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Exp No:
Date:
AIM:
To determine tensile strength, elastic and inelastic properties of ductile steel and to study
its behaviour. The specific properties to be determined are:
Modulus of elasticity.
Ultimate tensile stress.
Percentage elongation.
Nominal and actual breaking stress
Proof stress.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Universal testing machine.
Extensometer.
Vernier callipers.
Meter scale.
Punch for making gauge length.
FORMULA:
E
where
E= Young’s modulus (N/mm2)
σ= Direct stress (N/mm2)
ɛ= Strain
Area of rod 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑑2 /4
d= Diameter of the rod (mm).
Ultimate stress (N/mm2) = Ultimate Load / Area of cross section.
Nominal breaking stress (N/mm2) = Breaking Load / Area of cross section.
Actual breaking stress (N/mm2) = Breaking Load / Final area of cross section.
Percentage elongation = (lˈ- l)*100/l
where l= Initial length (mm)
lˈ= Final length (mm)
Percentage reduction in area = (𝜋𝑑 2 - 𝜋𝑑ˈ2 )*100/ 𝜋𝑑 2
1
where 𝑑ˈ= Final diameter of rod (mm)
d = initial diameter of rod (mm)
OBSERVATIONS
On the equipment/apparatus:
(Draw a neat sketch, make, capabilities, limitations etc. The sketch and make
information should be provided on the back of this sheet).
2
Loads is applied until yield point is reached. The extensometer is removed and ultimate
and breaking loads are noted.
The final diameter ‘d’ of rod is measured between the previously marked punch marks.
TABULATION
Breaking load =
Ultimate load =
Sl Load Extensometer reading Average Stress Strain Young’s
No. (tonnes) (mm) extensometer *10-5 Modulus
Left Right Average *LC (N/mm2) *105
(mm) (N/mm2)
Average E=
Breaking load =
Ultimate load =
Extensometer gauge length =
GRAPHS
The following graphs are drawn:
(i) Load Vs elongation. Elongation is taken along x-axis and load along the y-axis.
(ii) Stress Vs strain. Strain is taken along x-axis and stress along y-axis.
MODEL CALCULATION
Area of specimen A=W/(e*l)
Diameter of specimen d= (4A/π)1/2
Percentage elongation = (lˈ- l)*100/l
Percentage reduction in area = (𝜋𝑑 2 - 𝜋𝑑ˈ2 )*100/ 𝜋𝑑 2
Ultimate stress (N/mm2) = Ultimate Load / Area of cross section.
Nominal breaking stress (N/mm2) = Breaking Load / Area of cross section.
Actual breaking stress (N/mm2) = Breaking Load / Final area of cross section.
Load =
Average extensometer reading =
Stress, σ = Load/ Area
3
Strain, ɛ = average extension/ gauge length
Young’s modulus, 𝐸 =σ/ɛ
Proof stress (from graph) =
RESULTS
Young’s modulus (𝐸) =
Ultimate tensile stress (σt) =
Nominal breaking stress (N/mm2) =
Actual breaking stress (N/mm2) =
Percentage elongation =
Percentage reduction in area =
Proof stress =
COMMENTS