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Introduction

 In Construction projects proper use of the appropriate

equipment contributes to economy, quality, safety, speed and
timely completion of project.

 Used in projects like roads, highways, large buildings, dams,

canals etc.

 15-30% of total project cost has been accounted towards

equipment and machinery, depending upon the extent of work.

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 Operations involved in construction of
any project
 Excavation

 Hauling

 Placement

 Compacting

 Leveling

 Grading

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Excavating and Earth
Moving Equipments
 Excavating and earth moving
equipment
 Power shovel

 Back hoe

 Drag line

 Clam shell

 Scrapers

 Bull dozer

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 Power shovel

 To excavate earth and to load the trucks

 Capable of excavating all types of earth except hard rock

 Types: 1. Crawler mounted

2. Wheel mounted

 Size indicated by size of dipper (0.375m3 to 5m3).

 Basics parts of power shovel: mounting system, cabin,

cables, boom, hoist line, dipper stick and dipper (bucket).

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Applications
• Suitable for close range of work
• Used in various jobs such as digging in gravel banks,
clay pits, digging cuts in road works, etc.

Optimum Depth of Cut: Depth which produces the

greatest output and at which the dipper comes up with
full load without excessive downward pressure and
tension
𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝑳𝒐𝒐𝒔𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒉𝒓
𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 = ∗ ∗η
(𝟏+𝑺𝒘𝒆𝒍𝒍 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏) 𝑪𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒄

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 Selection of Type and Size
• Type (wheel/crawler mounted):
1. Job site requirements
2. Topography and type of soil

• Size (of dipper):

1. Cost per cubic meter of output
2. Job/site conditions

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 Factors affecting output of power shovel

• Class of material

• Depth of cutting

• Angle of swing

• Job condition

• Size of hauling units

• Skill of the operator

• Physical condition of the shovel

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 Back hoe
• Also known as hoe, back shovel and pull shovel

• It is used to excavate below the surface on which it rests.

• Generally used to excavate trenches, pits for basements and for

grading works, which requires precise control of depths.

• The basic parts are mounting, cabin, boom, hoist cable, gantry,
brace, dipper etc.

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 Back hoe

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 Application

• It is the most suitable machine for digging below the machine

level

• It can be efficiently used to dress or trim the surface avoiding

the use of manual effort for dressing the excavated the surface

• Can exert greater tooth pressure; penetrates easily into the

toughest materials to be dug

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 Dragline

• Dragline is so named because of its prominent operation of dragging the

bucket against the material to be dug

• Unlike the shovel, it has a long light crane boom and the bucket is
loosely attached to the boom through cables. Because of this
construction, a dragline can dig and dump over larger distances than a
power shovel

• Useful for digging below its track level and handling softer materials

• basic parts: boom, hoist cable, drag cable, hoist chain, drag chain and
bucket

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 Application

• Suitable for digging softer material below its track level

• Long reach

• Mostly used in the excavation for canals and depositing on the

embankment without hauling units.

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 Drag line

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 Clamshell

• This is so named due to resemblance of its bucket to CLAM

which is like a shell-fish
• The front end is essentially a crane boom with a specially
designed bucket loosely attached at the end through cables as
in a drag line.
• The capacity of a clam shell bucket is usually given in cubic
meters.
• The basic parts of clam shell bucket are the closing line, hoist
line, sheaves, brackets, tagline, shell and hinge.

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 Application

• Used for handling loose material such as crushed stone, sand,

gravel, coal etc.

• Main feature is vertical lifting of material from one location to

another.

• Mainly used for removing material from coffer dam, sewer

main holes, well foundations etc.

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 Clamshell

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 Comparison between different types
of equipment
s.no. Items of comparison Power shovel Back hoe Drag line Clam shell

1 Excavation in hard soil or rock Good Good Not good Poor

2 Excavation in wet soil or mud Poor Poor Moderately good Moderately good

3 Distance between footing and Small Small Long Long

digging

4 Loading efficiency Very good Good Moderately good Precise but slow

5 Footing required Close to work Close to pit Can be fairly Can be fairly
away from pit away from pit

6 Digging level Digs at or above Digs below Digs below Digs at or below
footing level footing level footing level footing level

7 Cycle time Short Slightly more More than power More than all
than power shovel other
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 Trenching machine
 Used for excavating
trenches for laying
pipelines, sewer, cables etc.

 Operation is quick, giving

the required depth or width.

 Two types:
1. Wheel type - for
narrow and shallow trenches
of short stretches
2. Ladder type – for
long stretches
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 Scrapers

• Unique machine for digging and long-distance hauling of

plough-able materials.

• Self-operating machine

• Wheels of machine cause some compaction.

• The basic parts of scrapers are the bowl, apron and tail gate or
ejector.

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 Scraper

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 Bull dozer
• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the material
from one place to another

• Types: crawler / wheeled type

• Classification of bull dozer:

1. Position of blades

a) Bulldozers in which the blade is perpendicular to the

direction of movement

b) Angledozers in which the blade is set at an angle with the

direction of movement.
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 2. Based on mountings

a) Wheel mounted

b) Crawler mounted

3. Based on the control

a) Cable controlled

b) Hydraulically controlled

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 Bull dozer

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 Applications
Bull dozers are mainly used for the following operations

• For spreading the earth fill

• For opening up pilot roads through mountainous and rocky

terrains

• Clearing construction sites

• Maintaining haul roads

• Clearing trees and stumps from the construction site

• Back-filling trenches at construction sites by dragging earth from

one place to another
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 Tractors
• Multi-purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing other
equipments

• Types:

a) Crawler type- Used to move bull dozers, scrapers etc. The crawler has
a chain by which these tractors can be very effective even in the case of
loose or muddy soils. The speed of this type dose not normally exceed
12 kmph

b) Wheel type- The engine is mounted on wheels. The main advantage is

higher speed, sometimes exceeding 50 kmph (used for long-distance
hauling and good roads)

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 Tractor

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 Comparison between crawler and wheel
tractors
Crawler tractor Wheel tractor
1. Slow speed 1. Greater speed
2. More compact and powerful; can handle 2. Can handle only lighter jobs
heavier jobs
3. Costlier 3. Cheaper
4. Cost of operation and maintenance is high 4. Operational and maintenance cost is less

5. Stick control for steering 5. Wheel steering control

6. Can operate on rough surfaces
7. Used for short distances
8. Requires skillful operation, maintenance
and repairs
6. Advantageous mainly over smooth
surfaces
7.Used for longer distances
8. Lesser skills required for operations,
maintenance and repairs

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 Earth compaction equipment

• Smooth-wheel rollers

• Sheep-foot rollers

• Pneumatic-tyred rollers

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 Smooth-wheel rollers

• Plain steel rollers (5 to 15 tonnes)

• Used for ordinary rolling work where deep compaction is not

required

• These rollers have one front and two rear wheels

• Rear wheels: larger in diameter; front wheel: wider

• Weight may be increased by filling water or sand ballast in
hollow cylinder
• Effective in compacting soils such as sand, gravel and crushed
stone
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 Smooth wheel roller

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 Sheep-foot rollers

• For compacting earth work in embankments and canals (where

compaction deep into the layer of the earth is required)

• Gives best results when the soil is clay or predominantly cohesive

and impervious.

• Weight: 15 tonnes or more; speed: upto about 25 kmph

• Compacts the soil from bottom to top

• With repeated passages of the roller, the penetration of feet

decreases

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 Sheep foot roller

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 Pneumatic-tyred rollers

• It consists a base or a platform mounted between two axles.

• Most suitable for compacting fine-grained soil and well graded

sands.

• Ballasting is done using water, sand or pig iron in order to increase

the self weight.
• Major advantage: ability to control the ground contact pressure:
a) Altering the weights of machine
b) Increasing the number of wheels
c) Changing tyre width
d) Changing the contact area of the tyre by altering the contact pressure

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 Pneumatic tyred roller

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 Hauling equipments
• Equipments used for transportation of materials and other
construction equipments
• Involves
 transportation of building materials
 carriage and disposal of excavated earth
 haulage of heavy construction equipment
• Trucks, Tractor driven trailers
• Types:
(i) On-highway vehicles
(ii) Off-highway vehicles

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 Classification
• Size and type of engine (petrol/diesel)

• Number of gears

• Number of wheels and axles; arrangement

• Method of dumping

• Class of material handles

• Capacity etc.
 Dump trucks
• Used for moving earth, sand, blasted rocks, gravel, ore, coal etc.

• Types:

1. Side or rear dump trucks-

 These are heavy duty trucks with strongly built body which is hinged on
the truck chassis at the side(s) and rear end respectively, and fitted with a
hydraulic pump on the underside for lifting and tilting the body

 These trucks are suitable for use in hauling wet clay, sand, gravel, quarry
rocks etc.

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 Side dump truck

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 Rear dump truck

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 Bottom dump trucks

• The body of the truck remains in the same position and the
discharge of the material takes place through its bottom after
opening of two longitudinal gates.

• Used when the load is spread in layers (as in fill of dam

• Material discharged while the unit is moving (time benefit over

rear/side dump)

• Suitable for use in hauling free flowing material, such as, sand,
gravel, dry earth, hard clay etc.

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 Bottom dump truck

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 Dumpers

• High speed pneumatic wheeled trucks

• Short chassis, strong bodies

• Loading, hauling and dumping is quicker as compared to other

equipments

• Suitable for short hauls, especially where a shuttle movement

is required

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 Dumper

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 Conveying equipment
• Transporting materials from one place to another over a stationary
structure.
• Can be done horizontally, vertically or inclined.
1. Conveyor: horizontal or inclined conveying
2. Elevator: vertical conveying
• Mainly used in mining, construction and industries
• Continuity and uniformity in operation
• Discharge can be controlled by the speed of the belt.
• Types:
1. Belt conveyor
2. Screw conveyor
3. Bucket conveyor
4. Aerial transport

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 Belt conveyor

• Used when large quantities of materials have to be conveyed over

long distances at fast speed

• It consists of a belt running over a pair of end drums or pulleys

and supported at regular intervals by a series of rollers called
idlers

• Idlers supported on a conveyor frame

• The middle sag provided in the belt prevents the spilling of

material

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Advantages:
1. Low labor requirement and maintenance cost
2. Good safety records, high reliability
3. Can handle light/heavy materials, dry/wet, fine/coarse
4. Lighter in weight than other conveyors.

Disadvantages:
1. Very high initial cost
2. Continuous supply of power
3. Skilled labor

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Aggregate Production Equipment
 Aggregate production equipment

• Aggregate has to be produced at the site, if the quantity needed is

very large.

• For any project where concrete requirement is very high, an

aggregate preparation and processing plant is essential to complete
the concreting operations

• Aggregate production consists of two stages: recovery and

processing

• Basic material, such as stone, is recovered from a rock quarry or

from the river bed and processing is done which consists of
crushing, washing and stock piling of aggregate.

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 Production of Aggregates
Drilling and Blasting

Dumping or Loading

Hauling

Crushing

Screening

Handling

Storing
 Aggregate production equipment

• Crushers are used mainly to reduce the size of large stone or

rock to smaller uniform sized aggregates required for
concrete mix.

• Crushing consists of
Abrasion
Impact
Attrition
Combination of above operations

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 Classification of Crushers
• Primary
(i) Jaw crushers (ii) Gyratory crushers
(iii) Hammer mills
• Secondary
(i) Cone crusher (ii) Roll crushers
(iii) Hammer mills
• Tertiary
(i) Roll crushers (ii) Cone crushers
(iii) Ball mills (iv) Rod mills
 Jaw crushers

• Operation: Stone passes through the space between two

jaws, one of which is stationary and other is movable, which
together constitute the crushing surfaces

• Types: (i) Stag jaw crushers (ii) Dodge jaw crushers

• Jaw plates are made of manganese steel which can be

removed, replaced or reversed

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 Jaw Crushers contd.

• Distance between the two jaws decreases as the stone

travels downward and ultimately passes through the lower
opening

• The moveable jaw is capable of exerting a pressure

sufficiently high to crush the hardest rock

• The angle of nip is usually about 30◦

• Power requirements depends upon size and capacity;

varies from 7 to 70 kW
 Jaw crushers

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 Gyratory crusher

• Crushing head is in the form of a truncated cone, mounted

on a shaft

• Thus, as the cone is rotated, the gap between itself and the
walling changes from a maximum to minimum for each
cycle

• The rock is fed into the chamber at the top and as it moves
downward, crushing is done and finally emerges through the
bottom gap

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 Gyratory crusher

• Power consumption is lower as compared to jaw

crushers

• Takes smaller size of feed as compared to jaw

crushers; gives finer and more uniform product

• Capital cost is high; suitable when large quantities of

material are to be handled
Gyratory Crushers
 Cone crusher

• Can be used as a secondary or tertiary crusher

• Capable of producing large quantities of uniformly fine

crushed stone

• Same line of operation as a Gyratory Crusher except having a

shorter cone, lesser feed, smaller inlet and outlet openings,
higher speed

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 Cone crusher

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 Roll crusher

• Consists of a heavy cast iron frame equipped with two counter

rotating rollers mounted on a separate horizontal shafts

• Crushed rock is fed through the gap between the two rollers
for further crushing

• Usually one roller has a fixed axis while the other can be
adjusted to give the required setting

• Compact, light weight and low in cost.

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 Roll crusher

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 Rod mill and ball mill

• Circular steel shell (interior of the shell is lined with a hard

material wearing surface)

• Rod mill: The shell contains a number of steel rods (length

slightly less then the length of the shell) which grind the
stones

• Ball mill: The rods are replaced by steel balls to provide the
impact required to grind the stones

• Size of crusher specified by diameter and length of the shell

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 Rod mill and ball mill

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 Hoisting equipment

• Lifting a weight from one location and moving it to another at

a reasonable distance safely and consuming minimum possible
time

• Big projects such as, construction of dams, industrial buildings

etc. require hoisting equipment

• Hoisting equipment includes jacks, winches, chain hoists and

cranes

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 • Cranes are broadly classified as :

i. Stationary or derrick cranes

ii. Mobile cranes

iii. Whirler cranes

iv. Overhead or gantry cranes

v. Hydraulic cranes

vi. Tower cranes

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 Advanced Self-read
• Pile driving equipments
• Pumping equipments
• Road laying equipments