in place of the relative
humidity.
The present pape r stresses the advantages of using
dew point in expressing humidity , de rives some ap-
plicable e quations , and pres ents illustrati ve charts
and tables to facilitate th e operation_
The results give n he re should be useful for engi-
neering purposes of measure ment a nd control of
humidity in the range above about 5 percent relative
the require me nts fo r preC1SlOn a t te m peratu res
be tween 0 and 140 of , do not exceed a bo ut 0_5 percent
in relative humidity or a fe w te nths of a degree F in
te mpe rature_ The se r equire m ents are interm ediate
between the approximate value s some times used in
rough calculations based on readings with hair hy-
grometers or similar instruments and the more precise
values required in research in hygrometry_
The temperature range was c hosen to include the
complete range of uncontrolled variation of a tmos-
pheric temperature. Whe n a refere n ce tempe rature
near normal room tempe rature is re quired , a value of
70 OF has been chosen , to be at the midpoint of the
range_
2. Definitions and Tabulations of Values
The present paper makes use of the definitions
adopted by the Conference of Directors, International
Meteorological Organization, meeting in Washington
in 1947, with the revised definition ofrelative humidity
adopted by the International Joint Committee on P sy-
c hrometric Data, meeting in Philadelphia in 1950_

117
 These are presented in detail in the Smithso nian air would be sufficient to saturate the air. In other
Meteorological Tables, Sixth Edition 1951 [ 1].' The words , the partial vapor pressure at the given tempera-
same definitions are accepted by the Am e rican Society ture is equal to the partial saturation vapor pressure
of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engi- at the dew-point temperature.
nee rs (ASHRAE) and published in the ASHRAE Guide
and Data Book [2]. 3. Dew-Point and Relative Humidity
An extensive study of the the rmodynami c proper-
ties of moist air completed in 1945 and 1946 by Goff Let us consider first only three variables, limiting
and Gratch [3, 4, 5] led to formulation of tables of ourselves to standard atmospheric pressure and post-
consistent numerical values. These values have been poning for the present all discussion of wet-bulb tem-
accepted and promulgated by both the Directors of peratures. The variables are (dry-bulb) temperature,
the International Meteorological Organization and the relative humidity, and de w point. In a search of the
ASHRAE. They have been published in several literature I could find no tables showing explicitly
handbooks [1 , 2 , 6]. the dew point as a function of temperature and rela-
The numerical values of vapor pressure used in the tive humidity, although small graphs with temperature
prese nt work are those sh own in Table 95 of the Smith- in Celsius degrees have been given in the German
sonia n Me teorological Table s [1], which gives values lite rature [7]. Consequently table 1 has been drawn
of aqueous satura tion vapor pressure at intervals of up in order to show the dew poi~t for different tem-
0.1 OF at the standard atmospheric pressure of 29.921 peratures at 10° intervals from 0 to 140 OF and for
inches of merc ury (760.00 mm of mercury, 101 ,325 relative humidities at 10 percent intervals from 10 to
N m - I). 100 percent. Values of the saturation vapor pressure
Relative humidity RH is defined as the ratio of the of water are shown in the se c ond column of the table.
mol-fraction of water vapor in a given volume of moist They are taken from the Goff-Gratch formulation , as
air to the mol-fraction of water vapor in the same vol- presented in the Smithsonian Meteorological Tables
ume of saturated moist air at the same temperature [1]. The units of pressure are inches of mercury, each
and pressure. For the ideal gas mixture s assumed equivalent to 3386.389 N/m 2 •
here , this definition is equivalent to defining relative Table 1 was prepared by calculating the vapor pres-
humidity as the ratio of the partial pressure e of water sure as the product of the saturation vapor pressure
vapor in moist air to the partial saturation pressure of e w and the relative humidity RH. The dew point was
water vapor e w at the temperature of the air [2]. The then read to the nearest 0.1 ° from the Tables as the
partial pressure of saturated water vapor is affected temperature at which this value of vapor pressure is
only slightly by the presence or absence of air [1]. At equal to the saturation vapor pressure.
atmospheric pressure near room temperature the dif-
fe rence is of the order of 0.5 percent, and will be
neglected in the present work.
De w-point temperature is defined as the temperature
4. Antoine Equation for Vapor Pressure
at whic h the partial vapor pres~ure of water in moist
Of the many empirical forms of equations for the
pressure of the saturated vapor of a liquid [8] the one
proposed by Antoine for water [9, 10] and later ex-
! Figu res in brac ke t s indi ca te the lit era ture re fere nces a t the e nd of this paper. tended to other liquids [11] possesses a number of ad-

TABLE 1. Saturated aqueous vapor pressure and dew point (oF)

T ew 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

OF in Hg
0 0.04477 -44.2 -31.6 - 24.1 -18.6 - 14.2 - ]0 .6 -7 .5 -4.7 -2 .2 0.0
10 .07080 -35.8 - 23 .1 - 15.3 -9.5 - 4.9 - 1.1 +2 .2 + 5.1 + 7.7 + 10.0
20 .10960 -27. 9 - 14.6 - 6. 5 - 0.4 + 4. 4 +8.4 11.8 14. 8 17. 5 20.0
30 .16631 -20. 1 - 6. 2 +2.3 + 8.6 13.6 17. 8 21.4 24.6 27.4 30.0
40 .24767 -12.2 +2.2 1l.J 17.6 22.9 27.3 31.0 34.3 37.3 40.0
50 .36240 - 4.4 10.5 19.8 26.7 32 .1 36.7 40.6 44. 1 47. 2 50.0
60 .52160 +3.3 18.8 28.5 35.6 41. 3 46. 1 50.2 53 .8 57.1 60.0
70 .73916 11. 0 27. 1 37.2 44.6 50. 5 55.5 59.8 63. 6 66.9 70.0
80 1.0323 18.6 35.4 45 .8 53.5 59. 7 64 .9 69. 3 73 .3 76.8 80.0
90 1.42 19 26. 2 43. 6 54.4 62.4 68.9 74.2 78.9 83 .0 86.7 90.0
100 1.9334 33.7 51.8 63.0 71.3 78.0 83.6 88.4 92.7 96. 5 100.0
110 2.5968 4l. 2 59. 9 71. 5 80.2 87.1 92 .9 98.0 102.4 106.4 110.0
120 3.4477 48.7 68.0 80. 1 89.0 96. 2 102 .3 107. 5 112.1 116.2 120.0
130 4.52 74 56.1 76. 0 88.5 97.8 105.3 111.6 117.0 121.8 126.1 130.0
140 5.8842 63.4 84.0 97. 0 106.6 114.4 120.9 126. 5 131.5 135.9 140.0

118

L
vantages [12]. Consequently it has been extensively
used in rece nt years. It may be written
log e", = A - B ( T + C) - I (1)
where e", is the p artial pressure an d T th e te mperature
of the saturated vapor , while A, B , and C are e m piri cal
co nstants.
When ew is expressed in millimeters of merc ur y a nd
T in degrees Celsius , the constants for water be twee n
o and 60 °C have been evaluated by Dreisbach [13a,
13b] as
A = 8.10765,
B = 1750.286 , (deg C) - I and
C = 235.0 deg C.
When ew is expre s~ed in in c hes of mercury and Tin
degree s Fahrenheit the constants for water between
32 and 140 °C may be calculated from those just give n.
This calc ulation gives :
A = 6.70282,
B = 3 150. 515, (deg F) - I and
C = 39 1.0 deg F.
With th ese con s tants the Antoine Equation yields
value s of vapor pressure whi ch , for our purposes, are
in completely adequate agreement with tho se given
in the Goff-Gratch tabulation [1 , 2, 6]. The differences
are less than about 0.00040 in of mercury for tempe ra-
tures in the range 40 to 120 of and less than about
0.00100 in of me rcury in the ranges 0 to 40 of and 120
to 140 of.
If differen ces of this magnitude are not to be toler-
ated recourse must be had to equations of much greater
complexity containing many more constants [1].
Computer programs have been developed to deal with
this situation [14].
5. Dew Point and Relative Humidity
Since the dew point te mperature DP and the relative
humidity RH are de fin ed in te rm s of vapor press ures,
an equation involvin g th e m may be easily deriv ed from
eq (1). The vapor press ure at te mperature Tis (RH)e w
and is equal to the sa turation vapor press ure at the
dew point te mpeJ'ature DP. Thu s by applying eq (1) at
the dew point tempe rature we obtain
log (RH)ew = A-B(DP+C) - I. (2)
Subtracting eq (2) from eCI (1) we have:
log (RH) - I=B[(DP+C) - I-(T+C) - I]
(DP+C) - I = (T+C) - I + B - 1 log (RH) - I. (3)
This form of eq uation s uggests a plot of (DP + C) - I
against (T+C) - I. When C is again take n as 391.0 OF.
the li-ne s obtained for constant relative humidity are
straight and have unit slope, as predi c ted. From the
intercepts a value of B - 1 may be obtained.
119
403-833 0 - 70 - 5
In the present work , howe ver , a nongraphical me thod
has been employed to obtain B - 1 with greater se nsi-
tivity. This involved calculatin g the differe nce of
(DP+C)- I and (T+C) - I from th e valu es of dew point
as a function of temperature as giv e n in table 1. The
constant C was taken as 391.0 OF, a before. The aver-
age value of this difference for all temperatures from
o to 140 OF for a given relativ e humidity was divided
by log (RH)- I to obtain B - 1.
No signifi cant trends could be noted in thi s differe nce
as a fun ction of temperature or in th e values of B- 1 as
a function of relative humidity. The mean value of
B- 1 obta in ed in this way was 318.6 X 10- 6 (deg F)-I.
The reciprocal of the value of B in the Antoine Equa-
tion as given above by Dreisbach [13], is 317.4 X 10- 6
(deg F)- I. The agreement between these two inde-
pendent values is highly satisfactory. In the remainder
of this paper we shall take the value of B - 1 as 319 X 10-tl
(OF)- I. Both the graph of eq (3) and the constancy of
the individual values of B - 1 confirm the validity of
the eq uation in represe ntin g experimental values of
dew point.
Acco rdin g to the present results, the values of the
constants as give n by Dreis bach for the ran ge 32 to
140 OF appear to be valid also for the satura ted vapor
pressure of s ubcooled water in th e range 0 to 32 OF.
When the dew point for a given relative humidity
is plotted as a function of temperature it is found that
th e data c an be represented by a family of almost
linear c urves. Figure 1 shows such a plot, wh ere the
points represent the data of table 1. Th e lines shown
are s trai ght lines with slopes decreasin g [rom unity
at RH = 100% to about 0.76 at RH = 10% .
FIG URE 1. Dew point DP as afunction of temperature T at different
vaLues of reLative humidity RH.
 Numerical values of the slope may be calculated
from an equation obtained by differentiation of eq (3).
This is:
d(DP)/dT=[I+B- I(T+C) log (RH) - I] - z. (4)
When the numerical values just obtained for the con·
stants B - 1 and C are inserted it is found that the slope
for the curve corresponding to 90 percent relative
humidity should be about 0.986 at 70 of. The slope is
about 0.2 percent greater than this at 0 of and about 0.2
percent less than this at 140 of. The predicted slope
of the curve corresponding to 10 percent relative
humidity should be about 0.76 at 70 of. It should be
about 4 percent greater than this at 0 of and about
4 percent less than this at 140 of.
In view of this close approach to linearity of DP as
a function of T at constant RH it is sometimes con-
venient to express the relation between dew point
and temper.ature in strictly linear form involving DP o,
the dew pomt at some reference temperature To , and
a constant slope equal to the slope at To.
DP=[1 + B- I(To +C) log (RH) - I] - Z[T- To]+DP o (Sa)
where
DP o = [(TO+C) - I + B - 1 log (RH) - I] - I-C. (5b)
For work near room temperature it is convenient
to take the reference temperature To = 70 of. With
the constants C = 391.0 of and B - 1= 319 X 10- 6 (deg
F)- I these equations become:
DP = [l +0.1471 log (RH) - I] - Z[T-70] + DP 70 (6a)
where
DP 70 = [2169 + 319 log (RH) -\] -I X 10 6 - 391. (6b)
It should be recognized that this equation, in ex-
plicit form to yield the dew point, is an approximation.
Equation (3) on the other hand depends only on the
validity of the Antoine form and the proper evaluation
of its constants Band C. However, calculation of values
by eq (6) over the range of temperatures and humidities
shown in table 1 leads to the conclusion that the dif-
ferences are not significant for the degree of precision
contemplated in the present work. The largest differ-
ences are found at the highest and lowest temperatures,
as would be expected, and at the lowest humidities.
At 0 and 140 of for 10 percent relative humidity the
approximation yields values of dew point about 1 to
2° higher than eq (3). This difference falls to about
0.5° at 40 percent humidity and is still less at higher
humidities. Even at 10 percent relative humidity it
is no greater than 0.6° for temperatures from 30 to
130 of.
The straight lines in figure 1 were drawn, not to
conform necessarily to the points, but rather to repre-
sent the dew point as a function of temperature as
predicted by eq (6). It can be seen that the lines do
conform very well to the points and that the differ-
ences are approximately those just mentioned.
When the linear approximation is not made, the
values predicted by eq (3) differ by only a few tenths
of a degree from those given in table 1 and thus deviate
only imperceptibly from the experimental points
shown in figure 1.
120
6. Wet-Bulb Temperature Isotherms
The lowering of temperature of a thermometer sur-
rounded by a wick from which water is evaporating is
often used to measure humidity [15]. There are numer-
ous possibilities for error and uncertainty, but the
method gives useful results when the proper precau-
tions are taken .
Humidity is calculated from readings of wet-bulb
temperature by the use of the Ferrel Equation [1, 15,
16, 17]
er= e;"r' - 367 X 10- 6 [l + O.00064(T' - 32) ]p(T - T')
(7)
where er is the partial pressure of water vapor at the
dry-bulb temperature T, e;"T' is the partial pressure of
saturated water vapor at the wet-bulb temperature r-
and p is the total pressure . The quantity eT calculated
by this equation is divided by ewT, the saturation vapor
pressure at temperature T to obtain the relative hu-
modity RH. From this , the dew point may be calcu-
lated by the methods given in the preceding sections
of this paper. The total atmospheric pressure p appears
in the Ferrel Equation , and due regard must be paid
to variations in it, in calculations of humidity by this
method. As in the preceding sections, the value here
will be assumed to be the standard atmosphere of
29.921 in of mercury.
On a chart with dew point as ordinate and dry bulb
temperature as abscissa one can show a family of
curves corresponding to constant wet-bulb tempera-
ture. In figure 2 these curves have been drawn at 10°
intervals. The values shown are those calculated from
eq (7) in the manner just described. It will be noted
that the slopes are always negative and that their
absolute value increases with increase of dry-bulb
temperature or with decrease of wet-bulb temperature.
Several of the constant humidity lines of figure 1 are
also shown in figure 2.
Dew point values as calculated from the Ferrel
Equation to the nearest degree only, are tabulated
directly as a function of wet- and dry-bulb temperatures
in tables issued by the Weather Bureau [17]. Although
the results are based on saturated vapor pressure
values antedating those of Goff and Gratch [3, 4, 5], the I
dew points tabulated agree, to the nearest degree , with
those calculated in the manner just described for the
range studied in the present work.
7. Psychrometric Charts
A psychrometric chart with dew point as ordinate
and temperature as abscissa, like figure 1, is very use-
ful in humidity calculations. If wet-bulb temperatures
are required, it can show superposed, as in figure 2,
both the family of curves for constant wet-bulb tem-
perature with negative slopes and the family of lines
of positive slope representing constant relative
humidity.
 140r----,-----,----,-----,----.----~--__, In practical problem s of humidity meas urement
and control the range s of interest are usually mu ch
smaller than those shown in fi gu res 1 and 2_ Und er
120 s uch circumstances it is very con ve ni e nt to use eqs (6)
and (7) as a basis for drawing a grid co nsistin g of lin es
100
of constant relative humidity and co ns tant we t-bulb
te mpe rature on a psychrometric chart.
90 A typical example is shown in figure 3, which has
80 bee n applied to the measurement and control of th e
humidity and temperature of the air surrounding a
carbon arc. The relative humidity lines are drawn at
DP(OF) 60 intervals of 2 percent and the wet-bulb temperature
c urves at intervals of 1 OF on graph paper measuring
250 X 180 mm. Visual estimation of tenths of the
40 intervals between curves makes possible interpolation
of values to 0.2 percent relative humidity and 0.1 OF
wet-bulb temperature. Each millimeter on the scales
20 for coordinates re prese nts tenth s of degrees for dew
point and dry bulb te mperature.
In one application of th e chart it was desired to
find th e we t-bulb te mperature correspo nding to 30
percent relative humidity a t 117 OF. Th e chart showed
-20 ~-~----1.<~:L::L---::Il:----,,Jl:-----L--L---L----1---.J the dew point to be 77.5 OF , and th e corresponding
o 60 80 120 140 we t-b ulb te mperature was th e n es tim a ted as 87.0 OF
T (O F)
by vi s ual inte rpola ti on along a lin e through th e de w
point a pproxim a tely normal to the two neares t wet-
F IC URE 2. Dew point DP as a/unction 0/ temperature T at different
values 0/ wet·bulb temperature T '. bulb iso th erm s.
The lin es fo r rela tiv e humidi ti es of iO pe rce nt . 50 pe rce nt , a nd 100 pe rce nt fro m figure 1 In another typical application the we t-bulb tempera-
are shown for co mpari so n.
The rectan g ular box shows th e range of valu es cove re d in f-i gurc 3.
ture was observed to be 84.5 OF at a te mperature of
110 OF. Th e de w point was th en read from th e c hart
The psyc hrome tric charts usually availabl e in the as 76.0 OF and the relative humidity as 35.0 perce nt.
handbooks a nd other refere nces [2, 6] are similar to On another occasion it was desired to know how
these but s how as ordinate the partial vapor press ure high the relative humidity co uld be a t 115 OF without
or the absolute humidity in mass pe r unit volume of havin g conde nsation wh en the air was cooled to roo m
dry air or th e humidity ratio (also called mixing ratio) te mperature 77 oF. This was read from the chart as
in ma ss per unit mas s of dry air, rather than the d ew 31.4 percent, together with th e correspondin g wet-
point. In all th ese c harts th e graph s representing con- bulb te mperature of 86.3 OF.
stant relative humidities are c urves of con stantly in- Finally, a fourth problem involved de terminin g th e
creasing slope, rather than th e lin ear graph s shown in temperature to which one mu st heat air with a dew
figure s 1 a nd 2_ Con seque ntly , the calculation of the point of 70 OF in order to redu ce its rela tive humidity
points, th e drawing of the c urves, and the vi s ual inter- to 30 percent. The value was read to b e 108.5 OF , with
polation are all con sidera bl y more diffic ult. However, a corres pondin g wet-bulb te mpera ture of 80.7 OF.
the c urves represe ntin g con stant we t-bulb tempe ra- In all four proble ms the valu es of the desired
ture are us ually linear in contrast with those in figure 2. qunatities were found by locating a single point
As a measure of humidity the use of the dew point on the chart, and th e wh ole operation was completed
has another advantage over that of vapor pressure or in a much shorter tim e than wh e n alternative methods
mas s per unit volum e, since the conversion from British were used.
units to m etri c units involves only a change from tem-
peratures in degrees Fahrenheit to temperatures in 8. Summary and Conclusions
de grees Celsius_ For example, figure 1 requires only a
relabelin g of the two coordinates in degrees Celsius .The Antoine Equation has bee n shown to represent
to conform to th e metric sys te m; fi gures 2 and 3 re- wIth good accuracy th e values of the saturated vapor
quire, in addition, only the conversion of th e wet-bulb press ure of water over the range 0 to 140 OF, as formu-
temperatures to degrees Celsius_ lated by Goff and Gratch and promulgated by meteoro-
Our psyc hrome tric c hart shows four variables- dry logical and air-conditioning organizations. The dew
bulb te mp erature a nd dew point as coordinates with point DP is related to the temperature T and relative
relative humidity and we t-bulb te mpe rature as lin es. humidity RH by the following equation:
Given values for any two of the variabl es serve to de- (DP+C) - '=(T+C) - '+B - 'l og (RH) - '
fin e a point on the c hart , from which th e values of the
other two variabl es may be read directly_ Such a chart wh ere B - 1 and C, constants in the Antoine Equation,
is ~impler and easier to use than variou s nomogra ms ~av e th e values 31?X 10 - 6 CF) - ' and 391 CF) respec-
whICh are available for humidity calculati on s [16]. tively. The dew pomt DP may also be calculated with
121
 78
76
74
72
DP ('F)
70
68
66
64
95
T ('F)
fI GU RE 3. Typi cal psychro metric cha rt of d ew p oint DP llnd temperatu re T used in humidit y calcu lation s.
Th e ra nge of vaJ w 's coy e re d is tha t of th e reel an g u lar Lox s hown in fig ure 2.
Lin es of posi t ive s lope c o rres po n d to c on~ t a n t \~Ia ' i\'e humid it y (HH= IH to 6 0%).
I.in t.' s of ne ga ti ve s lu p p C! 'ITCS pund tn co ns ta nt \.... e l-bu lb tempe ra ture ( 1" = 74 10 88 o ~ ').
satisfactory accurac y from the line ar equation
DP=[l+0.1471log (RH) - I] - 2(T-70) + DP70
where
DP 70 = [2169+319 log (RH) - I] - I X 106-39l.
It is convenient and useful to plot th e de w point of
moist air as a fun c tion of the temp erature of the air.
Points corresponding to con stant relative humidity are
well represented by lines of constant positive slope
with the value of the slope de creasing from unity at
100 percent relative humidity to about 0.76 at 10 per-
cent relative humidity. On the same c hart s howin g de w
point as ordinate and temperature as abs cissa, points
corresponding to constant wet· bulb temperature ap-
pear on lines of variable negative slope. The ab solute
value of this slope in creases with increas e of (dry-bulb)
temperature and with decrease of we t-bulb te mp era-
ture. Psychrometri c charts s howin g dry-bulb te mper-
ature and dew point as coordinates with relative
humidity and wet-bulb temperatu re as lines are ex-
tremely useful in humidity calculations, since give n
values for any two of these four variables serv e to
locate a point, from whi c h the values of the oth e r
two variables can be read directly.
9. References
[ 1] Li st, Robe rt J., Smith sonian Me teorolog ica l T a bl es , 6th Re·
vi sed Edition (Smith soni a n In stituti on, W as hin gton, D. C .•
1951).
[2] ASHRAE Guid e and Data Book. 1965- 66 , p. 29 . Am eri can
Soc ie t y of Hea tin g. Refri ge rating and Air Conditionin g
En gin ee rs, Ne w York, 1965.
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(Paper 74C3 & 4- 305)