-0-

-1-
-2-
 -3-

BUSBAR PROTECTION MUST BE :

 RELIABLE

Failure could cause widespread

damage to the substation

 STABLE

False tripping can cause widespread

interruption of supplies to customers

 DISCRIMINATING

Should trip the minimum number of breakers

to clear the fault

 FAST

To limit damage and possible power system

instability.
 -4-

BUSBAR FAULTS ARE USUALLY PERMANENT.

CAUSES:

 Insulation Failures

 Circuit Breaker Failures

 Falling Debris

 Isolators Operated Outside Their Ratings

 Safety Earths Left Connected

 Current Transformer Failures

THEREFORE:

CIRCUIT BREAKERS SHOULD BE TRIPPED AND

LOCKED OUT BY BUSBAR PROTECTION
 -5-

METHODS OF PROVIDING BUSBAR PROTECTION

1. Remote Time Delayed Protection

2. Frame to Earth (Leakage) Protection

3. Directional Comparison Protection,

4. Phase Comparison Protection

5. Differential Protection: High Impedance

Low Impedance
-6-
-7-
-8-
-9-
- 10 -
- 11 -
- 12 -
- 13 -
- 14 -
- 15 -
 - 16 -

FRAME LEAKAGE PROTECTION.

CHECK FEATURE.

To differentiate between a genuine busbar fault and a

fault is in the secondary winding of c.t.

The check feature provides a second line of

defense.
The check relays pick up for both internal and
external faults.

Both check and discriminating relays must operate

before tripping can occur.

The various methods of obtaining the check feature

are:

(a) Neutral check provided by a relay energised from

a single c.t. in the power system neutral.
(b) Residual check provided by a relay energised from
a residually connected c.t. on the busbar
incomers.
(c) Residual voltage check provided by a voltage relay
energised from a broken delta v.t. supply.

Check relays are normally selfreset in order to avoid

having to reset the relay after each external fault.
- 17 -
- 18 -
 - 19 -

FRAME LEAKAGE PROTECTION.

ADVANTAGES.

1) Simple and economic form of protection.

2) Ideal for the protection of phase segregated
switchgear where earth fault protection only is
required.

DISADVANTAGES.

1) Insulation is required between switchgear

sections.
2) It is not possible to discriminate between faults on
two sets of bus-bars running through common
switchgear frames.
3) Care must be taken in construction of the
substation in order to ensure that the fixing bolts
do not come in to contact with the steel
reinforcing of the concrete.
- 20 -
- 21 -
- 22 -
- 23 -
- 24 -
- 25 -
- 26 -
- 27 -
 - 28 -

CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

DESIGN
All of the low reactance type.

I.e. knowledge of the secondary exciting current, the secondary winding

resistance and the turn’s ratio is sufficient to assess its performance and
consequently avoids the necessity to carry out heavy current conjunctive
tests.

WIRING

Stability and sensitivity is maintained by keeping the lead burdens between

c.t.'s as low as possible.

Buswires are run in the form of a ring to give the following advantages:

(a) This prevents inadvertent operation due to disconnection of the buswires

(b) It permits easier future extension of the scheme.
- 29 -
- 30 -
- 31 -
- 32 -
- 33 -
- 34 -
- 35 -
- 36 -
- 37 -
- 38 -
- 39 -
- 40 -
- 41 -
- 42 -
- 43 -