Answers

2.1: v = b + ct; a = 2c. At 3.0 s, s = 43.9 m;

v = 25.3 m s−1; a = 7.6 m s−2
At 10s, s = 407.2 m; v = 78.5 m s−1; a = 7.6 m s−2

2.2: v = a − 3bt2; a = −6bt. At 0.5 s, x = 3.75 m;

v = 6.5 m s−1; a = −6 m s−2.
At 2 s, x = 0 m; v = −16 m s−1; a = −24 m s−2

2.3: (a) 0.257 m3 s−1; (b) 0.161 m2 s−1

2.4: Typical results. At 0.5 s, a = −5.85 m s−2.

At 2 s, a = −23.2 m s−2; −3.6 m (which compares with −6 m s−2; −24 m s−2; −3.75 m, respectively, from problem 2.2).

2.5: (a) 2 m s−2; (b) (i) 1 m s−1; (ii) 17 m s−1

2.6: (a) 28.0 m s−2 upwards

(b) 35.7 m s−1 downwards
(c) 3.5 m s−1 upwards

2.7: = 60 m s−1 – (9.8 m s−2)t;

(a) 60 m s−1 (b) 6.1 s (c) 184 m;
10.0 m s−2

2.8: 3 m 43.2 s

2.9: (a) maximum: 47.1 m; minimum: −14.4 m

(b) minimum only: −26.8 m s−1

2.10: + 2b; 8.94 m; l = b (a square).

2.11: 15.08 rad s−2; 2.5 s
2.12: v = 0.3ω cosωt; a = −0.3ω2 sinωt;
0.27 m; −0.09 m s−1; −0.17 m s−2

3.1: 7.9 m s−2

3.2: (a) 24 N (b) 2.4 kg

3.3: 8.9 × 103 N; 95 m

3.4: (a) 8.8 × 1014 m s−2 (b) 5.1 × 106 m s−1

3.5: 61 m s−1

3.6: 26 cm; 33 cm

3.7: (a) 4.0 s (b) 0.63 m s−1

3.8: (a) 2.3 s (b) 2.35 m s−2

3.9: 3.7 s

3.10: (a) −87 mm (b) 0.69 m s−1 (c) −1.5 m s−2

3.11: 600 N m−1

3.13:
3.14: (a) −14 mm (b) 0.06 N (m s−1) −1; 3.5 N m−1 (c) 1.7 N (m s−1)−1

4.1: 71.5 m s−2 at an angle of 11.3° to direction of the 100 N force

4.2: 1.2 m s−2; 560 N: 1.2 m s−2; 616 N

4.3: 3.25 m s−2; 5.9 N

4.4: 16.2 m s−1

4.5: 8.3 × 10−8 N

4.6: 2.7 rad s−1

4.7: (a) 4.5 × 10−16 N (b) 1.4 × 105 g (c) 21 kN

4.8: 15 m s−2; 188.5 m s−2; 189.1 m s−2 at 4.5° with respect to the radius

4.9: (a) 2.0 s (b) 0.27 m s−1 (c) 0.075 m s−2 (d) 4.88 N (e) 4.94 N

4.10: (a) 4.89 N (b) 4.94 N

5.1: (a) 6.4 × 1020 (b) 2.3 × 1020 N

5.2: (a) 5.9 × 10−3 m s−2 (b) 3.3 × 10−5 m s−2

5.3: 85 min

5.4: 14 m s−1

5.5: tan−14 = 76°

5.6: 5.94 × 106 J

5.7: (a) −4.2 × 108 J (b) −7.8 × 108 J (c) −6.7 × 109 J

5.8: 85 kJ

5.9: 27 N

5.10: (a) 2.5 s (b) 88 mJ (c) 0.11 m

5.11:

5.12: (a) 0.3 nm; (b) 9.7 × 10−7 N

5.14: 2.1 m

5.15: (a) 1 × 10−34 J s (b) 3 × 1040 J s (c) 0.2 J s

5.16: 42 300 km

5.17: 0.67 m s−1; 0.02 J

5.18: (a) 7.3 km s−1 (b) 8.1 × 1013 J s (c) –4.0 × 1010 J; 2.6 × 109 J

5.19: 270 m s−2

5.20: 584 m s−1; 242 m s−1

6.1: 0.1 m s−2; 3000 N; 5000 N; 1000 N; 3000 N

6.2: 0.29; 1.1 m s−2; 50 N

6.3: 524 N; 566 N; 186 N

6.4: 2.1 m s−2; 0.37 N

6.5: 2.35 × 10−22 kg m s−1 at an angle of 159° with respect to the direction of the electron; 6.9 × 10−19 J

6.6: 0.48 m s−1 (180 g glider); 2.16 m s−1 (360 g glider)

6.7: 304 m s−1

6.8: 62°; Kp = 7.33 × 10−14 J; Kα = 1.17 × 10−14 J

6.10: 1.26 J

6.11:
6.12: 1.14 × 10−26 kg; 7.26 × 1022 kg; 1.67 × 1030 kg

6.13: (a) 9.7 × 106 km from the neutron star (b) 1.85 × 1030 kg (c) 6 × 1040 J (d) 3.4 d

6.14: 1.3 × 10-30 J s

6.15: 0.53 J s

7.1: 159 N; Rx = 137 N, Ry = 47 N

7.2: 77°

7.3: 1.46 × 10−46 kg m2

7.4: 2.8 × 10−3 kg m2

7.5: 0.73 kg m2

7.7: 5.5 × 10−34 kg m2 s−1

7.8: 0.14 rad s−1

7.9: 9.5 × 1041 J s; 0.4 ms

7.10: (a) 463 rad s−2 (b) 556 rad s−1

7.11: 5.8 m s−1; 6.7 m s−1; 6.9 m s−1

7.12: 1.7 s

7.13: 5.8 × 10−10 m N rad−1

8.1: 1280 km h−2 = 0.099 m s−2

8.2: 39.2 m s−1

8.3: 119.7 m s−1 at 14.8°N of E

8.4: (i) 25 m s−1 (ii) 330 m s−1

8.5: 200 m; 3.0 min

8.6: 21.6 km h−1 at 56.4°N of E; 12 min 18 s; 6.7 km

8.7: (1.5 kg mass) 3.43 m s−1; (2 kg mass) 2.57 m s−1; 27 J; 15.4 J; (1.5 kg mass) 5.45 m s−1 at 28.8° to its incoming direction; (2 kg
mass) 2.17 m s−1 at 65° to the incoming direction of the 1.5 kg mass

8.8: 1.24 × 10−3 rad s−1; 81333 s = 22 h 35 min 33 s;

6.3 m s−2 parallel to the Earth's axis (N to S)

8.9: 9.817 m s−2; 5.8′

8.10: 4.5 N eastwards
8.11: 1.35 cm eastwards
8.12: 3.1 × 10−3 N m−2; 3.1 × 10−3 N m−2 per metre
8.13: 7.82 kg; 0.43 m s−2
9.1: 1.09 × 109 m; 0.82c
9.2: (a) 6.93 m; −1.15 × 10−8 s; (b) −3.46 × 108 m; 2.31 s; (c) −2.77 × 108 m; 2.19 s
9.3: 0.9995c northwards or southwards
9.4: (a) 2.996 × 108 m s−1; (b) 95,250 years
9.5: 9.5 × 10−8 s; 28.3 m
9.6: 0.374cT
9.7: (a) 0.263c; (b) 0.806c
9.8: 1.15 × 10−7 s
9.9: 0.582c at 47.6°S of W
9.10: 3.87mc; 3.81mc2
9.12: 7 × 10−14
9.13: 1.55 MeV
9.14: 0.451c; 2.24 m
9.16: 4.17 × 10−14 J = 0.261 MeV; non-relativistic energy is 2.30 × 10−14 J
9.17: (a) 160 MeV; 760 MeV (b) 571 MeV/c; 1416 MeV/c (c) 0.52c; 0.83c
9.18: 56.5 m
10.1: 76.95 cm; 79.69 cm
10.2: 4 × 10−18 m N
10.3: 0.91
10.4: 4.0 × 104 Pa; 5.0 × 104 Pa; 1.6 × 104 Pa
10.5: 0.28 mm
10.6: 1.3 × 10−4 m−1
10.7: 450 m3
10.8: (a) 0.31 (b) 465 g (c) 512 g
10.9: 3.6 m s−1; 0.28 litre s−1
10.10: 1.1 × 10−6 m3 s−1
10.11: 0.7 m
10.12: (a) 0.62 mN (b) 3.1 mPa
10.13: 15 kJ
10.14: (a) 1.75 × 1029 atoms m−3; 0.083 mol g−1
(b) 3.3 × 1028 molecules m−3; 0.056 mol g−1
(c) 2.2 × 1028 atoms m−3; 0.017 mol g−1

11.1: 0.34 °C
11.2: 28 °C; 910 J K−1 kg−1
11.3: 109 J s−1
11.4: 0.32 °C s−1
11.5: 16.5 °C
11.6: 0.2 J K−1
11.7: 40 mg s−1
11.8: 3.8 m s−1
11.9: 1.3 mm
11.10: 68 °C; 2.5 × 10−3 m3; 6.9 J
11.11: 0.15 J K−1 kg−1
11.12: (a) 300 K (b) 42 K; (c) 32.5 J K−1
11.13: (a) 1.6 × 103 m s−1; vesc = 1.1 × 104 m s−1 (b) 8.6 × 103 m s−1; vesc = 6 × 105 m s−1
11.14: 5.1 × 104 m s−1; 105 K
11.16: (a) 1.6 × 1011 rad s−1 (b) 8.8 × 10−32 J s
12.1: (i) 0.165 m (ii) 4.08 rad
12.2: y = −0.024 sin(11.2x − 314t − 1.41); −35 mm
12.3: 1.07 × 10−11 m; 6.75 × 10−8 m s−1
12.4: 0.01 m
12.5: 2.49 m and 0.34 m
12.6: 3.2 cm; 4 points of destructive interference
12.7: 11.15 mm
12.8: (a) 12; (b) 12
12.9: 5.7 mJ; 22.8 mJ
12.10: (a) 81.5 kHz (b) 83.0 kHz
12.11:
where ρ is the density of the material in the wire

12.12: 1.75 kHz

12.13: 6.44 m
12.14: 328 m s−1; 0.340 m
12.15: 507 Hz
12.16:
12.17: The only non-zero co-efficients are
13.1: 7.04 × 10−20 J (0.44 eV); 1.24 × 1013 photons s−1
13.2: 3.10 × 10−19 J (1.94 eV); 303 nm
13.3: 6.56 × 10−34 J s
13.4: (a) 1.29 × 10−11 m (b) 9.4 × 10−15 J (58.7 keV)
13.5: (a) 8.24 × 10−11 m (b) 7.33 × 10−17 J (458 eV)
13.6: 3.9 × 10−10 m; 2.6 × 10−10 m; 28°
13.7: 939 MeV; (a) 573 MeV/c (b) 2.17 × 10−15 m (c) 0.52 c (d) 1.92 c
13.8: about 3.4 eV
13.9: 0.40 m; 0.4 mm; 0.4 µm
13.10:
; 2.6 × 10−16 m

13.11: √2; (a) 0.36 (b) 0.64 (c) 0.67 (d) 0.5
13.14: Probability is zero when n = 2, 4; 7.09 × 10−10 m; 3.0 eV; 6.75 eV
13.15: 0.56
13.16: 1.38 × 10−30 m s−1, effectively at rest; n ≈ 1.45 × 1030. The wavefunction, and thus the probability density, has this number
of nodes and is effectively uniform across the well

13.17: (a) 0.63, 0.37 (b) 0.93, 0.07.

13.18: (a) (i) 1 (ii) 4.9 × 10−11 m (b) (i) 1 (ii) 1.2 × 10−10 m
13.19: 0.34
14.1: 47 Ω
14.2: 320 V
14.3: replace the motor
14.4: 3.3 W; 0.42 °C s−1
14.5: 20 A; 1.25 W; 40 mW; 0.1 Ω
14.6: 70 Ω
14.7: (a) 0.19 A; 0.14 A; 0.34 A (b) 2.3 V; 2.3 V; 2.7 V (c) 0.45 W; 0.33 W; 0.91 W
14.9: R/3
14.10: 0.15 A through 10 Ω and 30 Ω; 0.05 A through 5 Ω and 15 Ω; 0.1 A through 20 Ω;
14.11: 4.96 mA; 4.60 mA; 0.36 mA
14.12: (i) 2.6 V (ii) 0.04 Ω: (i) 0.26 A (ii) 29 W, 7.0 W
14.13: 0.8 Ω
14.14: 95 m
14.15: (i) 3 × 108 A m−2 (ii) 6 × 103 A m−2 (iii) 2.3 × 107 A m−2
14.16: 0.76 Ω
14.17: 1.39; less than 2% due to thermal expansion
15.1: 1.1 × 104 A m−2; 220 mm s−1
15.2: (a) 7.5 × 10−3 C m−2 (b) 8.4 × 108 V m−1
15.3: 375 V m−1
15.4: (a) 3.1 × 10−6 V m−1 (b) 1.4 × 10−6 V m−1
15.5: 2.4 × 10−11 N at an angle of 19° with the vertical
15.6: (a) 4 × 10−40 (b) 8.2 × 10−8 N
15.8: 2.2 V
15.9: 3 × 10−8 V; 0
15.11: 14 MeV = 2.24 × 10−12 J; 2.6 × 107 m s−1;
15.12: 0.43c = 1.3 × 108 m s−1
15.13: 5.3 pF; 27 pC; 17 µV
15.14: (i) 35 nC (ii) 0.87 µJ; 72 V
15.15: 0.063 Hz
16.1: (i) 5.6 A m−1 (ii) −2.4 A m−1
16.3: (i) 3.6 A m−1 (ii) 7.9 A m−1
16.4: 200 A m−1
16.5: (c) 32 μT at A; 14 µT at B
16.6: 1.3 mT
16.8: 0.3 mg
16.9: 0.024 m N
16.10: (i) 2.3 × 103 A m−1 (ii) 2.9 mT (iii) 9.5 × 10−4 %
16.11: (i) 320 A m−1 (ii) 0.20 T
16.12: 3.4 mm
16.13: 1010 m; 1019 eV
16.14: 3.3 × 1011 m; 15 mm
16.15: 140 MHz; 31 cm; 0.9%
16.16: (a) 4.5 × 10−25 A m2 (b) 0.08 A m2 (c) 1.1 × 10−12 A m2
17.1: (b) 8.6 mV (c) 0.57 mA
17.2: 17 mV;
17.3: 0.11 mV
17.4: 0.21 V
17.5: 2.7 T
17.6: 75 mC
17.7: 61 μH
17.8: 6.3 ms; 12 ms
17.9: (a) 23 μC (b) −16 μC (c) 0.24 nC
17.10:
17.11: 4.4 mV
17.12: (a) 0.21 A (b) 45 W (c) 206 V (d) 42 W
17.13: (a) 50 (b) 0.032 A; 0.6 A
17.14: (a) 38 Ω; 68 Ω; 50 Ω (b) 58 Ω (c) 3.8 A (d) 0.54 rad (e) 0.86 (f) 711 W
18.1: 6.2 mA; 2.5 nT
18.2: 0.4 µV
18.3: 6.25 × 10−11 T; 2.5 × 10−10 T; 1.0 × 10−10 T
18.4: 5.0 × 10−10 T
18.5: 2.0 × 108 m s−1; 5.6 mA m−1
18.6: 980 V m−1; 3.3 μT
18.7: 730 V m−1; 1.9 A m−1
18.8: 7.9 mW m−2
18.9: 1.7 nT; 830 kW
18.10: 0.2 µm
18.11: 6 × 107 V m−1; 1.6 × 105 A m−1; 17 kJ m−3; 34 mN
18.12: 9 mm s−1
18.13: 3.2 × 1016 s−1
19.1: ten
19.2: (a) 0° (b) 45° (c) 63.4°
19.3: (a) 0 (b) I0/8
19.4: (a) 722 nm (b) 726 nm
19.5: 7.96 × 1014 W m−2
19.6: (a) 0.04 W m−2 (b) 1016 W
19.7: 0.17 mm; 7 mm
19.8: 2.95 mm
19.9: 8.4 × 105 lines per metre
19.10: 10−6 m
19.11: (a) 2.89 × 10−10 m (b) 4
19.12: 14.9°
19.13:
19.14: nairλair
19.15: 1.414
19.16: (a) 0.195 m; 0.390 m (b) 0.065 m; −0.13 m
19.17: 15 cm or 30 cm
19.18: 0.71 m in front of the lens
19.19: 5.3 cm
19.20: 180 mm; −0.58, −1.7
19.21: 3.0 m below the surface; 10
19.22: 0.031°; 2.1°
20.1: 1.05 × 105 K
20.2: 1.09 × 106 m s−1; 5.16 × 1015 rad s−1; 1.22 × 10−15 s
20.3: 9.107 × 10−31 kg; 121.522 nm; 30.379 nm
20.4: −6.76 eV; −1.69 eV; 6.76 eV; 244 nm
20.5: 1.69 × 10−28 kg; 2.51 keV; 2.98 × 10−13 m; 8.9 × 10−19 s, which is 2.5 × 1012 times greater than the lifetime of the muon. This
number of orbits can be completed in one muon lifetime so that the muonic atom may be considered to exist as a genuine
bound system.

20.6: 5.4 × 10−9 so that it is reasonable to neglect the recoil of the atom

20.7: ; 2.54 × 1074; 1.18 × 10−63 m

20.8: r = a0, which compares with r = a0. r is greater because P10(r) is not symmetric about its maximum (Fig. 20.14)
20.9:
20.10: 6.07
20.11: Any ns or nd state
20.12: −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2 or +3, corresponding to angles 150°, 125.3°, 106.8°, 90°, 73.2°, 54.7° and 30°, respectively.
20.13: 1.7 × 10−5 eV
20.14: (a) 2.27 × 10−23 A m2 (b) 0.076 T
20.15: 2.3 × 10−5 eV
20.17: −109 eV; −68 eV; 30.5 nm
20.18: 1.5 eV
20.19: (i) 9194 eV; 0.135 nm (ii) 110 keV; 0.0113 nm
21.1: 1.3 eV
21.2: 6.21 × 10−29 C m; 0.43
21.3: 1.386
21.4: 4.42 eV
21.5: 34
21.6: 2.47 × 105 eV
21.7: (a) (b) ; 6.3 × 1010 N m−2, almost half the measured bulk modulus. The exclusionprinciple plays
a major role in determining the compressibility of matter.

21.8: 1.17 × 1019

21.9: (a) 3.26 × 1021 eV (b) 3.53 × 1023 eV; 56 kJ; 28 s.
21.10: 0.140; 149 K
21.11: (a) 4.65 × 1028 m−3 (b) 4.74 eV (c) 1.29 × 106 m s−1 (d) 5.6 × 10−10 m
21.12: 1.57 × 106 m s−1; 0.095; 420 K
21.13: (i) 1.0 × 10−86 (ii) 1.7 × 10−14
21.14: 4.27 × 10−8 g
21.15: 2.47 × 10−9 nm; 0.025 eV
21.16: 2.98 × 10−28; the number of electrons with energies significantly greater than EF is very small at temperatures up to the
 melting point. Hence the photoelectric effect is little changed by temperature.

21.17: 1.6 × 10−6 V

21.18: 0.126 T
22.1: Approximately 210 MeV
22.2: 5.6 MeV
22.3: 8; 93
22.4: 1.44 T1/2
22.5: 4.52 × 109 y
22.6: 17,200 y
22.7: 2.4 × 109 y
22.8: 30 MeV
22.9: (a) 7 (b) 4
22.10: 6.2 × 10−5 s−1
22.12: 0.0029 K
22.13: 9.4 × 10−11 s
22.14: 0.48 MeV
22.15: (a) Lμ, 0 → 1 − 1 (b) Le, 0 → −1 + 0 + 1; Lμ, −1 → 0 − 1 + 0 (c) Le, 0 → −1 + 1
(d) Lτ, 1 → 0 + 1

22.16: Possible quark structures shown in the figure below

22.17: Δ++
Figure AP.1 Problem 22.16.